Basic concepts: competitiveness of the region, free zone, free trade zone, export production zones, tourist and recreational special economic zone, public-private partnership, special economic zone, territorial development zone, investment, investment climate, investment attractiveness, investment potential, investment risk, investment activity, regional investment standard of the Agency for Strategic Initiatives, investment strategy, cluster policy, cluster initiative, territorial cluster, innovative territorial cluster.
Tools for increasing the competitiveness of regions
In Russia, attempts are being made to stimulate regional competitiveness, both on the basis of adapting to modern conditions the tools that were developed back in the days of the USSR, and with the help of new means, the experience of using which is only being formed.
The processes of globalization and regional specialization have a multidirectional effect on the concentration of production activities. However, the importance of the geographical component in the implementation of measures to improve the competitiveness of territories not only does not decrease, but is increasingly perceived as a resource whose potential is not fully used in the specific conditions and scales of Russia.
An important element in increasing regional competitiveness in the framework of territorial development management is the rejection of the use of exclusively sectoral measures to stimulate regional development in favor of the development of a cluster approach and the formation of regional growth points, the cores of which can be territories with special economic regimes. When restructuring the forms of interaction between the subjects of the regional economy, the use by the subjects of the Russian Federation in order to increase their own competitiveness of the cluster approach, the internal connectivity of the territory, the efficiency and completeness of the use of local resources increase.
Thus, the key factor in the sustainable economic growth of the Russian Federation is the increase in the competitiveness of the regions on the basis of their balanced socio-economic development. Economically developed competitive regions determine the competitiveness of the state.
The concept of "competitiveness". The essence of competitiveness lies in the ability to get ahead of others, using your advantages and your potential to achieve your goals.
One approach to this concept is to highlight the concept of competitive advantage. Thus, competitiveness can be understood as the possession of properties that create advantages for an economic entity to win in economic competition 1 . Then competitiveness of the region - it is the productivity of the use of regional resources and, mainly, labor and capital, which creates advantages over other regions and is integrated in the size and dynamics of GRP per capita, and is also expressed by a number of other indicators.
The competitive positions of the regions are an important condition for the sustainable development of the state as a whole.
I. Medushushskaya considers the competitiveness of the region as the ability of the authorities in the regions to create conditions for the rational use of the economic potential of the territory to meet the growing needs of society.
Among the available approaches to the definition of competitiveness, the most complete one can be considered adopted in the OECD:
Competitiveness of a country (region) is the ability of a country (region) to produce goods and services within free and fair market conditions that meet the requirements of the international market, while at the same time increasing the real incomes of its citizens.
Competitiveness at the national level is based on superior labor productivity and the ability of the economy to shift its focus to high-productivity activities, which in turn increase the real incomes of the population. Competitiveness is associated with higher standards of living, greater employment opportunities, and a nation's ability to fulfill its international obligations.
In modern conditions, there is a process of regional economic integration associated with an increase in the overall competitiveness of the economies of countries or regions of the world and the achievement of certain target indicators of the competitiveness of individual industries or areas of activity. As a result of regional integration between individual countries and regions, favorable conditions are formed for trade and the movement of factors of production, affecting the increase in the overall level of competitiveness of their economies.
In the context of increasing regionalization and micro-regionalization, the issues of competition, development and implementation of competitiveness policies are increasingly shifting to the regional and local levels.
- Gelvapovsky M. Ya., Zhukovskaya V. M.> Trofimova Ya. A. Competitiveness in micro-, meso-, macro-level measurement // Russian Economic Journal. 1998. No. 3.
- Medushushskaya Ya. E. On the issue of economic security and competitiveness: a regional aspect // Economics. 2001. No. 6.
COMPETITIVENESS OF THE REGION: METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF RESEARCH
UDC 332.146.2 + 339.1 37.22
Modern trends in the formation of macroeconomic systems naturally bring to the fore the problems of the development of the regional economy and the mechanisms of regional competition as a factor in the economic growth of the national economy and the socio-economic development of the regions themselves. Theoretical, methodological and applied aspects of this problem began to be actively discussed by researchers and developers of the economic policy of the regions. At the same time, it was legitimate to pay special attention to research in the field of regional competitiveness. However, due to the multidimensionality, diversity and novelty of research in this area, many unresolved issues remain that impede the development of theory and hinder the growth of the effectiveness of managing the competitiveness of regions in the Russian Federation in practice. In particular, there is no unified approach to the definition of the essence of the concept of the region's competitiveness, which is accepted by the scientific community, and therefore there is a need to develop such an approach. The importance of this task is determined by the fact that the incorrect interpretation of the basic concept of the region's competitiveness can lead to the substitution of the content of the concept and "lead aside" the researcher. There are errors in the choice of research methods. Thus, there are methodological errors that emasculate the essence of research. This can lead to erroneous conclusions and result in useless, detrimental or erroneous recommendations. In this case, there is often actually a departure from the designated scientific direction. Therefore, it becomes impossible to obtain the necessary results of the study of the competitiveness of the region, aimed at the practical application and development of effective measures, as well as the adoption of effective management decisions in the development and implementation of regional socio-economic policy and the formation of competitive advantages of the region.
E.A. NEZHYVENKO
Interpretations of the concept of competitiveness of the region are contained in the works of A. V. Ermi-shina, V. I. Vidyapin and M. V. Stepanov, A. Z. Seleznev, K. N. Yusupov, A. S. Shekhovtseva, R. G Mannapov, L. N. Chainikova, V. V. Merkushov, V. M. Ryabtsev, L. I. Ushvitsky and V. N. Parakhina, V. P. Shorokhov and D. N. Kolkin, A. V. Lemdyaeva and others.
The analysis of these interpretations must be carried out from the standpoint of their correspondence to reality, correctness and completeness of the display of essential features. Compliance with this requirement is possible subject to the rules adopted by formal logic and formulated as follows:
1) the concept is defined through the nearest genus and specific difference;
2) the definition must be proportionate, that is, the scope of the concept being defined and the concept through which the desired concept is defined must coincide, be the same (a violation of the rule is too narrow or too broad a definition);
3) a specific difference should be a feature or a group of features that are unique to this concept and absent in other concepts belonging to the same genus;
4) the definition should not contain a circle, that is, the concept being defined should not be defined by means of such a concept, which itself becomes clear only through the concept being defined;
5) the definition should not be only negative; it must contain a listing in the affirmative form of the essential features of the subject;
6) the definition should not be logically inconsistent;
7) the definition should be clear, precise, that is, it should not contain ambiguities.
