Mongolian enterprises. Russian organizations in Mongolia

INFORMATION FOR TOURISTS

ECONOMY OF MONGOLIA

Mongolia is an agro-industrial country. Mongolia today trades with more than 80 countries of the world. The trade turnover is more than 2 billion US dollars. If until the 1990s 90% of Mongolian foreign trade was occupied by trade with the USSR, today more than 40% is trade with Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, and the rest is occupied by trade with such highly developed countries as Japan, the USA, South Korea, Switzerland.

According to the results of the third quarter of 2005, the total trade turnover foreign trade Mongolia is 1.27 billion US dollars, which is 11.6% more than in the same period in 2004. Imports increased by 150.6 million US dollars.
Mongolia exports goods and raw materials to 60 countries of the world, of which 50.8% - to China, 13.8% - to Canada, 10.1% - to the USA. 45.2% of all exports are minerals and mining products, 21.5% are garments and knitwear, 25.6% are precious and semi-precious metals, 3.7% are raw hides and products from it.
Mongolia imports more than 90% of oil products from Russia, and the rest from China and Kazakhstan.

Mongolia as a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2005 submitted its trade policy to the members of this organization for discussion, which is quite liberal. In 2002, the Government of Mongolia established uniform 5% customs rates for most imported goods. For the further development of Mongolia's foreign trade, the decision of the European Union to include Mongolia as a developing country vulnerable economy and as a landlocked country to the GSP+ program. Thus, from July 1, 2005, Mongolian goods began to be imported into European market without customs duties.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMY OF MONGOLIA

The economic activity of Mongolia has traditionally been based on agriculture and animal husbandry. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits - the extraction of copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold makes up a significant part of industrial production. Soviet aid, which previously amounted to up to a third of GDP, ceased after the collapse of the USSR. The Mongolian economy fell into a long recession, exacerbated by the unwillingness of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) to pursue drastic economic reforms. The Democratic Coalition government embarked on the path of a market economy, relaxed price controls, liberalized domestic and foreign trade, and attempted to rebuild the banking system in the energy sector. Major privatization programs were undertaken, measures were implemented to stimulate foreign investment (international tenders for the sale of an oil products trading company, the largest cashmere company and banks). The progress of reforms was slowed down as a result of the resistance of the former communist MPRP and the political instability generated by the frequent change of governments of the Democratic Coalition (four governments changed). After the crisis in 1996, caused by a series of natural disasters and a decline in world prices for copper and cashmere, in 1997-99. followed the economic growth. In August and September 1999, the Mongolian economy suffered from Russia's temporary ban on the export of oil and petroleum products. In 1997, Mongolia joined the World trade organization(WTO). At the last meeting of the Advisory Group in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999, foreign donors decided to allocate $300 million a year to Mongolia.

Meanwhile, experts at Renaissance Capital called Mongolia's economy the fastest growing in the world. Thanks to the huge reserves of minerals, the development of which is just beginning, and the development banking system. Mongolia's GDP in dollar terms will double by 2014, analysts believe. They noted that Mongolia is preparing to become the new Asian tiger, and not just another source of raw materials in Central Asia"The CA NEWS news agency writes about this. (12/22/2009)

Natural resources of Mongolia. Despite the abundance of mineral deposits, their development is still limited. There are 4 brown coal deposits in Mongolia (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). In the south of the country, in the region of the Taban-Tolgoi mountain range, hard coal was discovered, the geological reserves of which amount to billions of tons. Medium deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have long been known and are being developed. Copper-molybdenum ore found in Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet was built. Oil was discovered in Mongolia in 1951, after which an oil refinery was built in Sain-Shanda, a city southeast of Ulaanbaatar, near the border with China (oil production ceased in the 1970s). Near Lake Khuvsgul, giant deposits of phosphorites were discovered and even their mining began, but soon, due to environmental considerations, all work was reduced to a minimum. Even before the start of reforms in Mongolia, with the help of the USSR, the search for zeolites, minerals of the aluminosilicate group, which are used in animal husbandry and agriculture as adsorbents and biostimulants, was not without success.

Labor resources of Mongolia. The working-age population in 2003 - 1.488 million people. Employment structure: agriculture / livestock - 42%, mining - 4%, production - 6%, trade - 14%, services - 29%, private sector- 5%, other -3.7%.

As of November 2009, about 40,000 unemployed people were registered in Mongolia. This is 10 thousand more than last year. And a record figure for the last 5 years. These data were announced by employees of the Department of Employment and Social Services of Mongolia. According to the data of the Office, employers put up more than 50,000 jobs on the labor exchange, of which 57 percent are vacancies that do not require specialization, mainly of an auxiliary kind.

