Primary documents for accounting for loans and borrowings include:

1. Credit agreements and loan agreements with a credit or other organization that issued a loan or loan.

It is on the basis of agreements concluded by the organization that relationships arise regarding received loans and borrowings. Kulaeva N.S. Accounting and tax accounting of transactions with borrowed funds. - M.; All about taxes, No. 12, 2005 Loan agreements must stipulate the objects of lending and the term of the loan, the conditions and procedure for its issuance and repayment, forms of security for obligations, interest rates, the procedure for paying interest, obligations, rights and responsibilities of the parties for the issuance and repayment of the loan , list of documents and frequency of their submission to the bank and other conditions.

2. Bank statements for current and loan accounts. Attachments to bank statements. Receipt cash orders. Expense cash orders. Advertisements for cash contributions. Cash book.

These documents confirm the receipt of a loan, loan, as well as the amount of repayment (or partial repayment) of it.

3. Orders of the manager and acts of inventory of payments.

When making an inventory of settlements with lenders (creditors), the correctness of the reflection of the amounts of loans received, the amounts allocated for their repayment, as well as the amounts of accrued and paid interest on loans recorded in accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” and 67 “Settlements for long-term loans” is checked. credits and loans."

4. Documents confirming the intended use of the loan or loan (bank and cash documents confirming the expenditure of loan funds for the purposes for which the loan was received).

Synthetic and analytical accounting registers include:

1. General ledger;
2. Journal - order No. 4;
3. Journal - order No. 2;
4. Statement No. 2;
5. Journal - order No. 1;
6. Statement No. 1;
7. Journal - order No. 3;
8. Journal - order No. 6;
9. Journal - order No. 8.

Reporting includes:

1. Balance sheet (form No. 1);
2. Profit and loss statement (Form No. 2);
3. Appendix to the balance sheet (Form No. 5);
4. A certificate on the procedure for determining the data reflected in line 1 “Calculation of tax on actual profit”.

The procedure for the current storage of documents is determined by the Regulations on Documents and Document Flow in Accounting, approved by the USSR Ministry of Finance on July 29, 1983 N 105 in agreement with the Central Statistical Office of the USSR.

No corrections are allowed in cash and banking documents (clause 16 of the Accounting Regulations).

The procedure for storing primary and output documents on machine-readable media is determined in the relevant regulatory documents governing accounting in the conditions of its automation.

Prior to their transfer to the organization's archive, primary documents must be stored in the accounting department in special rooms or locked cabinets under the responsibility of persons authorized by the chief accountant.

Manually processed primary documents of the current month related to a specific accounting register are compiled in chronological order and intertwined. Certain types of documents (work orders, shift reports) can be stored not bound, but filed in folders to avoid their loss or misuse.

The safety of primary documents, their execution and transfer to the archive is ensured by the chief accountant of the organization.

The issuance of primary documents from the accounting department and archives to employees of other structural divisions, as a rule, is not allowed, and in some cases can only be done by order of the chief accountant.

Persons who have access to information contained in accounting registers and internal accounting reports are required to maintain commercial and state secrets. For its disclosure they bear responsibility established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Documents used to formalize business transactions with funds are signed exclusively by the head of the organization and the chief accountant or persons authorized by them (by order or written order of the head of the organization).

It is necessary to take into account that in accordance with clause 14 of the Regulations on maintaining accounting records without the signature of the chief accountant or a person authorized by him, monetary and settlement documents, financial and credit obligations (documents documenting the organization’s financial investments, loan agreements, credit agreements and agreements concluded on commodity and commercial credit) are considered invalid and should not be accepted for execution (with the exception of documents signed by the head of the federal executive body, the specifics of which are determined by separate instructions of the Ministry of Finance of Russia).

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Course work

Academic discipline - “practical foundations of accounting for the sources of formation of an organization’s property”

Topic: “Accounting for loans and borrowings”

INTRODUCTION

Relevance of the topic. In connection with the transition of our country to a market management system, the role of credits and loans has changed and increased sharply. At this stage, an increasingly important role is given to credit and borrowing, which can solve the problem of non-payments and lack of working capital among enterprises, and prepare resources for increasing production. However, in the current unstable situation, not only the fact of lending is important, but also how exactly the loan is issued, its timely and correct accounting. accounting loan interest

The need to attract borrowed funds may be due to a temporary shortage of the most liquid assets of the enterprise necessary for the acquisition of raw materials, supplies, goods for sale and fixed production assets.

To meet the needs of organizations for borrowed funds, there are various financial instruments. The most popular of them is a bank loan. However, companies that raise borrowed funds are guided not only by the popularity and simplicity of the financial instrument, but also by its price, which consists of the amount of interest for the use of borrowed funds and other costs of servicing the debt. Therefore, in addition to a bank loan, organizations attract borrowed funds by issuing securities (bills, bonds, etc.), and also borrow from another non-credit organization under a loan agreement.

In the current unstable situation, the banking system should play a leading role in solving problems related to the formation of the market and the development of domestic production. At this stage, an increasingly important role is given to credit, which can solve the problem of non-payments and lack of working capital among enterprises, and prepare resources for increasing production. In this regard, its timely and correct recording is of great importance.

In these conditions, the role of correct accounting of loans and borrowings in the accounting departments of enterprises has increased. The knowledge of the enterprise management of their volumes and structure depends on the correctness and reliability of accounting for loans and borrowings, which allows them to make the right decisions on changing these characteristics, allows them to analyze the profitability of funds received, etc.

Correct accounting will allow you to choose the most convenient and profitable way for the company to receive additional funds in the future.

Thus, the high significance of the problem of accounting for bank loans and borrowed funds of an organization determines the undoubted relevance of this study in modern conditions.

The purpose of the course work is to study the system of accounting for loans and borrowings in commercial organizations.

As part of achieving this goal, I set and solved the following tasks:

Explore the essence of loans and borrowings, as well as identify their distinctive features;

Give a classification of loans and borrowings by type, as well as the main forms of lending;

Consider the documentation of loans and borrowings;

Consider and analyze the general procedure for accounting for the formation of loans and credits and the costs of servicing them using the example of the organization Alpha LLC.

The subject of the study is to consider methods for accounting for loans and borrowings.

The object of the study is the credit and borrowings accounting system at the Alfa LLC enterprise.

