Formulas for calculating intangible assets. Intangible assets Intangible assets are included in the balance sheet

They are assets that can be used for a period exceeding 12 months.

Intangible assets

This line reflects the presence of intangible assets.
The accounting rules for intangible assets are established by PBU 14/2007 “Accounting for intangible assets”.
Intangible assets are objects of intellectual property (exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity), namely:
- the exclusive right of the patent holder to an invention, industrial design, utility model;
— exclusive copyright for computer programs and databases;
— property right of the author or other copyright holder on the topology of integrated circuits;
- the exclusive right of the owner to the trademark and service mark, appellation of origin of goods;
- the exclusive right of the patent holder to selection achievements.
Intangible assets are also the business reputation of the organization.
The intellectual and business qualities of the organization's personnel, their qualifications and ability to work are not intangible assets, since they are inseparable from carriers and cannot be used without them.
In addition, in accordance with the instructions for applying the chart of accounts for financial and economic activities of organizations and PBU 17/02 “Accounting for research, development and technological work expenses”, it is possible to take into account the expenses of the organization for research and development as part of intangible assets. , experimental design and technological work. To reflect the results of R&D since 2011, there is a special line in the balance sheet "Research and Development Results".
The following types of works and objects do not belong to intangible assets:
- research, development and technological work that did not give a positive result;
- research, development and technological work not completed and not formalized in the manner prescribed by law;
- material objects (material carriers) in which works of science, literature, art, computer programs and databases are expressed.
In the balance sheet, intangible assets are shown at their residual value. And in the notes to the balance sheet and income statement, it is necessary to provide data on the initial (replacement) cost of these assets and accrued depreciation.
That is, the amounts recorded on account 04 "Intangible assets" must be adjusted for the amount of depreciation accrued on them.
Paragraph 15 of PBU 14/2007 determines that depreciation of intangible assets is charged in one of the following ways:
- linear;
- declining balance;
- cost write-offs in proportion to the volume of products (works).
So, the indicator on the line "Intangible assets" indicates the value of the residual value of assets owned by the enterprise and accounted for as part of intangible assets.

"Research and Development Results"

R&D for which results are obtained that are not subject to legal protection or are subject to it, but not formalized in the manner prescribed by law, are not recognized as intangible assets and are accounted for on the basis of PBU 17/02 “Accounting for the costs of research, development and technological work”. According to the instructions for using the chart of accounts, the corresponding expenses are reflected on account 04 separately. By virtue of paragraph 16 of PBU 17/02, in the case of materiality, information on R&D expenses is reflected in the balance sheet in an independent group of asset items (section "Non-current assets").
At the same time, as of January 1, 2012, the procedure for accounting for R&D has been changed in tax accounting. The fact is that a new version of Article 262 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (as amended by Federal Law No. 132-FZ of July 7, 2011) has come into force, significantly changing the procedure for tax accounting for R&D expenses.
From January 1, 2012 in Art. 262 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation clearly defines the list of expenses that can be attributed to R&D expenses. In the event that an organization sells such an intangible asset at a loss, the resulting loss is not taken into account for tax purposes.
Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation is supplemented by a new article 332.1 "Peculiarities of keeping tax records of expenses for scientific research and (or) experimental design developments."
In analytical accounting, the taxpayer forms the amount of R&D expenses, taking into account the grouping by type of work (contracts) of all expenses incurred, including:
— the cost of consumables and energy;
— depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets used in R&D;
— labor costs for employees performing R&D;
— other costs directly related to the performance of R&D on their own, as well as taking into account the costs of paying for work under contracts for the performance of scientific research, contracts for the performance of experimental design and technological work.
These features of tax legislation should be taken into account in accounting policies in order to bring tax and accounting data into line.
It is for this information that this line “Research and Development Results” is provided.
Please note that by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 5, 2011 N 124n, changes were made to the form of the balance sheet.
After the line “Research and development results”, additional lines were added - “Intangible prospecting assets” and “Tangible prospecting assets”.
Intangible exploration assets are determined in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 6, 2011 N 125n "On approval of the accounting regulation "Accounting for the development of natural resources" (PBU 24/2011)".
Search costs related mainly to the acquisition (creation) of an object that has a tangible form are recognized as tangible exploration assets. Other exploration assets are recognized as intangible exploration assets.
Tangible prospecting assets, as a rule, include those used in the process of prospecting, appraisal of mineral deposits and exploration of minerals:
a) structures (piping system, etc.);
b) equipment (specialized drilling rigs, pumping units, reservoirs, etc.);
c) vehicles.
Intangible exploration assets typically include:
a) the right to perform work on the search, evaluation of mineral deposits and (or) exploration of minerals, confirmed by the availability of an appropriate license;
b) information obtained as a result of topographic, geological and geophysical surveys;
c) results of exploratory drilling;
d) results of sampling;
e) other geological information about the subsoil;
f) assessment of the commercial feasibility of extraction.
Tangible and intangible prospecting assets are recorded on separate sub-accounts to the account of investments in non-current assets.
The accounting unit of tangible and intangible prospecting assets is determined by the organization in relation to the accounting rules for fixed assets and intangible assets, respectively.