Market transformations in the economy in the 1990s–2000s

The economic system of Mongolia on the eve of the start of market reforms. Choice of "shock" reform model. The main directions of economic transformations. Liberalization economic activity, price release. institutional transformations; privatization of state and cooperative property. financial stabilization. The role of the state in the economy of modern Mongolia. The first results of the reforms, their impact on the economy and the social sphere. Prospects for deepening market reforms.

AGRICULTURE OF MONGOLIA

Agriculture has always been the backbone of the Mongolian economy. In the context of the transition to the market, its importance has increased. It employs 50% of the country's population (in 1950 - about 80%), it provides more than 40% of GDP. In terms of livestock per capita, we rank third in the world, second only to Australia and New Zealand.

Until the beginning of the 1940s, when industry formed into an independent sphere, agriculture was the only branch of material production in the country. Back in 1950, it produced 60% of the national income. Further, its share was reduced: in 1970 - to 25%, in 1975 - to 22.4%. Currently, it has increased slightly - up to almost 30%. At the same time, over 50% of export products are accounted for by agricultural raw materials, and taking into account products from it - over 70%.

Level and pace of development Agriculture largely determine the most important national economic proportions. Traditional industries such as light and food industries completely depend on its condition, since the cost of agricultural raw materials constitutes the main part of their production costs.

Pasture animal husbandry still remains the main type of economic activity. To date, Mongolia is among the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock per capita (approximately 12 heads per person).

Agriculture plays a secondary role in the economic life of Mongolia. To remedy the situation, the government developed and began implementing the programs "Revival of agricultural production" (Tselina-3) and "Green Revolution".

INDUSTRY OF MONGOLIA

General characteristics of the industry. Specific features of the industrialization of Mongolia. Stages of industrial development. Industry cadres. The ratio of mining and manufacturing industries. Dynamics of the main indicators of industrial development. The efficiency of industrial production.
Sectoral structure of industry. The current state and development trends of the main industries.
Impact of market reforms on Mongolian industry. The role of foreign aid in the development of industry. Prospects for the development of industry.

Industrial growth - 4.1% in 2002.

Electricity production in 2005 - 3.24 billion kWh.
Electricity consumption - 3.37 billion kWh.
Electricity export - 18 million kWh.
Electricity import - 130 million kWh.

A significant number of manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in Ulaanbaatar, and in the city of Darkhan, to the north of the capital, there is a coal mining, iron foundry and steelmaking complex. Initially, the local industry was based almost exclusively on the processing of livestock raw materials, and the main types of manufactured products were woolen fabrics, felt, leather goods, and food products. Many new industrial enterprises appeared in Mongolia after the end of the Second World War - especially in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the country received a significant financial assistance from the Soviet Union and China. In the 1980s, local industry provided about 1/3 national product Mongolia, while in 1940 - only 17%. After the end of World War II, the share of heavy industry in the total volume of industrial production increased significantly. There are more than two dozen cities with enterprises of national importance: in addition to the already named Ulan Bator and Darkhan, the largest are Erdenet, Sukhe Bator, Baganur, Choibalsan. Mongolia produces more than a thousand types of industrial and agricultural products, most of which are consumed domestically; furs, wool, leather, leather and fur products, livestock and livestock products, phosphorites, fluorites, molybdenum ore are exported.

CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION

Dynamics of capital investments in the economy of Mongolia. The structure of capital investments by sectors of the economy. Material base and construction personnel. The role of foreign aid in development capital construction. Basic forms of assistance.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

In 1915, the Mongol Emperor Bogd VIII Zhavzandamba first issued a decree addressed to the minister of the Great Khural and members of the Khural on the development of the mining industry and the construction of the railway.

Creation modern species transport after the revolution of 1921 Dynamics of freight and passenger transport. Status and development trends of the main types of transport (railway, road, air, water). Prospects for the development of transport. Millennium Road. The main types of communication in modern Mongolia(postal, telephone, telegraph, radio and television communications). Development mobile communications and the Internet.

FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF MONGOLIA

Main links financial system modern Mongolia and its role in the development of the economy. The state budget, the ratio of the central and local budgets. The structure of budget revenues and expenditures.
Monetary system. The national currency - Tugrik - and its exchange rate against other currencies. Currency regulation.
credit system. Formation and development of a two-tier banking system. Role and functions Central Bank. Development of a network of commercial banks. Credit and deposit operations banks. Formation of the insurance system. Problems and difficulties in development credit system during the period of market reforms.