The novelty of the research lies in the development of theoretical and methodological techniques and methods for determining the value of financial investments in shares, by which the current market value in organizations of the mining industry is not determined according to Russian accounting standards and international financial reporting standards, and the use of methods of the income approach to valuation for their assessment the organization as a whole.

The practical significance of the study lies in the development of a scientific and methodological apparatus that allows solving current applied problems of planning and conducting audits of individual items of accounting (financial) statements and providing audit-related services in relation to raising borrowed funds.

The structure and content of the work are determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. The work has a traditional structure and includes an introduction, a main part consisting of two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix.

Research methods:

1. Analysis of scientific and normative literature

2. Analysis of accounting and reporting data of SRS-Avto LLC.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the choice of topic, sets the goal and objectives of the research, and characterizes the sources of information.

Chapter one reveals the essence of loans and borrowings, it defines the key concepts and distinctive features of loans and borrowings, gives their classification in detail, and also examines the documentation of loans and borrowings.

The second chapter is of a practical nature; this chapter discusses the general procedure for accounting for the formation of loans and credits and the costs of servicing them, and based on individual data, the mechanism for accounting for loans and borrowings is considered using the example of Alpha LLC.

Based on the results of the study, a number of problems related to the topic under consideration were revealed, and conclusions were drawn for the entire course work.

CHAPTER 1. CONCEPT OF CREDITS AND BORROWS

1.1 The concept of credits and loans and their distinctive features

In the conditions of constantly changing market conditions, the formation of current assets only from our own sources of authorized capital, reserve capital, retained earnings, and targeted financing is not possible. Additional (temporary) need for current assets is covered by borrowed funds: loans and borrowings provided by banks, credit and non-credit organizations.

Credit is defined as a system of economic relations that arise when property is transferred in cash or in kind from one organization or person to another on the terms of subsequent return of funds or payment of the cost of the transferred property and, as a rule, with the payment of interest for the temporary use of the transferred property.

In turn, a loan is one of the forms of credit, formalized in the form of a contract, an agreement between two contracting parties: the lender and the borrower. According to such an agreement, the borrower receives money or goods from the lender for ownership or operational management, and after a certain period is obliged to return an equal amount of money or goods of equivalent significance and value. Loans also include attracting additional financial resources by issuing securities (bills, bonds).

Thus, credit and borrowing are essentially very similar concepts, but, of course, they have their own distinctive features. Let's take a closer look at these features.

Firstly, the subject of a loan agreement can only be money; in turn, the subject of a loan agreement can be, in addition to money, any assets.

Secondly, only a bank or other credit organization that has the appropriate license from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to carry out such operations can act as a lender, and the parties to the loan agreement can be any legal entities or individuals.

Thirdly, the main factors in determining the interest rate on loans are: the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which provides loans to commercial banks and other lending institutions, and the size of the bank markup (margin) depending on the demand for monetary resources.

The loan agreement presupposes the establishment or non-establishment of interest for the use of funds. The amount of interest is determined by agreement of the parties; as a rule, it is set taking into account the location of the borrower and the refinancing rate. In the case of an interest-free loan, the agreement must indicate that the loan is interest-free, otherwise it will be considered that the loan is given at an interest rate equal to the refinancing rate established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Interest for the use of borrowed funds can be paid in cash or in kind. Interest due for collection on loans and credits received is reflected at the time they are accrued, and not at the actual payment of repayment to the creditor (lender).

Fourthly, the loan agreement must be drawn up only in writing, and failure to comply with the written form entails the invalidity of the loan agreement. In turn, a loan agreement between citizens may not be concluded in writing if its amount does not exceed more than ten times the minimum wage established by law.

Finally, the deadline for repaying the received loan amount in accordance with Article 810 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation can be:

Established by the agreement;

Not established by agreement;

Defined in the contract by the moment of demand.

As for the loan agreement, it provides for the issuance of a certain amount in monetary terms for a certain period, implying the receipt of interest on this amount, and in case of violation of the terms of return, penalties. Consequently, the loan agreement must contain a specifically specified repayment period for the loan received by the borrower.

1.2 Types of credits and loans, forms of lending

Among borrowed funds, first of all, bank loans and commercial credit (loans) are distinguished. A bank loan is money issued by a bank (other financial institutions) for a certain period and for certain purposes to organizations and individuals. A bank loan involves the repayment of issued cash loans and, as a rule, the payment of interest for the use of funds.

A commercial loan is a loan based on the seller’s deferment of payment for goods and the buyer’s provision of a promissory note as a promissory note to pay the purchase price after a certain period. The most common are two types of promissory notes: a simple one, containing the borrower’s obligation to pay a certain amount directly to the creditor, and a transferable one (draft), which provides for a written order from the lender to the borrower to pay a specified amount to a third party or the bearer of the bill. The peculiarity of commercial credit is that loan capital here merges with industrial capital. The main purpose of such a loan is to speed up the process of selling goods, and therefore speed up the receipt of the profit contained in them. It is important to note that the interest on a commercial loan, included in the price of the goods and the amount of the bill, is usually lower than on a bank loan. The size of a commercial loan is usually limited by the amount of reserve capital available to the organization. Interest on a commercial loan is included in the price of the goods and the amount of the bill. It is through the bill of exchange that the financial obligations of the borrower towards the lender are expressed.

Depending on the period for which loans are issued and loans are provided, they can be short-term or long-term. In turn, short-term and long-term debt can be urgent and overdue.

Short-term debt is considered to be debt on received loans and credits, the repayment period of which, according to the agreement, does not exceed 12 months. Organizations, as a rule, use short-term loans and borrowings to satisfy temporary needs for working capital and production purposes.

Long-term debt is considered to be debt on received loans and credits, the repayment period of which, according to the terms of the agreement, exceeds 12 months. Long-term loans and borrowings are used for investment purposes and to service the movement of fixed assets. They are used for new construction, technical re-equipment, reconstruction and other capital investments.

Urgent debt is debt on received loans and credits, the repayment period of which, according to the terms of the agreement, has not come or has been extended (prolonged) in the prescribed manner.

Overdue debt is debt on received loans and credits whose repayment period has expired according to the terms of the agreement.

In accordance with the borrower's accounting policy, he can transfer long-term debt into short-term debt or account for borrowed funds at his disposal, the repayment period of which under a loan or credit agreement exceeds 12 months, before the expiration of the specified period as part of long-term debt.

