Account 41 of accounting is an active account "Goods", designed to accumulate data on the availability and movement of inventory items purchased as goods for sale. In commercial activities, it plays a major role, since all work processes are built on the basis of data on its presence and movement in the organization.
Definition of a product and its types
A product is an object of civil rights or a product of an enterprise's activity (including a service, work or financial service) intended for sale, exchange or putting into circulation.
According to the Tax Code, any property intended for sale is recognized as a commodity. In a broad sense, a product is a tangible or intangible property sold on the market. Under the goods in the narrow sense understand the product of labor.
For example, a product of mental and physical labor, the result of a service, that is, everything that has a use value and its owner can exchange it for another product or money.
All products can be divided into 2 large groups:
- Material-material, having physical properties;
- Intangible - services, consultations. Intangible goods are specific and very diverse:
Account 41 "Goods" in accounting
In accounting, goods are recorded on 41 accounts.
Basically, account 41 “Goods” is used by organizations that conduct trading activities, as well as organizations that provide services in the field of catering.
To account 41 “Goods”, the corresponding sub-accounts can be opened, shown in the figure:
Typical postings and examples of transactions for 41 accounts
In accounting, goods are recorded at actual cost, including the following costs:
- The amount of payment for the goods;
- Expenses for services related to the purchase of goods (information and others);
- Remuneration to intermediaries and other costs associated with the purchase of goods.
Account 41 serves just to reflect the cost of goods and take into account its quantity.
Consider typical postings for 41 accounts in tables.
Table 1. Reflection of warehouse operations on account 41:
| Account Dt | Account Kt | Wiring Description | A document base |
| 41 | 60/76 | Receipt of goods and materials to the warehouse from the supplier / other counterparties | Packing list |
| 41.01 | 41.11(12) | Moving goods from a wholesale warehouse to an automated (manual accounting) point of sale. When goods are returned to the main warehouse, a reverse record is generated, for example, if the goods were not sold | Invoice, certified by the signatures of the persons releasing and accepting goods and materials (TORG-28, MX-10) |
| 45.01 | 41.01 | Goods shipped from the warehouse, finished products | Sales Invoice |
| 45.02 | 41.01 | Containers for shipped goods were written off from the warehouse | Sales Invoice |
| 45.05 | 41.01 | Write-off of the cost of goods under a commission agreement | Sales Invoice |
| 94 | 41 | Write-off of the cost of damage or shortage of goods | Write-off act, inventory list |
Example 1. Accounting for goods on account 41 at the purchase price
Xenopolis LLC took out a loan in the amount of 100,000.00 rubles. to buy a product. Monthly expenses on the loan amounted to 1,250.00 rubles. Xenopolis LLC purchased goods from Zhuravl LLC (RUB 100,00.00, VAT RUB 15,254.00) and credited it to the warehouse. Upon the sale of goods by Ptichka LLC, goods and materials were written off from the warehouse (169,000.00 rubles, VAT 25,780.00 rubles)
According to the accounting policy, Xenopolis LLC reflects goods and materials in stock at the purchase price.
Table 2. Postings on account 41 for accounting for goods at the purchase price:
| Account Dt | Account Kt | Posting amount, rub. | Wiring Description | A document base |
| 51 | 66 | 100 000,00 | Bank loan credited | Bank statement |
| 41.1 | 60 | 84 746,00 | Purchased goods are taken into account in the warehouse (excluding VAT) | Packing list |
| 19 | 60 | 15 254,00 | Reflected VAT amount | Packing list |
| 68 VAT | 19 | 15 254,00 | Reflected tax deduction | Invoice |
| 91.2 | 66 | 1 250,00 | Loan expenses included | Banking agreement |
| 90.2 | 41.1 | 84 746,00 | Write-off from the warehouse in connection with the sale | Sales Invoice |
| 62 | 90.1 | 169 000,00 | Sales Invoice | |
| 90.3 | 68 VAT | 25 780,00 | Reflected VAT | Invoice |
| 51 | 62 | 169 000,00 | The goods were paid for by Ptichka LLC | Bank statement |
Example 2. Accounting for goods on account 41 at the sale price
Solntse LLC purchased goods (components for split systems) at a price of 145,000.00 rubles, VAT 22,119.00 rubles. for the purpose of subsequent sale. Trade margin - 29% (35,635.00 rubles). VAT on sales - 28,533.00 rubles. The total margin, including VAT, is RUB 50,652.00. The goods were sold to Gavan LLC.
