Which account is the cost of? Accounting for the cost of finished products

Full cost finished products turns on production costs and implementation costs. How is the cost of production and sales recorded in accounting, which accounts are used and what postings are made.

Accounting accounts for accounting for production costs

There are several accounting accounts for accounting for production costs. In the chart of accounts, Section 2 is devoted to the production process, which lists the accounts involved in this process. We have already touched on this issue in, where we provided a list of costs associated with production, and the corresponding accounts on which these costs are taken into account.

Main production (account 20)

The direct costs of the main production are collected on the debit account. twenty.

sch. 20 "Main production" is designed to account for the direct costs of the main production and formation actual cost products.

Direct costs are:

• Raw materials - posting Debit 20 Credit 10;
• Semi-finished products of own production - posting Debit 20 Credit 21;
• Depreciation of fixed assets - posting Debit 20 Credit 02;
• Amortization of intangible assets - posting Debit 20 Credit05;
• Staff salary - posting Debit 20 Credit 70;
• Insurance premiums from staff salaries - posting Debit 20 Credit 69;
• Services third parties– posting Debit 20 Credit 60.

Postings for cost accounting of the main production:

Auxiliary production (account 23)

sch. 23 "Auxiliary production" is designed to account for direct costs auxiliary production, which includes the repair of fixed assets employed in the production process, transport services, electricity supply.

Postings for accounting for these costs look similar, only instead of c. 20 is taken count. 23.

General production expenses (account 25)

This account is designed to collect the costs associated with the maintenance of the main and auxiliary production. These are indirect costs that are collected during the month on the debit of the account. 25

The costs are the same depreciation, staff salaries and deductions from it, materials, etc. Postings for accounting for overhead costs look the same as for the main production, only instead of the account. 20 is taken count. 25.

General business expenses (account 26)

The debit of this account collects expenses for administrative and managerial needs, these are also indirect expenses that are collected throughout the month for the debit of the account. 26.

Marriage in production (account 28)

Another type of cost that must be taken into account in the production process is this.

If defective products are released during the production process, then certain costs will be required to eliminate them, which include depreciation, materials, raw materials, semi-finished products, wages and deductions from it. Accounting for the cost of correcting marriage occurs on account 28 "Marriage in production", on the debit of account. 28, all these costs are collected using the postings indicated above (instead of account 20, account 28 is taken).

Thus, at the end of the month on the debit account. 20 collected direct costs associated with the main production, debit account. 23 - direct costs associated with ancillary production, on the debit account. 25 - indirect overhead costs, on the debit account. 26 - indirect general business costs, according to the debit account. 28 - costs associated with defective products.

The next step in the formation of the production cost of production is the distribution of the costs of auxiliary production between the main production, general production and general business needs.

Auxiliary production cost allocation entries:

The next step in the formation of the cost of production is the write-off of general production and general business costs.

Postings for writing off these costs are D20 K25 and D20 K26.

Write-off of overhead costs can be made in proportion to:

• Wages of the personnel of the main production;
• Wasted materials;
• The amount of direct costs;
• Revenue from the sale of manufactured products.

Write-off of general business expenses is made:

• By distribution between types of products;
• In full at the end of the month.

The last step is to write off the losses from marriage.

Accumulated on debit accounts 28, the costs of correcting defective products are written off to the debit of account 20 by posting D20 K28.

As a result of the manipulations performed on the debit account. 20 formed production cost products.

Explanatory note: Dt=Debit, Kt=Credit

The sale of products is the final stage of the circulation process financial resources industrial enterprise.
The implementation process is a set of operations that have passed all technical tests, complying with current standards or specifications and issued acceptance documents. Thus, through the process of sale, products manufactured by one business entity become the property of another (buyer).
The buyer reimburses the manufacturer for the cost of finished products at selling prices. The selling price is set by the manufacturer (supplier) depending on various factors, agreed with the buyer and fixed by the supply contract. The selling price also includes indirect taxes defined by the state. These taxes include value added tax and excise taxes. The selling price is always higher than the production cost of the finished product.

object accounting are in the process of implementation. finished products in two estimates (actual cost and accounting price); income from the sale of finished products or the volume of sales (revenue); expenses for the sale of finished products; indirect taxes (excises and value added tax).
Finished products are delivered to the warehouse from production at the actual production cost and are reflected in the balance sheet at this cost. However, during the reporting period (current accounting), finished products are accounted for at discount prices. Therefore, at the end of the reporting month after the actual cost is revealed, the book price is regulated by transferring the difference between the book price and the actual cost.

