Economic development of Russia after the abolition of serfdom. Presentation on the topic "socio-economic development of Russia after the abolition of serfdom" Socio-economic development after the abolition of serfdom

Development of agriculture

In the first years after the reform of 1861 in Russia there was economic recession caused by radical restructuring economic life.

The reform hit the landowners the hardest. The rapid transition to new forms of farming, which many proponents of the reforms hoped for, was delayed in real life.

To run a farm with the help of hired workers, landowners needed to have significant sums of money. After all, you need to pay workers wages, purchase your own equipment and draft animals. Most nobles had none of this. Before the abolition of serfdom, the peasants cultivated the lord's land with their own tools and using their livestock, and, therefore, after liberation, both the livestock and the tools remained with the peasants, and the landowners had to acquire everything again.

True, under the terms of the reform of 1861, landowners received large amounts money. But most of them quickly squandered this money and failed to use it to rebuild their farms. In addition, when issuing a ransom, the government withheld all landowners' debts from it. Therefore, many nobles did not receive much money.

Landowners were forced to rent out most of the land to peasants. Therefore, the development of landowner farming in the 60-70s. in most agricultural provinces, this took place according to the so-called labor system: peasants cultivated the remaining unleased landowners' lands with their implements, which was their payment for the rented plots.

In addition, the majority of landowners had no reason to strive to run their farms in a new way: the reform of 1861 preserved numerous remnants of serfdom. The bulk of the land belonged to the landowners; arable lands, meadows, forests, and watering places remained in their hands. The landowner also still had the opportunity to force the peasants to work on the master’s land in a legal manner: the temporarily obligated position of the peasants, mutual responsibility in the community, the unequal position of the peasants, etc.

During this period, a favorable situation developed for the development of arable farming. Abroad, prices for bread have increased significantly, and the demand for Russian grain has increased. But even this circumstance could not push Russian landowners to more active economic activity.

The peasant economy was also experiencing a crisis. Land rent tied peasant farms to landowners. But the peasants had no other choice, since under the reform they received insufficient allotments. In addition, despite the significant increase in bread prices (by more than 100%), land rents grew even faster (by 300 and even 400%). Peasant farms were burdened with all kinds of fees (redemption payments, state and zemstvo taxes, etc.). According to contemporaries, the average family received about 30 rubles a year various payments, which for most peasants was an unaffordable amount.

In addition, the reform, while freeing the peasants from personal dependence, did not put them on an equal footing with the landowners in civil rights. She transferred the peasants from the category of serfs to the category of the so-called tax-paying class. The state imposed a poll tax on representatives of this class, that is, a tax not on property, but on a person, regardless of his income.

After the reform of 1861, the peasant community was preserved and even strengthened. It helped peasants pay taxes and maintained approximately equal income for its members. However, the community, in which there was mutual responsibility and restrictions on freedom of movement, constrained economic activity peasants

Industrial development.

In the first years after the reform of 1861, contrary to the expectations of many, rapid growth was not observed in Russia industrial production, increasing the number of factories and factories.

Industrialists were waiting for peasant reform, realizing that the development of manufacturing and trading required free workers and a wide labor market. The reform seemed to solve this problem, since the peasants, on the one hand, were freed from personal dependence, and on the other, many of them were ready to go to the city to earn money.

However, at first, other circumstances became decisive. At the time of the abolition of serfdom, many factories and factories employed not hired workers, but workers assigned to them. As soon as these people received their freedom, hatred of forced labor forced them to quit their jobs in droves and leave the factories, selling their houses and gardens for next to nothing. Didn’t help bring back workers and grew several times wage. Therefore, in the first time after the reform, many enterprises reduced production.

This was especially typical for ironworks and cloth factories, which employed serf labor on a large scale. Only 10 years later, having become accustomed to the new conditions, they began to increase their production.

An unfavorable picture was also observed in the cotton industry. True, it was associated with another reason, which coincided with the peasant reform. A significant part of these factories, which used mostly civilian labor, worked on cotton imported from abroad. In 1861, a global commercial and industrial crisis broke out, cotton prices increased sharply, which led to a reduction in production.