Liberman K.A., Kvitkovskaya P.Yu., Tolmachev I.A., Bespalov M.V., Berg O.N., Mezhueva T.N. Balance sheet: compilation technique (edited by D.M. Kislova, E.V. Shestakova) (2nd ed.). - GrossMedia Publishing House: ROSBUH, 2012

Balance asset

Any property of the enterprise - machinery and equipment, real estate, financial investments, debts of debtors, etc. - is its assets. This is all that can be converted into cash.

The asset balance reflects the value of the property of the organization, broken down by its composition and areas of placement. When filling out the balance, you must remember the following:

Fixed assets, intangible assets, profitable investments in material assets are reflected in the balance sheet at their residual value;

The value of the balance of goods and other inventories is reflected in the asset balance less the amount of the reserve for the decrease in the value of material assets (if, as a result of the inventory, it became necessary to create such a reserve);

If the organization, after conducting an inventory of settlements with buyers and customers, has created a reserve for doubtful debts, the balance of receivables is reflected in the asset balance less the amount of this reserve;

Financial investments are reflected in the asset balance minus the created reserve for their depreciation.

The asset balance consists of two sections: Sec. I "Non-current assets" and sec. II "Current assets". Let us consider in detail each article of these sections of the balance sheet.

Section I "Non-current assets"

The "Non-current assets" section of the balance reflects information about the organization's assets that are used to generate profit for a long time. These are intangible assets, fixed assets, profitable investments in material assets, financial investments, deferred tax assets and other non-current assets of the organization.

Line 110 "Intangible assets"

This line of the balance sheet reflects the residual value of intangible assets (IA) owned by the organization - an amount equal to the difference between the debit balance on account 04 "Intangible assets" and the credit balance on account 05 "Amortization of intangible assets". If the organization, in accordance with the accounting policy, accrues depreciation for all objects of intangible assets without using account 05, then line 110 of the balance sheet reflects the debit balance of account 04.

Intangible assets in accordance with paragraph 4 of PBU 14/2000 "Accounting for intangible assets" include:

Exclusive rights to intellectual property (inventions, industrial designs, utility models, computer programs, databases, trademarks and service marks, etc.);

Organizational expenses (costs associated with the formation of a legal entity);

Positive business reputation of the organization.

Please note: payment for the right to use someone else's intellectual property (for example, the use of computer programs without acquiring exclusive rights to them) does not lead to the appearance of intangible assets on the organization's balance sheet. Such expenses are recorded on account 97 "Deferred expenses" and during the period established by the organization in accordance with the terms of the contract or independently based on the useful life of the object, they are evenly written off to cost accounts (20, 25, 26, 44, etc.).

Intangible assets such as organizational expenses and a positive business reputation are relatively rare. They are accounted for in the general order - on account 04.

If the organization carried out research, development and technological work (R & D), then when drawing up the balance sheet, you need to pay attention to the following point. The results of work on the implementation of R&D according to the Chart of Accounts are accounted for on account 04 "Intangible assets", but an intangible asset object is not always formed. For example, this happens if the results of R&D are not subject to legal protection in accordance with the law, or when registration is provided for such objects, but the organization did not register them for one reason or another.

Line 110 of the balance reflects only intangible assets. Therefore, the cost of the results of R&D performed, which are not an object of intangible assets, but are listed on account 04, is indicated in line 150 "Other non-current assets".

If the organization has a lot of intangible assets or individual objects (groups of homogeneous objects) of intangible assets are recognized as significant in value or significance, the organization has the right to break down the balance by types of intangible assets. To do this, after line 110, additional lines should be entered.

An organization that has given an intangible asset for trust management must reflect its residual value in line 110.

The founder of trust management, transferring the object of intangible assets to the trustee, debits it from the credit of account 04 to the debit of account 79 "Intra-economic settlements" subaccount 3 "Settlements under the contract of trust management of property". If the depreciation of this intangible asset was accrued using account 05, then its amount is debited from the debit of account 05 to the credit of account 79-3.

Before compiling reports, the manager is obliged to provide the founder of the department with data on the cost of intangible assets and accrued depreciation. The founder of the management reflects the residual value of this intangible asset in the balance sheet on line 110, while not including the corresponding balances on account 79 in the balance sheet.

Line 120 "Fixed assets"

Fixed assets - this is a part of the organization's property, which is used as a means of labor for the production and sale of goods (performance of work, provision of services) or for the implementation of management tasks and is not intended for sale. Fixed assets include buildings, vehicles, power lines, computer and cash equipment, furniture, etc. The procedure for accounting for fixed assets is established by PBU 6/01 "Accounting for Fixed Assets" and the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Fixed Assets, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 13.10.2003 No. 91n.

Assets (property) are accepted for accounting as fixed assets if they meet the following criteria:

Are intended for use in production purposes or for the management needs of the organization, and not for sale;

Their useful life is more than 12 months;

Able to bring economic benefits to the organization.

Fixed assets are accounted for on account 01 of the same name. Their cost is transferred to costs by accruing depreciation, the amount of which is reflected on account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets". Line 120 of the balance sheet shows the residual value of fixed assets - the debit balance on account 01 "Fixed assets" minus the amount of depreciation accrued on the credit of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets".

