Where is the largest oil and gas basin in the Russian Federation. The largest coal and oil and gas bearing basins of Russia

An oil field is a collection of oil deposits in a certain area. Usually occupies several hundred kilometers, oil wells are used for production. Contents 1 Classification of oil fields ... Wikipedia

OFFSHORE DEPOSITS- natural accumulations of minerals (liquid, gaseous and solid) in the bowels and on the surface of the ocean floor. The greatest importance is attached to the development of M.M. oil and gas. In 1984 from M.M. about 2 million tons of oil were produced daily (more than 27% ... ... Marine encyclopedic reference book

This article lists the world's major oil and gas condensate fields, their geological reserves, years of discovery, and the oil and gas bearing basins to which they belong ... Wikipedia

On Wikipedia ... Wikipedia

Oil rigs in Los Angeles (1896) Oil price, $ per barrel, 1997 2008 (NYMEX Light Sweet Crude Oil Futures Prices) Oil price, $ per barrel, 1998 November 2008 ... Wikipedia

An oil field is a collection of oil deposits in a certain area. It usually takes several hundred kilometers, oil wells are used for production, which are built in the process of drilling ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Oil (meanings). Oil? The main composition of Cn ... Wikipedia

A natural gas field is a set of deposits of natural gas and gas condensate in a certain area. It usually takes several hundred kilometers; gas wells are used for production ... Wikipedia

Explored oil reserves as of 2010.

World gas reserves are estimated: general geological 400 trillion cubic meters; explored - 150 trillion cubic meters and distributed: North America - 6.5 trillion cubic meters (4.4%); Latin America- 7.3 trillion cubic meters (5%); Foreign Europe- 5.2 trillion cubic meters (3.5%); CIS - 56.7 trillion cubic meters (38.7%), RF - 48 trillion cubic meters (33%); Middle East and Africa - 55.4 trillion cubic meters (37.8%), the rest of Asia - 96.5 trillion cubic meters (6%) .

World oil production is 3.5 billion tons, gas 2400 billion cubic meters per year.

Explored reserves of natural gas in 2010 in cubic meters (cub.m.).

The world's largest natural gas basins in 2010

Uranus (U), the metallic chemical element gained fame through its use in nuclear weapons and atomic energy. The content of uranium in the earth's crust is 0.003%, nuclear energy accounts for about 20% of the world's energy.

Explored reserves uranium in the world are 2.3 million tons. (the price of production is 80 dollars per 1 kg). Australia has the largest proven uranium reserves (about 466 thousand tons, more than 20% of world reserves), Kazakhstan (18%), Canada (12%), Uzbekistan (7.5%), Brazil and Niger (7% each), South Africa (6.5%), USA (5%), Namibia (3%), Ukraine (3%), India (approx. 2%). A large deposit of uranite is located in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. China, Germany and the Czech Republic also have significant reserves. After the recent discovery of rich uranium deposits in Canada, this country ranked first in the world in terms of uranium reserves. In Russia, commercial uranium reserves are concentrated in Eastern Transbaikalia.

With an annual requirement for nuclear power plants of 58 thousand tons. explored reserves can last for 40 years.

The main stages of uranium production are the extraction of ore by underground or open way, enrichment (sorting) of ore and extraction of uranium from ore. In 2005, the world's uranium production reached approximately 39.3 thousand tons.

Western Siberia is the largest oil and gas province, with initial total resources (ITR) accounting for 60% of Russia's NSR. About 500 oil, gas and oil and oil and gas condensate fields have been discovered here, containing 73% of Russia's current proven oil reserves. Thanks to the discovery of unique and large deposits in Western Siberia and their intensive development managed to significantly increase oil production in the country and take the first place in the world. In less than three decades, almost 6 billion tons of oil have been produced in Western Siberia, which is 45% of Russia's cumulative production.

The world's largest oil and gas basin is located within the West Siberian Plain on the territory of the Tyumen, Omsk, Kurgan, Tomsk and partially Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk regions, Krasnoyarsk and Altai Territories, with an area of ​​about 3.5 million km. The oil and gas potential of the basin is associated with Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits. Most of the oil deposits are located at a depth of 2000-3000 meters. The oil of the West Siberian oil and gas basin is characterized by a low content of sulfur (up to 1.1%) and paraffin (less than 0.5%), the content of gasoline fractions is high (40-60%), and an increased amount of volatile substances.