In spite of difficulties, Russian economy managed to adapt quickly enough. This happened largely due to the economic policy of the state.

Financial policy . Economic reforms The government began with changes in the activities of banks. In 1860 it was opened National Bank, which was intended to finance private enterprises. He was supposed to “promote through the power of credit” the development of the most important industries: metallurgy, engineering, sugar, textiles; support private banks.

In the 60-70s. Private banks began to emerge, primarily in St. Petersburg, and then in Moscow and other cities. Their creation had a huge impact on the economic development of Russia. Without them, the formation of new forms of entrepreneurship would be impossible. One of the founders of banking was V. A. Kokorev, who became rich from wine farming. At the end of the 60s. On his initiative, the Moscow Merchant Bank was created, in 1870 - the Volzhsko-Kama Bank for financing industrial enterprises, which soon became one of the largest in the country.

Railway construction.

The formation of banks was closely connected with railway construction, which was also strongly encouraged by the government. The authorities' interest in the development of this sector of the economy was explained by two reasons. Firstly, the Crimean War showed a serious lag in the communication system in Russia. Secondly, the government sought to obtain additional income increase the export of grain abroad. Therefore, railways were built from grain provinces to seaports. The government has developed a program to attract private individuals and foreign capital to railway construction, providing them with significant benefits and incentives.

The years 1868-1872 went down in the history of our country as the period of “railway fever.” If by 1861 the length railways in Russia was 2 thousand km, then by the beginning of the 80s. - over 22 thousand km. A new generation of entrepreneurs grew up on this construction, closely connected with officials and government orders. Minister of War D. A. Milyutin wrote that “with the knowledge of the highest authorities, railway concessions are distributed to favorites and favorites directly for the sake of improvement financial situation, precisely so that several million will go to one or another individual in the form of profits.”

Having built railway line 500-600 versts away, the capitalist put 25-30 million rubles in his pocket. The government paid especially generously for the construction of railways related to military needs. In addition, it allowed some entrepreneurs to purchase carriages and locomotives abroad at state expense, and import duty-free rails and other materials necessary for construction.

Most of the new roads were built directly in the interests of industry and trade (Novki - Shuya, Kineshma - Ivanovo - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod). From 1861 to 1877, the transportation of goods by rail increased 25 times, while by river transport it increased by only 59%.

Railway construction became a powerful factor in the development of industry, as it created a huge demand for metal products (rails, cars, locomotives), fuel, and consumer goods for an entire army of construction workers.

Industrial rise.

In the second half of the 60s. rapid industrial growth began in Russia. By the 80s. In the most important branches of industry, the industrial revolution was completed - factory production triumphed over handicraft and manufacturing.

The Urals continued to be the main region of metallurgical production. The creation of a new metallurgical region in the south of Russia also proceeded at a rapid pace. In the area of the Seversky Donets River (Donbass), industrial deposits of iron ore and coal were explored, and nearby, in Krivoy Rog, iron ore. In the Donbass, the English industrialist John Hughes founded a metallurgical plant, having received a government order for the production of rails. Donbass has taken first place in Russia in terms of coal production. Oil production was concentrated in the Caucasus in the Baku region.

The industrial areas in southern Russia were free from the remnants of serfdom and developed much faster than the old centers of industrial production.

In the 60-70s. the formation of the machine-building industry began (until 1861, only agricultural machines were produced in Russia). In the first post-reform years, two largest factories were built: Putilovsky in St. Petersburg provided Russian roads with rails, and at Kolomenskoye in the Moscow province, for the first time in the country, the construction of bridges for railway transport, the production of steam locomotives, freight cars and platforms was organized. St. Petersburg and Moscow became centers of large-scale mechanical engineering.