The transfer of long-term debt on loans and credits received to short-term debt by the borrowing organization is carried out at the moment when, according to the terms of the agreement, less than 365 days remain until the repayment of the principal amount of the debt.

Upon expiration of the payment period, the borrower organization is obliged to ensure the transfer of urgent debt to overdue.

The transfer of urgent, short-term and long-term debt on received loans and credits to overdue is carried out by the borrower organization on the day following the day when, under the terms of the loan or credit agreement, the borrower was supposed to repay the principal amount of the debt.

The following forms of lending are currently used:

The bank transfers the loan amount to the organization's current account. Upon expiration of the loan period, the loan is repaid, i.e. the organization transfers the appropriate amount from its current account to the bank;

The bank opens a special loan account for the organization, into which the proceeds are credited. Payment documents received for goods and services are paid from the same account. If there is a shortage of funds to pay obligations, the bank credits them within the amount established by the agreement. The amount of the loan received is determined as the difference between receipts and payments on a special loan account. Loan payments are made within the period established by the agreement;

The bank opens special current accounts for the organization on the security of inventory items or securities. Within the limits of the secured loan, the bank pays all the organization's bills. The loan is repaid upon the bank’s first request using funds received into the organization’s account or by selling the collateral;

The bank provides discounting credit to the bill holder by purchasing (discounting) the bill before the due date. The owner of the bill receives from the bank the amount specified in the bill, taking into account the discount rate, commission payments and other expenses. Closing of an account loan is carried out on the basis of bank notifications about payment of the bill of exchange;

The bank acquires from the organization the right to collect receivables from buyers of products (works, services) for a certain fee. After receiving payment on these invoices from buyers, the bank transfers to the organization 80-90% of the invoice amount for shipped products and work (services) performed. At the time of their presentation, after ordering payment on these invoices from buyers, the bank transfers to the organization the remaining 10-20% of the invoice amount minus interest and commission (this form of lending is called “factoring”).

The factoring bank pays the supplier organization the required amount, and subsequently collects it from the payer. If the paying organization does not pay the amount on time, then the factoring bank has the right to collect interest from it in its favor for each overdue day. At the same time, the bank also receives a commission as a percentage of the amount of paid documents.

1.3 Documentation of credits and loans

The procedure for obtaining loans and their repayment is regulated by bank rules. The relationship between the bank and the client is formalized by a loan agreement (loan agreement). The scope of application of the loan agreement is limited. According to Art. 819 part 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, firstly, only banks and other credit organizations that have the appropriate license from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation can act as creditors under such an agreement, and, secondly, the subject of the loan agreement can only be funds.

The first section of the loan agreement specifies the object of lending, terms, and special conditions for ensuring repayment of the loan.

In the second section of the agreement, the bank’s obligations indicate the amount of the loan provided, the term, the loan or bank interest rate, commission, etc.

The borrower's responsibilities are to ensure the intended use of the loan, timely repayment, and payment of interest (commissions).

To correctly reflect the purpose of the loan in the loan agreement, it is necessary to determine the object of lending. General loans are used to satisfy any needs for financial resources (short-term loans); targeted loans are used exclusively to solve the problems specified in the agreement. Violation of obligations by the borrower entails the application of sanctions in the form of early revocation of the loan or an increase in the interest rate.

The agreement also defines the methods for repaying the loan. It can be repaid in a lump sum (short-term loan) or in installments over the entire term of the loan agreement.

An important point is the repayment of the loan, the guarantor of which is any property and intangible assets - real estate, securities, goods, guarantees, sureties, credit risk insurance, assignment in favor of the bank of the borrower's claims and accounts to a third party. If the obligations of the contract are violated, the borrower's property becomes the property of the bank. The loan amount specified in the loan agreement is usually less than the value of the collateral assessed by agreement of the parties.

Security can be provided by financial guarantees from third parties and directly by a loan agreement backed by an insurance policy.

Interest on loans can be paid at the time of their total repayment, in equal shares throughout the entire term of the loan agreement and immediately at the time of its receipt.

The third section indicates the circumstances under which sanctions will be applied (fines, fines, penalties, etc.), and determines the period after which the bank has the right to collect the debt from the client in cash or collateral.

The fourth section of the agreement provides for the possibility of changing its terms in the event of a number of circumstances (replacement of the supplier or buyer, forms of payment, etc., which do not entail termination of the loan agreement).

The loan agreement must be concluded only in writing. If this condition is not met, the contract is invalid. All changes and additions that arise after signing the agreement must be documented in a legal protocol.

Organizations can obtain a loan from a bank for the following purposes: acquisition of inventories and valuables; replenishment of the lack of own working capital; repayment of debts to personnel for wages; making investments in assets, etc.

To receive a loan, an organization must submit an application or petition to the bank. These documents contain basic information about the borrower and the nature of the loan: target direction of the loan, size, type, term, possible collateral, as well as a brief description of the loaned activity and the economic effect of its implementation. In accordance with the requirements set by the bank, the necessary documents are attached to the application, depending on the nature of the credit transaction.

For different groups of clients, different packages of documents for obtaining a loan can be developed:

Copies of constituent documents, regulations, lease agreements, registration certificates and patents; documents certifying the right to use or complete economic management of a land plot, certified by a notary; passports of citizens and other documents confirming the client’s eligibility to receive a loan;

Analytical data on the client’s balance sheet items as of a certain date;

Explanations for individual balance sheet items;

Technical and economic calculations characterizing the level of profitability of the transaction, payback periods;

Copies of agreements confirming the reality of the loan object (for the supply and sale of material assets, etc.);

Information about loans received from other banks (account statements);

Documents confirming the borrower's ownership of the property that is pledged to secure the obligation;

Reporting to determine the borrower's creditworthiness: labor report, report on financial results and their use, report on cash turnover, calculation of tax on actual profit for the year;

Documents confirming the security of loan repayment obligations;

Business plan, if the loan is provided to an organization that does not yet have financial statements and other documentation;

Calculation of the effectiveness of a commercial transaction;

Certificate from the Pension Fund;

Calculation of the need for credit resources;

Calculation of the repayment period of credit resources.