Consideration of the definitions of the concept of regional competitiveness available in the scientific literature from the standpoint of the principles and rules described above made it possible to analyze them and draw the following conclusions.
The definition of the competitiveness of the region "as the presence and implementation of the competitive potential of the region, that is, the possibility of the region's participation in competitive relations" is not formulated through the closest genus and specific difference. The perceived relationship between competitiveness and the potential of the region is legitimate and important for an objective characterization of the competitiveness of the region. However, the presence and realization of this potential, as well as the possibility of participating in competitive relations, does not mean the actual ability to compete for certain positions in the market.
The competitiveness of the region, understood as “the position of the region and its individual producers in the domestic and foreign markets due to economic, social, political and other factors”, reflects the result of competition and indicates the reasons for this result. However, this does not reveal the actual content of the concept of the region's competitiveness through the signs that are characteristic only of this concept and are absent in other concepts.
“The ability of the region to preserve and attract resources limited in the economy to retain and, ultimately, increase its share in the domestic and foreign markets for goods and services”, interpreted as “regional competitiveness”, also does not accurately reveal the content of this concept. The formation and use of resources is a characteristic of the sources and conditions of regional reproduction, and not the ability to win market or other positions in the fight against competitors. At the same time, a direct indication of the ratio of the market shares of regions as a result of competition is positive here.
It is impossible to fully agree with the following definition: “the competitiveness of a region is the productivity (productivity) of the use of regional resources, and primarily labor and capital, in comparison with other regions, which results in the value of the gross regional product per capita , as well as in its dynamics". The connection between competitiveness and productivity is indisputable. This is a causal relationship. Productivity is one of the most important factors in ensuring competitiveness. However, firstly, identification
concepts reflecting cause and effect is inappropriate. Secondly, competitiveness, as a characteristic of the ability to compete, and productivity (productivity), as a characteristic of the effectiveness of the use of resources, have different content, different economic meaning. The indication of the obligatory nature of comparisons in the study of competitiveness is a positive moment, since any competitiveness, which is also characteristic of the competitiveness of regions, provides for the presence of comparative characteristics.
Such an indication is also contained in the following definition: “the competitiveness of a region is a complex organizational and economic category that reflects its readiness and ability to respond to the challenges of the external environment (national and global) based on the specific socio-economic potential formed, innovations and knowledge, available and newly created advantages that quickly adapt to the changing market and social conditions of social progress and ultimately make it possible to ensure a higher quality of life for their population compared to other regions, both in the current period and in the future. Positive here is also an indication of the relationship between competitiveness and competitive advantages. However, this rather overloaded definition does not reflect the essence of the generic concept of competitiveness in relation to the competitiveness of the region, which reflects the ability to compete and the desire to win leading positions. Without such characteristics, this definition can be interpreted as a characteristic, for example, of a region's adaptability to changing conditions or resistance to ongoing changes, rather than competitiveness.
The definition of the competitiveness of the region as its "ability to ensure the production of competitive goods and services in the conditions of effective use of existing factors of production (economic potential), the use of existing and creation of new competitive advantages, maintaining (improving) the standard of living while observing international environmental standards" contains a "circle" , since the competitiveness of the region is explained through the competitiveness of the product. Without
disclosure of the content of the generic and specific concepts of competitiveness, such a definition cannot be considered correct. In addition, it should be noted that the competitiveness of the region, no doubt, ceteris paribus increases with the effective use of economic potential. However, this condition is neither the only nor the exclusive one. Its introduction into the definition does not contribute to the disclosure of the essence of the concept being defined, but only indicates one of the factors of competitiveness. Valuable in this definition is the connection established by the author of competitiveness with real and potential competitive advantages, which are the entrance to the system of competitiveness.
Important and essential for establishing the essence of the concept of competitiveness of the region, an indication of the relationship between competitiveness and competitive advantages, as well as the relationship with competitors, is contained in the following definition: “The competitiveness of a region is the ability to provide a high level and quality of life for its population that meets national and international standards, based on an innovative approach to the use of new resource potential that is available for the formation and development at a faster pace than competitors, adequate to the modern economy and its effective implementation using modern market mechanisms to create sustainable long-term competitive advantages in all areas of activity” . However, such a definition, firstly, as well as the previous one, does not reflect the actual essence of competitiveness, determined by the nature of competitiveness, rivalry. Secondly, in our opinion, it is overloaded with a description of particular characteristics of factors that affect competitiveness and are not related to the description of the content of the concept being disclosed. Thirdly, the author relies on really significant guidelines in the formation of goals and methods for ensuring competitiveness, such as the creation of a new resource potential, the activation of modern market mechanisms for creating sustainable and long-term competitive advantages. But at the same time, other factors and ways of ensuring the competitiveness of the region, its competitive advantages, which are not related to increasing the resource base, remain beyond consideration. Not provided
and the existence of short-term benefits that can have a tangible impact on the level and dynamics of competitiveness.
The author interprets the region's competitiveness as its ability to "act on the market on an equal footing with competing entities". At the same time, it is not entirely clear what the author invests in the concept of equality in the market and what he refers to as competing entities.
In our opinion, most attempts to determine the competitiveness of a region are currently reduced to an artificial, mechanistic "adaptation" of the term "competitiveness" to regional economic relations within the country without prior understanding of the nature of origin and the specific subject of regional competition. At the same time, unusual features can be attributed to the competitiveness of the region. For example, attempts are being made to determine the competitiveness of a region similarly to the competitiveness of a country, that is, the competitiveness of an economic entity with a greater degree of isolation, determined by interstate relations. A region within the country cannot be viewed from such positions, as this will lead to increased regional separatism and create a danger to ensuring the integrity of the national economy. Competition between regions within a country has significant differences from competition between countries, both in content and in form. Without determining the specifics of competition between regions of the country and identifying its differences from competition between countries, interpretations based on such “copying” will be incorrect.
