The standard pyramid is an area divided vertically into two parts, one of which corresponds to the display structure of the male population, the other - the female one. To ensure greater visibility of the figure, these parts are usually given different colors, for example, blue or light blue for men, red or pink for women.
The horizontal division of the figure is made on the basis of the age structure of the population. For convenience of display, the entire population is usually combined into age groups with an interval of 5 years. Thus, the left part of the pyramid, displaying the male and female population, consists of horizontal plates, which are located one above the other. In this case, the lower part of the pyramid usually displays the youngest population, and as you move up the chart, the age of the groups increases.
Pyramid analysis
As a result, the age-sex pyramid makes it possible to visually determine in which age groups there is a predominance of the male population in relation to the female population, at what ages this predominance is opposite, and in which the ratio of men and women is approximately the same.As numerous demographic studies show, similar trends are observed in this respect in most developed countries. So, usually more boys are born than girls, so in the younger age groups, that is, in the lower part of the pyramid, you can see a wider part of the “male” half of the diagram compared to the “female”. By about age 30, this ratio usually levels off, and at the age of 40 years and older, the number of women most often outnumbers men. Demographers tend to explain this structure of the pyramid as a way of life for men, which implies higher mortality due to injuries, accidents, hard work, a tendency to bad habits, and other reasons.
At the same time, a comparison of several age-sex pyramids built for the same community can provide a useful opportunity to study its demographic structure in dynamics. This, in turn, makes it possible to determine the dominant trend in the change in the socio-demographic characteristics of the community - for example, it can be the aging of the population or, on the contrary, its rejuvenation.
from the Greek pyramis - polyhedron) - eng. pyramid, age-sex; German Alterspyramide. A graphic representation of the distribution of people by age and sex in the form of a two-sided directed diagram, on which the number of people of each age and sex (or their proportion in the population) is shown as a horizontal bar of a certain scale.
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graphical distribution of the population by age and sex. It is a two-sided directional chart in which the number of people of each age and gender, or their proportion in the population, is shown as a horizontal bar of a certain scale. The stripes are arranged one above the other in order of increasing age, on the left - for men, on the right - for women. It is usually built according to one-year or five-year age groups. Since, as a rule, there are fewer people in older age groups due to mortality, the full image of the diagram is in the form of a pyramid. The pyramid depicts the age and sex structure of the population at one time or another.
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AGE (AGE-SEX) PYRAMID
graphical distribution of the population by age and sex. It is a two-sided directional chart in which the number of people of each age and gender, or their proportion in the population, is shown as a horizontal bar of a certain scale.
The stripes are arranged one above the other in order of increasing age, on the left - for men, on the right - for women. It is usually built according to one-year or five-year age groups. Since, as a rule, there are fewer people in older age groups due to mortality, the full image of the diagram is in the form of a pyramid. The pyramid depicts the age and sex structure of the population at one time or another.
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AGE PYRAMID
a demographic term denoting a graph (histogram) illustrating the age and sex distribution of a population. On the vertical axis, starting from the age of 0 years, age is plotted in one- or five-year age intervals. The last age interval is usually open. The horizontal axis shows either the size of the population of the corresponding age group, or its share (in percent) in the entire population or in the population of a given gender. In this case, the male population is always depicted to the left of the age axis, and the female population to the right. The resulting figure ("pyramid") clearly depicts the features of the age and sex structure of the population, as well as the history of its changes over a long period of time.