Please note: if the organization has property accounted for on account 03 "Profitable investments in material assets", then when calculating the residual value of fixed assets reflected in line 120 of the balance sheet, the balance on account 02 should be reduced by the amount of the balance on the sub-account "Depreciation of property, relating to profitable investments. These depreciation amounts will be taken into account when calculating the indicator of line 135 of the balance sheet.

Similarly, when calculating the residual value of fixed assets, reflected in line 120 of the balance sheet, the amount of depreciation accrued on account 02 for real estate objects recorded on account 08 that have been put into operation, but the ownership of which has not yet been registered, is not taken into account. The residual value of such real estate is reflected in line 130 of the balance sheet, which means that depreciation on them is taken into account when calculating this indicator.

If, according to the accounting policy, the organization keeps records of constructed (acquired) real estate objects, the state registration of ownership of which has not yet been completed, on account 01 "Fixed assets", then their residual value should be reflected in line 120 of the balance sheet.

Line 120 of the balance sheet also reflects the cost of special tools, special equipment and overalls, if, according to the accounting policy of the organization, this property is accounted for on account 01 "Fixed assets".

Fixed assets that, according to accounting rules, are not subject to depreciation (for example, land, housing stock, external amenities, etc.) are reflected in line 120 at their original (replacement) cost. The depreciation accrued for these objects on off-balance account 010 is reflected in the form No. 1 in lines 970 and 980 of the section "Certificate on the availability of valuables recorded on off-balance accounts".

The cost of fixed assets is reflected in the balance sheet, regardless of whether they are in operation or are under reconstruction, conservation, or in stock.

In some cases, account 01 may contain fixed assets received by the organization for rent. This accounting methodology is provided for when renting an enterprise as a property complex, as well as when receiving leased property, if under the contract the leased asset is accounted for on the balance sheet of the lessee. In this case, the tenants of the property complex and lessees show in line 120 of the balance sheet the residual value of the fixed assets received on lease (leasing).

A special case is property transferred to trust management. The founder of the management, transferring the fixed assets to the manager, writes off their value from the credit of account 01 "Fixed assets" to the debit of account 79 "Intra-economic settlements" subaccount 3 "Settlements under the contract of trust management of property". Depreciation accrued on these fixed assets prior to their transfer to trust management is written off from the debit of account 02 to the credit of account 79-3.

The fixed assets transferred under the trust management agreement are accounted for on a separate balance sheet and separately from the trustee's own property. However, in the financial statements, data on these fixed assets as their own assets should be shown not by the manager, but by the founder of the trust management. It reflects the residual value of fixed assets transferred to trust management in line 120 of the balance sheet.

To do this, the trustee is obliged, before compiling reports, to submit to the founder of the management (in the form of a balance sheet and other reporting forms) data on property, liabilities, income and expenses received in the performance of the contract. The founder of the department, when compiling financial statements, fully includes these data in it. The founder of trust management does not indicate the corresponding balances on account 79 in the balance sheet.

Thus, if an organization has transferred property to trust management, it must increase the line 120 indicator by the residual value of fixed assets according to the trustee's report.

The sample form No. 1 recommended by the Ministry of Finance of Russia does not provide decryption lines for the article "Fixed assets". If the organization's balance sheet has a large number of fixed assets or it becomes necessary to show separately the most significant groups of these objects, the organization may enter additional lines to line 120 of the balance sheet. At the same time, the types of fixed assets that are insignificant in terms of cost and significance can be combined into the "Other fixed assets" group.

Line 130 "Construction in progress"

First of all, it should be noted that the name of this line must be understood in a broad sense. Under "construction in progress" refers to the amount of capital investments in progress. These are the costs of unfinished construction and installation works and other capital works and costs (design and survey, geological exploration and drilling, costs for land acquisition and resettlement associated with construction, costs for the formation of the main herd of productive and working livestock, etc.). d.). In addition, line 130 reflects the costs of acquiring intangible assets and fixed assets that require and do not require installation, before they are put into operation. Line 130 indicates the amount of costs for work performed both in an economic and contract way. Incomplete capital investments are reflected in the balance sheet at actual costs for the developer (investor).

If, according to the accounting policy, the organization does not transfer the constructed or acquired real estate objects to account 01 "Fixed assets" before receiving documents confirming the state registration of ownership, but continues to record them on a separate sub-account of account 08 "Investments in non-current assets", then the cost of these real estate objects should also be reflected in line 130.

Please note: for real estate objects for which capital construction has been completed, an act of acceptance and transfer has been drawn up, documents have been submitted for state registration of ownership and which are actually operated by the organization, depreciation should be charged in accordance with the generally established procedure. Moreover, regardless of which account - 01 "Fixed assets" or 08 "Investments in non-current assets" - these real estate objects are kept. This requirement is established by paragraph 52 of the Guidelines for accounting for fixed assets. Therefore, when compiling the balance sheet, the value of such real estate objects recorded on account 08 should be reflected minus the depreciation amounts charged on these objects on account 02.

The indicator of line 130 is formed as the sum of the debit balances of the accounts:

07 "Equipment for installation";

08 "Investments in non-current assets";

16 "Deviations in the value of material assets" (in terms of deviations related to property, the value of which is reflected in accounts 07 and 08).