Table 3. Accounting for goods at the selling price - postings to account 41.01:
| Account Dt | Account Kt | Posting amount, rub. | Wiring Description | A document base |
| 41.1 | 60 | 122 881,00 | Components are taken into account in the warehouse (excluding VAT) | Packing list |
| 19 | 60 | 22 119,00 | Reflected VAT amount | Packing list |
| 68 VAT | 19 | 22 119,00 | Reflected tax deduction | Invoice |
| 60 | 51 | 122 881,00 | Paid for parts | Payment order |
| 41.1 | 42 | 50 652,00 | Trade margin included | Markup calculation |
| 90.2 | 41.1 | 173 533,00 | Goods written off from the warehouse due to sale (122,881.00 + 50,652.00) | Sales Invoice |
| 90.2 | 42 | 50 652,00 | Reversal of the trade margin | Sales Invoice |
| 62 | 90.1 | 173 533,00 | Reflection of proceeds from the sale of goods and materials | Sales Invoice |
| 90.3 | 68 VAT | 28 533,00 | Reflected VAT | Invoice |
| 51 | 62 | 173 533,00 | The goods were paid for by Gavan LLC | Bank statement |
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We can say that account 41 "Goods" is historically the first of all accounting accounts. Since it exists for a long time, its purpose has become multifunctional:
- inventory function - the oldest function of this account, for example, when goods are recorded at purchase and / or sale prices, this function is retained in full;
- calculation function - present when goods are accounted for at cost, since in this case the price of goods is increased by the corresponding costs (transport, interest on loans, shortages due to natural loss along the way, etc.);
- financial performance function - for many decades it was present in this account, because on debit goods were valued at purchase prices, on credit - at selling prices. The balance had to show profit or loss. However, this financial result was mixed with the balance of goods, which made both the balance and the result meaningless. Now that goods are being counted at purchase prices, this counting function is beginning to revive.
When describing the functions of account 41 "Goods", the following questions should be answered:
- what are goods;
- distinction between owned and owned goods;
- valuation of goods in accounting;
- methods of analytical accounting of goods;
- methods of accounting for the receipt of goods;
- moment of sale of goods;
- accounting for the sale of goods under a supply contract;
- accounting for the sale of goods under a retail sale and purchase agreement;
- accounting for the sale of goods under a commission agreement;
- accounting for transactions under an exchange agreement;
- accounting for the receipt and sale of goods, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency or in conventional monetary units;
- accounting for the sale of goods on credit;
- accounting for discounts when buying and selling goods;
- features of accounting for raw materials and goods in public catering;
- features of accounting for the revaluation of goods.
What are goods
There are at least two definitions of goods.
Paragraph 2 of PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" states: "goods are part of inventories acquired or received from other legal entities or individuals and intended for sale."
From this definition it follows that the goods are intended for sale. Thus, if we bought a car to transport materials, goods and other valuables on it, then this will be a fixed asset. If the exact same car is bought for sale, it is a commodity.
The second definition of goods is given in paragraph 3 of Art. 38 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation: "goods ... are any property sold or intended for sale."
This definition is used for tax purposes and is much broader in content than in PBU 5/01, since it includes property accounted not only on account 41 "Goods", but also on accounts:
- 01 "Fixed assets";
- 03 "Profitable investments in material values";
- 04 "Intangible assets";
- 10 "Materials";
- 43 "Finished products", etc..
This broader definition of goods can sometimes be used by organizations to minimize tax payments.
For example, a VAT rate of 10% is applied to the sale of certain food products, the list of which is established by paragraph 2 of Art. 164 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (including bread and bakery products). To apply this rate, it is necessary that the object of taxation must be a commodity.
Many public catering enterprises produce and sell buns, pies, etc., which are included in the "bread and bakery products" group of goods. According to the definition of goods given in PBU 5/01, such products cannot be considered goods, and for tax purposes in accordance with Art. 38 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation - are considered because they are sold and intended for sale. Consequently, catering establishments, when selling these products, have the right to charge VAT at a rate of 10, and not 20 percent. By the way, according to the opinion of the Ministry of Taxation of Russia, expressed in telegram No. VG-6-03/804 dated February 11, 2000, when public catering enterprises sell their own products (the above buns, pies, etc. just refer to it), the taxable turnover is determined using a 20% rate.
However, firstly, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation specifies the general principle of taxation of VAT on the sale of goods and does not specifically say anything about the procedure for calculating VAT on products of own production of public catering enterprises. Secondly, the rules for the preparation of regulatory legal acts of federal executive bodies and their state registration, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 1997 No. 1009, state that "the publication of regulatory legal acts in the form of letters and telegrams is not allowed." In addition, according to these rules, legal acts affecting the rights, freedoms and duties of a person and a citizen are subject to state registration. Based on the foregoing, telegram No. VG-6-03/804 of the Ministry of Taxation of Russia dated February 11, 1997, which was not registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia, does not have the force of a regulatory legal act.