The release of finished products from production is reflected in the entry:
Debit account "Finished products"
Credit of the account "Main production" - for the amount of the actual cost of finished products.
The sale of finished products is reflected in the accounting entry:
Debit account "Accounts receivable"
Credit of the account “Income from the sale of finished products (works, services) – for the cost of finished products at the selling price minus indirect taxes.
Then. Debit account "Accounts receivable"
Credit of the account "Value Added Tax" - for the amount of VAT
Credit of the account "Other settlements with the budget" - for the amount of excises.
At the same time, finished products are debited from the balance sheet at actual cost by recording:
Debit of the account "Cost of finished products sold" (works, services)
Account credit "Finished products"
The income from the sale of finished products is intended to cover the actual production cost of finished products (Scheme 1) and to receive the net income of the manufacturer. net income is the difference between sales revenue and cost of goods sold. And at the end of the reporting year, the following entries are made:
Debit of the account “Income from the sale of finished products (works, services);
Credit of the account “Final income (loss) – for the amount of income from the sale of finished products (works, services);
Debit of the account "Total income (loss)"
Credit of the account "Cost of finished products (works, services) sold" - for the amount of the cost of finished products (works, services) sold.
These entries in accounting achieve the closure of accounts. “Income from the sale of finished products (works, services) and “Cost of finished products (works, services) sold”.
Information about the costs associated with the implementation, in the current accounting is reflected in the account "Expenses for implementation". This account reflects the costs of wages, bonuses and other similar payments, deductions for social insurance and pensions for employees involved in the sale, as well as the costs of packaging, loading, delivery, commission fees (deductions) paid to sales and other intermediary organizations; expenses for utilities; maintenance of premises for storage of products in the places of their sale; for advertising; for the study of sales markets and other expenses similar in purpose. All listed expenses during the year are reflected in the debit of the account “Sales Expenses”, and at the end of the year this account is closed by writing off expenses with the entry:
Debit of the account "Total income"
Credit of the account “Sales expenses – for the amount of sales expenses.
In the practice of economic entities, there are expenses that are not related to production process. These expenses are recorded in the account "General and Administrative expenses". This account summarizes information on expenses of a managerial and economic nature. In particular, these may be labor costs and deductions for social insurance and pensions for employees of administrative and managerial personnel; for utilities for the maintenance of premises administrative purpose; accrued reserves for doubtful debts; accrued amounts of fines, penalties, forfeits payable; other expenses. During the reporting year, these expenses are reflected in the debit of the account “General and administrative expenses”, and at the end of the year they are written off as follows:
Debit of the account "Total income"
Credit of the account "General and administrative expenses" - for the amount of expenses reflected in the debit of this account.
Comparing the debit and credit turnovers of the account "Total income (loss)" determine financial results from the sale, which is reflected in the accounting entry: Debit of the account "Total income (loss)"
Credit of the account "Retained Income ( uncovered loss) of the reporting year" - by the amount of income and vice versa,
Debit of the account "Retained income (uncovered loss) of the reporting year"
The credit of the account “Total income” is for the amount of the loss.
The procedure for accounting for the operation of shipment and sale of finished products will be considered using an example.