As in the pre-reform period, the cotton industry occupied a leading position in industry. The rise in cotton prices on the world market forced industrialists to pay attention to domestic opportunities. Textile companies began to buy land in Central Asia, recently annexed to Russia. The first to begin the “movement to Central Asia” was the industrialist T. S. Morozov. Its representatives distributed high-quality varieties of Egyptian and American cotton to local residents and entered into agreements for the purchase of future harvests. The production of the cotton industry has quadrupled over 30 years.

The beet sugar industry has achieved great success, developed in the black earth provinces European Russia. It increased its production from 1.9 million poods in 1862 to 12.5 million poods in 1880.

The development of industry contributed to the growth in the number of workers. In less than 15 years (from 1865 to 1879), the number of industrial workers increased one and a half times and reached almost a million people. Replenishment came from peasants who came to the city to earn money and gradually broke away from agriculture. The first major action of Russian workers for their rights was the strike at the Krenholm manufactory in 1872.

Nevertheless, Russian industry, despite a powerful breakthrough, lagged significantly behind advanced capitalist countries in terms of the scale and size of production per capita, in technical equipment, and especially in the rate of growth of labor productivity.

Rapid economic development of the 70s. gave way to a sharp slowdown in growth in the early 1980s. The main reasons for this were: the war with Turkey, which absorbed huge amounts of money; the oppressed state of the peasantry, crushed by redemption payments, taxes and duties, which greatly limited it purchasing power; reduction in prices for grain and other Russian goods abroad.

The abolition of serfdom contributed to the rapid growth of the capitalist structure in the Russian economy. The fastest development of new forms of economy occurred in industry. The growth of commodity production in agriculture was hampered by the presence of serfdom remnants.

After the abolition of serfdom in Russia, there was an economic decline caused by the restructuring of economic life. The landowners were left without workers, tools, or livestock; they had to pay wages to hired workers. Most landowners squandered state compensation, and in order to survive, they were forced to rent out most of the land to peasants. The peasant economy was also experiencing a crisis. Land rent tied peasant farms to landowners. Peasant farms were burdened with fees (redemption payments, state and zemstvo taxes, etc.). After the reform of 1861 The peasant community was preserved. She helped the peasants pay taxes and maintained their prosperity. But in the community there was mutual responsibility and restrictions on movement, which constrained the household. activities of peasants.

The government began economic reforms with changes in the activities of banks. In 1860, the State Bank was opened, which was intended to finance private companies. In the 60-70s. Private banks began to emerge. Their creation had a huge impact on the economic development of Russia.

The formation of banks was closely connected with railway construction, which was also encouraged by the government. 1868-1872 – the period of “railroad fever”. If by 1861 in Russia the length of railways was 2 thousand km, then by the 80s. – over 22 thousand km. Since 1861 to 1877 transportation of goods by rail increased 25 times, while by river transport - only by 59%.

The development of industry after the abolition of serfdom began to decline. This was due to the fact that the labor of serfs was widely used in factories. Freed from addiction, they left enterprises in search of better life. In 1861 global outbreak broke out economic crisis, prices for raw materials imported from abroad (cotton) increased. By the second half of the 60s. rapid economic recovery began. And by the 80s. The industrial revolution ended - factory production triumphed over handicraft and manufacturing. Heavy industry also grew. The Urals continued to be the main region of metallurgical production. A new metallurgical region was created in the south (Donbass, Krivoy Rog). Oil production was concentrated in the Caucasus in the Baku region. In the 60-70s. Construction of the mechanical engineering industry is underway. The Putilov plant in St. Petersburg supplied Russian roads with rails, and Kolomensky in the Moscow province organized the construction of railways for the first time. bridges, freight cars and platforms, steam locomotives. The production of the cotton industry has increased fourfold over 30 years. The beet sugar industry, which developed in the black earth provinces of European Russia, achieved great success. It increased its output from 1.9 million poods in 1862 to 12.5 million poods in 1880. The development of industry contributed to the growth in the number of workers. From 1865 to 1879 the number of industrial workers increased one and a half times and reached almost 1 million people.

The industrial revolution in Russia, which began in the 30s of the 19th century, predetermined the beginning of industrial growth and the development of commodity-money relations. Social and economic development received a particularly powerful impetus after the abolition of serfdom.