Please note: on line 130 of the balance sheet, the amount of advance payments transferred to suppliers and contractors cannot be reflected in the cost of construction in progress. According to paragraph 3 of PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization", the amounts of advances and prepayments are not recognized as expenses of the organization. Line 130 of the balance reflects the actual costs of the organization for capital investments, and the amounts of advances do not belong to them. They form accounts receivable, which is reflected in the corresponding lines of the asset balance.

Recall that the organization has the right to show significant performance indicators separately. If the organization's capital investments are of a diverse nature, then to decipher the indicator of line 130, it can enter additional lines in the balance sheet form.

Line 135 "Profitable investments in material assets"

This line reflects the residual value of property intended for lease (leasing) or rental. This is the debit balance on account 03 "Income-bearing investments in material assets" minus the amount of depreciation, which is reflected in the credit of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" sub-account "Depreciation of property related to income investments."

According to paragraph 17 of PBU 6/01, depreciation is not charged for housing stock (residential houses, dormitories, apartments, etc.), which are owned by the organization. However, if an organization uses such objects to generate income, they should be accounted for on account 03 and depreciation on them should be accrued in the generally established manner. The residual value of these objects is reflected in line 135 of the balance sheet.

Please note: if the organization ceases to use the property as a profitable investment (for example, after the expiration of the leasing agreement, the lessor organization uses the property returned by the lessee for its own needs - for the production of products, etc.), this property should be written off from account 03 "Income investments into tangible assets" to the debit of the accounts of the relevant assets (account 01 "Fixed assets", etc.). The residual value of such property is reflected in other lines of the balance sheet.

Line 140 "Long-term financial investments"

Accounting for financial investments is regulated by PBU 19/02 "Accounting for financial investments". The financial investments of the organization include:

Securities (government, municipal, corporate), including debt securities, in which the date and amount of redemption are determined (bonds, promissory notes);

Contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and affiliates);

Loans granted to other organizations;

Deposits in credit institutions;

Accounts receivable acquired under an assignment agreement of the right to claim;

Contributions of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement, etc.

Financial investments are considered long-term if their maturity (circulation) exceeds 12 months.

Line 140 reflects the amount of balances on accounts 58 "Financial investments" and 55 "Special accounts in banks" sub-account 3 "Deposit accounts" in terms of amounts related to long-term investments. They should be reduced by the amount of the reserve for the depreciation of financial investments - the credit balance of account 59 "Reserve for the depreciation of financial investments" in terms of financial investments for a period of more than a year.

When drawing up the balance sheet, it should be taken into account that financial investments that were previously long-term may become short-term by the end of the reporting period. For example, an organization in April 2003 issued a loan for a period of three years (until April 2006). In the balance sheet for the first half of 2005, the amount of this loan can be reflected not in line 140, but in line 250 "Short-term financial investments".

Securities that are quoted on the stock exchange and whose quotation is regularly published are reflected in line 140 at the current market value, which is determined as of the end of the reporting period. If the market price is lower than the carrying amount of such securities, the organization creates an allowance for depreciation of financial investments. In the balance sheet, the creation of a reserve is reflected in the posting:

Debit 91 Credit 59 - a reserve for depreciation of financial investments has been accrued.

As already mentioned, line 140 indicates an amount equal to the difference between the value of these securities, recorded in the debit of account 58, and the balance of account 59. The balance of account 59 is not reflected in the balance sheet.

If the cost of the organization's long-term financial investments is significant or the organization has a need to show the most significant types of financial investments separately, it has the right to enter additional lines to decipher the line 140 indicator.

Line 145 "Deferred tax assets"

This line of the balance reflects the debit balance on account 09 "Deferred tax assets".

Deferred tax assets are formed when deductible temporary differences (DDT) arise when the amount of tax profit from a transaction is greater than the profit according to accounting data. For example, deductible temporary differences appear if any expense is recorded in accounting in a larger amount than when forming the tax base for income tax. Moreover, it is assumed that in the following periods this expense will be recognized in tax accounting.

In addition, VVR may arise for organizations that calculate income tax on a cash basis. For them, the cost of goods (works, services) not paid to suppliers (contractors), accounted for in accounting as part of the costs (for example, when writing off unpaid materials for production), does not reduce the tax base for income tax until the moment of payment.

The amount of the deferred tax asset is calculated as the product of the deductible temporary difference and the income tax rate. In accounting, a deferred tax asset is reflected in the following entry:

Debit 09 Credit 68 sub-account "Calculations for income tax" - a deferred tax asset has been accrued.

In the future, when expenses previously written off in accounting are recognized for income tax purposes, the amount of deferred tax assets is reduced. This is reflected in the wiring:

Debit 68 sub-account "Calculations for income tax" Credit 09 - reflects the repayment of the previously accrued deferred tax asset.

The balance of account 09 may be small in amount. However, in terms of its significance, this is a significant indicator. It reflects the amount that will reduce income tax in subsequent reporting periods. Therefore, deferred tax assets must be reflected in the balance sheet as a separate line. This amount cannot be included in other non-current assets.