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age pyramid
pyramid of ages, age-sex pyramid) is a way of graphic representation of population distribution by age and sex. An age pyramid is a two-sided directional chart in which the number of persons of each age and sex (or their proportion in the population) is depicted as a horizontal bar of the same scale. The bars are arranged sequentially one above the other as the age increases (from 0 to 100 years), the male population is displayed on the left, and the female population on the right. The decrease in population with age due to mortality leads to the fact that the area of each subsequent band is less than the previous one, which creates the visual effect of a pyramid. The exception is cases when the population in any age interval is subject to excessive reduction due to the action of extreme factors of mortality (war) or migration. The width of the base of the age pyramid depends entirely on the birth rate (number of births) in the respective years, as well as on changes in infant mortality rates. The age pyramid is built according to censuses or special surveys for one-year or 5-year age groups, so it represents a static state of the population that has developed as a result of a continuous process of population reproduction. Thus, a comparison of the sizes of the corresponding age groups of people of one sex or another makes it possible to describe the evolution of fertility and mortality over a long period of time, to identify periods of their normal, evolutionary development, as well as periods of crises, to trace the movement of demographic waves formed as a result of sharp changes in the intensity fertility and mortality. On the age pyramid of the population of territories with a high intensity of migration, calendar periods of time for the increase and decrease in the inflow and outflow of the population are clearly visible. The ratio of individual age groups makes it possible to assess the direction and extent of the influence of the prevailing age proportions on the prospects for reproduction and population growth. In 1894 the Swedish demographer A.-G. Sundberg introduced the concept of types of the age structure of the population, differing in the proportions of children (0-15 years old) and the elderly (60 years and older): progressive (children - 40%, old people - 10%), stationary (respectively, 27% and 23%), regressive (respectively, 20% and 30%). In the early 1930s, the German demographer F. Burgderfer proposed the appropriate types of age pyramid: in the young (progressive) population it has the shape of a regular pyramid, in the aged (stationary) population it has the shape of a bell, in the old (regressive) population it has the shape of an urn. If the population itself and the mode of population reproduction have not been exposed to extreme external factors for a long time, then the age pyramid has relatively even boundaries with smooth transitions from one age group to another. Significant disturbances in the intensity of population reproduction, for example, a drop in the birth rate and an increase in mortality, significant human losses during the years of wars, famines, epidemics, etc., mass emigration or immigration create fluctuations in the number of individual age groups; the sides of the pyramid become uneven, and the depth of the dips and the length of the protrusions corresponding to certain age groups show in what years and to what extent the evolutionary order of population formation was disturbed. O. ZAKHAROVA
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AGE PYRAMID
AGE PYRAMID, pyramid of ages, age-sex pyramid, graphic. image distribution of people by age and gender. It is a two-way directional chart, on which the number of people of each age and gender or their proportion in us. shown as a horizontal bar. scale. The bars are arranged one above the other in order of increasing age values, usually from 0 to 100 years, on the left - for men, on the right - for women. Since the number of people tends to be smaller due to mortality at older ages, the image for the full set of ages is pyramid-shaped.
V. p. is usually built on the basis of data from censuses or surveys. by annual or 5-year age groups so that the area of the steps of the pyramid corresponds to the number of people (thousands) of each age and sex, or, in comparison, to their share in us. (%). The length of the step in this case corresponds to the density of a given age group, i.e., the number of people per unit of age. If the initial data with the age structure are presented in unequal age intervals, then for larger groups the length of the steps of the VP is determined by dividing the number of people in the group by the length of the interval, expressed in age units accepted for the entire VP. So, when constructing V. p. according to 5-year groups of numbers. The 6-year-old age group should be divided by 6/8, and the 10-year-old by 2. If the oldest age group includes people, for example, 70 years and older, then this interval is considered to extend up to 100 years, i.e. . is equal to 30 years, however, for every 5 years it depicts not cf. density (which can be obtained by dividing the number of groups by 6), and gradually decreasing to zero by the age of 100 years. V. p. depicts the age-sex structure of us. at one time or another, i.e., fixes a certain state of it in the course of a continuous process of reproduction of the population. Compar. the length of the steps from the oldest ages (people who were born a long time ago) to the youngest (people born recently) gives an idea of the effect on the age composition of us. birth and death processes over a long period of time. time, as well as the influence of the current age composition on the growth prospects of us. In the beginning. 1930s the concept of three types of age structure of the population was entered, to-the Crimea correspond to V.'s forms of the item: in young us. it has the shape of a regular pyramid, in the aged us. - the shape of a bell, in a very old one - the shape of an urn (see Fig. 1), and determines, all other things being equal, the rapid growth, slow growth or decline of us.
If us. and the mode of reproduction of the population, i.e., the levels of fertility and mortality, did not experience k.-l. ext. disturbing influences, then V. p. has relatively even edges, and with a long-term high birth rate and a relatively high mortality rate, it has a wide base and a narrow top (for example, us. Mexico, see Fig. 2), and at low levels birth and death rates - a narrow base and a wide top (for example, population of Sweden, see Fig. 3). These two V. p. correspond to the types of age structure of a growing and almost stationary us. 20th century and ´demographic. echo´ of this phenomenon. distribution of us. shown in fig. 2 and 3 as a percentage, and therefore V. p. are completely comparable, although us. Mexico in 1970 was 48 million, and us. Sweden - 8 million.
Under the influence of violations in number. and age structure of us. or in the intensity of its reproduction, caused, for example, by war, which leads to a drop in the birth rate and to a decrease in men of military age, or by constant immigration, which usually increases the number of men in working age, the boundaries of V. p. become uneven, on them previous changes in the nature of the increase and decrease in us are reflected. Such violations leave traces in the age structure of us.