If necessary, the bank may require from the borrowing organization other documents and information confirming the security of the loan repayment, as well as the solvency of the borrower and the guarantor. At the same time, for borrowers who have an ongoing credit relationship with the bank, the list of documents provided may be reduced by the bank.

After analyzing the submitted documents, the credit department, in case of a positive decision, gives an order to open a loan account for the client, attaching a loan agreement and a collateral agreement. To open a loan account, the organization provides the following documents to the bank’s accounting department:

An order or a copy of an order granting the borrower's bank the right to write off funds without acceptance from the borrower's accounts upon a payment request to repay the debt under the agreement;

Payment request-instruction for debiting funds without acceptance if they are not received within the prescribed period;

A certificate from the tax office about the intention to open a loan account, as well as an obligation-instruction providing for the bank’s right to write off funds from the borrower’s account upon the due date of the corresponding payment under the agreement.

In order to obtain a loan, urgent obligations are issued to repay them within a specified time frame. Urgent obligations are documents that give the bank the right to indisputably write off funds from the borrower’s account in order to repay the issued loan, occurring after the expiration of the period specified in the document.

Using loans, limited check books can be issued for settlements with suppliers for inventory, work performed and services provided for production activities, as well as letters of credit for settlements with suppliers and contractors. Repayment of loans and interest accrued on them is made from current accounts in accordance with the urgent obligations presented to the bank. In turn, under a loan agreement, one party (the lender) transfers money or other things into the ownership of the other party (the borrower), and the borrower undertakes to return to the lender the same amount of money or an equal number of other things received by him of the same kind and quality. The loan agreement may be accompanied by a receipt from the borrower or another document certifying the transfer by the lender of a certain amount of money or a certain number of things. The loan agreement is considered concluded at the moment of transfer of funds or property. Interest under the loan agreement is accrued starting from the date of transfer of things and funds. A loan agreement may be free of charge if this is specifically agreed upon. If the agreement does not contain any entries on the terms of accrual of interest, their amount is determined by the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the day of payment of the debt amount or its corresponding part. Interest under a loan agreement is taken into account as it accrues and can be paid either in cash or in kind. The loan agreement can be concluded either orally or in writing. Moreover, the requirements of paragraph 1 of Art. 808 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that if the lender is a legal entity, the loan agreement is concluded in writing, regardless of the amount.

The loan agreement, as a rule, is not targeted, i.e. does not contain conditions on the use of received funds for specific tasks. However, the parties have the right to give the loan agreement a targeted nature. In this case, the borrower is obliged to ensure that the lender can control the intended use of the loan amount.

CHAPTER 2. ACCOUNTING FOR CREDITS AND BORROWINGS ON THE EXAMPLE OF ALFA LLC

2.1 General procedure for accounting for the formation of loans and credits and the costs of servicing them

Loans provided to other organizations are accepted by the lender for accounting as financial investments. This is stated in paragraph 3 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Financial Investments” PBU 19/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 27, 2012 No. 55n.

The amounts of loans provided by the organization to other legal entities and individuals (except for employees of the organization) are reflected in the debit of account 58 "Financial investments" subaccount 58-3 "Loans provided" in correspondence with the credit of account 51 "Current accounts" or other relevant accounts.

To organize the accounting of received loans and borrowings, the debtor must be guided by the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Loans and Credits and the Costs of Servicing them” PBU 15/08, which was approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 27, 2012 No. 55n.

The borrowing organization accepts for accounting the debt on the received loan and (or) credit in the amount of:

Actually received funds (the subject of the agreement is funds in rubles);

Actually received funds, calculated on the basis of the amount of foreign currency received and the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in effect on the date of the actual transactions (provision of a credit, loan, including the placement of borrowed obligations), and in the absence of the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation - the rate determined by agreement of the parties;

Valuation of things provided for in loan and credit agreements.

The principal amount of debt for loans and credits received is recognized as the amount of funds received by the borrower or lender without accrual of interest or discount, possible fines or penalties associated with the fulfillment of obligations to service and repay the loan received.

The borrowing organization accepts the specified debt for accounting at the time of the actual transfer of money or other things and reflects it as accounts payable.

In practice, various ways to obtain loans are possible: by crediting funds to a current account or depositing them in the cash register of the borrowing enterprise; by transferring funds to the addresses specified by the borrowing company (bypassing the borrower’s accounts); through the novation of a debt into a loan obligation. Bank loans can also be credited to the company's current account or used to repay the borrower's debt to counterparties (suppliers, contractors, banks, etc.). Regardless of the method of obtaining a loan (credit), a borrowed liability is recognized in accounting on the date of actual receipt of funds or repayment of the enterprise's obligations at the expense of the loan (credit).

A loan received in any way can be formalized by drawing up and transferring a bill of exchange certifying the obligation of the enterprise (the drawer) to repay the borrowed amounts upon the arrival of the period specified in the bill of exchange. In this case, the moment of receipt of funds and the moment of transfer of the bill of exchange may not coincide. In case of receipt of funds before the moment of execution and transfer of the bill of exchange, the fact of the occurrence of an ordinary loan obligation is reflected in accounting. Upon subsequent certification of the drawer's obligation by drawing up and transferring a bill of exchange to the lender, this operation is reflected by internal entries in the loan accounts (in the context of analytical objects).

If a loan agreement is concluded through the issue and sale of bonds, the corresponding liabilities are recognized in accounting on the date of receipt of funds in payment for the placed bonds.

To account for settlements on loans and borrowings, the Chart of Accounts provides two synthetic accounts:

66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”;

67 "Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings."

In addition, the Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts provide that in current accounting, settlements with credit institutions for accounting (discount) transactions of bills and other debt obligations are allocated at the level of subaccounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” and 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and loans." The development of a system of analytical accounts is carried out independently.

In accordance with PBU 15/2008 Accounting for loans and credits of the costs of servicing them, analytical accounting of debt on loans and credits received is carried out according to:

Individual loans and credits (types of borrowed obligations);

Credit organizations and other lenders.

In addition, in accordance with the Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts, the following are taken into account separately:

Interest payable on received loans and borrowings (accrued);

Credits and loans not paid on time (overdue);

Settlements with lenders within a group of interrelated organizations, about whose activities consolidated financial statements are compiled.

When the payment period expires, namely on the day following the day when, under the terms of the loan and (or) credit agreement, the principal amount of the debt must be repaid, the organization is obliged to transfer the urgent debt to overdue.