PBU 18/02 gives organizations the right to reflect in the balance sheet the balanced (rolled up) amount of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities (clause 19 PBU 18/02). To do this, determine the difference in the balance of accounts 09 and 77. If the debit balance on account 09 "Deferred tax assets" is greater than the credit balance on account 77 "Deferred tax liabilities", then the difference between them is reflected in line 145 of the balance sheet. Line 515 "Deferred tax liabilities" in this case is not included in the balance sheet.

And vice versa: if the balance of account 77 is greater than the balance of account 09, the difference between them is reflected in line 515. In this case, line 145 does not need to be included in the balance.

Line 150 "Other non-current assets"

Line 150 indicates the residual value of assets that are not reflected in other lines of the "Non-current assets" section of the balance sheet. For example, these can be expenses for research, development and technological work (R & D), which are not recognized as an object of intangible assets, but are accounted for on account 04 "Intangible assets".

When completing this line, consider the following. As part of other non-current assets, those assets are reflected, the value of which is recognized as insignificant and information about which is not important for interested users of financial statements.

Line 190 "Section I total"

Line 190 - final for section. I balance. It reflects the value of all non-current assets available in the organization. The indicator of line 190 is formed as the sum of the lines:

110 "Intangible assets";

120 "Fixed assets";

130 "Construction in progress";

135 "Profitable investments in material assets";

140 "Long-term financial investments";

145 "Deferred tax assets";

150 "Other non-current assets".

All organizations must keep records of assets. Any enterprise has assets that are often used in commercial activities, but remain unchanged. The process of accounting for them sometimes causes a lot of difficulties.

Definition

Tangible non-current assets in the balance sheet are a type of property that is registered with the organization and is used by it to implement tasks. Such assets are attracted to generate profit over a long period of time (more than 1 year).

Tangible non-current assets are the monetary value of the property and liabilities of the organization. All of them are fully or partially used in the process of creating products and transfer their value to the finished product.

The materialization coefficient shows the degree of security of the OS organization:

Kma = AI / A, where
AI - the cost of MNA (low-value non-current assets) in the balance sheet;
A is the balance total.

The property of the organization is characterized by the following parameters:

1. Purpose of acquisition.
2. Period of use.
3. Form of assets.

Its volume is affected by:

external factors: the situation in the country, market conditions, inflation, the level of state regulation of the economy, the legal framework, the availability of loans;
internal factors: turnover, terms of delivery, organization of work.

Satisfy the need of the enterprise for material resources.
Used for timely settlements with counterparties in full.
Ensure efficient use of funds.

Legislative regulation

At the state level, a number of NAPs have been developed that regulate the process of asset accounting. In particular, Federal Law No. 208 describes in detail the structure of capital (Article 25), the minimum requirements for its size (Article 26), the process of changing the amount of capital (Article 26-30), as well as issues of protecting the rights of a creditor and issuing securities (vv. 31-33).

The norms of this Federal Law apply only to JSCs. ZAO and organizations of other forms of ownership have their own accounting rules. In particular, Federal Law No. 402 describes in detail how to account for tangible non-current assets and liabilities of an organization.

Classification

The asset accounting process is reflected in legislative acts. For a correct interpretation of the rules, you must first familiarize yourself with the special terms.

The presented tangible non-current assets in the balance sheet of a small enterprise are used / redeemed for more than 12 months, while current assets circulate for less than a year.

Intangible assets also include vehicles, buildings and real estate that are used to solve production problems: transportation, processing, modernization and storage of residues. The balance sheet reflects tangible non-current assets as follows:

balance line code 1110 - intangible assets;
1120 - Developments;
1150 - OS;
1160 - material values;
1170 - financial investments.

Let's take a look at each of these articles in detail.

Intangible assets

The 1110th line of the balance sheet "tangible non-current assets" is used to reflect trademarks, software and art objects for which the organization has unique rights. The article is filled in according to account 04 minus account 05. That is, the residual value of assets is entered in the report. The results of research and development, which are reflected under article 1120, are entered at the initial cost from the sub-account of the same name.

Search assets

These non-current tangible assets (line 1130) reflect the cost of work to search for mineral deposits in a particular area. Information is entered from sub-account 08 of the same name, taking into account depreciation (account 05). The same organizations fill in line 1140, which reflects the cost of structures, vehicles used in the work. The specified values are reflected taking into account depreciation (account 08 - account 02).

OS

Tangible non-current assets (1150), the value of which exceeds 40 thousand rubles. with a period of use of more than 12 months, they are reflected in the balance sheet at residual value, that is, taking into account depreciation (account 01-account 02).

Income and financial investments (part 1)

Property that is rented or leased is also reflected in the balance sheet at the residual value in line 1160. Financial investments mean contributions to the management company purchased by the Central Bank of other organizations. Line 1170 reflects the initial cost of long-term investments (the circulation period is more than 12 months). Information is entered from the debit balance of the account. 58, ch. 55, ch. 73. If the organization creates provisions for the impairment of such assets, then they should also be accounted for in line 1170.

Interest-free loans also belong to financial investments. Their amount is not reflected in line 1170, but as part of receivables (1190). The cost of shares repurchased from the founders should also be reflected not in investments, but in liabilities (p. 1320).

Deferred assets

Line 1180 is filled in by organizations that apply PBU 18/02. This is where the debit balance is shown. 09 at the reporting date. If tax liabilities are shown on a net basis, a different procedure is used. The positive difference between 09 and ch. 77 is reflected in line 1180, and negative - in liabilities in line 1420.