DOMESTIC TRADE

The main forms of domestic trade. State, cooperative and private trade, their correlation. wholesale and retail. Domestic trade prices, the problem of inflation. Dynamics and structure of domestic trade.

TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY

Diversity of approaches to the economic zoning of Mongolia. The concept of zonal development of Mongolia (2002). Main economic zones and their manufacturing specialization. The relationship between the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy.

LIVING STANDARD OF THE POPULATION

Living standard and social security in socialist Mongolia. Sharp drop standard of living during the initial period of market reforms. Dynamics of real incomes of the population in last years. Social differentiation of the population. The problem of poverty and attempts to solve it. Employment problem; dynamics and structure of unemployment. The role of the state in solving social problems.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS

The total turnover in foreign trade for the first half of 2008 amounted to 2 971.3 million US dollars, including export 1 276.3 million dollars, import - 1 695.0 million dollars. The deficit amounted to 418.7 million US dollars, which is more by 386.5 million US dollars compared to the same period last year. The total trade turnover in comparison with the same period of 2007 increased by 74.3%, export - by 52.6%, import - by 95.2%. The negative balance of foreign trade was significantly affected by the growth of imports, which is 42.6 points higher than the volume of exports.

Main import. Imports are mainly oil products, equipment and spare parts, vehicles, metals, chemicals, building materials, food and consumption.

In 2004, imports amounted to $1 billion.
In 2005, imported goods came from: Russia - 34.5%, China - 27.4%, Japan - 7.1%, South Korea - 5.3%.

In the total volume of imports, mineral products increased by $196.4 million, pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them - by $189.2 million, vehicles - by $133.7 million, cars, electrical equipment, televisions, spare parts - by $92.3 million. dollars, metallurgical products - by 68.1 million dollars, foodstuffs - by 37.2 million dollars.

Main export. The main Mongolian exports are: minerals (copper, molybdenum, tin, spar concentrate), raw materials of animal origin (wool, cashmere, leather, fur), consumer goods (leather, sheepskin, leather goods, carpets, cashmere, camel knitwear, blankets from wool and cashmere). The subsoil of the country is rich in mineral resources, including vast deposits of coal, iron ore, tin, copper, uranium, oil, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, gold, fluorite and semi-precious stones.

In 2004, exports amounted to $853 million.
In 2005, exports went to: China - 48.1%, USA - 14.2%, Canada - 11.6%, Great Britain - 8.3%, South Korea - 6.2%.

The export of mineral raw materials, which is the main export item, increased by 245.9 million US dollars compared to the same period in 2007, precious and semi-precious stones, metals and jewelry - by 175.4 million dollars, products of chemical enterprises - by 22.1 million US dollars, raw materials, processed leather, furs and products from them - by 1.9 million dollars. However, export deliveries of knitted products decreased by $7.8 million, metallurgical products - by $3.4 million.

The actual export volume of copper concentrate decreased by 0.6 percent or by 8.2 thousand tons compared to 2007, while in terms of prices it increased by 27.1%.

The main forms of foreign economic relations of modern Mongolia. Dynamics, structure and geography of foreign trade. Export and import of individual goods. Organization of foreign trade.

Credit and gratuitous assistance from the outside world of Mongolia. Distribution of foreign aid by sectors of the economy. Organization of donor countries of Mongolia and its activities. The role of foreign aid in the development of the economy and the social sphere.

Cooperation of Mongolia with the main foreign economic partners. The most important directions of the Mongolian-Russian economic cooperation and its role in the development of the Mongolian economy. Mongolia's participation in international economic organizations(IMF, World Bank, ADB, etc.).

• Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, /MONTSAME/ For 11 months since the beginning of 2010, Mongolia has carried out foreign trade operations with 130 countries of the world. The total trade turnover amounted to 5 421.8 million US dollars. dollars, of which the volume of exports is 2 550.6 million dollars, imports - 2 871.1 million dollars.
  Compared to the same period last year, the volume of foreign trade turnover increased by 1,831.4 million dollars, or 51.0%, of which the volume of exports increased by 872.3 million dollars, or 52.0%, and the volume of imports - by 959.0 million dollars, that is, by 50.2%.
  The negative balance of foreign trade in January-November 2010 reached 320.5 million dollars, which is an increase of 86.8 million dollars, or 37.1%, against the same period last year.
  Mineral resources, knitwear and knitwear, precious and semi-precious metals and jewelry account for 94.8 percent of all types of export products.
  G. Battsetseg

GDP

Parity purchasing power$5.781 billion in 2006. GDP growth 7.5%.