The difference between owned and owned goods
Strictly speaking, there is no distinction between owned and owned goods. Because we can talk about the same goods. However, in terms of accepted accounting rules, the difference is huge:
- goods owned by the organization are shown on account 41 "Goods";
- goods in possession are accounted for in completely different ways and, according to the rules adopted in our country, should not be shown on the balance sheet. Their movement is reflected in off-balance accounts 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping" and 004 "Goods accepted for commission". A feature of the latter should be recognized is that the committent (deliverer-owner) must account for these goods on account 45 "Goods shipped" until they are sold.
At the same time, it is very important to keep in mind that the commission agent sells the goods of the consignor on his own behalf and, therefore, until the moment of sale, the latter retains ownership of the goods handed over for commission. However, the revenue received by the commission agent is already owned by him - the commission agent, and at the moment when this right comes into force, the same commission agent has an obligation in the form of accounts payable to the committent.
On account 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping" take into account:
Purchasing organizations:
- goods for which the organization legally refused to pay for them;
- unpaid goods prohibited for consumption under the terms of the contract until they are paid;
- goods accepted for storage for other reasons;
Supplier Organizations:
- goods paid for, but not exported by buyers, issued by safe receipts.
Account 004 "Goods accepted for commission" is used by commission agents to account for goods accepted for commission in accordance with the contract. In our opinion, the same account should take into account goods by attorney organizations and agent organizations when fulfilling agency and agency agreements.
Valuation of goods in accounting
The valuation of goods is understood as the choice of accounting price, i.e. the price at which goods are received and written off.
The current regulatory documents establish the rules for valuation of goods separately for goods owned and not owned by the organization by right of ownership.
Goods that are the property of the organization, in accordance with clause 5 of PBU 5/01, are accepted for accounting at actual cost. Section II PBU 5/01 details the procedure for determining the actual cost of goods:
- purchased for a fee;
- made on account of contribution to the authorized (share) capital;
- received free of charge;
- acquired under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means.
Paragraph 6 of PBU 5/01 provides a detailed list of costs for the purchase of goods, which are included in their actual cost (including the costs of procurement and delivery of goods to the place of their use). However, paragraph 13 of PBU 5/01 states: "An organization engaged in trading activities may include the costs of procurement and delivery of goods to central warehouses (bases) incurred before they are transferred for sale, to be included in the sale costs." Paragraph 6 of PBU 5/01 includes the following expenses for such expenses:
a) for insurance;
b) procurement and delivery;
c) according to the content of the procurement and storage unit of the organization;
d) payment for transport services for the delivery of goods to the place of their use (if they are not included in the price of goods established by the contract);
e) accrued interest on supplier loans (commercial credit);
f) accrued interest on borrowed funds, if they are attracted for the purchase of goods and produced before the date of their entry, etc.
The list of these expenses is incorrect.
First, point b) as one of the types of costs is named the same as the entire group of costs as a whole.
Secondly, paragraph d) is an integral element of paragraph b).
Clause 13 PBU 5/01 gives a general procedure for evaluating goods - at the cost of their acquisition. However, it also says that organizations engaged in retail trade are allowed to evaluate goods at the sale (retail) cost, taking into account markups (discounts) separately. In this case, the difference between the sale price and the cost of purchasing goods is reflected in account 42 "Trade margin".
Thus, based on the requirements of PBU 5/01, the following options for accounting prices for goods are possible:
Acquisition cost:
- full (including all costs);
- incomplete (without procurement and delivery costs);
Selling:
- full purchase price plus markup;
- partial purchase price plus markup.
Note: The selling price option can only be provided by retailers.
Advantages of the acquisition cost option:
- it is not necessary to bring the valuation of goods to sales prices;
- revaluation of goods (except for cases when the sale price is lower than the purchase price) is not reflected in accounting;
- there is no need to use account 42 "Trade margin";
- no need to make a special calculation to determine the amount of gross profit.
The disadvantages of this option include the following:
- the need for additional work to determine the cost of goods sold, subject to write-off from account 41 "Goods";
- impossibility to determine the accounting balance of goods on any date without additional calculations.
Advantages of the sale price option:
- the possibility of determining the accounting balance of goods on any date;
- it is easy to determine the cost of goods sold to be written off from account 41 "Goods" (as a rule, based on the readings of counters of cash registers).
Disadvantages of this option:
- additional work to bring the valuation of goods to sales prices;
- the need to use account 42 "Trade margin";
- the need to reflect the revaluation of goods in accounting;
- the need to draw up a special calculation to determine the amount of gross profit.