Eleventh operation:
Finished products of type "A" and "B" were shipped to buyers, respectively:
4000 kg - at a price of 120 tenge per 1 kg in the amount of 480,000 tenge;
1500 kg at the price of 110 tenge per 1 kg in the amount of 165,000 tenge;
___________________________________________________
Total at negotiated prices for a total amount of 645,000 tenge
Value added tax 20% in the amount of 129,000 tenge
Total payable. — 774 00 tenge

Record of the eleventh operation:

Debit account "Accounts receivable" - 774,000.00 tenge
Credit of the account "Income from the sale of finished products" - 645,000.00 tenge
Account credit "Value Added Tax" - 129000.00 tenge

At the same time, the cost of sold finished products "A" and "B" is determined, for this the data of tables 10.5.2 are used. and 10.5.3.
In our example, respectively:
"A" 4000 kg * 64 tenge 12 tiyn = 256480 tenge
"B" 1500 kg * 61 tenge 24 tiyn = 91860 tenge
________________________________________________________
Cost of sold finished products 348 340 tenge

Write-off of the actual cost of finished products:
Debit of the account "Cost of finished products sold" - 348340.00
Credit of the account "Finished products", incl.
analytical account "product "A"" - 256 480.00 tenge
analytical account "product "B"" - 91860.00 tenge

Twelfth operation:
Paid expenses for the sale of finished products from the current account 25000-00 tenge

Record of the twelfth operation:

Pupil (182), closed 6 years ago

2. The costs of product packaging are taken into account:
-materials
- packing fee
- deductions for social needs
3. Settlement and payment documents were presented for shipped finished products at contract prices (including VAT)

6.Invoice accepted transport company for delivery to the station of departure and loading into wagons of finished products shipped by Zarya OJSC:
- shipping and handling charges
-VAT
7. Paid the invoice of the transport company

10. Payment received for products sold
11.VAT is presented for reimbursement from the budget
2.-Taking and packaging costs are taken into account
- Fees included
3. Finished products shipped to buyers at agreed prices (including VAT)
4. The actual production cost of shipped products is written off
5. Payment received for products sold
5.VAT charged on sold products
8. Selling expenses for products sold are written off
9. The financial result from the sale of products is written off

1. Finished products delivered to the warehouse at the actual cost
D43 K20
2. The costs of product packaging are taken into account:
- materials D 44 K 10
- salary for packaging D 44 70
— deductions for social needs D 44 K 69
3. Settlement and payment documents for shipped finished products at contractual prices (including VAT) were presented
D 62 K 90/1 negotiated prices with VAT
4. The actual production cost of shipped products is written off
D90/2 K 43
5. VAT charged on sold products
D90/3 K 68/2 VAT
6. The account of the transport company was accepted for the delivery to the departure station and loading into wagons of finished products shipped by Zarya OJSC:
— cost of delivery and loading D 44 K 60
— VAT D 90/3 K 68/2
7. Paid the invoice of the transport company
D60 K51
8. Selling expenses for products sold are written off
D90 K 44
9. The financial result from the sale of products is written off
D 90/9 K 99 profit or D99 K90/9 loss
10. Payment received for sold products
D51 K62
11. VAT presented for reimbursement from the budget
D 19 K 68/2
12. - Costs for tare and packaging are taken into account
— Commission expenses are taken into account D 90 K 10

2.9. Accounting for finished products and goods

2.9.1. Accounting for finished products

Finished products is the end product of the manufacturing process. These are manufactured products and products, fully completed, handed over to the warehouse.

After summing up the costs of production for the month and evaluating the balance of work in progress, the accounting department proceeds to calculating the cost of manufactured products.

Calculation of the actual cost of manufactured products (works, services) is carried out as follows:

Cost of output = Work in progress at the beginning of the month + Production costs for the month - Costs for preparation and development of production - Losses from rejects - Work in progress at the end of the month

Such a calculation is made for each type of product (work, service). If there was no output for the month, then the costs for the month plus the balance of work in progress at the beginning of the month will be the volume of work in progress.

Finished products can be accounted for in one of two ways:

at actual production cost;

at accounting prices (standard (planned) cost) using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" or without using it.

The chosen method of accounting for finished products should be fixed in accounting policy organizations.