Agriculture - 20.6%.
Industry - 21.4%.
Services - 58%.
Inflation - 9.5% (2005).

BUDGET 2010

Mongolia's budget for 2010 has been adopted. Budget revenues will amount to 2 trillion 426.8 billion tugriks. Expenses - 2 trillion 785.4 billion tugriks. The deficit of the main financial document of the country is more than 385 billion tugriks. Losses could not be avoided, despite the reduction in social costs. (27.11.2009)

Last year, Mongolia's gross national product fell by 1.6%.

According to MONTSAME, according to preliminary data for 2009, the country's gross national product amounted to 6055.8 billion tugriks (47-50 tugriks = 1 ruble) in annual terms, or 3564.3 billion tugriks in 2005 prices. Comparing with the previous year this indicator decreased in comparable prices by 1.6%.

The official index of consumer goods and services at the end of 2009 increased by 4.2% compared to the end of 2008.

In 2009, during 255 trading sessions on the stock exchange Mongolia trade turnover securities amounted to 23.2 billion tugriks. Compared with the previous year 2008, the volume of trade decreased by 62.8% or 39.2 billion tugriks, the report says.

Mongolia is a country that is located in East Asia, borders on Russia, China and has no access to the sea. Vast territories of the country, some of which are not very suitable for life, are unevenly populated. At the same time, Mongolia boasts a rapid pace of economic development and quite high level the life of the population. Most international organizations Mongolia has observer status.

Brief history of the state

The first attempts to establish the Mongolian state were made by disunited tribes that settled the territory of modern Mongolia 850 thousand years ago, in the 4th century BC. The Huns then united to fight the Chinese tribes and ruled over the Mongolian steppe until 93 BC. Later, the Hunnic Empire was replaced by several Kirghiz, Turkic and Mongol khanates. None of them managed to gain a foothold in the Mongolian lands for a long time: a nomadic lifestyle, militancy and insufficiently authoritative power - all this caused disunity.

A more stable union of tribes went down in history under the name Khamag Mongol and became the basis of the future Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan. But already from the end of the 13th century, cultural differences, the death of the strongest ruler, the endless redistribution of power and the heterogeneity of the population of the state caused the beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde.

For the next few centuries, the Mongolian steppes were occupied by various rulers, empires and nationalities: the Yuan Empire, the Northern Yuan dynasty, the Chinese Qing Empire, ruled by the Manchu dynasty, until 1911. When the Xinhai Revolution thundered in China, which put an end to the empire, and a national revolution arose in Mongolia itself, statehood as such did not exist on the territory of modern Mongolia.

New Mongolia in 1915 was recognized as an autonomous part of the Republic of China, and nine years later, the independence of the state was proclaimed again (for the first time in 1911). However, until the end of World War II, the independence of Mongolia was recognized only by the USSR.

The Mongolian People's Republic was characterized by some features of Soviet power: repression, collectivization, destruction of monasteries, and later perestroika. The aggression of Japan was reflected by the joint actions of the USSR and Mongolia. Modern history Mongolia began with the adoption of a new constitution in 1992 and a change in political course.

State structure and politics

Mongolia is a parliamentary republic with a diverse population. The head of state is the president, the executive power is represented by the government, the legislative power is represented by the parliament, which is called the State Great Khural. Local power remains in the hands local governments who are elected for a term of four years.

In 2008, a domestic political crisis occurred in Mongolia, which provoked riots in the capital of the state (Ulaanbaatar) and caused a change of government and presidential re-elections. The current president of the state is Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, and the ruling party is the Mongolian People's Party (MNP).

Geography of Mongolia

In terms of territory, the state occupies the nineteenth place in the world, being quite large. The area of ​​Mongolia is 1,564,116 km², which is commensurate, for example, with half of Yakutia. Most of the country (in terms of geographical features) is occupied by a plain with several towering ridges and mountain ranges. The Gobi Desert is located in the southern part of Mongolia.

All sources of fresh water originate in the mountains and are fed by several large tributaries. Mongolia has a large number of lakes, many of which are temporary, that is, they form during the rainy season and disappear during the drought.

The area of ​​Mongolia and the location of the state make the climate sharply continental. The average temperature in the winter season ranges from -25 to -35 degrees, in summer it is within the same values ​​with a plus sign. Precipitation decreases from northwest to south.