Despite the obvious disadvantages of the sale price option, it is used in most stores. This is explained both as a tribute to tradition (in Soviet times, goods, with the exception of vegetable stores, were accounted for at retail prices everywhere), and for the following reason.
When selling goods in stores, as a rule, the only document that records the purchase is a cash receipt, which the seller is obliged to issue to the buyer. The revenue is recorded on the KKM counters as a total amount and represents the cost of goods sold at sales prices. Information about the cost of these goods at purchase prices can be obtained mainly in two ways:
- the use of bar coding;
- by calculation - based on the use of the commodity balance formula:
P \u003d Zn + P - Zk,
R- the cost of goods sold at purchase prices;
Zn and Zk- balances of goods at purchase prices, respectively, at the beginning and end of the period (month, decade, week, day);
P- the cost of goods received at purchase prices (according to receipt documents).
To apply this method, it is necessary to know the balance of each product in natural terms (they are determined either according to operational accounting data or based on inventory). Data on these balances are transferred to the accounting department, which evaluates them based on the valuation method adopted in the accounting policy (average cost, FIFO or LIFO).
The bar coding method is used mainly by large stores. Firstly, additional computing equipment is needed to scan information, and secondly, not all domestic manufacturers of goods apply bar codes, stores have to do this work for them. All of this requires a large additional cost that many stores cannot afford.
The calculation method for determining the cost of goods sold at purchase prices also has its drawbacks. Firstly, there is additional work associated with the determination of natural balances of goods and their evaluation. When using operational accounting data, the inaccuracy of the balances is obvious. Secondly, which is especially important for our country, the amount of commodity losses, both standardized and non-standardized (including theft, both by trade workers themselves and by buyers) is automatically included in the cost of goods sold. For these reasons, tax officials often oppose the use of this method.
As mentioned above, the cost of acquiring goods can be full and incomplete. The advantage of the first option is the coverage of all costs associated with the acquisition of goods, and therefore a more accurate calculation of gross profit. Its disadvantage is the frequent need to distribute among several items of goods the total costs related to them.
For example, an organization received ten items of goods from a supplier under one consignment note, for the transportation of which they paid 300 rubles. The problem arises, what base should be chosen for the distribution of transport costs between goods: their mass, their cost, or some other indicator?
With each distribution base for the same product name, there will be a different result. In addition to the inaccuracy of calculations, there is another drawback - their laboriousness. In addition, in many cases, the inclusion of transportation costs in the actual cost of goods is either extremely difficult or even impossible. For example, a trade organization uses hired vehicles and pays for services at rates per hour of work. A hired car is used for a variety of purposes: delivering goods to your warehouse and to buyers' warehouses, for transporting materials, an accountant's trip to a bank, etc. Or the organization uses its own car to transport goods, which also performs many functions, and the costs of maintaining it are written off to various expense items (driver's salary, depreciation, fuel, etc.). In these cases, additional and rather complicated work arises to take into account the operating time of the car when it performs certain functions, the distribution of costs for its maintenance between types of work, and then types of goods, etc. Therefore, we believe that the accounting policy should provide for the write-off of such expenses not for the cost of goods, but for distribution costs.
In conclusion, a few words about the valuation of goods that do not belong to the organization on the basis of ownership and therefore are accounted for on off-balance accounts. Paragraph 14 of PBU 5/01 states that such goods are accepted for accounting in the assessment provided for in the contract. The instruction on the application of the chart of accounts of accounting speaks about this more specifically - at the prices of acceptance certificates.
Methods of analytical accounting of goods
Analytical accounting of goods is carried out by both financially responsible persons and accounting departments. Its main goal is to obtain information necessary for inventory management (compliance with regulations, control over the safety of goods, etc.).
Analytical accounting of goods can be carried out in four main sections:
A - depending on the aggregation of accounting information;
B - depending on the method of storage of goods;
B - for financially responsible persons;
G - by owners.
A. Aggregation of accounting information usually occurs in three variants:
1. The presence and movement of goods is reflected in the accounting separately for each item.
It is used when it is possible, and in some cases it is necessary, to identify each unit of goods separately (accounting for cars, gold products, goods in retail commission trade, etc.). Such an account is called subject-by-subject.
Goods are accounted for by name and prices (in physical and cost units). Hence its theoretical name natural cost accounting. In practice, it is often called quantitative-sum. This option is usually used in warehouses.
2. All goods are taken into account together only in value terms (without differentiation by individual items or items). This type of accounting is called value accounting.