In some cases, the concept of the competitiveness of a region is simply declared, but in fact it is adapted to studies that are not related to the problems of competitiveness proper. Studies that provide such interpretations may be significant for solving other economic problems. In fact, most of these studies are connected, one way or another, with the production of competitive goods by enterprises located in the region. It is necessary to consider the competitiveness of such enterprises as the most important factor in the competitiveness of the region. Conversely, the competitiveness of a region may determine the competitiveness
enterprises located on its territory. But any confusion of the concepts of competitiveness of an enterprise, product and region is unacceptable, as it leads to methodological errors. For example, the paper provides the following definition: “Regional competitiveness is the ability of a territory to produce products and provide services that meet the requirements of foreign markets, and at the same time maintain a high and stable level of income of its population. In a broad sense, regional competitiveness is the ability of regions in the conditions of international competition to provide relatively high incomes and employment levels, that is, in order for a region to be competitive, it is important to ensure the quantity and quality of jobs. In the first part of the definition, in essence, we are talking about economic entities located on the territory of the region, and not about the territory itself and the region as an economic entity with properties that are different from the properties of the enterprise. At the same time, very important specific features of the regional economic system and its competitive advantages that determine competitiveness appear in the second part of the definition. These features must be taken into account when constructing the concept of "competitiveness of the region".
In order to avoid opportunistic or inappropriate use of the term "competitiveness", which distorts its essence in relation to regional studies, it is necessary to form scientific approaches to constructing the concept of "regional competitiveness".
Such approaches should be aimed at clarifying the essential content of a given concept and resolving the methodological problem of delimiting concepts. These approaches should be based on clarifying the etymology of the terms "competitiveness" and "region"; identifying their true meaning and essential features to prevent the emasculation of the true content; correct linking of the constituent elements of the concept of "competitiveness of the region" and its formulation, taking into account the rules for constructing concepts established by formal logic and given at the beginning of this article.
Turning to linguistics, comparative historical linguistics allows us to identify the original and true
the meaning of the word "competitiveness", which is ignored by many economists. The origin of this word is connected with the term "competition" (lat. concurrentia, from lat. concurro - running, colliding). Synonyms of competition are rivalry (in something, in any field), struggle (for the best results), confrontation, competition, competition. The opposite of competition is partnership. Accordingly, competitiveness can be defined as the ability to compete, struggle to achieve better results in any area of conflict of interest compared to the opposing party, the ability to compete for greater benefits, better living conditions. The disclosure of the content of the term "competitiveness" is also a characteristic of an opportunity or property that allows one subject to carry out an action that excludes or limits the possibilities of another subject.
As for economic entities, their competitiveness, in our opinion, should be considered in the following aspects:
Economic interests and their collision as a source of the problem of ensuring competitiveness;
Spheres and forms of competition and struggle for the satisfaction of interests, determining the directions and methods of ensuring competitiveness;
Formation of competitive advantages as backbone elements of competitiveness;
The relationship and mutual influence of competitiveness and the efficiency of the functioning of the socio-economic system.
As for identifying the essence of the concept of "region" (from Latin regio - "country", "region"), it should be noted that in the most general form, it is understood as a territory that differs in sufficiently characteristic features that make it possible to distinguish it from other territories, and possessing integrity and interconnection of its constituent elements. Modern interpretations of the concept of a region used in economic research are numerous, which is justified and is explained by the multidimensionality of the problem of territorial management. Therefore, in each specific case, it is legitimate to determine that specific content of the concept of "region", which in the greatest
degree corresponds to the objectives of the study of territories.
Most modern economic regional studies in Russia position the region as a subject of the Russian Federation. The system of state statistical observation, which makes it possible to carry out statistical comparisons, proceeds from the same positions. This gives reason to consider it acceptable in the present conditions to study the competitiveness of regions, primarily as a study of the competitiveness of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and it is also possible for their municipal districts and urban districts. Such scientific works are in demand by the time and are significant in the modern conditions of the functioning of the administrative units of the federation. In other cases, special studies require clarification of definitions. At the same time, appropriate clarifications can be made in the definition of the competitiveness of the region in relation to a special class of objects.
The reliance on the approaches described above and the positive elements of the interpretations of the region's competitiveness developed by various authors made it possible to approach the formulation of this concept in a new way. The competitiveness of a region should be defined, in our opinion, as the ability of a region to compete with other regions in solving identical problems determined by the desire to possess
the same resources, benefits, to occupy a position in the national and (or) world market in the struggle for the highest level of socio-economic development compared to other regions.
Other characteristics, properties and factors of competitiveness are not directly related to the definition of the content of this concept. Including their description in the definition is inappropriate. At the same time, the study of such characteristics, properties and factors of competitiveness, built on this interpretation, allows you to choose the right direction for the development of diagnostic tools and methodological foundations for managing competitiveness, and therefore should contribute to solving the problem of ensuring the competitiveness of the region. The introduction of a refined concept of the region's competitiveness in economic science and business practice will allow more accurate definition of criteria and identify requirements for ensuring competitiveness; to analyze the factors influencing the competitiveness of the region; to diagnose the state of competitiveness of the region and measure its level; evaluate the relevant competitive advantages and reliably determine its position relative to competitors and, on this basis, make more informed decisions on managing the competitiveness of the region.
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Novoselova Irina Alekseevna
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor
Murom Institute (branch) of Vladimir State University
[email protected]
annotation The article shows that the absolute competitiveness of the region's economy should be understood as a set of its physiographic and socio-economic characteristics that create conditions for the formation of economic structures and settlement structures on its territory. The relative competitiveness of the region's economy is determined in a ranked series of all regions of the same level of the country's administrative-territorial hierarchy. competitiveness, region, integral assessment Novoselova Irina Alekseevna Integral assessment of the competitiveness of the regional economy// Regional Economics and Management: electronic scientific journal. ISSN 1999-2645
Novoselova Irina Alekseevna
PhD, Associate Professor
Murom Institute (branch) Vladimir State University
[email protected]
Abstract In article it is shown that under absolute konkurentospo-sobnostju region economy it is necessary to understand the set of fiziko-geographical and its social and economic characteristics which create conditions for formation in its territory of economic structures and moving structures. Relative competitiveness of economy of region is defined in number of all regions of the same level of administrative-territorial hierarchy of the country. competitiveness, region, an integrated estimation Novoselova Irina Alekseevna Integral assessment of the competitiveness of regional economies. Regional economy and management: electronic scientific journal. . Art. #1603. Date issued: 2008-12-25. Available at: https://website/article/1603/
Modern regional socio-economic development is taking place in the context of increasing competition between regions for creating favorable conditions for doing business and improving the quality of life of the population. One of the important problems of modern Russia is a significant differentiation in the pace of economic development of Russian regions. Market conditions have also changed the understanding of the regional policy pursued by the federal center and the regions themselves.