For example, on V. p. us. The GDR as of December 31, 1970 (see Fig. 4) clearly shows signs of a sharp decline in the birth rate and, accordingly. numbers born during the 1st World War 1914-18 (1) during the years of the economy, the crisis of 1929-33 in the pre-war. Germany (3) and during the 2nd World War 1939-45, unleashed by Nazi Germany (4), as well as traces of the loss of adult men in the military. years (2). The 'preponderance' of the number of women over the number of men over the age of 70 is caused not only by the death of men during the war, but also by their higher mortality in peacetime. The “demographic echo” of the decline in fertility can be traced through the generation: smaller generations born in 1930-33 (at the end of 1970 they were aged 37-40 years), reaching reproductive age, produced relatively fewer children (at the end of 1970 these children were 11-15 years old) than neighboring generations. More means. the flaw is shown by the generations born in 1941-46 (at the end of 1970 they were 23-28 years old): the tapering base of the pyramid (ages 0-5 years) is a consequence of the small number of births to a small number of parents belonging to these generations (5). The 'preponderance' of the number of men at younger ages is explained by the predominance of male children. sex among births (see Sex ratio). This preponderance persists until almost 40 years of age, despite the higher mortality of men. Thus, the analysis of V. p. allows us to visually characterize the sources of deformations in the age structure of us.
Rice. Fig. 4. The age pyramid of the population of the GDR as of December 31, 1970: 1 - the deficit of births in 1914-1918; 2 - military losses of men in 1939-1945; 3 - deficit of births in 1929-1933; 4 - shortage of births in 1939-1945; 5 - "demographic echo" of the deficit of births in 1939-1945.
Superimposed on each other V.p. according to two censuses of us. (the difference in the length of each step should be clearly marked at the same time) show shifts in the age-sex structure, caused by the fact that different generations are at the same age in different years, the number of which may also be different. For example. V. p. us. USSR for 1926 and 1970 (see Fig. 5) illustrate the war-induced violations in the sex ratio, the decline in the birth rate in the military. years and their consequences in the beginning. 70s Thus, V. p. facilitates the demographic forecast. It is significant to compare V. p. also in space, for example, pyramids for mountains. and sat down. us.: in the village. areas are dominated by children and the elderly, and in the mountains. settlements - us, of working age. V. n also help to assess the accuracy of census data on age. For example, extremely long steps of the pyramid at round ages in us. Mexico (see Fig. 2) and too short at adjacent ages indicate a signifi- cant. age accumulation.
For the purpose of analysis, V. p. groups of us. - migrants, people with employment, otd. ethnic groups or us. otd. regions.
V. p. are also used in the study of the reproduction of us. using demographic models. Comparing the outlines of B, n. real us. and stationary population or stable population, respectively. modes of reproduction, you can visualize the nature of the influence of modern. birth and death rates on the age-sex composition and number. real us. Such an analysis, turned to the past, helps to capture the stages of transition from one mode of reproduction to another, to establish the time of such a transition in different countries and in different eras.
V. p. for the future allow you to see decomp. demographic options. forecasts for both countries, and for groups of countries (eg, economically developed and developing), as well as the world as a whole. Futurologists often resort to the image of V. p. to compare the prospects for changes in the age and sex composition of us. countries with ´young´ and ´old´ us. until the state of stationarity is reached.
Great DefinitionIncomplete definition ↓
AGE PYRAMID (pyramid of ages, age-sex pyramid), a graphic representation of the distribution of people by age and gender. It is a two-sided directional chart in which the number of people of each age and sex, or their proportion in the population, is depicted as a horizontal bar of the same scale. The bars are arranged one above the other in order of increasing age values, usually from 0 to 100 years, on the left - for men, on the right - for women. Since, due to mortality, the number of people in older ages is usually smaller than in younger ones, the image for the full set of ages is in the form of a pyramid.
The age pyramid is usually built according to population censuses or surveys for one or five-year age groups so that the area of the steps of the pyramid corresponds to the number of people of a given age and sex, or (in comparison) their share in the total population. The length of the step in this case corresponds to the density of a given age group, that is, the number of people per unit of age. If the initial data on the age structure are presented in unequal age intervals, then for larger groups, the length of the steps of the age pyramid is determined by dividing the number of people in the group by the length of the interval, expressed in age units adopted for the entire age pyramid. If the older age group unites people, for example, 70 years and older, then it is considered that this interval extends up to 100 years, that is, it is equal to 30 years, but for every 5 years it does not depict the average density (as 1/6 of the sum of the numbers of people 70 years and older), and gradually decreasing to zero by the age of 100 years.
The age pyramid is useful in analyzing both the history of the population of a country and its regions, and in assessing their future demographic development. It was not for nothing that it was called the "chronicle of the natural movement of the population." In the age structure, one can trace changes in the levels of fertility and mortality in the past, which is well illustrated by the uneven edges of the pyramid (figure). On the pyramid for 2005, traces of a decrease in the number of births and an increase in the number of infant deaths are clearly visible during World War I and the Civil War, during the famine of 1932-33, a sharp decrease in the number of births during the Great Patriotic War and the “echo” of this reduction after about 20 years. The effects of the second "echo" of the war were exacerbated by a sharp decline in the birth rate in the 1990s. The scale of military losses of men is well, although incompletely, illustrated by the "predominance of women" at the age of 63-95 years. Other factors are also involved in the formation of these irregularities, although they are not always easy to distinguish. The appearance of the age pyramid of individual regions can, for example, be influenced by population migration. The narrowing of the lower part of the age pyramid indicates a very likely decline in the birth rate in the future.