Now 70% of Russian oil is produced in Western Siberia. The extraction by pumping method exceeds the fountain one by an order of magnitude. This makes us think about an important problem of the fuel industry - the aging of deposits. The conclusion is confirmed by the data for the country as a whole. In 1993 in Russian Federation 318.272.101 tons of oil (excluding gas condensate) were produced from old wells, including 303.872.124 tons from wells transferred from last year, while oil production from new wells amounted to only 12.511.827 tons.

There are several dozen large deposits in Western Siberia. Among them are such famous ones as Samotlor, Megion, Ust-Balyk, Shaim, Strezhevoy.

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (area - 523.1 thousand sq. km., population - 1301 thousand people, center - Khanty-Mansiysk) is the richest oil region in Western Siberia and Russia as a whole. It produces two thirds of the oil produced in the country and has a developed infrastructure. Within its boundaries, 273 oil fields have been discovered, of which 120 have been put into development. critical role The largest (9) and large (77) deposits play in the raw material base, which contain 90% of the explored oil reserves. As a result of many years of intensive mining, many of these deposits, including the country's largest Samotlor, are largely depleted and flooded (by 80-90%). At the same time, a number of reserve large deposits (Priobskoye, Prirazlomnoye, Krasnoleninskoye, etc.) are being developed under limited extraction regimes. Due to the selective development of the largest and most productive fields and deposits, the structure of explored oil reserves in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is continuously deteriorating, the total potential of undiscovered oil resources is practically the largest in Russia, although it does not portend an improvement in the quality characteristics of the resource base.

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (area - 750.3 thousand sq. km., population - 465 thousand people, center - Salekhard) is also characterized by the largest reserves and resources of oil, but compared to the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, their structure is more complicated, since the prevailing oil of high density and viscosity (Russian, Severo-Komsomolskoye, Tazovskoye, Zapadno-Messoyakhskoye deposits) play a role. 26 out of 129 oil fields are being developed. 42% of the current explored oil reserves are concentrated in the developed fields. From the north, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug adjoins the Kara Sea, which is considered as a direct continuation of the West Siberian oil and gas province with the richest potential of resources. With insignificant volumes of drilling work started in 1989, two giant gas fields (Leningradskoye and Rusanovskoye) were discovered here, which confirms the high oil and gas geological forecast. Undoubtedly, in the future, the development of the oil resources of the Kara Sea will be closely connected with the infrastructure of the YNAO.

The Tomsk Region forms the third largest center of the oil industry in Western Siberia. 18 out of 84 oil fields are involved in the development, including all large ones (Sovetskoye, Pervomayskoye, Luginetskoye, Igolsko-Talovoe). The average depletion of the initial reserves of open deposits is 30%, and the listed large deposits are 17.58%. Unexplored oil resources in the Tomsk region exceed, according to the geological forecast, already explored reserves by 1.8 times, which creates the possibility of long-term supply of raw materials for oil producing enterprises.
The rest of the administrative-territorial subjects of Western Siberia (the south of the Tyumen, as well as the Novosibirsk and Omsk regions) play an insignificant role in the regional balance of oil reserves and production in Western Siberia. In three regions, 16 small deposits have been discovered, of which only 3 (Kalchinskoye in the Tyumen region, Prirakhtovskoye in the Omsk region and Maloichskoye in the Novosibirsk region) are in commercial or experimental development. The geological prospects for the development of the resource base are generally insignificant.

For the first time in Western Siberia, on the outskirts of the village of Berezovo, on September 21, 1953, one of the exploration wells produced a powerful gas fountain. This discovery gave impetus to the further deployment of geological exploration. Soon began a period of a number of discoveries of oil and gas fields in Western Siberia. On June 21, 1960, the first Trekhozernoye in Western Siberia was opened, on March 24, 1961 - Megionskoye, on October 15, 1961 - Ust-Balykskoye, in August 1962 - Sovetskoye, on November 15, 1962 - West-Surgutskoye, on December 1, 1964 - Pravdinskoye , April 3, 1965 - Mamontovskoye, May 29, 1965 - Samotlor oil fields.