The ultimate goal of any economic system is to increase the level and quality of life of the population. In this regard, the importance of not only economic and social factors, but also the competitive aspects of the regions increases. In conditions of unstable economic development, which is complicated by the consequences of the global financial crisis, it is competitiveness that becomes the decisive factor that is able to ensure the innovative development of Russia as a whole and the strategic development of the regions.
The assessment of the competitiveness of the region is an important starting point for the regional authorities, who are called upon to provide support and increase the competitive advantages of their territory. Strengthening competition between territories is becoming increasingly important, becoming the guiding principle that determines the future territorial system in Russia, Europe and the world.
In this regard, it is important not only to identify the factors that affect the level of competitiveness of the regional economy, but also to determine the possibilities of using mechanisms that affect these factors in order to increase the competitiveness of the regional economy.
The competitiveness of the region is the position of the region and its individual producers in the domestic and foreign markets due to economic, social, political and other factors, reflected through indicators (indicators) that adequately characterize this state and its dynamics.
The basic approach to assessing the competitiveness of a region can be formulated on the basis of the concept of the country's competitiveness proposed by M. Porter. It includes two aspects of competitiveness assessment: factor and result. A factorial assessment of competitiveness can be built on the basis of the determinants of the regional rhombus. The competitiveness of the region is the productivity (productivity) of the use of regional resources, and primarily labor and capital, in comparison with other regions, which is integrated in the value and dynamics of the gross regional product (GRP) per capita (and / or one worker), and also expressed by other indicators. Due to its great complexity, it can be assessed by a system of indicators and indicators.
To assess the factors of formation of the competitive ability of the region as a whole and the possibility of the influence of regional authorities on its components, it is advisable to use the “national rhombus” model proposed by M. Porter. The role of the region in creating the competitive advantages of firms can be studied in four interrelated areas (determinants) that form the "regional rhombus": parameters of factors (natural resources, qualified personnel, capital, infrastructure, etc.); conditions of demand (level of income, elasticity of demand, exactingness of buyers to the quality of goods and services, etc.); related and supporting industries (provide the company with the necessary resources, components, information, banking, insurance and other services); firms' strategies, their structure and rivalry (create a competitive environment and develop competitive advantages). In turn, each of the determinants is analyzed in terms of components, the degree of their impact on the competitive advantage of the region, as well as the need for their development.
According to the concept of M. Porter, the development of competitiveness (as well as the country as a whole) occurs in the following four stages: competition based on factors of production; investment-based competition; competition based on innovation; competition based on wealth. The first three stages provide economic growth, the last stage - stagnation and recession. The competitive advantage of the region is provided by:
- at the first stage - thanks to the factors of production: natural resources, favorable conditions for the production of goods, skilled labor (provided by one determinant);
- at the second stage - on the basis of aggressive investment (mainly national firms) in education, technology, licenses (provided by three determinants);
- at the third stage - through the creation of new types of products, production processes, organizational decisions and other innovations through the action of all the components of the "rhombus";
- at the fourth stage - at the expense of already created wealth and relies on all the determinants that are not fully used.
In general, two main approaches can be used to analyze the competitiveness of the regional economy. The first approach is that the competitiveness of the regional economy is considered as the provision by the regions of various conditions for the placement of economic entities on their territory (such competitiveness of the regions can be defined as a "struggle for the producer"). The competitiveness of regions of the same level of the administrative-territorial hierarchy, when compared with each other, means that they compete in providing the basic conditions for organizing economic activity. Focusing on these conditions, which are objective (natural resources) or subjective (institutional factors) in nature, business entities, other things being equal, choose a region with the most favorable combination of them. The second approach to determining the competitiveness of the regional economy is that the regions provide various conditions for living and socio-economic activities on their territory to the population (conditionally, this type of competitiveness can be defined as “struggle for a resident”). Obviously, other things being equal, when choosing the region of their residence, the population will evaluate such a combination of climatic, economic (labor activity) and social indicators that make their stay at the place of permanent residence the most comfortable. Economic and social conditions are characterized by several indicators: the absolute and relative wages; the amount of social transfers for disabled citizens; the level of development of social infrastructure. Thus, the absolute competitiveness of the region's economy should be understood as a set of its physiographic and socio-economic characteristics that create conditions for the formation of economic and settlement structures on its territory. The relative competitiveness of the region's economy is determined in a ranked series of all regions of the same level of the country's administrative-territorial hierarchy.
An integral assessment of the competitiveness of regions was carried out on the example of the Central Federal District. For an integral assessment of the competitiveness of the regional economy in terms of industrial development, natural and cost indicators were used. In-kind indicators characterize the participation of regions in the territorial division of labor, which is quite natural to evaluate by the share of products produced in the region. As an example, calculations were made for the types of products of the main industries, the output of which reflects the competitive capabilities of the regions of the Central Federal District in the corresponding commodity markets.
All positions of industrial production were divided, regardless of their industry affiliation, into several groups:
- electricity and raw materials: electricity, oil, natural gas, steel (Table 1)
- semi-finished products and components: tires, paper, cement, building bricks (Table 2)
- consumer goods, excluding household appliances fabrics, knitwear, shoes (Table 3)
- production of tools and finished metal products for three types of products - production of finished rolled ferrous metals, production of metal-cutting machine tools, production of cars (Table 4)
- food products: bakery products, alcoholic beverages, meat (Table 5)
The transformation of the analyzed indicators was carried out using the rating method. The regions were ranked according to the value of the indicators, with the best value of the indicator corresponding to the highest rating. Thus, each region of the Central Federal District occupies a certain "place" for each of the indicators.
For each of the groups of industrial products for each region, average indicators were calculated that characterize the dynamics of production in 2007. The results obtained were generalized in terms of the level of competitiveness of the regional economy. Based on this, the average place occupied by each of the CFD regions in terms of changes in competitiveness in the production of industrial products of each of the selected groups was calculated.
The leading positions in the production of electricity and raw materials are occupied by the Lipetsk region (2,262,334 thousand rubles), the capital regions (total value of 1,863,651 thousand rubles) and the Belgorod region (1,054,917 thousand rubles). The lowest production volumes in this category were noted in the Bryansk region (95,988 thousand rubles), Orel (120,791 thousand rubles) and Kaluga regions (125,240 thousand rubles).