Accounting for products at actual cost

If the product is manufactured in the main production, then on the day it is transferred to the warehouse, the amount of costs for its manufacture is written off by posting:

Debit 43 Credit 20 (23, 29) - finished products released by the main (auxiliary, servicing) production were credited to the warehouse.

If the finished product is intended for use in the production process, its value must be recorded on account 10 "Materials".

Accounting for products at accounting prices (planned cost)

The planned cost of production (works, services) is set by the company independently on the basis of the consumption rates of materials, fuel, etc. necessary for the production of products (performance of work, provision of services).

There are two ways to account for such products:

without using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)";

using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)".

If the first method is used, then when transferring finished products to the warehouse, reflected at accounting prices (planned cost), then make a record:

Debit 43 Credit 20 (23, 29) - finished products are credited at accounting prices (planned cost).

The write-off of finished products is reflected in the credit of account 43.

If the second method is used, then the finished product (work performed, services rendered) is reflected on account 40 "Output of products (work, services)" at the standard or planned cost.

After the products are manufactured and transferred to the warehouse, a record is made:

Debit 43 Credit 40 - finished products are credited at the standard (planned) cost.

The cost of products manufactured by the main production is reflected in the posting:

Debit 40 Credit 20 - reflects the actual cost of products manufactured by the main production.

As a rule, the standard (planned) cost of finished products does not coincide with its actual cost. As a result, a debit or credit balance appears on account 40.

The debit balance on account 40 is the excess of the actual cost over the standard or planned cost (overrun), the credit balance is the excess of the standard or planned cost over the actual cost (savings).

The debit balance on account 40 is written off monthly by posting:

Debit 90-2 Credit 40 - the excess of the actual cost of manufactured products over its standard (planned) cost was written off.

The credit balance on account 40 is written off monthly with a reversal entry:

Debit 90-2 Credit 40 - the excess of the standard (planned) cost of manufactured products over its actual cost has been reversed.

2.9.2. Goods accounting

Goods can be counted in several ways:

at actual cost (directly on account 41);

at sales prices (using account 42 "Trade margin").

Organizations selling goods at retail can take them into account both at actual cost and at sale prices, wholesale trade organizations - only at actual cost.

The method of accounting for goods should be fixed in the accounting policy of the organization.

AT balance sheet the cost of goods is reflected only at the actual cost.

The actual cost of goods is formed in the same order as materials.

All costs for the purchase of goods are recorded in the debit of account 41 "Goods".

Upon receipt of goods, postings are made:

Debit 41 Credit 60 (76.) - costs directly related to the purchase of goods (excluding VAT) are taken into account;

Debit 19 Credit 60 (76.) - VAT included on costs directly related to the purchase of goods (based on invoices).

Debit 68 subaccount "VAT settlements" Credit 19 - made tax deduction VAT.

Debit 60 (76.) Credit 51 (50.) - expenses for the purchase of goods were paid;

A special procedure is provided for accounting for the costs of delivering goods to the warehouse of the organization (transportation costs).

Shipping costs can be accounted for in two ways:

directly on account 41 "Goods" (that is, included in the actual cost of purchased goods);

on account 44 "Expenses for sale".

At sales prices, goods can only be taken into account by organizations retail.

If the organization keeps records of goods at selling prices, the value of the balance of goods is reflected in the balance sheet at the actual cost without taking into account the accrued trade margin attributable to the balance of goods.

Thus, such organizations reduce the cost of goods (debit of account 41 “Goods”) by the amount of the trade margin (credit of account 42 “Trade margin”).

As a rule, it is impossible to keep records of goods at the actual cost in retail due to the large product range. Therefore, most often retailers keep records of goods in selling (retail) prices using account 42 “Trade margin”.

Such firms determine gross income from sales (realized sales imposition) by calculating average percentage trade margin.

The amount of the trade margin is indicated in the register of retail prices. This register must contain the following details:

the signature of the head and the seal of the company.