Economic development of Russia after the Peasant Reform

A necessary condition for the transition to a new level of market-capitalist relations was the transformation of auxiliary infrastructure - the construction of new highways, shipping fairways, railways and stations.

Railway transport

The issue of railways was especially acute in the Russian Empire. The first railway was built between St. Petersburg and Moscow on November 1, 1851. In the mid-60s, railway construction accelerated. Moscow became the central axis of construction.

August 1, 1862 from Nizhny Novgorod The first train left for Moscow. In 1869, a road was built that connected the southern provinces with Moscow. Railways also entangled Siberia, so in 1891 the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was largely completed. By the mid-90s, the total length of Russian railways was 28.7 thousand miles.

Thanks to the railroads, small county towns developed, towns that no one had heard of. And vice versa, big cities could end up in a peripheral zone, far from the railways. For example, in 1871, from the merger of two small villages of Ivanovo and Voznesensk, a large industrial center Ivanovo-Voznesensk with a developed textile industry arose. But the nearby city of Vladimir gradually began to stop developing, since it was quite far from the railway.

Rice. 1. Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Factory N. Garelin.

Metallurgical industry

After the Peasant Reform, the country's industrial sector slowed down a little in its development, as many industries, including metallurgy, switched from forced labor to civilian labor. In addition, many enterprises needed to be re-equipped in a new way.

Only by the beginning of the 70s of the 19th century did iron smelting reach the volumes of the late 50s. Such slow growth rates were due to a complete restructuring of the equipment of the Ural factories.
At the same time, there is an accelerated growth rate of the mining and metallurgical industry in the Donetsk basin.
Mechanical engineering in the Russian Empire was underdeveloped and could not fully provide the railway with rolling stock. Therefore, locomotives and carriages were imported at that time mainly from England, since there was practically no domestic mechanical engineering.
Alexander II did everything possible to encourage domestic mechanical engineering, and in the early 70s, it was finally put into production. By the beginning of the 80s, basically the entire railway fleet consisted of domestically produced carriages and steam locomotives.

From the late 60s to the mid-80s of the 19th century, the main industrial regions were formed in the Russian Empire - St. Petersburg, Moscow, Ural and Southern. Textile production was concentrated in the Moscow industrial region, and the St. Petersburg industrial region was a center of mechanical engineering. The Southern and Ural industrial regions were the main metallurgical bases of the Russian Empire.

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Socio-economic development of agriculture

The development of agriculture in the Russian Empire after the Peasant Reform of 1861 was not as successful as in the industrial sector. True, by 1881 Russia came out on top in the world in bread exports.

After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, landowners had to re-adapt to the new economic conditions of the market and rebuild their economy anew. The meager “cuts” created during the reforms forced the peasants to bow to the landowner in order to rent land from him.
What could a peasant offer to a landowner for renting plots? Often nothing but your own work. The peasant continued to work off corvée for the landowner, only now with his own equipment and his own horses. Such labor was a semi-serf relic and hampered the further development of market relations.
Progressive landowners sought to build their farms with a capitalist bent. They raised their own livestock, bought equipment, introduced technical innovations into agriculture, and hired workers for piecework wages. However, not everyone was able to withstand competition with bonded forms of exploitation.
After 1861, a clear stratification of the peasantry began to be observed in the village: the family, which had a surplus of harvest, and which no longer had to be shared with the landowner, gradually became prosperous. On the other hand, ruined peasants appeared in the village, eking out a miserable existence and could not do anything to improve their situation. The bulk of the peasants living in the volosts and districts consisted of the poor and middle peasants. On average, almost every peasant family received up to 34 rubles in annual payments, which had a devastating impact on the finances of any family.

Rice. 2. Return of peasants from funerals in winter. V. P. Perov 1880.

After the Peasant Reform of 1861, the landowner's attitude towards the peasants changed greatly. If earlier the landowner could still come to the aid of the peasant (because he was the property of the landowner), now the former owner squeezed the last strength out of the peasant when he worked off the corvee. Only a few of the most humane landowners tried to mend the broken relationship between the landowner and the peasant. All this led to further class contradictions between the landowner and the peasant.