If the lender does not fulfill the terms of the loan agreement and (or) credit agreement, the borrower organization provides information about the shortfalls in the explanatory note to the annual financial statements.

Scheme for reflecting transactions related to obtaining credit and borrowings in accounting accounts.

In accordance with PBU 15/2008 “Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of servicing them,” the costs of servicing loans and credits are divided into four types:

Interest payable to lenders and creditors on loans and credits received from them;

Interest, discount on bills and bonds due for payment;

Additional costs incurred in connection with the receipt and use of loans and credits, the issuance and placement of borrowed obligations (costs associated with providing legal and consulting services to the borrower, carrying out copying work, paying taxes and fees in cases provided for by current legislation, conducting examinations , consumption of communication services, etc.);

Exchange rate and amount differences related to interest payable on loans and credits received and expressed in foreign currency or conventional units, arising from the moment interest is accrued under the terms of the agreement until their actual repayment (transfer).

The costs of received loans and credits, as a general rule, are recognized in accounting as current expenses, except for that part of them that is subject to inclusion in the cost of the investment asset. Their accrual is documented by posting:

Debit 91 “Other income and expenses”;

Credit accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”, 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings”.

The scheme for reflecting the costs of servicing loans and credits in the accounting accounts is given in Appendix 3.

2.2 Accounting for interest on loans and borrowings

In accounting by the lending organization, interest and other income on the borrowed funds provided, according to paragraph 7 of the Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” PBU 9/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 27, 2012 No. 55n, is operating income. The amount of the specified interest is determined based on the terms of the loan agreement. In accordance with paragraph 12 of PBU 9/99, interest received is recognized as income if the following conditions are met:

The organization has the right to receive the specified interest (determined by the terms of the specific agreement);

The amount of interest can be determined;

There is confidence that a particular transaction will result in an increase in the economic benefits of the organization.

Income in the form of interest received by the organization for the provision of borrowed funds is determined in accounting on the date determined by the parties to the agreement.

To summarize information about the operating income of the organization, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is intended, subaccount 91-1 “Other income”.

As for the accounting procedure for the borrower (lender), it is established by PBU 15/08. Thus, paragraph 11 of PBU 15/08 specifies that interest payable on loans is included in the costs associated with obtaining and using loans and credits. In addition, the costs associated with obtaining and using loans include amount differences related to interest payable on loans denominated in foreign currency, arising from the moment interest is accrued under the terms of the agreement until actual repayment (transfer).

These costs are recognized as expenses for the period in which they are incurred (current expenses) (except for that part of them that is subject to inclusion in the cost of the investment asset).

In accordance with paragraph 14 of PBU 15/08, loan costs are included in current expenses in the amount of payments due in accordance with the loan agreement concluded by the organization, regardless of the form in which and when these payments are actually made. Such costs are operating expenses (except for the cases provided for in paragraph 15 of PBU 15/08).

According to paragraph 16, as well as paragraph 17 of PBU 15/08, the organization accrues interest on loans received in accordance with the procedure established in the loan agreement. The debt on loans received is shown taking into account the interest due at the end of the reporting period in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

Accrued interest on loans, the amounts of which are expressed in foreign currency, are taken into account in ruble valuation at the Bank of Russia exchange rate in effect on the date of actual accrual of interest under the terms of the agreement, and in the absence of an official rate - at the rate determined by agreement of the parties. When preparing financial statements, the amount of obligations to pay the above interest is recalculated at the Bank of Russia exchange rate in effect on the reporting date. More details about the accounting of amount and exchange rate differences arising within the framework of credit and loan agreements will be discussed in section 3.2 of this course work.

In accordance with the Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts, the accrual of interest on a loan received is reflected in the credit of account 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” (67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings”) and the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” subaccount 91-2 "Other expenses". The amounts of accrued interest are accounted for separately on account 66 (67). When paying interest, account 66 (67) is debited in correspondence with account 51 “Current accounts”.

Let's consider the mechanism for calculating interest on a loan received using the example of the company Alpha LLC.

So, Alpha LLC received from the West Siberian Bank of Sberbank of the Russian Federation in February 2013 a loan for a period of 18 months in the amount of 500,000 rubles. Interest on the loan at a rate of 18 percent per annum is accrued and paid monthly. At the same time, the following entries are made in the accounting records of Alpha LLC.

At the time of receiving the loan:

DEBIT 51 CREDIT 67 subaccount "Calculations on the principal amount of debt"

500,000 rub. - received a long-term loan.

Monthly until the loan is repaid:

LOAN 67 subaccount "Interest payments"

7500 rub. (RUB 500,000 * 18%: 12 months) - interest accrued on the loan;

DEBIT 67 subaccount "Interest payments" CREDIT 51

7500 rub. - interest on the loan is listed.

At the time of loan repayment:

DEBIT 67 subaccount "Calculations on the principal amount of debt" CREDIT 51

500,000 rub. - the loan is returned.

Accounting for additional costs

According to paragraph 19 of PBU 15/08, additional costs incurred by the borrower in connection with obtaining loans and credits may include costs associated with:

Providing the borrower with legal and consulting services;

Carrying out copying and duplicating work;

Payment of taxes and fees (in cases provided for by current legislation);

Carrying out examinations;

Consumption of communication services;

Other costs directly related to obtaining loans and credits, placing debt obligations.

Additional costs incurred in connection with obtaining loans and borrowings are operating expenses of the organization and are reflected in account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Paragraph 20 of PBU 15/08 states that the inclusion by the borrower of additional costs associated with obtaining loans and credits, placing borrowed obligations, is carried out in the reporting period in which these costs were incurred. Additional costs may be preliminarily accounted for as accounts receivable with their subsequent inclusion in operating expenses during the repayment period of the above loan obligations.

Let's consider the mechanism for accounting for additional costs using the example of the company Alpha LLC. So, when receiving a loan in 2013, provided by the West Siberian Bank of Sberbank of the Russian Federation, secured by property (production equipment), Alpha LLC used the services of an independent appraiser to determine the market value of the equipment intended to be pledged. The cost of services of an independent appraiser amounted to 23,600 rubles. (including VAT - 3600 rubles). According to the appraiser, the market value of the equipment is 900,000 rubles. The initial cost of the equipment was 1,000,000 rubles. The loan provided by the bank is aimed at repaying the existing debt to the contractor. Thus, the following entries were made in the accounting records of the organization.