The register must contain the following information:

supplier's price for this product;

trade margin (as a percentage of the supplier's price and in monetary terms);

Changes in retail prices are made out by order of the head and inventory list-act. The inventory list-act must contain the following information:

date of price change;

name of the goods being revalued;

quantity of the revalued goods;

the old price of the goods;

new price for the product;

the amount of revaluation (markdown) - the difference between the cost of goods in old and new prices.

The inventory list-act is certified by the signature of the head and the seal of the company.

The data of the inventory list-act are recorded in retail price registers containing information about the product that has been overpriced.

In this case, additional columns are entered in the registers opposite the name of the revalued goods:

new price with the date of its introduction;

new trade markup.

Reflection of the trade margin in accounting

The calculation of the trade margin is reflected by the entry:

Debit 41 Credit 42 - the trade margin on the credited goods has been accrued.

The sales margin includes income trade organization and VAT (if the firm pays this tax).

The amount of the trade margin for retired goods is written off. The markup is also written off for goods whose price has been reduced.

The amount of the trade margin on the goods sold is reversed in correspondence with account 90 "Sales" subaccount "Cost of sales". This operation is reflected in the entry:

Debit 90-2 Credit 42 - The realized trade margin has been reversed.

The cost of goods sold must be written off.

The sale of goods in organizations of both wholesale and retail trade is recorded on account 90 "Sales". When the ownership of the sold goods is transferred to the buyer, the following entries are made in the accounting:

Debit 62 Credit 90-1 - reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods;

Debit 90-2 Credit 41 - written off the cost of goods sold;

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 subaccount "VAT settlements" - VAT accrued;

Debit 90-2 Credit 44 - sales expenses written off;

Debit 90-9 Credit 99 - reflects the profit from the sale of goods

Debit 99 Credit 90-9 - reflected the loss from the sale of goods.

The cost of decommissioned goods is written off in the same order as the cost of materials, using one of four methods:

LIFO (not applicable from 01.01.08);

at an average cost;

at the cost of each unit.

The specific method of write-off of goods should be established in the accounting policy of your organization.

Accounting for goods shipped

The value of goods shipped is determined by:

under contracts that provide that the ownership of the goods passes to the buyer after the fulfillment of a condition (for example, after payment for the goods), and this condition is not met;

under intermediary agreements (agreement of commission, commission or agency agreement), if the intermediary did not sell them;

under barter agreements, if the counter delivery by the buyer is not made.

The cost of such goods is taken into account in the debit of account 45 "Goods shipped" at the actual cost.

The contract of sale can provide that the ownership of the goods does not pass to the buyer at the time of their shipment, but later (for example, after the goods are paid for or delivered to a certain point).

Goods that were transferred to the buyer under such an agreement are accounted for on account 45 until the moment when the ownership of them passes to the buyer.

For the sale of goods, you can use the services of an intermediary organization. In this case, the value of the goods will be recorded on account 45 until the organization receives a report (notice) from the intermediary on their shipment to the final buyer.

The cost of goods transferred to an intermediary for sale is written off as follows:

Debit 45 Credit 41 - the goods were transferred for sale to an intermediary organization.

After the organization receives a report (notice) from the intermediary on the shipment of goods to the final buyer, the following postings are made:

Debit 62 Credit 90-1 - reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods (after receiving notification from the intermediary about their shipment to the final buyer);

Debit 90-2 Credit 45 - written off the cost of goods sold;

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 sub-account "VAT settlements" - VAT is charged on the proceeds from the sale of goods;

The amount of remuneration to be paid to an intermediary organization is reflected in the entries:

Debit 44 Credit 60 - remuneration of an intermediary organization has been accrued;

Debit 19 Credit 60 - VAT on intermediary remuneration is taken into account;

Debit 60 Credit 51 - remuneration paid to the intermediary;

Debit 68 sub-account "VAT settlements" Credit 19 - accepted for deduction of VAT on intermediary remuneration;

Debit 90-2 Credit 44 - the amount of the intermediary fee has been written off.