Other intangible assets

Line 1190 reflects information on non-essential assets. This may be the residual value of R&D, repair costs, capital investments that were a work in progress. Each organization develops the criteria for attributing expenses to this article independently.

Stocks

Line 1210 of the second section of the balance sheet should reflect data on materials, products, raw materials in production. This also includes information about inventory, inexpensive office furniture, stationery, which are not written off at the end of the reporting period. Information is entered into the balance sheet from account 10. If the organization uses discount prices, then the report reflects the difference between the account. 10 and ch. 16. If, in addition, the organization creates a reserve for the purchase of inventories, then the credit balance of the account should be deducted from the figure obtained. fourteen.

Information about work in progress is reflected from accounts 20-23 and c. 46. The cost of transport costs for the delivery of goods is usually included in the cost price. Then the information is entered into the balance sheet from account 41. Inventory is reflected at the actual cost (account 41 - account 42).

VAT

On line 1220, the balance of the amount of VAT presented for payment should be reflected. Zero balance is allowed. If the organization did not accept the tax for deduction and did not include it in expenses. This situation may arise if an error is detected in the invoices received, the products have a long production cycle or are sold at a zero rate. The debit balance of the account is entered into the balance sheet. 19.

Accounts receivable

The structure of the DZ includes debts:

for goods delivered to customers;
for the listed advances of suppliers;
for funds not issued to accountable persons;
for taxes, etc.

Line 1230 reflects the debit balance of accounts 60, 62, 68, 69. All companies are required to form a reserve for doubtful debts. The amount reflected in account 63 should be deducted from the value of the debt.

Financial investments (part 2)

Line 1240 reflects the cost of short-term investments in the form of provided, etc. The balance sheet contains data on the residual value of investments, taking into account the formed reserves (the difference between account 58 and account 59).

Cash

Line 1250 reflects information on the balance of funds on hand, on current accounts and on cash equivalents, for example, on demand deposits. Deposit accounts are included in long-term or short-term investments. Funds in foreign currency are converted into rubles at the bank rate at the time of reporting.

Other OA

As part of other assets (1260), information about property that did not fall into all of the above items should be reflected. This may be the amount of VAT charged, revenue not recognized in the current year, shortages not written off, etc.

Simplified balance

Small enterprises often use simplified ones when drawing up a balance sheet. The abbreviated form consists of five asset lines and six liabilities. It would seem that balancing would be very simple. In practice, accountants have to face a number of difficulties.

Structure

The simplified balance sheet reflects summary information about property and liabilities.

	Formula for calculating the balance (accounts)

Tangible non-current assets: fixed assets, capital investments.	01 + 03 + 07 + 08 - 02
Intangible assets, investments, development results	Intangible assets (04 - 05), investments (58 + 55), developments (08 + 04)
Stocks: raw materials, WIP, products, goods	10 + 20 + 41 + 45 + 43
Cash (CF)	50 + 52 + 55 + 57
Other assets: short-term investments, VAT, receivables	58 + 19+ 62 + 69 + 68 +70…76

Capital: authorized, additional, reserve, retained earnings
Long-term loans
Other long-term loans
Short term loans
Accounts payable	68 +…+ 71 + 76
Other current liabilities

Each line corresponds to a specific code. If you need to specify several indicators in one line, then the code of the article that has the largest share is put.

Example. At LLC, the line “tangible non-current assets” includes fixed assets in the amount of 200 thousand rubles. and capital investments in the amount of 80 thousand rubles. The cost of the purchased equipment is more than the investment amount. Therefore, tangible non-current assets (line 1150) in the amount of 280 thousand rubles will appear in the balance sheet. If the company has nothing to write down in some line, then it is simply not brought in the balance sheet.

Newly created organizations that have not yet carried out activities cannot show an empty balance sheet. The report should reflect at least two transactions: the source and the process of formation of the authorized capital (DT75 KT80). Most often, shareholders contribute cash (DT51 KT75) or provide fixed assets as a treasure (DT01 KT75). Then the entry is carried out on the corresponding line "tangible non-current assets" in the balance sheet of a small enterprise.

Example

LLC fills in a simplified balance sheet at the end of the year. As of December 31, the organization has the following assets:

purchased fixed assets (account 01) - 100 thousand rubles. - tangible non-current assets (line code 1110);
cash (account 51) - 10 thousand rubles. - line code 1250;
debt of buyers - 15 thousand rubles. - DZ (line code 1260).

Total assets: 125 thousand rubles.

UK + Profit: 115 thousand rubles. - line code 1310.
Accounts payable (for wages, to contractors, to the budget) - 10 thousand rubles. - line code 1330.

Total liabilities: 45 thousand rubles.

Cost estimate

Before selling an organization, its market value is calculated. For this purpose, such an indicator as net assets is determined. Based on data from the balance sheet. All liabilities are deducted from the value of assets. The remaining figure is the market value of the organization. If, as a result of the calculations, a negative value is obtained, then the obligations of the organization are several times higher than the value of the property. The calculation does not include the value of shares that the company bought back from the founders, and the value of stocks. The fact of ownership does not guarantee a profit.