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

20,000 rub. (23,600 - 3600) - reflects the amount of remuneration for the services of an independent appraiser;

CREDIT 60 subaccount "Settlements with an independent appraiser"

3600 rub. - VAT on appraiser services is taken into account;

DEBIT 60 subaccount "Settlements with an independent appraiser"

RUB 23,600 - paid for the services of an independent appraiser;

DEBIT 68 subaccount "Calculations for value added tax"

3600 rub. - submitted for deduction of VAT from the amount of remuneration of an independent appraiser;

900,000 rub. - reflects the obligation issued to the West Siberian Bank of Sberbank of the Russian Federation as security for the loan agreement.

2.3 Accounting for exchange rate and amount differences

As we already know, borrowed funds can be provided both in rubles and in foreign currency. Can a credit or loan be issued in conventional monetary units?

Paragraph 2 of Article 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that a monetary obligation may contain a condition that the obligation is payable in rubles in an amount equivalent to a certain amount in foreign currency or in conventional monetary units. In this case, the amount expressed in currency or conventional monetary units is recalculated into rubles at the official exchange rate of the Bank of Russia on the day of payment, unless a different rate or another date is established by agreement of the parties or by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The debt on a received credit (loan), the value of which is expressed in foreign currency or in conventional monetary units, in accordance with paragraph 9 of PBU 15/08, is taken into account by the borrowing organization in ruble valuation at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of the loan, and in its absence - at the rate established by agreement of the parties. This debt is paid by the borrower at the agreed rate on the date of recognition of expenses in accounting. The difference that arises between the ruble valuation of the actual payment made on the date of acceptance of accounts payable and its ruble valuation on the date of recognition of expenses is the total difference.

As a rule, the amount expressed in foreign currency or in conventional monetary units and repaid in rubles under a loan or credit agreement exceeds the amount of funds received by the amount difference arising as a result of the increase in the exchange rate of the foreign currency or conventional unit for the period from the date of receipt of the credit (loan) before the return date.

The procedure for recording the specified amount difference in PBU 15/08 is not defined. But in normal practice, the organization includes the resulting amount difference in the principal amount of the debt for accounting purposes as part of other non-operating income and expenses and reflects it in account 91 “Other income and expenses” in correspondence with account 66 “Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings” or account 67 "Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings."

In addition, amount differences may arise in interest on the loan (loan). According to paragraph 21 of PBU 15/08, accrued interest on loans and borrowings, the amounts of which are expressed in foreign currency or conventional monetary units, are taken into account in ruble valuation at the Bank of Russia exchange rate in effect on the date of actual accrual of interest under the terms of the agreement. In the absence of an official rate, the rate determined by agreement of the parties is used.

According to paragraph 11 of PBU 15/08, the costs associated with obtaining and using loans include the amount differences related to the interest payable on loans denominated in foreign currency, arising from the moment interest is accrued under the terms of the agreements until their actual repayment.

When repaying the loan amount and paying interest, account 66 (67) is debited in correspondence with account 51 “Current accounts”.

Let's consider the mechanism for accounting for amount differences in accounting using the example of the company Alpha LLC.

So, on November 15, 2013, Alpha LLC received a loan from the L. Marty company in the amount of 600,000 rubles. to repay debts to the supplier of raw materials.

According to the loan agreement:

The loan amount is equivalent to 20,000 US dollars (at the exchange rate on the date of receipt of funds - 30 rubles per 1 dollar)

The loan was received for a period of 6 months;

Interest is charged on the loan amount at a rate of 18 percent per annum, which is paid upon repayment of the loan;

Repayment of the loan and interest is made in rubles in total. calculated at the US dollar exchange rate established by the Bank of Russia on the date of transfer of funds to the lender;

Early loan repayment is possible.

The Bank of Russia exchange rate was:

The accountant of Alpha LLC made the following entries in the accounting.

DEBIT 51

600,000 rub. - received a short-term loan.

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

4813.15 rub. (20,000 USD * 18%: 365 days * 16 days * 30.50 rubles/USD) - interest accrued on the loan for November.

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

LOAN 66 subaccount "Calculations of interest due"

4586.30 rub. (USD 20,000 * 18%: 365 days * 15 days * 31 rub./USD) - interest accrued on the loan for December;

DEBIT 66 subaccount "Calculations on the principal amount of debt"

620,000 rub. (20,000 USD * 31 rubles/USD) - the return of the principal amount of the loan is reflected;

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

LOAN 66 subaccount "Calculations on the principal amount of debt"

20,000 rub. (20,000 USD * (31 rub./USD - 30 rub./USD)) - included in other non-operating expenses is the amount of the difference in the principal amount of the debt formed from the moment the loan was received until the date of its repayment;

DEBIT 66 subaccount "Calculations of interest due"

RUR 9,478.36 (20,000 USD * 18%: 365 days * 31 days * 31 rubles/USD) - interest on the loan is transferred;

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

LOAN 66 subaccount "Calculations of interest due"

RUR 78.91 (9478.36 - 4813.15 rubles - 4586.30 rubles) - included in the costs associated with the use of the loan, the amount difference formed from the moment interest was calculated until their actual transfer.

In turn, according to paragraph 4 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency” PBU 3/2006, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 24, 2010 No. 186n, borrowed funds, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency currency are subject to recalculation into rubles. Recalculation is carried out at the Bank of Russia exchange rate on the date of transactions and on the date of preparation of financial statements. The difference that arises between the ruble estimate of the cost of loans and borrowings expressed in foreign currency on the date of the transaction and on the date of preparation of the financial statements is called the exchange rate difference.

Based on paragraphs 12, 14, 18 of PBU 15/08 and paragraph 11 of the Accounting Regulations “Expenses of the Organization” PBU 10/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 27, 2012 No. 55n, loan costs in the amount of payments due according to the concluded organization's loan agreements are included in the organization's current expenses on a monthly basis and are taken into account as part of operating expenses. It does not matter in what form and when these payments are actually made. According to the Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts, the amount of accrued interest on the loan is reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 91-2 “Other expenses” and the credit of account 66 “Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings”.

In accordance with paragraph 21 of PBU 15/08, accrued interest on loans due in foreign currency is taken into account in ruble valuation at the Bank of Russia exchange rate effective on the date of accrual of interest under the terms of the agreement.