As a rule, the ownership of the goods that is transferred under a barter agreement passes to the buyer only after the supplier receives from him the property that he must transfer in return (unless otherwise provided by the agreement).

Up to this point, the value of the goods that the supplier transferred to the buyer under a barter agreement must be recorded on account 45.

Operations related to the sale of property under a barter agreement are recorded in the following entries:

Debit 45 Credit 41 (43) - shipped goods (finished products) under a barter agreement;

Debit 41 (08, 10.) Credit 60 - capitalized material values received under a barter agreement;

Debit 19 Credit 60 - VAT on capitalized valuables is taken into account;

Debit 62 Credit 90-1 - reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods (finished products) under a barter agreement;

Debit 90-2 Credit 45 - written off the cost of goods sold (finished products);

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 sub-account "VAT settlements" - VAT was charged on sales proceeds;

Debit 90-2 Credit 44 - sales expenses written off.

1. What is called the finished product?

2. How is the cost of finished products calculated?

3. What methods of accounting for finished products do you know?

4. How is the trade margin reflected in accounting?

5. What methods of writing off goods for sale do you know?

6. What transactions reflect the sale of goods?

7. Tell us about the features of accounting for goods shipped.

Accounting results are reflected in the "Profit and Loss Statement"

From 01.01.02 corporate income tax is calculated in accordance with the requirements. based on data tax accounting(), in most cases different from accounting data. In particular, the procedure for determining the amount of costs for production and sale -; the procedure for evaluating the balances of work in progress, the balances of finished products, goods shipped -; tax accounting for depreciable property, etc.

The results of tax accounting are reflected in tax return on income tax.

The tax accounting system is organized by the taxpayer independently. The procedure for maintaining tax records is established in the accounting policy for tax purposes, approved by the relevant order for the organization -.

We know perfectly well that each product has a price or value. And what does it consist of? Surely many have heard the formula: cost plus markup. If everything is more or less clear with the margin, then what is the cost price? Consider this concept from the point of view of accounting.

In economic terms, the cost price is the total amount of expenses of the enterprise for the production of a product, provision of a service or performance of work. And from the point of view of accounting, there are two types of cost: planned and actual.

Planned cost- this is the calculated average cost for the planned period of time - year, quarter. The indicator is calculated based on the normative values ​​of the consumption of raw materials, materials and other costs for the production of the product. All costs are also taken as an average.

Manufactured products are accounted for in accounting on account 43 "Finished products". The release of the product at the planned cost is reflected in the debit of account 43. Based on the results of production, when the product is released, the actual costs incurred are recorded on the credit of account 43. At the time of sale of the product, the actual cost is compared with the standard indicator, and a negative or positive balance, that is, overspending or savings production costs, is written off to the debit of the account - 90.2 "Cost of sales". Depending on whether the difference is negative or positive, a normal posting or a reversal is made.

Also, when accounting for the planned cost, the accountant can use account 40 “Product output (works, services)”. This method of accounting must be fixed in the accounting policy of the enterprise. If account 40 is used, then the sums of the actual production cost and the planned one are written off to it, and at the end of the established accounting period, the negative or positive balance is transferred to account 90 “Sales”.

Actual cost- the cost price, which is formed according to the actual costs incurred for the production of the product. In accounting, the actual cost is recorded on account 43 "Finished products".

What is included in cost accounting?

When calculating the cost from the point of view of accounting, production costs are taken into account, which in turn are divided into direct and indirect costs.

Production costs include:

material costs;

Wages and social contributions;

Depreciation deductions;

Other expenses.

Direct costs are directly related to the production process. Without them, it is simply impossible to produce finished products. For example, basic materials, raw materials, spare parts, equipment rental and depreciation. Direct costs are included in the cost amount directly, in whole (for example, the amount of materials and raw materials used) or in parts distributed over periods (depreciation).