Socio-economic development in the Black Earth Region gradually picked up pace. The first generation of peasants managed to partially pay off their plots after the Peasant Reform. Land plots began to be inherited.
Things proceeded completely differently in the non-black earth provinces. Here plots of land did not bring such profitability. The allocated plots did not pay for themselves at all. This forced peasants to move to the city to work. Although at the same time, the peasant did not have the right to get rid of the allotment without paying for it.

Rice. 3. Peasants go to work in the city.

Many workers broke with the countryside and remained in the city forever. Thus, the cities were replenished with population due to peasants who came to work.

Social and economic processes in the Russian Empire proceeded far differently in different parts of the vast country. However, despite all the inconsistency and incompleteness of the reforms, they accelerated the transition from a subsistence economy to commodity-market relations of the capitalist structure. The Industrial Revolution was largely completed by the 1990s. By this time Russian empire reached the world level in many light and heavy industry indicators.

What have we learned?

The abolition of serfdom in 1861 and liberal reforms significantly improved the conditions for the development of productive forces and the formation of new capitalist relations. This process was controversial and far from ambiguous, which showed the imperfection and incompleteness of the liberal reforms of Alexander II.

Test on the topic

Evaluation of the report

average rating: 4.1. Total ratings received: 105.

Development of agriculture The basis of agriculture after the reform remained landowners and peasant farms. In the first years after the reform, there was a decline in production in agriculture. Why?

Changes in the landowner's economy Advantages Losses 1. The landowners received a ransom. 1. There was not enough money to organize a capitalist economy, because debts were retained. 2. Received rent for lands handed over to peasants. 2. After the liberation of the peasants, the landowners lost not only their working hands, but also their tools and draft animals; they need to be acquired. 3. The peasants worked off their duties until the end of the redemption transaction. 3. The labor of the peasants was still unproductive, but its presence did not create incentives for restructuring the economy. 4. The bulk of arable land, forests, and watering places remained with the landowners. 4. The landowners did not have the experience and knowledge to manage the farm in a new way.

Changes in the peasant's economy Advantages 1. Possibility of purchasing a land plot. Losses 1. Often the allotment was less than before the reform. 2. Freedom to dispose of products 2. Money was spent on redemption after taxes and other payments, payment poll tax, zemstvo tax, etc., which did not allow the development of the economy. 3. The peasant community limited freedom of movement and mutual responsibility limited development. 4. The need for rent due to small plots increased the duties of peasants and limited development opportunities.

Based on the text of the document “Letters from a Village” by A. N. Engelhardt, answer the questions: ü What are segments? ü What benefits did the landowners derive from the plots? ü How did the existence of sections affect the situation of peasant farms? Compare the indicators of agricultural development before and after the reform according to the proposed table and draw the appropriate conclusions Development of agriculture in Russia in the post-reform period (60-70s of the 19th century). Agricultural development indicators. Cultivated areas. The yield of bread per tithe. Average grain harvest. Noble land ownership. 82.5 million dessiatines. 5 quintal. Indicators from the 1870s to the 90s of the XIX century. 103.8 million dessiatines. 7 quintals. 31.2 million tons. About 90 million dessiatinas. 54.1 million tons 53.2 million dessiatines. Indicators before 1861.

Reasons for the slow transition of agriculture to economic lines Reluctance of landowners to rebuild the economy Lack of funds among landowners to transfer the economy to the capitalist path Temporary obligation of peasants Labor system Preservation and influence of the peasant community Burden of peasant farms with various duties and payments

Development of industry in the first post-reform years 1. The assigned peasants who worked in factories and factories, having received freedom, gave up forced labor and returned to the village. 2. In 1861, a global trade and industrial crisis broke out, and cotton prices increased sharply. The Russian cotton industry worked mainly on imported cotton. Financial Policy Changes in banking sector: 1. The State Bank was opened to finance private enterprises (1860). 2. Support for the creation of private banks (60-70s).