According to paragraph 22 of PBU 15/08 and paragraph 7 of PBU 3/2006, when preparing financial statements, the value of obligations to pay the above interest and the principal amount of the debt is recalculated into rubles at the Bank of Russia exchange rate in effect on the reporting date (the last day of the reporting month).

Clause 13 of PBU 3/2006 determines that exchange differences arising as a result of the recalculation of liabilities into rubles are subject to credit to the financial results of the organization as non-operating income or non-operating expenses as they are accepted for accounting. However, as noted earlier, exchange rate differences related to the interest payable on the loan are reflected as part of operating expenses. In this regard, exchange rate differences arising from the revaluation of the principal amount of the debt under the loan agreement are taken into account as part of non-operating income or expenses, and exchange rate differences arising from the revaluation of loan interest are included in operating income or expenses.

To reflect in accounting both non-operating income and expenses and operating income and expenses, the Chart of Accounts provides account 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccounts 91-1 “Other income” or 91-2 “Other expenses”, respectively.

Let's consider the mechanism of exchange rate differences in accounting using the example of the company Alpha LLC.

So, Alpha LLC received from Gazprombank OJSC a loan in the amount of 10,000 euros for a period of 91 days to repay the debt for payment for raw materials received from a foreign supplier. The loan was received on September 6, 2013, and on the same day foreign currency funds were transferred to the non-resident supplier. Interest at a rate of 15 percent per annum is paid by OJSC Gazprombank in the currency of the loan simultaneously with the repayment of the loan on December 6, 2013. The organization determines income and expenses for profit tax purposes using the accrual method.

The euro exchange rate against the ruble, established by the Bank of Russia, was:

The following entries were made in the organization's accounting records.

DEBIT 52 CREDIT 66 subaccount "Calculations on the principal amount of debt"

RUB 357,300 (10,000 euros * 35.73 rubles/euro;) - short-term loan received;

DEBIT 60 CREDIT 52

RUB 357,300 - funds were transferred to the supplier to pay for raw materials.

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

3601.03 rub. (10,000 euros * 15%; : 365 days * 25 days * 35.05 rubles/euro) - interest accrued on the loan for July;

DEBIT 66 subaccount "Calculations on the principal amount of debt" CREDIT 91 subaccount "Other income"

6800 rub. (10,000 euros * (35.73 rubles/euro - 35.05 rubles/euro)) - reflects the exchange rate difference from the revaluation of the liability in terms of the principal amount of the debt.

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

LOAN 66 subaccount "Interest payments"

4478.01 rub. (10,000 euros * 15%: 365 days * 31 days * 35.15 rubles/euro) - interest accrued on the loan for August;

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

LOAN 66 subaccount "Calculations on the principal amount of debt"

1000 rub. (10,000 euros * (35.15 rubles/euro - 35.05 rubles/euro)) - reflects the exchange rate difference from the revaluation of the liability in terms of the principal amount of the debt;

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

LOAN 66 subaccount "Interest payments"

10.27 rub. (10,000 euros * 15%: 365 days * 25 days * (35.15 rubles/euro - 35.05 rubles/euro)) - reflects the exchange rate difference from the revaluation of loan obligations in terms of interest for July.

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

LOAN 66 subaccount "Interest payments"

4437.12 rub. (10,000 euros * 15%: 365 days * 30 days * 35.99 rubles/euro) - interest accrued on the loan for September;

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses" CREDIT 66 subaccount "Calculations on the principal amount of debt"

8400 rub. (10,000 euros * (35.99 rubles/euro - 35.15 rubles/euro)) - reflects the exchange rate difference from the revaluation of the liability in terms of the principal amount of the debt;

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

LOAN 66 subaccount "Interest payments"

RUB 193.32 (10,000 euros * 15%: 365 days * (25 days + 31 days) * (35.99 rubles/euro - 35.15 rubles/euro)) - reflects the exchange rate difference from the revaluation of loan obligations in parts of interest for July-August.

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

LOAN 66 subaccount "Interest payments"

RUR 742.60 (10,000 euros * 15%: 365 days * 5 days * 36.14 rubles/euro) - interest accrued on the loan for September;

DEBIT 66 subaccount "Calculations on the principal amount of debt" CREDIT 52

RUB 361,400 (10,000 euros * 36.14 rubles/euro) - the return of the principal amount of the loan is reflected;

DEBIT 66 subaccount "Interest payments" CREDIT 52

13,515.37 rubles (10,000 euros * 15%: 365 days * 91 days * 36.14 rubles/euro) - payment of interest on the loan is reflected;

DEBIT 91 subaccount "Other expenses"

LOAN 66 subaccount "Calculations on the principal amount of debt"

...

The main differences between a loan and a loan

Criteria for distinguishing a loan from a credit:

under a loan agreement, the creditor will always be a credit organization; in a loan agreement, it can be a partner organization, individual entrepreneur, founder (individual);
the loan has a “fee” - interest accrued on the amount of debt; the loan can be interest-bearing or interest-free;
a loan is issued only in money, a loan can be issued in goods.

Accounting for loans and borrowings

Accounting for credits and borrowings is regulated by PBU 15/2008. The following should be reflected separately:

credit (loan) amount;
the amount of expenses on the loan (loan): interest and additional expenses.

The chart of accounts provides for the use of accounts:

Account 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”;
Account 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings.”

For the purpose of reflecting debt and interest, the opening of appropriate sub-accounts is provided:

66-01 “Short-term loans and borrowings”
66-02 “Interest on short-term loans and borrowings.”

A separate subaccount can be allocated if the loan is received in foreign currency.

Principal Accounting

The principal amount of the loan is reflected as accounts payable:

on the day of receipt of funds (not earlier than the date of the concluded agreement). Signing the agreement does not lead to the reflection of the debt. An actual receipt of money is required.
in the amount that was actually received (no more than the amount specified in the contract).

Depending on the term of the loan, there are:

short-term – 12 months or less;
long-term – more than 12 months.

The accounting policy reflects instructions on the procedure for accounting for debt.

Accounting for expenses on loans and credits

Such expenses include interest on the use of borrowed funds.

Interest in accounting can be reflected as:

other expenses (account 91)
increase in the value of an investment asset (account 08)

Interest is reflected in other expenses in equal installments on a monthly basis.