Indirect costs are the costs of managing and organizing production, without which this production itself would also not be able to function normally. They are distributed among all types of manufactured products, without reference to the cost of a particular product. Their amount is distributed in proportion to the selected indicator - usually these are direct labor costs, or direct costs in their entirety. Example indirect costs – communal payments, the cost of staff development, the cost of labor protection, administrative and management costs, and the like.

Calculation and formation of the cost price in accounting is one of the most difficult and responsible areas, which is entrusted to experienced specialists. The results of the cost calculation directly affect the financial result of the company and the amount of accrued basic taxes.

Mezentseva Vasilisa

On the day the finished product is transferred to the warehouse, write off the cost of manufacturing the product by posting:

Debit 43 Credit 20 (23, 29)

the finished goods issued by the main (auxiliary, servicing) production are credited in the warehouse.

Example

LLC "Jupiter" produces lamps. The main production costs for the production of a batch of lamps amounted to 130,000 rubles. The assembly of fixtures is carried out by auxiliary production. His expenses for the assembly of this batch of lamps amounted to 14,000 rubles.

Jupiter's accountant must make the entries:

Debit 20 Credit 10 (69, 70...)

RUB 130,000 - reflects the costs of the main production for the production of lamps;

Debit 23 Credit 10 (69, 70...)

14 000 rub. - reflected the cost of assembling fixtures;

Debit 20 Credit 23

14 000 rub. - the cost of finished products includes the costs of auxiliary production;

Debit 43 Credit 20

RUB 144,000 (130,000 + 14,000) - finished products are credited to the warehouse.

Accounting for finished products at accounting prices (standard (planned) cost)

Finished products at discount prices (standard (planned) cost) can be accounted for in two ways:

using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)";

without using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)".

In most cases, account 40 is used in mass (batch) production or a large range of products.

The normative cost of products (works, services) is calculated by the organization independently on the basis of the consumption rates of materials, fuel, etc. necessary for the production of products (performance of work, provision of services).

The planned cost of products (works, services) is also established by the organization independently. So, the cost of products (works, services) according to the data of the previous reporting period can be taken as the planned cost.

Accounting for products (works, services) using account 40 Accounting for products

If you use this method, then reflect the value of the cost (both standard and planned) of manufactured products on the credit of account 40.

After the products are manufactured and transferred to the warehouse, make an entry in the accounting:

Debit 43 Credit 40

finished goods were credited at the standard (planned) cost price.

When selling finished products, reflected in standard cost, do the wiring:

Debit 62 Credit 90-1

reflected the proceeds from the sale of finished products;

Debit 90-2 Credit 43

written off the standard (planned) cost of finished products;

VAT is charged on proceeds from the sale of products.

Take into account the actual cost of manufactured products in the debit of account 40.

The cost of products manufactured by the main (auxiliary, service) production, reflect the entry:

Debit 40 Credit 20 (23, 29)

reflects the actual cost of products manufactured by the main (auxiliary, service) production.

As a rule, the standard (planned) cost of finished products does not coincide with its actual cost.

As a result, a debit or credit balance appears on account 40.

Therefore, when writing off products accounted for at accounting prices (planned cost), you also need to write off the difference (deviation) between the actual cost of finished products and its accounting price.

Determine the amount of deviations to be written off using the formula:

┌───────────────────┐ ┌────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐

│ Amount of deviations, │ │Regulation price│ │Percentage of deviation│

│subject to write-off│ │ products │ │actual cost-│

│ │ \u003d │ │ x │ cost of products-│

│ │ │ │ │tion from her account│

│ │ │ │ │prices │

└───────────────────┘ └────────────┘ └──────────────────┘

Calculate the percentage of deviation of the actual cost of production from its book price as follows:

┌────────────────┐ ┌───────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ ┌────┐

│Percentage of rejection-│ │Deviation by goto-│ │Cost of the finished one│ │ │

│ │ actual │ │ your products on │ │ products on │ │ │

│cost price │ │beginning of month + From-│ │discount price at│ │ │

│products from it│ │deviation by finished│ │beginning of the month │ │100 │

│ discount price │ \u003d │ products, post-│: │ + Cost │ x │ │

│ │ │drinking to the warehouse in│ │ready │ │ │

│ │ │ reporting month │ │products by│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │discount price,│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │arrived at│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │ warehouse in the reporting│ │ │

│ │ │ │ │month │ │ │

└────────────────┘ └───────────────────┘ └─────────────────┘ └────┘

Write off the amount of deviations to the same accounts to which the cost of finished products was written off at discount prices.