Table 1 - Change in the production of electricity and raw materials
|
Name of regions |
Average |
Place |
| Belgorod region | ||
| Bryansk region | ||
| Vladimir region | ||
| Voronezh region | ||
| Ivanovo region | ||
| Kaluga region | ||
| Kostroma region | ||
| Kursk region | ||
| Lipetsk region | ||
| Moscow region | ||
| Oryol Region | ||
| Ryazan Oblast | ||
| Smolensk region | ||
| Tambov Region | ||
| Tver region | ||
| Tula region | ||
| Yaroslavl region | ||
| Moscow city |
An analysis of changes in the production of semi-finished products and components in the Central Federal District identified the three leading regions, including the Kursk region, Moscow and the Ryazan region. The lowest indicators were noted in the Vladimir and Kostroma regions.
Table 2 - Change in the production of semi-finished products and components
| Name of regions |
Average |
Place |
| Belgorod region | ||
| Bryansk region | ||
| Vladimir region | ||
| Voronezh region | ||
| Ivanovo region | ||
| Kaluga region | ||
| Kostroma region | ||
| Kursk region | ||
| Lipetsk region | ||
| Moscow region | ||
| Oryol Region | ||
| Ryazan Oblast | ||
| Smolensk region | ||
| Tambov Region | ||
| Tver region | ||
| Tula region | ||
| Yaroslavl region | ||
| Moscow city |
The best indicators of the production of consumer goods characterize the industrial production of the Kursk (916,233 thousand rubles) and Smolensk (222,218 thousand rubles) regions. In terms of the production of this category of goods, the last place is occupied by the Kostroma region.
Table 3 - Change in the production of consumer goods
| Name of regions |
Average |
Place in terms of production dynamics |
| Belgorod region | ||
| Bryansk region | ||
| Vladimir region | ||
| Voronezh region | ||
| Ivanovo region | ||
| Kaluga region | ||
| Kostroma region | ||
| Kursk region | ||
| Lipetsk region | ||
| Moscow region | ||
| Oryol region | ||
| Ryazan region | ||
| Smolensk region | ||
| Tambov region | ||
| Tver region | ||
| Tula region | ||
| Yaroslavl region | ||
| Moscow city |
Table 4 - Production of tools and finished metal products
| Name of regions |
Average output of labor tools |
Place by |
| Belgorod region | ||
| Bryansk region | ||
| Vladimir region | ||
| Voronezh region | ||
| Ivanovo region | ||
| Kaluga region | ||
| Kostroma region | ||
| Kursk region | ||
| Lipetsk region | ||
| Moscow region | ||
| Oryol region | ||
| Ryazan region | ||
| Smolensk region | ||
| Tambov region | ||
| Tver region | ||
| Tula region | ||
| Yaroslavl region | ||
| Moscow city |
In the production of labor tools and finished metal products, the capital region is the undisputed leader. The regions with the lowest production of products of this category include the Kaluga, Kursk and Oryol regions, where the level of production was less than one.
Table 5 - Changes in the output of food industry products
|
Name of regions |
Average |
Place by |
| Belgorod region | ||
| Bryansk region | ||
| Vladimir region | ||
| Voronezh region | ||
| Ivanovo region | ||
| Kaluga region | ||
| Kostroma region | ||
| Kursk region | ||
| Lipetsk region | ||
| Moscow region | ||
| Oryol region | ||
| Ryazan region | ||
| Smolensk region | ||
| Tambov region | ||
| Tver region | ||
| Tula region | ||
| Yaroslavl region | ||
| Moscow city |
The main leader in the production of food industry products, consumer goods and semi-finished products and components is the Kursk region (2651119.3 thousand rubles, 916233.3 thousand rubles and 1362472 thousand rubles, respectively), an outsider in the production of food industry products is Belgorod region (5798.3 thousand rubles).
In general, among the regions of the Central Federal District, differentiation can be noted in terms of the level of industrial production. Among the industrialized regions, one can note the Lipetsk and Kursk regions, as well as the city of Moscow.
The analysis of the competitiveness of the regional economy is conditional and is limited to the local field of competitiveness - industry, as well as certain types of products manufactured at industrial enterprises.
However, for a comprehensive assessment of the level of competitiveness of the regional economy, it is necessary to use one of the main indicators of regional development, the gross regional product (GRP). Its value is the sum of the newly created values of the sectors of the region's economy, i.e. difference between output and intermediate consumption. It is suitable for determining the current state and changing the level of competitiveness of the region, since it takes into account the impact on it of both available for accounting and latent factors.
Table 7 - Integral competitiveness
| Name of regions |
Sum |
Average |
Normalized place |
| Belgorod region | |||
| Bryansk region | |||
| Vladimir region | |||
| Voronezh region | |||
| Ivanovo region | |||
| Kaluga region | |||
| Kostroma region | |||
| Kursk region | |||
| Lipetsk region | |||
| Moscow region | |||
| Oryol region | |||
| Ryazan region | |||
| Smolensk region | |||
| Tambov region | |||
| Tver region | |||
| Tula region | |||
| Yaroslavl region | |||
| Moscow city |
The most competitive in the Central Federal District were the economies of the regions specializing in the production of cars, building materials and food industry products (for example, Moscow, Kursk and Lipetsk regions). The effective development of manufacturing sectors characterizes positively the business environment of the region and the entrepreneurial climate. This conclusion is indirectly confirmed by the results of the Expert RA rating agency. According to the results of the rating for the period 2007-2008. For the first time, the Lipetsk Region has become a leader in terms of investment climate, not only overtaking the capital regions, but also becoming a region with minimal investment risk.
Table 8 - GRP per capita (2006)
Continuation of the table.
| Group regions |
Composition of the group of regions |
Average |
| Vladimirskaya (76328.1) | ||
| Kaluga (83817.4) | ||
| Kursk (85349.7) | ||
| Ryazan (87651.4) | ||
| Smolenskaya (79254.3) | ||
| Tverskaya (89784.4) | ||
| Bryansk (61888.3) |
66817,18 (0,357) |
|
| Voronezh (70849.4) | ||
| Ivanovskaya (47949.8) | ||
| Kostroma (75154.4) | ||
| Orlovskaya (75221.7) | ||
| Tambov (69839.5) |
- Calculated by: Russian statistical yearbook. 2006: Stat. Sat/Rosstat. - M., 2006. - 806 p.
To ensure the comparability of regional data, it is advisable to use relative GRP indicators. For this purpose, an approach was used according to which conclusions about the level of competitiveness of the economy of the regions of the Central Federal District and trends in its change were made on the basis of absolute indicators of GRP per capita and their dynamics in 2000–2006.
The Central Federal District retains high interregional differences in the level of competitiveness of its regions. The gap between the highest and lowest values of GRP per capita (respectively, in the Moscow and Oryol regions was 1.77 times, and between the first and third groups 1.06).