It is customary to evaluate tangible non-current assets using the excess profit method. It is based on the assumption that part of the profit may exceed the "normal" profitability and be converted into an intangible asset - "goodwill". Calculation algorithm:

Determination of the value of assets and liabilities.
Calculation of operating profit.
Determination of the OA rate of return, which will then be used to calculate the "excess profit".
Determination of the rate of return of intangible assets, according to which "goodwill" will then be calculated.

Before making calculations, the articles are adjusted:

Securities are recalculated at market value.
Accounts receivable are cleaned to identify debts that can still be collected.
It is better to calculate the cost of goods and materials at the real selling price.
From the upfront costs, you should remove the part that does not pass to the buyer, and add the costs that were not recognized in assets.
The cost of furniture and equipment is best determined by the replacement method, that is, taking into account depreciation, or at the market price.
Debt obligations issued to secure real estate should be removed from the balance sheet.

Of the liability items, only bills of exchange and deferred tax payments in some situations will need to be adjusted.

This line of the Balance Sheet reflects information on intangible assets (IA) recorded on account 04. Regarding the reflection in the Balance Sheet of investments in intangible assets recorded on account 08 "Investments in non-current assets", subaccount 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets ", there are currently two positions.

The first of them is that the amount of the organization's investments in intangible assets is included in the indicator of line 1110 "Intangible assets" and is reflected separately in one of the lines that decipher the indicator of line 1110. This position is based on the fact that in the Example of Explanations to the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Results, given in Appendix N 3 to the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.07.2010 N 66n, section. 1 "Intangible assets and expenses for research, development and technological work (R&D)" includes table 1.5 "Pending and unregistered R&D and pending transactions for the acquisition of intangible assets". At the same time, in sect. Form I of the Balance Sheet does not have a separate line to reflect the organization's unfinished capital investments.

The second position is that the organization's investments in intangible assets do not meet the requirements of paragraph 3 of PBU 14/2007, respectively, should not participate in the formation of the indicator line 1110 "Intangible assets". These investments can be reflected in sect. I "Non-current assets" on a separate line independently introduced by the organization, and in case of insignificance of the indicator - on line 1190 "Other non-current assets".

It should be noted that when deciding on the reflection of investments in intangible assets in the balance sheet, it is advisable to apply a unified approach to the reflection of all types of investments in non-current assets.

What is included in intangible assets

As part of intangible assets, in particular, they can be taken into account (clause 4 PBU 14/2007, clause 11 of Interpretation R113 "Exclusive rights as a criterion for recognizing intangible assets" (Adopted by the BMC Interpretations Committee on September 9, 2011, approved in the final version on December 26 2011)):

Works of science, literature and art;

Objects of related rights (performances, phonograms, etc.);

Programs for electronic computers and databases;

inventions;

Utility models;

Breeding achievements;

Production secrets (know-how);

Trademarks and service marks;

Other protected results of intellectual property and means of individualization listed in paragraph 1 of Art. 1225 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation;

Quotas for production (catch) of aquatic biological resources;

Mining licenses;

Permissions to use radio frequencies or radio frequency channels.

An object is accepted for accounting as intangible assets if the following conditions are met (clause 3 PBU 14/2007, clause 10 of Interpretation R113):

a) the entity is capable of delivering economic benefits to the entity in the future.

This condition is met if the object is intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization;

b) the organization exercises control over the object.

This means that the organization has the right to receive economic benefits from the use of the object, and the access of other persons to such economic benefits is limited (in particular, there are protective or other documents confirming the existence of the asset itself and the organization’s right to it: patents, certificates, agreement on alienation of the exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity or to a means of individualization, etc.);

c) it is possible to isolate or separate (identify) the object from other assets;

d) the object is intended to be used for a long time.

Long is the useful life of more than 12 months or the normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;

e) the entity does not intend to sell the property within 12 months or the normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;

f) the actual (initial) cost of the object can be reliably determined;

g) the object has no material-material form.

Intangible assets also take into account a positive business reputation that arose upon the acquisition of an enterprise as a property complex (in whole or in part) (clause 4 PBU 14/2007).

Self-created trademarks, signs, names of periodicals, flag headings, etc. are not taken into account in the composition of intangible assets. This position is given in paragraph 6 of the Information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N PZ-8/2011 "On the formation in accounting and disclosure in the financial statements of an organization of information on innovation and modernization of production."

Attention!

Organizations thatentitled apply simplified ways accounting, may recognize the costs of acquiring (creating) objects to be accepted for accounting as intangible assets as part of the costs of ordinary activities in the full amount as they are carried out (clause 3.1 PBU 14/2007).

At what cost are intangible assets recorded in accounting

Intangible assets are accepted for accounting on account 04 "Intangible assets" at the actual (initial) cost, which is determined in the manner prescribed by paragraphs 7 - 15 of PBU 14/2007. The cost of intangible assets (with the exception of intangible assets with an indefinite useful life) is repaid through depreciation, which is accounted for on account 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets" (clauses 6, 23 PBU 14/2007, Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts). During the useful life of intangible assets, the accrual of depreciation charges is not suspended (paragraph 2, clause 31 of PBU 14/2007).