The age structure in 1897 showed a typical picture of a society hardly affected by the demographic transition, with a high proportion of children and adolescents (about half of the population), and a small proportion of those living to older ages. Subsequently, the tragic history of the 20th century significantly changed the appearance of the sex and age pyramid, which is a vivid characteristic of the situation and at the same time “imprinted demographic history” of the country.
The population aged 68-69 years (i.e. those born in 1933-1934 during the decline in fertility and high infant mortality due to) is much smaller than in neighboring age groups. In the second half of the 1930s, demographic processes somewhat stabilized: this is evidenced by the large number of people aged 63–65 years at the beginning of 1998 (i.e., those born in 1937–1939)
The next “landslide” decline in the birth rate falls on 1942–1945, as a result of which the sex and age pyramid of 2002 has the strongest “scar” at the age of 57–59 years. Generations of war years of birth began to form families in the second half of the 60s of the twentieth century, which caused another (with a minimum number of births in 1968). In turn, those born in the late 1960s marry in the early 1990s, which causes a new decline in the birth rate, furthermore exacerbated by the economic crisis and declining living standards.
The age pyramids of the urban and rural populations of Russia are largely similar, which is not surprising, given their common socio-demographic history. However, there are also differences that reflect the peculiarities of the process of urbanization in Russia and differences in the reproductive behavior of urban and rural residents. The rural birth rate has always been higher than the urban one, and therefore the proportion of children in the rural population is higher than in the urban population. At the same time, migration from the countryside to the city affects, first of all, the working age, and their washing out leads to the fact that the proportion of persons of working age in the countryside is lower, and the proportion of the elderly is higher than in the city.
The last decade has introduced some changes in the ratio of the age profiles of urban and rural residents. In particular, in 1989 the average age was higher for the rural population, in 2002 for the urban population. This is due to some rejuvenation of the able-bodied part of the rural population, which, in turn, is explained by migration trends that are not quite common for Russia in the 20th century: the influx of migrants into the countryside in the 1990s from neighboring countries.
Regional differences in the age and sex structure of the population are determined by differences in the natural and mechanical movement of the population.
Age-sex pyramid
Age-sex pyramid of the population of Russia, 2009
Age-sex pyramids- a graphical representation of the distribution of the population by sex and age, which is used to characterize the sex and age composition of the population.
The age-sex composition of the population represents the ratio of age-sex groups - populations of people of the same age. This is the main element of the age structure of the population. Depending on the objectives of the study, there are one-year and enlarged age groups: five- and ten-year-olds. However, larger age groups are also used to assess general structural shifts.
Age-sex pyramids are diagrams in which the number of people of each age (or their proportion in the population) is depicted as a horizontal bar of a certain scale. The bars are arranged one above the other in order of increasing age values, on the left side of the diagram - for men, on the right - for women. Age-sex pyramids are usually built according to one-year or five-year age groups, and sometimes even ten-year groups. However, age-sex pyramids built according to large age groups do not reveal the detailed features of the age and sex composition of the population.
The composition of the age-sex structure of the population is primarily the result of the evolution of population reproduction. The type of population reproduction, formed by the processes of fertility and mortality in the present and past periods, determines the ratio of the population of different age groups.
Age structures
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Glossary of terms on social statistics
AGE (AGE-SEX) PYRAMID- graphical distribution of the population by age and sex. It is a two-sided directional chart in which the number of people of each age and gender, or their proportion in the population, is depicted as a horizontal bar of a certain scale. ... ... Social statistics. Dictionary
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AGE PYRAMID- AGE PYRAMID, pyramid of ages, age-gender pyramid, graphic. image distribution of people by age and gender. It is a two-sided directional chart, for which the number of people of each age and gender or their share in ... ...
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ZIMBABWE- (Zimbabwe), Republic of Zimbabwe, state in South. Africa. Pl. 390.6 tons km2. Us. 7.74 million hours (1983, census). Capital of Harare (ex. Salisbury; 656 vol., 1982). Included in the Commonwealth. Since the 1880s 3. possession of the UK (up to ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY- FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, Germany (Bundesrepubhk Deutschland), state in the Center. Europe. Pl. 248 tons km2. Us. 59.7 million hours (1983) Capital Bonn (292 vols., 1982) Germany is a highly developed industrial country. Germans make up 92.6% of all of us. (1983).… … Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
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