When assessing the level of competitiveness of the regional economy in terms of GRP per capita, it turned out that the least competitive are economically underdeveloped regions: Ivanovo, Bryansk and Tambov regions. Oryol and Ivanovo regions are among the least competitive in terms of GRP per capita.
To determine the relationship between the basic competitiveness of the region's economy and its change, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used, which was calculated by the formula:
where, d- the difference between the places occupied in the ranked rows by objects according to the compared indicators;
n– number of compared indicators.
The value of the calculated coefficient makes it possible to determine the trends in the industrial development of the regions. A positive value of the coefficient indicates the persistence of the regional gap, and a negative value of the indicator indicates a decrease in differences.
Thus, the calculated coefficient for the Central Federal District (0.827) clearly indicates the persistence and deepening of the inter-regional gap in terms of the level of competitiveness of the industrial production of the regions. However, the gap between the regions in terms of the level of competitiveness of their economies has not only not been smoothed out, but is further deepening.
An integral assessment of the level of competitiveness of the economy of the regions of the Central Federal District made it possible to study the relationship of basic competitiveness in the time period and determine the degree of interregional gap in the level of competitiveness of the regional economy.
The region as an organizational system must effectively fulfill its target functions to ensure a sustainable growth policy aimed at improving the quality of life of the population. In modern conditions, this task can be characterized as increasing the competitiveness of regions.
Table 9 - Change in GRP per capita (2000-2006)
|
Group |
Group members |
Average GRP ratio |
| Belgorod (4,278) | ||
| Lipetsk (4,083) | ||
| Moscow (5,298) | ||
| Tula (3,710) | ||
| Yaroslavskaya (3,962) | ||
| Moscow (4,265) | ||
| Vladimirskaya (3,622) | ||
| Kaluga (3,735) | ||
| Kursk (3,604) | ||
| Ryazan (3,971) | ||
| Smolenskaya (3,072) | ||
| Tverskaya (3,891) | ||
| Bryansk (3,554) | ||
| Voronezh (3,478) | ||
| Ivanovskaya (3,367) | ||
| Kostroma (3,418) | ||
| Orlovskaya (2,988) | ||
| Tambov (3,650) |
Today, the problems of the development of the regional economy and the competitiveness of the regions should become one of the most important development priorities. Thus, an understanding of the problem of the competitiveness of regions and the peculiarities of regional economic development should be fully taken into account in the formation of regional policy.
The transition of the Russian economy from the export of raw materials to the innovative socially oriented type of development will expand the competitive potential of the Russian economy by increasing its comparative advantages, using new sources of economic growth and welfare.
Bibliographic list:
Seleznev A.Z. Competitive positions and infrastructure of the Russian market. - M .: Lawyer, 1999., p. thirty.
Porter M. International competition. - M .: International relations, 1993. p. 206
Russian statistical yearbook. 2006: Stat. Sat / Rosstat. - M., 2006. - 806 p.
Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators - 2007
Introduction 3
1. Theoretical foundations for increasing the competitiveness of the region 5
1.1. The essence and content of the competitiveness of the region 5
1.2. Factors of formation of competitiveness of the region 13
1.3. Theoretical and methodological foundations of management
competitiveness of the region 23
Conclusion 31
References 33
INTRODUCTION
The acquisition of economic independence by the regions of the Russian Federation necessitated a reassessment of their position and functions in the economic space, led to the desire of each subject for self-assertion, for the choice of an economic structure capable of ensuring its reliable position in the market space of the Federation. During this period, the competition between enterprises, industries, regions, and countries intensified.
The subject of competition between the regions are state programs and projects related to the placement of investments and the territorial organization of the economy, as well as the solution of social problems. In the market space of the country, the interests of all subjects of the Federation collide, and only the region with stronger competitive positions receives advantages.
Scientific understanding of the problem of competitiveness of regions, begun in recent years, is carried out in domestic economic science in the context of complex transformational processes. So far, the methodology for studying the competitiveness of the region, its conceptual apparatus, the conditions for the formation of the competitiveness of the region and other problems associated with this economic phenomenon are far from complete. In this regard, an important urgent task is a comprehensive study of the content of the concept of the competitiveness of the region and the definition of the mechanism and directions for increasing the competitiveness of the region. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that it is necessary to develop the concept of the competitiveness of regions in the new conditions of socio-economic life, changes in the economic institutions of the regions, factors influencing this formation, directions for the formation of the competitiveness of regions. This relevance is complemented by the practical significance of the formation of competitiveness for the development of regions and the country as a whole.
For the formation of a competitive economy of the regions, it is necessary to identify the factors that form this competitiveness. The problems faced by the domestic economy during the crisis period require understanding not only the new socio-economic situation of the regions, but also their interaction in the form of competitive relations.
Theoretically and methodologically, the development of the formation of the competitiveness of the region in recent years has been the subject of study by many scientists. This problem is investigated on the basis of the study of competition as a special form of relations, as a specific practical characteristic of economic life.
The aim of the work is to study the competitiveness of the region and the mechanism for its improvement.
The purpose of the study determined the tasks that were set and solved in the course of the study:
Explore the essence and content of the region's competitiveness;
Consider the factors of formation of the competitiveness of the region;
To identify the theoretical and methodological foundations for managing the competitiveness of the region.
The subject of the research is managerial relations in the process of forming the region's competitiveness.
The object of the study is the socio-economic system of regions, within which the problem of forming their competitiveness is being developed.
When developing the main provisions of the work, methods of structural, functional, comparative analysis, and synthesis were applied.
The information base of the study was the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the problems of the competitiveness of the regional economy, materials of the periodical press.
1. THEORETICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE CONTENT FOR FORMING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE REGION
1.1. The concept of regional competitiveness
The concept of "competitiveness", born of the phenomenon of competition, has been studied by economists since the middle of the 18th century. At the same time, in modern economic science there is still no single generally accepted interpretation of the content of the category "competitiveness", there is no single generally accepted approach to the methods of its assessment and formation.