About 30 years ago, the West Siberian oil and gas region came out on top in terms of oil and gas production in our country. Currently, 66% of Russian oil and gas condensate, 92% of natural gas are produced here. The annual consumption of fuel and energy resources in the world is more than 14 billion tons of conventional fuel, of which 35% is oil and over 25% is natural gas. The total oil and gas reserves in the north of Western Siberia make up more than a quarter of the world reserves of these types of fuel and energy resources and will allow the West Siberian oil and gas province to remain not only the leading region in the Russian oil and gas industry for several decades to come, but also the economy of the whole country as a whole. More than 40% of tax payments come to the revenue base of the federal budget of Russia from the fuel and energy complex of Western Siberia.
The largest oil field in our country is the Samotlor oil and gas condensate field with initial recoverable reserves of 3.3 billion tons. 2.2 billion tons have already been extracted from the depths of this field. Next comes the Priobskoye oil field with initial recoverable reserves of over 0.7 billion tons , Fedorovskoye oil and gas condensate - 0.7 billion tons, Mamontovskoye oil - 0.6 billion tons, Russian oil and gas - 0.4 billion tons, etc. The largest natural gas fields with initial recoverable gas reserves, respectively: Urengoy - 10.2 trillion. m 3, Yamburgskoye - 6.1 trillion. m 3, Bovanenkovo ​​- 4.4 trillion. m 3, Zapolyarnoye - 3.5 trillion. m 3, Bear - 2.3 trillion. m 3.

The oil and gas production complex of Western Siberia is provided with resources for many decades. The development of the oil industry, according to the energy strategy of the Russian Federation, should be ensured by increasing oil production in Western Siberia up to 255-270 million tons, including in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - up to 200-220 million tons, in the Yamalo- Nenets Autonomous Okrug up to 40-50 million tons, in the south of the Tyumen region up to 1.5-2.0 million tons, etc. Oil and condensate production in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug can be increased in 2010 to 235 million tons, with subsequent maintenance of the achieved level due to the commissioning of new fields.

In Western Siberia high rates The development of reserves of predominantly Neocomian deposits has led to an increase in the share of low-productive reserves and resources of oil and gas, the volume of which currently amounts to several tens of billions of tons. Considering that in Russia a high level of production is possible only at the expense of the oil and gas bearing subsoil of Western Siberia, the development of these low-productive reserves and resources, and especially the category of hard-to-recover ones, is an objective necessity.

Changes in the structure of resources and reserves of oil and gas in Western Siberia must be taken into account when developing a long-term strategy for oil production. It is obvious that further development should proceed with an increase in investment in exploration and development of deposits, adequate to a change in the quality of the resource base, as well as with the creation and accelerated development of new highly efficient technologies for oil recovery, especially for the category of hard-to-recover reserves.
It is necessary to revise the principles of classification of reserves and resources of oil and gas in Russia, providing, in addition to the degree of exploration of resources, the characteristics of their productivity and the economic feasibility of development as classification features.
Discovered mineral deposits are only part of the potential of the northern territories and water areas of Russia. To identify them, to ensure the long-term sustainable development of these resource bases, it is necessary to carry out geological exploration.

Venezuela is one of the leading states in oil production in the world (one of the "top ten" producing countries of this natural resource). In 2006, it ranked sixth in terms of net oil exports in the hemisphere. More than three-quarters of the country's total export earnings come from the oil sector.

According to the annual "Statistical Review of the World Economy", which is conducted by the British oil company"BR", Venezuela has become the leader in the reserves of the above natural resource, overtaking even Saudi Arabia. At the end of 2011, the proven reserves of this country amounted to about 295.6 billion barrels, which is 18% of the world's reserves.

Major oil basins of Venezuela

On the territory of this state there are four oil basins:

• Maracaibo;
• Apure;
• Falcon;
• Oriental.

Experts note that the crude, which is produced in these fields, has a density of at least 20 degrees (in degrees of the American Petroleum Institute). This makes it possible to attribute this natural resource to heavy oil in accordance with international standards.

In this regard, most of the oil that is produced in Venezuela must be processed at special enterprises, both domestically and abroad.

PDVSA produces more than half of its oil production in the Maracaibo Basin.