Additional costs may include:

amounts for information and consulting services;
amounts for the examination of the loan agreement;
other expenses (bank commission).

Additional expenses are always included in other expenses. The period for including additional expenses on loans has two options:

at one time,
evenly.

Figure 1. Typical wiring

Figure 2. Tax accounting of loans and borrowings

Since 2015, interest on loans and borrowings for tax accounting purposes has been taken into account in full. Expenses must meet several requirements:

be economically feasible;
be documented;
aimed at generating income.

Business development usually requires considerable investment. In most cases, the capital used for initial “promotion”, for example, for renting an office, purchasing necessary equipment, materials or goods, even for purchasing office space, is provided to the company by its founder or general director. When the specifics of the activity require serious investments, the organization is forced to turn to the bank for financial support. In the first case, we will talk about obtaining a loan, in the second - about a loan. Accounting for loans and borrowings in accounting will be discussed in this material.

Accounting for loans and borrowings

The relationships that arise between the lender and the borrower are regulated by Article 807 of the Civil Code. According to the theses presented in it, under a loan agreement, one party transfers money or other things with certain generic characteristics to the other party, and the recipient of the loan undertakes to return the same amount of money or an equal amount of other things received by him of the same kind and quality. That is, the law fully allows for loans to be provided in the form of specific items of property or goods, but still in most cases we are talking about money. The loan agreement is considered concluded from the moment in which the agreed amount is transferred to the borrower. It can be provided free of charge - then the loan will be considered interest-free, or it may require the payment of some interest.

The loan agreement is described in Article 819 of the Civil Code. Under a loan agreement, a bank or other similar credit institution undertakes to provide funds to the recipient in the amount and on the terms stipulated by the agreement. As in the case of a loan agreement, the amount provided must be returned, and in addition, the interest stipulated on it must be paid. In other words, a loan always presupposes the presence of some kind of commercial interest of the lender; it cannot be interest-free. Another difference between a loan and a loan is that loans are provided exclusively in money.

Despite some differences between the two types of income, the accounting entries for accounting for loans and borrowings from the recipient company are identical. Accounting for loans in accounting, when it comes to receiving funds, involves posting a credit to account 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” if the funds are received for a period of up to a year. The posting for a long-term loan or loan, that is, for a period of one year or more, is made to an identical account 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings.” The account data corresponds to the debit of the “cash” accounts, that is, 50 “Cash” or 51 “Current account”. Analytical accounting of loans and borrowings is carried out in the context of sources of funds, that is, by those credit institutions or persons who provided the company with a particular amount.

It is worth noting that the loan or loan received is not considered company income either in accounting or tax accounting. Such amounts are not considered expenses at the time of their return. This follows from paragraph 2 of PBU 9/99 “Income of the organization”, paragraph 3 of PBU 10/99 “Expenses of the organization”, as well as from the provisions of Articles 251 and 270 of the Tax Code. Such “temporary” amounts are reflected separately in the financial statements, and they are not included in the tax base for both income tax and “simplified” tax.

Interest on loans and credits

Interest provided for payment under the terms of a credit agreement or loan agreement, on the contrary, is considered expenses related to the fulfillment of obligations to the creditor or lender. In accounting, they are reflected as part of other expenses in accordance with paragraphs 3, 7 and 8 of PBU 15/2008 “Accounting for expenses on loans and credits”.

Interest on loans and borrowings is reflected separately in special subaccounts opened to account 66 or 67, so they are not mixed with the main amount received. Expenses are recognized in the reporting period to which they relate. This thesis, specified in paragraph 6 of PBU 15/2008, involves the monthly calculation and reflection of interest in accounting on loans received or on loans provided to the company.

In tax accounting for income tax, interest on loans and borrowings is also included in expenses, this time non-operating. By virtue of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 269 of the Tax Code, for debt obligations of any type, interest calculated on the basis of the actually established rate is recognized as an income tax expense. However, for transactions recognized as controlled (namely, these include, for example, the relationship between an organization and its founder), it is necessary to take into account not only the interest rate established by the parties, which is paid by the recipient of credit or borrowed funds, but also additional restrictions. So, if we are talking about a ruble loan from the founder received in 2016, then the interest on it should fall within the range from 75% to 125% of the current key rate - in this case, the amount paid can be included in non-operating expenses.

But if the loan is received from a third-party bank, then, as a rule, the problem of interdependence of the parties to the transaction does not arise, and the company has the right to include the entire interest in the tax base. However, in this case it is necessary to take into account another feature of such relationships.

If the loan agreement, as a rule, the agreement itself provides for monthly calculation and payment of interest, then, as a rule, banks require that a certain amount be repaid monthly on a certain date. In this case, the payment includes partial repayment of the “body” of the loan itself, as well as interest on it. At the same time, the billing period may not coincide with the calendar month. In this case, the monthly payment may include part of the interest for the end of the previous month, and part for the current period, if, according to the agreement, the amount is transferred in the middle of the month and not on the last day. Separating the amount of the principal loan repayment from the interest will not be difficult - any agreement is accompanied by a payment schedule, where such information is described in detail. But interest requires distribution by month, since in accounting they must be reflected precisely in the period to which they relate upon the fact of their accrual.

Don't forget about personal income tax

And let us return once again to the situation with the provision of a loan to a company by its founder. If the loan is interest-bearing, then the money transferred to the individual in excess of the amount of the principal debt according to the terms of the agreement becomes his income. A company that pays such interest is obliged to perform the functions of a tax agent, that is, withhold and transfer to the budget 13% tax from the income paid. Again, we are talking only about the amount of interest; the return of the loan itself is not subject to taxation from an individual. Of course, this income of the founder is then reflected in certificates in forms 2-NDFL and 6-NDFL.

If we talk about paying interest to a lender or creditor - an individual entrepreneur or another organization, then such amounts, of course, will also become tax income for them, however, obligations to pay the budget in this case will be fulfilled without the participation of the borrower. In other words, no deductions are required in this case; interest is transferred in full according to the terms of the agreement.

Example: receiving and repaying a loan, postings

As mentioned above, if a loan or credit is provided for a period of 12 months or more, then all of the above entries are drawn up not in account 66, but in account 67, which accounts for settlements on debt obligations with a maturity of more than one year.