Traditionally, in studies of recent decades, competitiveness is considered in relation to goods, enterprises, firms, corporations, i.e. business entities and countries. At the same time, some authors interpret these concepts as identical, others reduce the concept of enterprise competitiveness to the concept of product competitiveness, others correlate the concepts of “product competitiveness”, “enterprise competitiveness” and “country competitiveness” systematically, including all the previous ones in the last category. However, an important element of the systemic competitiveness of the state is the competitiveness of the region, which, nevertheless, is not considered as such in the above and many other works. Our point of view on the correlation of the concepts of competitiveness at different levels of the economic system is as follows: the competitiveness of the products of national enterprises, ultimately, indicates the competitiveness, firstly, of these enterprises, the cluster or industry they are part of, and secondly, the region where these enterprises are located, and, finally, thirdly, the country as a whole. Since the competition of enterprises in the market takes on the nature of the competition of their products, organizations are indirect carriers of the properties of competitiveness through their products and services.
The described ratio of the competitiveness of the country, region, industry, cluster, enterprise and product has the structure shown in Figure 1.
Rice. 1 - Correlation between the concepts of competitiveness of a country, region, industry, cluster, enterprise and product
In the system of concepts of the competitiveness of the region, we propose a distinction between general, economic and strategic competitiveness.
The overall competitiveness of the region is characterized by the presence of resource potential, as well as a combination of a wide variety of conditions for territorial development, the implementation of which ensures the region's leading position in world exchanges and a high quality of life for people in this territory.
The economic competitiveness of the region is its ability to effectively use the resources of economic development available in the region and produce goods (services) that meet the highest requirements of the demand of the national and international markets, create conditions for ensuring sustainable growth of the competitiveness potential of business entities through system innovations, effective reproduction and capitalization of regional resources, and ensure a relatively high standard of living for the population.
Strategic competitiveness of the region – the goal of achieving the overall competitiveness of the region in a strategic perspective by implementing all available factors of regional development and effective adaptation of the region to constant changes in the external environment.
The strategic competitiveness of the regional economy is understood as a system of its highest properties in the foreseeable future, ensuring the leading position of the region in world exchanges and creating conditions for achieving high income for the owners of all types of capital in this territory. These systemic qualities are achieved on the basis of sustainable economic development of the region.
The economic competitiveness of a region is a leading, but not the only, factor in its overall competitiveness. It is multivariate, so a competitive region must have either a diversified innovative economy with a predominant importance of the post-industrial sector, or a unique one-sector production, subject to significant exports and real participation of the region's population in the distribution of income.
Recently, despite the globalization of industries, the role of the country and the region where the company is based has increased. The importance of local conditions for creating competitive business advantages is studied in M. Porter's theory of international competition. The competitiveness of the region, according to M. Porter, is the productivity (productivity) of the use of regional resources, and primarily labor and capital, in comparison with other regions, which is integrated in the size and dynamics of the gross regional product (GRP) per capita (and /or one employee) and is also expressed by other indicators .
European expert D. Sepik notes that it is much more difficult to determine competitiveness at the regional level than at the enterprise level. First, because competitiveness at the regional level is usually viewed as a macro concept, and not as a specific regional issue. Second, because there is no broad consensus on macro-level competitiveness. Third, because the very definition of competitiveness evolves over time. In the EU, an economy is considered competitive if its population has a sufficiently high and growing standard of living and a high level of employment on a sustainable basis.
Modern researchers note that the concept of the competitiveness of the region was introduced into scientific circulation relatively recently in the works of I. Busygina, L.S. Shekhovtseva, G.A. Untura and others. Among the well-known works that offer specific indicators for assessing the competitiveness of the region, one can mention the publications of A.Z. Selezneva, L.S. Shekhovtseva, V.E. Andreeva, S.G. Vazhenina, A.R. Zlochenko, A.I. Tatarkina (for the federal district), S.V. Kazantsev.
The world economy is undergoing qualitative changes associated with globalization, uneven development, increased struggle between the trends in the formation of a unipolar and multipolar world, and intensified competition between countries, regions and firms. Under these conditions, when the market is recognized as a common civilizational value, the strength and power of any state is increasingly determined by the competitiveness of its producers. It is the provision of competitiveness that underlies the development of a development strategy for a country, region, and company. The development of the country and its regions depends on all elements of the market and, first of all, on the competition of firms. But the competitive advantage of firms is created and maintained in close relation to local conditions. Despite the globalization of industries, the role of the country and the region where the company is based has recently increased and the success of firms in competition with competitors depends primarily on the state of affairs in the country and region. In turn, countries and regions develop in a competitive environment. Providing conditions for a civilized and dynamically developing market, creating (forming) competitiveness is a key element among the national and regional priorities in any country, the most important function of state regulation of the economy. However, many problems of determining and shaping the competitiveness of the region and the role of the state in this process remain unresolved.
Competitiveness is formed at various levels: product (service), company, industry (market), region, country. In this regard, it is necessary to distinguish, respectively, the competitiveness of a product, firm, industry, region, country. In general, competitiveness means the ability to perform its functions (purpose, mission) with the required quality and cost in a competitive market. Competitiveness can be determined in comparison with other similar objects, often the best.
This characteristic refers to the evaluation indicators, therefore, it implies the presence of a subject (who evaluates), an object (what is evaluated), a goal (criterion) of the evaluation. The subjects of assessment can be public authorities, organizations, investors, buyers, etc. The objects of evaluation are the product, firm, organization, region, country. The evaluation criteria (goals) can be the position in the market, the pace of development, the ability to pay for the borrowed funds, consumer properties in relation to the price of the goods, etc. Therefore, this multifaceted concept can be defined in various aspects depending on the tasks being solved. There are also various methods for assessing competitiveness, built on the basis of statistical indicators, expert assessments, ranks.
A general definition of the competitiveness of a region can be formulated on the basis of the concept proposed by A.Z. Seleznev: the competitiveness of the region is the position of the region and its individual producers in the domestic and foreign markets due to economic, social, political and other factors, reflected through indicators (indicators) that adequately characterize this state and its dynamics.
An approach to assessing the competitiveness of a region can be formulated based on the concept of the country's competitiveness proposed by M. Porter. The competitiveness of the region is the productivity (productivity) of the use of regional resources, and primarily labor and capital, in comparison with other regions, which results in the value of the gross regional product (GRP) per capita, as well as in its dynamics. Due to its great complexity, it can be assessed by a system of indicators and indicators. By analogy with the World Bank methodology, the well-being of the region can be assessed by four main indicators per capita: by the size of GRP, by the value of production resources (fixed assets, etc.), by the value of natural resources, by the value of human resources (the level education). Taking into account the current economic situation in Russia, the large depreciation of fixed assets (physical and moral), it is important to ensure the reproduction process in the national economy on a modern technological and innovative basis, which requires investment. Therefore, it is necessary to add to the above-mentioned characteristics such as the level of direct investment in the region's economy, taking into account the volume necessary for reproduction, including in high-tech production. The competitiveness of a region can be determined by the level of life support for the population based on international and other standards, as well as on the basis of other indicators and indicators.