The fisheries in the Oriental Basin are slightly mature compared to others.

Major oil fields in Venezuela

The following deposits of this natural resource have been discovered on the territory of the above country:

• The Bolivar Shelf is part of the Maracaibo oil and gas basin. It consists of three deposits: Tia Juana, Lagunillas, Bochaquero. It was opened in 1917. Geological deposits here were estimated at 8.3 billion tons. It should be noted that in 2008 it produced approximately 120 million tons of oil.
• Bombal is located in Gabon. This deposit was discovered in 1962. Its geological reserves were estimated at 1.6 million tons. In 2010, about 48 thousand tons of this natural resource were produced here. Bombal is operated by the American oil company Harvest Natural Resources.
• Carabobo-1 is located in the Orinoco oil belt (east of Venezuela, Anzoategui state). This supergiant field was discovered in 2006. Geological oil reserves here were estimated by experts at 8 billion tons. The development license is held by two oil companies, Petrobras and PDVSA.
• Tucupita is located in Gabon. The deposit was discovered in 1945. The recoverable reserves of the above natural resource amount to 2.2 million tons. The development license is held by the American oil company Harvest Natural Resources.
• Junin-1 - located in the Orinoco oil belt. This field, which was discovered in 2006, consists of four oil deposits. The geological reserves of this natural resource in them amount to 6 billion tons.
• Junin-3 - located in the state of Guriko. Recoverable oil reserves are estimated by specialists at 2.5 billion tons. The license to develop the deposit is held by Russian company Lukoil.
• Junin-4 - located in the state of Guarico. This deposit was discovered in 2006. Two companies, such as CNPC and PDVSA, have a license to develop it. The geological reserves of the above natural resource are about 5.7 billion tons.

Oil projects in Venezuela

The Venezuelan government is creating special national programs that are designed to increase the proven reserves of the above natural resource in the country by 235 billion barrels. PDVSA, acting on behalf of the state, will have 51% or more shares in all national projects. In general, there are 4 such programs in the country, one of which is in the oil belt, the rest are gas projects.

Project Orinoco Magna Reserva

The project resources are about 70 billion tons of oil. It includes 27 blocks, which are located in the central part of the state.

The project covers an area of ​​55 thousand square meters. m. It consists of 37 large deposits of heavy and extra-heavy oil. Development licenses are held by the following companies:

• Gazprom (Ayacucho-3);
• Lukoil (Junin -3);
• BP (Carabobo West);
• Rosneft (Carabobo-2,3,4);
• Belorusneft (Boyaka-1,2,3,4, Gura Este, Lagomedio, Junin-1);
• Petronas (Boiaca-5);
• CoconoPhillips (Ayacucho-1);
• PetroVietham (Junin-2);
• ChevronTaxaco (Bare);
• ENI (Junin-5)
• PDVSA (Carabobo East, Junin South).
• Sinipec (Junin-8);
• ONGC Videsh Limited (Junin North).

Oil exploration and production

Venezuela nationalized oil industry back in 1976. The state-owned company PDVSA (Petroles de Venezuela) is engaged in exploration and production in the country alongside foreign oilmen.

Specialists note that in 2006 the above-mentioned company produced approximately 1.6 million barrels of crude oil per day.

The Venezuelan government is stunning with its plans: by 2019, to double oil production, that is, up to 6 million barrels per day.

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The European countries to the west of the Soviet Union, with a population of 386 million, are of great importance as a market for oil. This area is the world's second largest oil market after the United States. Slightly more than 1/10 of the total amount of oil consumed in Europe is produced locally, while the rest of the amount consumed has to be imported. Supply European market is one of the most important tasks of the international oil trade. But this article will focus mainly on the extraction of oil and the receipt of petroleum products within Europe itself; here we will talk about oil production in selected countries, its processing, transportation and obtaining by-product fuels.

Sedimentary basins favorable for the formation of accumulations of oil

In general, three distinct geological regions can be distinguished in Europe. The first is the Scandinavian countries, which have a very dissected relief and are devoid of both young deposits and sedimentary basins. The second is the countries of the northern part of Western Europe, which are characterized by vast sedimentary basins and a significant development of ancient strata, sometimes forming low mountains. The third is the region of the Mediterranean Sea and South-Eastern Europe, which is characterized by high mountain ranges with a young relief, bordered by narrow depressions filled with sedimentary strata. Among the mountains there are several small intermountain depressions. The age of the strata composing the mountains and filling the depressions is relatively young.