The debit balance on account 40 (overrun) is written off monthly by posting:

Debit 90-2 Credit 40

the excess of the actual cost of manufactured products over its standard (planned) cost was written off.

The credit balance on account 40 (savings) is written off monthly with a reverse entry:

Debit 90-2 Credit 40

the excess of the standard (planned) cost of manufactured products over its actual cost was reversed.

Example

LLC "Bella" produced and sold in the reporting period 1000 sets of glass wine glasses for a total of 118,000 rubles. (including VAT - 18,000 rubles). "Bella" reflects finished products at planned cost. The planned cost of one set is 70 rubles, the actual cost is 75 rubles.

The accountant of Bella LLC must make the following entries:

Debit 43 Credit 40

70 000 rub. (70 rubles x 1000 pcs.) - finished products are credited at the warehouse at the planned cost;

Debit 40 Credit 20

75 000 rub. (75 rubles x 1000 pieces) - reflects the actual cost of finished products;

Debit 51 Credit 62

RUB 118,000 - received cash from buyers;

Debit 62 Credit 90-1

RUB 118,000 - reflected the proceeds from the sale of products;

Debit 90-2 Credit 43

70 000 rub. - decommissioned planned cost products sold;

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 subaccount "VAT calculations"

18 000 rub. - accrued VAT payable to the budget;

Debit 90-2 Credit 40

5000 rub. (75,000 - 70,000) - the amount of excess of the actual cost of finished products over its planned cost was written off.

At the end of the month, you must record:

Debit 90-9 Credit 99

25 000 rub. (118,000 - 70,000 - 18,000 - 5,000) - profit from the sale of products is reflected.

In a letter from the Ministry of Finance Russian Federation dated November 16, 2004 No. 07-05-14 / 298 "On accounting for the release of inventories and methods for their assessment" says:

“Accounting Regulation “Accounting for inventories” PBU 5/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 No. 44n, establishes the rules for the formation of information on the organization’s inventories in accounting. Finished products are part of inventories intended for sale (the end result of the production cycle, assets completed by processing (picking), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents, in cases established by law). In this regard, when accounting for finished products, PBU 5/01 should be followed.

The choice of one or another option for evaluating finished products in current accounting, as well as the option for accounting for the release of finished products, is determined by the organization in the accounting policy.

The Department does not see a contradiction between paragraph 16 of PBU 5/01 and paragraph 73 Guidelines on accounting of inventories, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n.

Clause 59 of the Accounting Regulations and financial statements, establishes the following methods for evaluating finished products:

According to the actual production cost;

According to the standard (planned) production cost, including the costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy in the production process, labor resources, and other production costs;

According to the standard (planned) production cost, which is determined by the amount of direct costs.

If finished products are accounted for at actual production cost, then the receipt of products at the warehouse is reflected in the following entry:

In this case, the debit of the account takes into account the actual production cost of products in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for production costs, the credit of account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" reflects the planned cost of finished products, which is written off to the debit of account 43 "Finished products". At the end of the month, when the actual cost of production is fully formed, by comparing the debit and credit turnover of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”, the amount of deviations of the actual cost from the planned one is determined. The instruction on the application of the chart of accounts of accounting provides for the following procedure for writing off the amounts of deviations.

If the credit turnover on account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is greater than the debit one, that is, the actual cost is less than the planned one and savings are revealed, then a reversal entry is made for the deviation amount:

If the debit turnover on account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is greater than the credit turnover, that is, the actual cost exceeds the planned one (overrun), the posting is made for the deviation amount:

Thus, account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is closed monthly and there is no balance on this account.