The useful life and method of determining the depreciation of intangible assets are subject to an annual review for the need for clarification. In the case of clarification of one or both of these indicators, there is a change in the estimated values (clauses 27, 30 PBU 14/2007). The adjustments that have arisen in connection with this (accrual depreciation based on the new useful life and depreciation method) are reflected in accounting prospectively, i.e. comparative data for the period (periods) preceding (preceding) the reporting one does not change (clause 4 of the Accounting Regulations "Changes in estimated values" (PBU 21/2008), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 N 106n, Appendix to the Letter Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 19, 2018 N 07-04-09 / 2694).

The actual (initial) cost of intangible assets may change in cases of their revaluation or depreciation (clause 16 PBU 14/2007). A commercial organization may annually revalue intangible assets at the current market value, determined solely on the basis of the data of the active market of these intangible assets. Revaluation of intangible assets is carried out by recalculating their residual value. Revaluation of intangible assets is carried out at the end of the reporting year (clauses 17, 19 PBU 14/2007). The amount of the revaluation of the intangible asset as a result of the revaluation is credited to the additional capital of the organization. If in previousreporting periods the intangible asset was discounted and the amount of the markdown was charged to the financial result as other expenses, then the amount of the revaluation of the intangible asset equal to the amount of its markdown is credited to the financial result as other income (clause 21 PBU 14/2007).

The amount of the markdown of the intangible asset as a result of the revaluation is included in the financial result as other expenses. If in previous reporting periods an intangible asset was revalued and the amount of the revaluation was included in the additional capital of the organization, then the amount of the markdown of the intangible asset is included in the reduction of additional capital, and the excess of the amount of the depreciation of the intangible asset over the amount of its revaluation credited to the additional capital is attributed to the financial result in as other expenses (clause 21 PBU 14/2007).

Intangible assets are checked for impairment in the manner prescribed by International Financial Reporting Standards - IFRS (IAS) 38 "Intangible Assets" and IFRS (IAS) 36 "Impairment of Assets" (clause 22 PBU 14/2007).

What accounting data is used when filling out

line 1110 "Intangible assets"

This line of the balance sheet indicates the residual value of the organization's intangible assets (clause 35 PBU 4/99, Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 30.01.2006 N 07-05-06 / 16). The residual value of intangible assets is determined as the difference between the balance of accounts 04 and 05 (including revaluation and impairment).

Attention!

An object subject to accounting is classified at the time of its recognition, based on the compliance with the established criteria for types of assets. Therefore, information about intangible assets, the remaining useful life of which isreporting date is 12 months or less, cannot be disclosed in sec. II "Current assets" and should be included in section. I of the Balance Sheet (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of December 19, 2006 N 07-05-06 / 302).

Attention!

If an organization on account 04 also takes into account expenses for completed R&D, the results of which are not subject to legal protection, then the amount of such expenses must be excluded from the balance of account 04 (clause 6 of the Information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N PZ-8/2011).

Line 1110 "Intangible assets" of the balance sheet

= Debit balance on account 04 (excluding R&D expenses)

- Credit balance on account 05

AT general case indicators of line 1110 "Intangible assets" as of December 31 of the previous year and December 31 of the year preceding the previous one are transferred from the balance sheet for the previous year.

Question: In what cases are comparative figures transferred from the financial statements for the previous year (similar reporting period of the previous year) without any adjustments?

Answer: 1. Comparative indicators are transferred from the financial statements for the previous year (similar reporting period of the previous year) without any adjustments, if the organization in the reporting year did not correct significant errors of the previous year, the financial statements for which were approved, and its accounting policy does not changes were made (clause 2, clause 9, PBU 22/2010, clause 15, PBU 1/2008).

/ Line 110

Line 110 of financial statements refers to balance sheet until 2011.

According to paragraph 4 of PBU 14/2007 “Accounting for intangible assets”, intangible assets include:

works of science, literature and art, programs for electronic computers, inventions, utility models, breeding achievements, production secrets (know-how), trademarks and service marks;
goodwill arising in connection with the acquisition of an enterprise as a property complex (in whole or in part).

Please note: payment for the use of someone else's intellectual property (for example, the use of computer programs without acquiring exclusive rights to them) does not lead to the appearance of intangible assets on the organization's balance sheet. Such expenses are recorded on account 97 “Deferred expenses” and during the period established by the organization in accordance with the terms of the contract or independently based on the useful life of the object, they are evenly written off to cost accounts (20, 25, 26, 44, etc.).

Such intangible assets as goodwill arise relatively rarely. It is taken into account in the general order - on account 04.

If the organization carried out research, development and technological work (R & D), then when drawing up the balance sheet, you need to pay attention to the following point. The results of R&D work according to the Chart of Accounts are accounted for on account 04 “Intangible Assets”, but an intangible asset is not always formed. For example, this happens if the results of R&D are not subject to legal protection in accordance with the law, or when registration is provided for such objects, but the organization did not register them for one reason or another.

An organization that has given an intangible asset for trust management must reflect its residual value in line 110.

Before reporting, the manager is obliged to submit to the founder of the department data on the cost of intangible assets and accrued depreciation. The founder of the management reflects the residual value of this intangible asset in the balance sheet on line 110, while not including the corresponding balances on account 79 in the balance sheet.