Administrative division of the state

Mongolia, whose population is unevenly distributed over the territory of the state, is divided into 21 aimaks, with a total of 329 somons, and the capital Ulaanbaatar. The largest city is expectedly the capital, with one and a half million permanent residents. The administrative center is followed in terms of population by the aimag Khuvsgel (114 thousand people), Dornogovi (109 thousand people) and Uverkhangay (100 thousand people).

A characteristic feature of Mongolia is the presence of temporary settlements, in connection with which an address system different from the standard is used. So, in Mongolia there are no usual names of cities, streets, numbers of houses and apartments, and addresses are replaced by digital codes that allow you to locate an object on the ground with an accuracy of one meter. Moreover, the longer the code, the more accurately you can determine the location of the object. The system is suitable for use on a global scale, and is actively used in digital cartography and navigation systems.

Economy of Mongolia

The economy of Mongolia is developing extremely dynamically, and the state itself is the largest sales market in the entire Asia-Pacific region. According to the latest forecasts, the state's economy will grow at least 15% per year in the short term.

The main industries of Mongolia are represented by:

• mining (20% of GDP) and mineral resources;
• agriculture (16% of GDP);
• transport (13%);
• trade (also 13%).

Considering the employment of the population, it can be noted that most of the able-bodied citizens are employed in agriculture (41%), slightly less in the service sector.(29%) and trade (14%).

Mongolia sends oil products, equipment (both industrial and industrial) and consumer goods for import (the population is provided with everything necessary). The main partners in international trade are Russia, China, Japan and South Korea.

Financial sector

The Central Bank has the same functions as similar institutions in other states. The currency of Mongolia is the Mongolian tugrik, which was put into circulation in 1925. To date, the average exchange rate is: 2405 tugriks = 1 US dollar. Even though there is National currency Mongolia, the US dollar is also in circulation (it is used in almost all areas, except for payment public services) and Russian ruble or euro, which are accepted in small shops (mainly in the capital) and markets.

By the way, prices in Mongolia pleasantly surprise tourists. You can buy memorable souvenirs, products made of natural wool and leather, carpets in the capital at a lower cost than in Russia. Food prices are moderate. So, lunch will cost an average of 6-7 dollars.

State population: general characteristics

The population of Mongolia is characterized by mono-ethnicity, the predominant number of urban population (even despite the large employment in agriculture), positive natural increase, a large number of dialects in the linguistic affiliation of the population and a diverse religious composition.

State population

The population of Mongolia according to the data for 2015 is 3 million 57 thousand people. The inhabitants of the capital account for one third of the total number of citizens. The nature of the resettlement of citizens across the territory of the state will be discussed in more detail below.

The natural increase of the population is 28 persons per 1000 citizens per year. This fact allowed the population of Mongolia to quadruple between 1950 and 2007. Back in 1918, the population of Mongolia was only 647 thousand people, and by 1969 it was already twice as many. Any correct data on the number of inhabitants until 1918 was not preserved due to the difficult history of the formation of statehood, when the territories of Mongolia were part of other countries, and the indigenous population was oppressed.

Density and population distribution

The average population density in Mongolia is almost 2 people per square kilometer. This indicator was the reason for placing the state in last place (195th line) in the list of world population density. The most densely populated (5-6 people per square kilometer) in Mongolia are the valley of the Orkhon River and the mountainous regions of Khangai - the most livable areas to the west of the capital.

Vast territories (40%) of the state are unsuitable for a comfortable life due to natural features. The population density is a record one person per 10-15 square kilometers, part of the territories remains completely uninhabited.

Ethnic and national composition

Mongolia (the population is predominantly representatives of the Mongolian group) is a mono-ethnic state. The dominant ethnic group is divided into several clans of Turkic origin, sub-ethnic groups and close ethnographic groups.

In addition to the indigenous population, which makes up just over 82% in total, Turks, Russians and Chinese live in the country. There are only 1,500 Russians in Mongolia, while as many as 20,000 lived in the late 1980s. Mostly Old Believers fled to the neighboring state, fleeing religious persecution in their homeland. Chinese on this moment Several hundred people live in Mongolia; in the 60s, the number of immigrants from China in Mongolia reached 25 thousand people.

Language and writing in Mongolia

The diversity of closely related ethnic groups predetermines minor, but still pronounced linguistic differences. The state (Mongolian) includes several dialects:

• Oirat;
• directly Mongolian;
• Buryat;
• hamnigan.