“Railway fever” (1868 -1872) Private individuals were attracted to the construction of railways with the help of benefits and bonuses foreign capital(concessions). The construction of roads related to military needs was especially encouraged. 1861 – 2 thousand km of railways 1881 – 22 thousand km of railways (2nd place in the world after the USA in terms of pace) Transportation of goods by railways increased 25 times. At the end of the 70s. Railways connected large grain-growing regions with industrial centers and the most important seaports - the Black Sea and Baltic. Railway construction gave a powerful impetus to the development of industry. At this time, new industries were born: transport engineering (locomotive and carriage building), coal and oil mining, chemical industry, etc.

Industrial rise By the beginning of the 80s. The industrial revolution was completed in large-scale industry. In the main industries and transport, manual labor was replaced by machine labor. Steam engines and mechanical machine tools formed the basis of the technical equipment of the mining, metalworking and textile industries. In the 80s A radical reconstruction of industrial production is being carried out, covering the most important sectors. These included the extraction of mineral fuels, the smelting of coke iron, and the production of cement and soda. Electrical energy is being harnessed. Oil refinery from the 1880s. in the Baku region

Basic economic regions Ural Metallurgical production Southern Russia (Donbass) Mining of coal, iron ore, metallurgical industry (English John Hughes) Caucasus (Baku region) Oil production Center of Russia (Moscow province) Large mechanical engineering St. Petersburg Large mechanical engineering middle Asia Cotton and paper industry central Russia Beet sugar industry

Formation of the working class From 1865 to 1879, the number of workers in industry increased one and a half times and reached 1 million people. Basically, the replenishment came from peasants who left for the city to work and remained in the city. Life for the workers was very difficult. In 1872, the first strike of workers took place in the struggle for their rights (at the Krenholm manufactory). The enterprise employed up to 5 thousand Estonian and Russian workers. The working conditions were extremely difficult. On August 14, about 500 weavers stopped working and presented demands: a reduction in the working day by 1 hour, a reduction in fines for child workers, for attending school, etc. The administration made partial concessions (the working day was reduced by 30 minutes, deductions for the hospital and church were canceled ), but when work resumed, the concessions were negated. Active participants in the strike were arrested, some were fired. On September 11, a strike of all workers began. The strikers occupied the routes to the factory, freed those arrested, and threw stones at the arriving troops. On September 12, the troops managed to suppress the resistance of unarmed workers.

The abolition of the serf system contributed to the rapid growth of the capitalist system in the Russian economy. The process proceeded faster in industry, since many remnants of serfdom remained in agriculture. In terms of scale and production per capita, Russian industry lagged behind advanced capitalist countries. In the early 1880s, development slowed due to the war with Turkey in 1877-1878. , lower prices for grain and other goods abroad, extreme impoverishment of peasants.

Savka N.V., history and social studies teacher
Municipal educational institution "February secondary school No. 1",
2010 www.savkanv.ru

Agricultural development

The basis of agriculture
remained after the reform
landowners and peasants
farms. In the first years after
reforms in agriculture
there was a decline in production.
Why?

Capitalism
State with
republican form
board
social system, with
which:
holy and inviolable
is
private property on
means of production
citizens are personally free,
vested with all rights and
freedoms,
where in people's lives
play the most important role
money
where the main classes
societies are
capitalists and employees
workers
where are well developed
industry and trade

Changes in the landowner's economy

Advantages
Losses
1. The landowners received a ransom.
1. There was not enough money for the organization
capitalist economy, because
debts are withheld.
2. Received rent for
lands given to peasants.
2. After the liberation of the peasants
the landowners lost not only
working hands, but also tools,
draft animals, they are needed
purchase.
3. The peasants worked
duties until completion
buyout transaction.
3. Labor of peasants
was still unproductive, but its presence did not
created incentives for
economic restructuring.
4. The bulk of arable land, 4. Landowners had no experience and
forests, watering places remained near
knowledge for managing the landowners' household.
new.
Determine the benefits and losses of landowners as a result of liberation
peasants (pp. 158-159). Draw a conclusion.