Within the framework of the task of forming the competitiveness of the region, this concept can be defined as the ability to create conditions for the sustainable development of the region.
To assess the factors of formation of the competitive ability of the region as a whole and the possibility of the influence of regional authorities on its components, it is advisable to use the “national rhombus” model proposed by M. Porter for the country. The role of the region in creating the competitive advantages of firms can be studied in four interrelated areas (determinants) that form the "regional rhombus": parameters of factors (natural resources, qualified personnel, capital, infrastructure, etc.); conditions of demand (level of income, elasticity of demand, exactingness of buyers to the quality of goods and services, etc.); related and supporting industries (provide the company with the necessary resources, components, information, banking, insurance and other services); firms' strategies, their structure and rivalry (create a competitive environment and develop competitive advantages). In turn, each of the determinants is analyzed in terms of components, the degree of their impact on the competitive advantage of the region, as well as the need for their development.
The development of the competitiveness of the region, as well as the country as a whole (according to M. Porter), is carried out in the following four stages (levels): competition based on factors of production - competition based on investments - competition based on innovations - competition based on wealth. The first three stages provide economic growth, the last causes stagnation and recession.
The competitive advantage of the region is provided (see Table 1):
- at the first stage - thanks to the factors of production: natural resources, favorable conditions for the production of goods, skilled labor (provided by one determinant);
- at the second stage - on the basis of aggressive investment (mainly national firms) in education, technology, licenses (provided by three determinants);
- at the third stage - through the creation of new types of products, production processes, organizational decisions and other innovations through the action of all the components of the "rhombus";
- at the fourth stage - at the expense of already created wealth and relies on all the determinants that are not fully used.
Table 1
Formation of the competitive advantage of the region at different stages of economic development
In modern conditions, it is advisable to focus on the investment stage, followed by a transition to innovative development. But already today there is an objective need for innovative "fullness" of attracted investments. In creating the region's competitive advantage, scientific knowledge and education are of no small importance both as factors in the development of production and as factors in the formation of the region's innovative potential.
To form the competitiveness of the region, you can use the program-target approach (PTA). When solving the problem of creating and increasing the competitiveness of the region, the PPP can be represented as follows. First, the problem of forming the competitiveness of the region is structured and a “tree of goals” is developed for two levels (in an enlarged form it is shown in the figure).
For management tasks, it is necessary to form goals in a quantitative and temporal dimension. For example, the global goal can be presented as follows: “To increase the competitiveness of the region by increasing the GRP per capita in the amount of 20% by 2005 by ensuring the growth of production volumes in the priority science-intensive industries by 30%, transport - by 25%, agriculture - 20%, etc.” The goals of the second level can be formulated as follows: “Increase the training of qualified personnel for priority sectors of the region by 20% per capita”, “Ensure an increase in direct investment by 40% per capita”, etc.
A fragment of the model (“tree of goals”) for the formation of the competitiveness of the region
The goal tree shown in the figure can be the basis for building a hierarchy of goals for each particular region (or groups of regions), taking into account its specifics.
The problem of forming and increasing competitiveness is especially relevant for such a marginal and exclave region of Russia as the Kaliningrad region. Its position in the center of the existing and future EU member states and isolation from Russia predetermine the greater dependence of business and the livelihoods of the population on the external foreign environment. This is due to the need for the transit of goods and energy resources through the territories of foreign countries, the possibility of expansion of imported goods, the functioning of a special economic zone (SEZ) in the Kaliningrad region in the regime of a free customs zone, with a visa-free regime for citizens of the region to travel to Lithuania and Poland, and other factors. In this regard, the main goal for such a region is transformed as follows: the formation and increase in the competitiveness of the outlying region in the conditions of the SEZ. The peculiarities of the region make it necessary to supplement the first level goals indicated in the figure with two goals: S5 “Formation of favorable international conditions for the life of the region” (ensuring the transit of goods and energy resources through the territories of foreign countries to the exclave region of Russia, the possibility of visa-free travel for citizens, etc.) and S6 “Improvement and development of the SEZ mechanism”. Thus, the "national rhombus" is transformed into a regional hexagon. Further differentiation of goals and calculation of their estimated indicators are carried out according to the following methodology.
To assess the significance of the determinants and factors of development, their impact on the formation of the region's competitiveness, two matrices are developed on the basis of the goal tree: a matrix for assessing the goals of the first level and a matrix for assessing the goals of the second level. Then, questionnaires are prepared and experts are interviewed, the parameters of the tree of goals are calculated and matrices are filled. A fragment of the matrix for assessing the goals of the second level is presented in Table 2. The determination of the overall coefficient of importance of each goal of the second level for achieving the main goal is carried out by multiplying the corresponding coefficients of relative importance: R ij = r ij * r i . For example, the overall education importance ratio would be: R 1.1 = r 1.1 * r 1 = 0.128 * 0.275 = 0.0352. The general coefficients of importance calculated in this way and normalized will characterize the assessment of the impact of each factor on the competitiveness of the region.
table 2
Goal assessment matrix (excerpt)
The obtained estimates can be used to allocate resources, develop factors and conditions of production, assess the influence of various factors and determinants on the competitiveness of the region, conduct structural policy, develop programs to improve the competitiveness of the region and its producers, and rank strategic tasks. In a broader sense, the PPP can serve as a basis for managing the formation of the region's competitiveness.
The final stage of the program-target approach is the formation of a system of programs based on the tree of goals. At the highest level, the creation of the region's competitiveness can be ensured by the following programs: "Formation of production factors", "Demand stimulation", "Development of complexes of related industries", "Formation of favorable international living conditions", "Improvement of the SEZ mechanism" and others. These programs can be detailed in lower-level programs - for example, Education Development, Investment Attraction, Infrastructure Development, etc.
The mechanisms of the PPP contribute to the integration and coordination of all levels, branches and management bodies, commercial and non-profit organizations, their resources, create conditions for obtaining quantifiable management results, i.e. contribute to increasing the efficiency of managing the creation of the competitiveness of the region.
The competitiveness of the region ensures the growth of the economy along the path of innovative development. Therefore, in modern conditions, increasing competitiveness is becoming one of the main strategic goals for the economic development of regions and the country as a whole.
Literature
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