Turkic dialects are also widespread:

• Kazakh;
• Tuvan;
• Tsaatan-Soyot.

Teaching in the capital of the state is also conducted in Kazakh.

In 1945, the Mongolian language was translated into Cyrillic with the addition of two more distinct letters. Old Mongolian is not used today, although attempts to restore the language have been repeatedly made. To this day, Tibetan is widely used in religious practices, in which works of art, religious and scientific treatises were written in past centuries.

Religious affiliation of the population

The main religion in Mongolia is modified Buddhism (53%). At the same time, in the capital, the majority of Christian, not Buddhist temples (197 versus 63). Most of the population are atheists (38%). Religious diversity is also represented by Islam, shamanism, Christianity and some other religions.

Standards of living

Mongolia, whose standard of living in most sources remains beyond the scope of the narrative, is a fairly developed state with a stable economy. Until now, people leading a nomadic lifestyle have remained in the country, but their existence is facilitated by the numerous benefits of civilization. The capital is similar to most modern cities. So, today Mongolia is confidently opening a “window to the big world” for itself.

Features of the Mongolian economy

Mongolia is an agrarian and industrial state, which today trades with more than 80 world states.

Remark 1

Until the nineties of the 20th century, 90% of trade in Mongolia was occupied by trade with the Soviet Union, today more than 40% is trade with the Russian Federation and China, the rest is trade with highly developed countries: Japan, Switzerland, South Korea and the USA.

Most people are urban dwellers, however, Mongolia's economy today is concentrated in industries such as mining and agriculture. A significant part of the country's industrial production is made up of mineral resources, including copper, tin, molybdenum, coal, tungsten and gold.

Due to the harsh continental climate, the country has an agriculture that is vulnerable due to natural Disasters during periods of extreme cold and drought. The country includes small arable land, about 80% of the territory is used as pastures. Most of rural population is engaged in the release of livestock, which consists of sheep, cattle, goats, camels and horses. Mongolia has more livestock per capita than any other country in the world.

The specifics of Mongolian industry

Mongolian industry is quite extensive, there are opportunities for development in this country a large number manufacturing industries whose products are exported to other countries, and also enjoys huge domestic demand.

Remark 2

Initially, agriculture was developed in the country, the production of food products, textile and leather products. After the Second World War, the state receives significant financial assistance from the USSR and China, which contributes to a significant expansion of industry.

In modern conditions, there are enterprises in Mongolia:

• steel,
• iron foundry,
• coal mining industry.

The location of industrial enterprises is concentrated in more than 20 cities, while the bulk of the output is consumed domestically in the state. Today, more than 1,000 types of agricultural products are offered in Mongolia: products made of fur, leather, wool, as well as furs and leather themselves. These products are exported and also used by the population of the country. To a large extent, Mongolia works for itself, while it has everything you need.

Mining industry in Mongolia

The mining industry is widely developed in Mongolia. But, despite the abundant mineral deposits, they are characterized by limited development. Mongolia has four deposits of brown coal, concentrated in Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur. The southern part of the country in the region of the Taban-Tolgoi mountain range is characterized by the presence of coal, the geological reserves of coal in this place can be estimated at billions of tons.

For a long time, deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have been known and developed, with average reserves. A copper-molybdenum deposit was found in the Treasure Mountain. This deposit leads to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet is built.

Oil was discovered in Mongolia in 1951, after which an oil refinery was built in the city of Sain-Shanda (a city southeast of Ulaanbaatar), which is located near the border with the Republic of China. The plant lasted 20 years, in 1970 oil production stops. Also, large deposits of phosphorites were discovered near Lake Khuvsgul, and their mining begins. But soon, for reasons of environmental violations, all work is reduced to zero.

Prior to the implementation of reforms in the country, with the help of the Soviet Union, the search for zeolite, a mineral of the aluminosilicate group, was carried out successfully, which are used in animal husbandry and agriculture as adsorbents and biostimulants.

To date, the main mining industry in Mongolia is the coal industry, with the advantage of brown coal mining. The main part of coal production is concentrated in the SharynGol coal mine, the annual production of which is more than 1 million tons. It is located near the city of Darkhan, and in the Nalaya mine (capacity is more than 600 million tons). Smaller sections are present in the area of ​​Under-Khan and other areas.

Electricity is produced at thermal power plants, the largest of which is located in Darkhan.

Manufacturing industry

The manufacturing industry in Mongolia includes light and food industries. These industries account for more than 1/2 of the state's gross industrial output and more than 1/2 of the employed workers in the state.