Changes in the peasant economy

Advantages
1. Possibility of purchasing land
put it on.
Losses
1. Often the allotment was smaller
pre-reform.
2. Freedom to dispose of products 2. Money was spent on redemption
after paying taxes and other payments.
payments, payment of capitation tax,
zemstvo tax, etc., which did not give
develop the economy.
3. Peasant community
restricted in freedom
movement, mutual guarantee
limited development.
4. The need for rent due
small plots increased
duties of peasants, limited
development opportunities.
Determine the advantages and losses to the peasant farm after
reforms (p. 159). Draw a conclusion.

Reasons for the slow transition of agriculture to economics

Reluctance of landowners to rebuild the economy
Lack of funds among landowners to transfer the farm to
capitalist path
Temporary obligation of peasants
Development system
Preservation and influence of the peasant community
Burden of peasant farms with various duties
and payments

There are two known types of capitalist development
agriculture˸ Prussian and American –
· Prussian way – landowner farming is slow
is being rebuilt along capitalist lines;
remnants of serfdom remain;
· American way – elimination of feudal
remnants, creation farm, Where
farm labor is used.

Industrial development
Fact 1.
Worked in factories and factories

gave up forced labor and
returned to the village.
Fact 2.
In 1861 the global trade and industrial crisis broke out, sharply increased

mainly on imported cotton.
What conclusion can be drawn by analyzing these
data?

Industrial development in the first post-reform years

1. Worked in factories and factories
assigned peasants, having received freedom,
gave up forced labor and
returned to the village.
2. In 1861 the global trade and industrial crisis broke out, sharply increased
cotton prices. The Russian cotton industry operated in
mainly on imported cotton.
Conclusion: the first 10 years after the reform
the industry was in decline
production, adapting to
organizing production in new
conditions.

Economic policy of the state

Financial policy.
Changes in the banking sector:
1. The State Bank was opened for
financing private
enterprises (1860).
2. Support for creating private
banks (60-70s).
Railway construction
Russian railways were necessary:
1. Lack of transport is negative
affected defense capability
states.
2. Railway transport is necessary for development
domestic and foreign trade.
?

Financial reform
National Bank.
1860
1. Financing
enterprises
2. Development assistance
industries:
metallurgical;
textile;
sugar;
mechanical engineering
V.A. Kokorev

Financial reform
Merchant Bank
Volzhsko-Kama Bank.
Russian - Asian Bank.

Railway construction
1861 - 2 thousand km.
Minister of War
D.A. Milyutin.
1881 - 24 thousand km.

"Railway fever" (1868-1872)

To the construction of railways
roads with the help of benefits and
prizes attracted private
persons and foreign capital
(concessions). Especially
construction was encouraged
military related roads
needs.
1861 – 2 thousand km of railways
1881 – 22 thousand km of railways (2nd place in the world after the USA in terms of speed)
Freight transportation by rail has increased 25 times.
At the end of the 70s. railways connected large grain-growing regions with industrial centers and the most important seaports - the Black Sea and
Baltic. Railway construction gave a powerful impetus
industrial development. At this time, new industries are born:
transport engineering (steam locomotive and car building), coal and
oil production, chemical, etc.

Industrial rise

By the beginning of the 80s. in a large
industry ended
industrial revolution. In the main
industries and
transport manual labor was supplanted
machine Steam engines and
mechanical machines formed the basis
technical equipment
mining,
metalworking and textile
industries.
In the 80s radical
reconstruction of industrial
production, covering the most important
industry. Among them were prey
mineral fuel, smelting
coke iron, cement production and
soda Development is taking place
electrical energy.
Oil refinery in the 1880s. V
area of Baku
Write it down in your notebook
title tables
economic regions of Russia
and their specialization (p. 162163).
(check on next slide)