In Europe, eight large and eight to thirteen smaller basins can be distinguished, depending on the criteria by which the individual basins are distinguished. Compared with the basins of other continents, the European basins are small and cannot be expected to produce significant quantities of oil. Sedimentary basins are directly related to tectonically active areas, which in Europe are more complex in their structure and are closer to each other than in other parts of the world.

Despite the fact that the European basins seem to be located randomly, in fact they are naturally connected with regional structure which can be seen on detailed geological maps. The connection between basins and structure is often quite clear, as, for example, in the depressions adjacent to the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Alps and the Carpathians. In some other cases, for example, for the North German and Paris basins, the relationship between uplifts and subsidence of the basin basins is not clear, and the formation of the basins cannot be reliably attributed to a certain stage of subsidence accompanying uplifts in the adjacent zone. Nevertheless, there are no basins whose formation would contradict modern geological theories.

For many years it was considered established that there is a certain relationship between the volume of marine sedimentary strata and the amount of oil contained in the depths of the basin, namely: the larger the basin, the greater its production should be. But it turned out that it is necessary to take into account a number of other factors specific to each basin and capable of strongly influencing the amount and distribution of oil accumulations.

The most important sedimentary oil basins in Europe

North German basin extends west from Poland through northern Germany, northern Holland and, crossing the English Channel, ends in Scotland and England. This basin is characterized by numerous salt domes. Sedimentation began in the Permian and continued through the Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and early Tertiary. Almost the entire section is composed of marine sediments. Significant salt deposits are associated with zechstein (Upper Permian) and places with red bedding (Lower Permian). The maximum thickness of the strata filling the basin is, apparently, more than 5100 meters.

The section shows several unconformities associated mainly with wide transgressions. The most pronounced transgressive occurrence is distinguished by younger deposits, especially Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary, cutting off older dislocated strata. The study of salt domes rising from deep layers of Permian age clearly shows that their growth proceeds in stages, the first being Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. These deposits become less thick or wedged out on the sides of the domes. In the Upper Cretaceous, salt penetrated through all overlying layers; periodically, movements resumed in the Tertiary time. German geologists believe that modern salt deposits were formed during movements dating back to the Tertiary period.

The North German basin breaks up into several parts; the main of them - the Hannover Gulf-shaped depression, in which the main group of oil fields is connected - extends westward into Holland. This part of the basin is characterized by the presence of Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sediments, which usually pinch out along the northern edge of the basin. It is quite possible, therefore, that it is the presence of Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits that makes this part of the basin the most promising. Another feature The Hanover depression is a belt of development of anticlines, stretching along its southern edge, where salt intrusions are usually absent. Near the border with Holland, normal anticlinal uplifts are developed in this belt, with which several relatively large deposits are associated.

The Heide group of deposits in Schleswig-Holstein, in the far north of Germany, is part of another part of the basin. Here, the cores of elongated salt uplifts are composed of red bed (Lower Permian), and not zekhshtein (Upper Permian), as in other domes.

Smaller parts include the Munster basin, the Lower Rhine graben, between Belgium and Holland, and a number of others. In Germany, the southern boundary of the basin is the Harz Mountains and their western extension (Osnabrück Nose) extending into the Netherlands.

Both salt domes and normal anticlines contain oil-bearing deposits covering a wide stratigraphic interval from the Permian to the Upper Cretaceous. The most important known productive horizons are Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. The basin yields less oil than might be expected from its size, the thickness of the strata filling it, and the apparently favorable nature of the deposits.

Vienna oil basin

The Vienna Basin is approximately 176 km long and 48 km wide. The basin is a graben located between two mountain ranges on the site of a saddle connecting the Alps and the Carpathians.

Subsidence occurred in the Upper Miocene and Pliocene; thickness of sediments (brackish water up to normal marine) reaches from 3900 to 5100 meters. The execution of the basin appears to have been related to a similar process taking place in the adjacent Hungarian basin.