More large enterprises represented by an industrial complex with eight factories and plants in Ulaanbaatar, Choibalsanei.

Industry building materials includes a house-building plant in Ulaanbaatar, as well as a brick and cement plant in Darkhan.

First of all, the local industry was based on the processing of livestock raw materials, and the main types of products were fabrics, leather products, food products and felt.

A large number of new industrial companies appear in Mongolia after the end of World War II. The period of growth was typical for the fifties and sixties, at that time the state received large financial assistance from China and the USSR.

Since the 1980s, local industry has provided about a third of the country's gross national product. After the end of World War II, the share of heavy industry in the total volume of industrial production increased significantly. There are more than 2 dozen cities with enterprises of national importance in the country. In addition to Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan, the largest cities are Erdenet, Sukhbaatar, Baganur Choibalsan.

Mongolia produces a large number of industrial and agricultural products, a large share of which is consumed in the country. Furs, leather and fur products, leather and wool, livestock and animal products, as well as molybdenum ore, phosphorites and fluorites are intended for export.

Embassy of the Russian Federation in Mongolia
Mongolia-trade.org/- Website of the Mongolian trade mission
News.mn/- Info portal of Mongolia
infopol.ru Mongolia News - Ulan Ude
Mongolia-tourizm-planet.blogspot.com/- Tourism of Mongolia
Mol.mn/- Mongolia Online (en)
OWC.org.mn/- Mongolian National Tourism Authority (en)

Mongolia (Mongolian Mongol Uls) - state in East Central Asia. It borders with Russia in the north and with China in the south, has no access to the sea.

natural conditions:
Mongolia is a plateau, elevated to a height of 900-1500 m above sea level. Above this plateau rises a series of mountain ranges and ranges. The highest of them is the Mongolian Altai, which stretches in the west and southwest of the country for a distance of 900 km.
Rivers of Mongolia are born in the mountains. Most of them are the upper reaches of the great rivers of Siberia and Far East carrying their waters towards the Arctic and Pacific oceans. The largest rivers of the country are the Selenga (within the borders of Mongolia - 600 km), Kerulen (1100 km), Onon (300 km), Khalkhin-gol, Kobdo, etc.
Mongolia has over a thousand permanent lakes and a much larger number of temporary lakes that form during the rainy season and disappear during the drought.

Climate:
In Mongolia sharply continental climate with harsh winters and dry hot summers. The temperature fluctuates from minus 25°С - 35°С in winter to plus 25°С - 35°С in summer. Ulaanbaatar is one of the coldest winter capitals in the world: the coldest month is January. The warmest month is July.

Minerals:
In spite of abundance of mineral deposits, their development is still limited.
There are 4 brown coal deposits in Mongolia (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). Coal has been discovered in the south of the country in the region of the Taban-Tolgoi mountain range.
Medium deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have long been known and are being developed. Copper-molybdenum ore found in Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet was built.
Mongolia is rich in fur(especially a lot of marmots, squirrels, foxes). Fishing is carried out in the lakes and rivers of the northern regions.
Mongolia currently ranks 10th in the world in terms of coal reserves. According to the Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy of Mongolia, the total explored coal reserves in the country are 150 billion tons.

Industry:
One of the main components of GDP is mining and cashmere production.
Significant number of manufacturing enterprises is concentrated in Ulaanbaatar, and in the city of Darkhan to the north of the capital there is a coal mining, iron foundry and steel-smelting complex.
Mongolia produces more than a thousand types of industrial and agricultural products, most of which are consumed domestically, are going for export furs, wool, leather, leather and fur products, livestock and animal products, phosphorites, fluorites, molybdenum ore.

Agriculture:
In the economy, priority is given to agriculture.
But agriculture plays a secondary role in the economic life of Mongolia. Various crops are grown in the northern and western parts of the country, some with land irrigation. main culture is wheat, although barley, potatoes and oats are also grown. The harvesting of hay and fodder for livestock plays a significant role.
Pasture animal husbandry, still remains the main economic activity. Today, Mongolia is one of the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock in terms of per capita.

Economy:
GDP (2006): $5.781 billion
Export: copper, livestock products, goat down, wool
Imports: fuel, machinery, cars
Main trading partners: China, Russia, USA, Japan

Transport:
Total length highways in 2002 - 49,256 km.
In 2004, there were 36 airports in the country. Of these, 11 have a paved runway.

Business card.