Main economic regions

Ural
Metallurgical
production
South of Russia (Donbass)
Mining of coal, iron
ore, metallurgical
industry (eng. John Hughes)
Caucasus (Baku region)
Oil production
Center of Russia (Moscow
province)
Large mechanical engineering
Petersburg
Large mechanical engineering
middle Asia
Cotton
industry
central Russia
Beet sugar industry

Formation of the working class

From 1865 to 1879 number of workers in
industry has grown one and a half times and
reached 1 million people. Mainly replenishment
came at the expense of peasants who left for the city for
earnings and those who remained in the city.
Life for the workers was very difficult. In 1872
the first strike of workers took place in the struggle for
your rights (at the Krenholm manufactory)
The enterprise employed up to 5 thousand Estonian and Russian workers. Working conditions were extremely
heavy. On August 14, about 500 weavers stopped
job and presented demands: reduction by 1
hour of the working day, reduction of fines,
providing working children with time to attend school, etc.
The administration made partial concessions (the working day was reduced by 30
minutes, deductions for the hospital and church were canceled), but when work resumed,
the concessions were nullified. Active strike participants were arrested, some
fired. On September 11, a strike of all workers began. The strikers occupied the paths to
factory, released those arrested, and threw stones at the arriving troops. 12
September troops managed to suppress the resistance of unarmed workers.

Abolition of serfdom
contributed to a stormy
growth of capitalist
structure in the Russian economy.
The process went faster
industry, since in
agriculture
a lot was saved
serfdom
remnants.
In terms of scale and production per capita, Russian
industry lagged behind the advanced capitalist countries. At first
In the 1880s, development slowed down due to the war with Turkey in 1877-1878.
reduction in prices for grain and other goods abroad, extreme impoverishment of peasants.

Let's repeat:

1. The industrial revolution in Russia is closely connected with...
a) railway construction;
b) the temporarily obliged state of the peasantry;
c) assigning peasants to plants and factories.
2. A phenomenon that hampered the development of capitalism in agriculture...
a) the temporarily obliged position of peasants;
b) personal freedom of peasants;
c) export of agricultural products from Russia.
3. An agreement concluded by the state with a private entrepreneur,
by a foreign company for the use of industrial enterprises,
natural resources, construction of railways and other economic
objects is called:
A) loan;
B) rent;
B) concession.

4. What was the role of the state in the development of the economy in the post-reform period?
period?
A) The state encouraged the development of entrepreneurship and construction
railways, the creation of banks.
B) the state taxed entrepreneurs, railway builders and
bankers with additional taxes.
C) the state took an observer position without interfering in the process
economic development.
5. The industrial revolution in industry was completed in Russia:
A) in the 60s. 19th century
B) in the 70s. 19th century
B) in the 80s. 19th century
D) did not end in the 19th century.
6. New economic regions in the 80-90s. 19th century:
A) Central Asia, Moscow, St. Petersburg.
B) Ural, Central Russia, Siberia.
B) Caucasus, Moscow, St. Petersburg.
D) Caucasus, Central Asia, Southern Russia.

From a description of the life of peasants in the Pinega district of the Arkhangelsk province after
reforms of the 1860s:
“There are no redistributions of estate land... The land is divided according to the cash
gender to souls, and for 10 years she is considered integral to the family... Gathering
for redistribution is always made up of householders. Women with voting rights
in no case do they participate in gatherings...The influence of village elders on sentences
the meeting about redistribution has no weight, but there are cases that are more outstanding
peasants, although not openly and by persuading others, contribute their
top. The allocation of payments and duties for the amount of land is carried out
annually...a peasant received a plot of land during redistribution
granted without the consent of the world... to mortgage and exchange with members of the community
only, but neither sell nor inherit by right of ownership
Maybe. Except general duties help everyone in difficult situations in life,
there are no special responsibilities in this regard.”
P. 1. What was the name of the form of economic association of Russian peasants, about
which we're talking about in the document? What were the manifestations of collectivism?
traditions of Russian peasants?
C2. Was there equality among peasants? Justify your opinion.
C3. Explain how the practices that existed during that period
prevented the final ruin of the poor peasants. What was stopping you?
peasant entrepreneurship?