The faults forming the graben are pronounced at depth along both sides of the basin. Oil fields Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia are associated with these faults, as well as with buried uplifts at the base of the graben. Oil is extracted from Pliocene and Miocene deposits, as well as from porous pre-Miocene rocks at the base of the graben, into which it apparently migrated.

Several relatively rich oil fields are confined to the basin. At the beginning of 1949, another field was discovered - Matzen.

Molasse oil basin

The Molasse basin, which is a continuation of the western part of the Carpathian basin, borders the outer edge of the Alps and captures part of Czechoslovakia, Austria, Germany and Switzerland. The filling of the basin, which took place from the Middle Oligocene to the Upper Miocene, is a reflection of the last stage of the movement to the north of the foothill depressions of the Alpine geosynclinal region. The maximum thickness of the strata filling the basin is from 4.5 to 9 thousand meters; most of them are freshwater sediments.

The basin basin initially spread much to the south, but as a result of the last significant thrusts that occurred in the Alpine system in the Upper Miocene and Pliocene and were directed to the north, the sedimentary strata were shifted to the northern side of the deep basin. At present, the Molasse Basin is a depression, the northern side of which plunges to the south, first gently, and then very steeply, forming a generally deeply dipped synclinal structure, only the northern part of which has remained relatively undisturbed: Alpine overthrusts have not spread to it.

In Beley (Upper Austria) there is a small gas field of no commercial importance. Miocene deposits are gas-bearing here. Minor signs of oil are found in the northwestern part of Austria; several outlets are observed in Switzerland along the northern rim of the basin. In total, there are about 90 exploration wells in this basin.

Po oil basin

The Po basin is located along the outer edge of the Apennines, it coincides with the Po valley and the northern part of the Adriatic Sea and partially captures Albania.

Promising deposits are from the Oligocene and Miocene, as well as the overlying Pliocene and Quaternary. By at least part of the former deep Miocene depression was located on the rear side of the present outer slope of the foothills of the Apennines. As a result of subsequent large thrusts in the Apennines, which occurred at the end or shortly before the end of the Miocene, a significant part of the sedimentary deposits was displaced and uplifted. Gravimetric studies fix a large minimum, confined to the foothills of the Apennines.

The Pliocene depression is located in front of the present outer slopes of the foothills of the Apennines, partially capturing the latter. Its width is from 24 to 48 km. The depression is well fixed by gravitational anomalies. The sinking of the basin continues to this day, as is clear from the presence of a Quaternary stratum with a thickness of over 900 meters, as well as the depression of the Adriatic Sea. The sedimentary sequences of the basin consist mainly of brackish water up to normal marine; the total maximum thickness of the Miocene and Pliocene deposits, apparently, exceeds 9000 meters.

The foothills of the Apennines, composed of strata from the Cretaceous to the Miocene, have a very complex structure, mainly due to a number of scaly thrusts. Within the basin itself, the Miocene deposits are folded and torn apart by overthrusts; the overlying Pliocene deposits are crumpled into gentle folds; the intensity of dislocations is attenuated in younger formations. Quaternary deposits remained undisturbed.

Aquitaine oil basin

The Aquitaine Basin, located in the south of France, is located immediately north of the Pyrenees. This depression was formed at the last stage of the movement of foothill troughs. The deep submerged part of the basin is located to the south, passing under the Pyrenees; the less submerged part gradually rises to the north.

At the first stages of the formation of the Aquitaine Basin, the Middle Cretaceous, as well as the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene layers were deposited on the Jurassic layers that were crumpled into folds and somewhat eroded. As a result of the movements of the Eocene phase, the strata filling the basin were sharply crumpled and torn. The intensity of dislocations decays with distance from the Pyrenees. In the outer (northern) part of the basin, there is a general gradual uplift of the layers to the north. During the subsequent Miocene transgression, the folds were eroded and most of the basin was covered by its undisturbed deposits.

Sedimentary basins of little importance

The author includes the Upper Rhine graben, the Sicilian central, the Duero-Ebro basin, the Transylvanian, Thuringian, Parisian, Portuguese, Seville, Tahoe and others among these basins. At the same time, the author took into account the shape of the basin, its structure, geological history, the nature and thickness of deposits, the size of the basin, as well as the results of exploration and the degree of development of deposits at the moment.