Official name: Mongolia

Area: 1,565 thousand sq. km

Population (1999): 2617 379 people

Capital: Ulaanbaatar

Ethnic composition: Mongols (90%), Kazakhs (4%), Chinese (2%), Russians (2%), other (2%)

Main languages: Mongolian (official), Russian, Chinese

State structure: republic

Head of State: President

Monetary unit: tugrik

Introduction.

At the word "Mongolia" the imagination draws endless sands, camel caravans, herds of sheep, white yurts and numerous campaigns of Genghis Khan.

But this is only a small part of the appearance of the most ancient and original country. In terms of area, it occupies the seventeenth place in the world, but only about 2.5 million people live in these open spaces. Therefore, in terms of population density, Mongolia occupies one of the last places in the world.

The Mongolian Republic is often referred to as High Asia. This is really a country of mountains and high plains - its average height above sea level is 1580 m. Here lies the southernmost border of the distribution of permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere and the northernmost border of deserts. Mongolia has no access to the sea.

The climate of the country is sharply continental, temperate, dry. The vegetation is dominated by dry-steppe and semi-desert species. There are very few forests (no more than 8% of the territory) and they grow on mountain slopes in the northern part of the country.

Capital.

The capital of Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar - Big City with developed industry and infrastructure. One quarter of the country's population lives in the capital.

Ulaanbaatar - carries out the city Khural of people's deputies from 600 voters.

Ulaanbaatar - main transport node countries; the main railway line - Moscow - Ulan Bator - Beijing; In the suburbs - an airport of international importance. Highways connect the capital with other cities of the Mongolian People's Republic.

The city has many theaters, museums, libraries, galleries, universities, academic institutions and colleges.

Natural conditions and resources.

Mongolia is rich in mineral resources, such as hard and brown coal, uranium, iron ore, oil, copper, tin, molybdenum, fluorspar, tungsten, phosphorites, gold, silver, precious stones, etc.

Natural conditions are predetermined by the peculiarities of the economic and cultural development of the country. This is the only one in modern world a state in which the main industry is nomadic animal husbandry. Breeding sheep, large cattle, horses and camels; in the highland and taiga regions - yaks and deer. In terms of the number of livestock per capita, Mongolia firmly occupies one of the first places in the world.

The country has developed such industries as electric power, fuel, mining, building materials, metalworking, light industry and food processing. At present, slightly more than half of the total value of industrial products falls on the light and food and flavor industries, one quarter - on the woodworking and electric power industries.

But the structure of industry in Mongolia is gradually changing: the share of light and food flavoring is declining, while the share of most other industries is increasing. This process is natural. The country is industrializing, the construction of large enterprises is expanding, and the production of electricity is increasing. As a result, the need for building material, wood, and ore raw materials increases; there is a need to organize repairs, produce equipment and parts for machines, build power plants, and increase coal production.

Extractive industry and energy.

The main branch of the extractive industry is coal (mainly lignite). Most of the coal production is concentrated at the Sharyn-Gol open-pit mine (annual production of over 1 million tons), near the city of Darkhan, as well as at the Nalaya mine (with a capacity of over 600 million tons). There are a number of smaller cuts in the area of ​​Under-Khan and others. Electricity production - at thermal power plants (the largest thermal power plant in Darkhan).

Manufacturing industry.

The sectoral light and food industries account for more than one second of gross industrial output and more than one second of employed workers. The largest enterprises: an industrial complex with 8 factories and plants in Ulaanbaatar, Choibalsanei, etc. In the building materials industry among enterprises important place occupy a house-building plant in Ulaanbaatar, cement and brick factories in Darkhan.

Transport.

The length of railways is 1815 km, with hard surface - 1413 km. Mongolian airlines carry out regular flights within the country and on international lines to the cities of Europe and Asia.

External economic ties.

The country's exports are dominated by raw materials of animal and vegetable origin and raw materials for the production of food products. Mongolia has become an important supplier of meat, wool, leather, etc. to other countries. In the near future, the share of mineral raw materials in exports, especially non-ferrous metal concentrate and finished industrial products - canned meat, leather and sheepskin coats, woolen fabrics, carpets.

In imports, the first place belongs to machinery (machinery, equipment), mineral raw materials, metals, fuel, chemical products, and the second - to food and industrial consumer goods.

Foreign economic relations are not limited to trade. Of great importance is the economic and technical assistance of European countries in the construction of economic facilities.

Bibliography

"Countries and peoples", Moscow, 1999 ed. "Russian word"