The most preferred options for the analytical accounting of goods should be recognized as the first and second, since there is information on the presence and movement of each item or item of goods. However, their application is possible only if the receipt and disposal of goods are formalized by documents that indicate the name, price and quantity of goods.
3. In retail trade, when selling goods to the public, as a rule, documents are not issued and, therefore, there is no information about the goods sold by name. Therefore, most stores use the third option for analytical accounting of goods *.
* Note: If there are bar codes on the goods and appropriate computer technology, analytical accounting for the names of goods in retail trade is possible even without drawing up documents for the disposal of goods.
Subject-specific accounting of goods is possible when the sale to the public of certain goods (products made of gold, platinum, silver, precious stones, etc.), as well as goods accepted for commission in retail organizations, is drawn up with sales receipts, which indicate the name, price and quantity goods.
B. Goods can be stored in two ways:*
A) party;
B) varietal.
* Note: Subject-specific accounting in commission trade is necessary when the consignors are individuals, since information is needed on the sale of goods by owner in order to know who is entitled to receive money for the goods sold.
With the batch method, each batch of goods is stored separately. A batch is understood as the number of goods received simultaneously according to one document. Within a batch, goods are accounted for by their names.
With a varietal storage method, each newly acquired product of a certain name and variety is attached to a previously received product of the same name and variety. Hence, it is necessary to ensure that each individual batch, as well as each individual denomination and variety, is accounted for.
C. To control the safety of goods, their separate accounting is necessary for each materially responsible person (in case of individual material liability) or a team of materially responsible persons (in case of collective material liability).
D. In paragraph 2 of Art. 8 of the Federal Law "On Accounting" states: "Property owned by an organization is accounted for separately from the property of other legal entities owned by this organization." It follows that if, according to the same name of goods, some of them are the property of this organization, and the rest are the property of other persons (legal or natural), they must be accounted for separately. For this purpose, as mentioned above, a system of balance and off-balance accounts is used.
We have just described the procedure for analytical accounting in the system of balance accounts.
According to off-balance accounts, accounting is organized, first of all, by owners, and for each owner - by names, varieties and places of storage of goods.
Goods receipt accounting methods
Goods can come from suppliers, commitents, sponsors, founders as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital.
When goods are received from suppliers, if goods are accounted for at the purchase price, then entries are made according to the following scheme:
Debit 41 Credit 60 - posting of goods at the purchase price; Debit 19 Credit 60 - reflection in the accounting of value added tax on goods received.
If the goods are accounted for at the sale price, then the record scheme takes on a different form:
Debit 41 Credit 60 - posting of goods at the purchase price; Debit 19 Credit 60 - reflection in the accounting of value added tax on goods received. Debit 42 Credit 41 - reflection in accounting for the trade margin on goods received
The above schemes are used, as a rule, when goods are recorded on account 41 "Goods" at purchase prices, i.e. there are no other costs associated with the purchase of goods.
If the cost of acquiring goods includes, in addition to the purchase price, other expenses (transportation, insurance, etc.) that are not reflected in the accounting at one time, it is advisable to first collect all the expenses associated with the purchase of goods on the debit of account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material valuables", and after determining the actual cost of goods, reflect it in the debit of account 41 "Goods" from the credit of account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets":
Debit 15 Credit 60 (76.51, etc.) - reflected in the accounting costs associated with the purchase of goods (except VAT); Debit 19 Credit 60 (76.51, etc.) - reflected in VAT accounting for goods received and for services related to the purchase of goods; Debit 41 Credit 15 - goods are credited at the acquisition cost; Debit 41 Credit 42 * - the trade margin on the goods received is reflected in the accounting.
* Note: The entry is made when accounting for goods on account 41 "Goods" at sales prices.
This accounting scheme is especially convenient when purchasing imported goods, since their cost usually includes several types of expenses (contract cost, customs duties, customs clearance fees, etc.), which are taken into account at different times. At the same time, since the cost of goods is expressed in foreign currency, then its conversion into rubles in accordance with PBU 3/2000 "Accounting for assets and liabilities whose value is expressed in foreign currency" should be carried out at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of transfer of ownership to the importer for imported goods .
The moment of sale of goods
The sale of goods is regulated by various types of contracts: supply, retail sale, commission, exchange, etc.
When accounting for the sale of goods, determining the moment of transfer of ownership of goods from the seller to the buyer is of great importance. According to Art. 223 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation "the right of ownership of the acquirer of a thing under the contract arises from the moment of its transfer, unless otherwise provided by law or the contract." In Art. 224 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation states that "delivery of a thing to the acquirer, as well as delivery to the carrier for shipment to the acquirer" is recognized as a transfer. Simultaneously with the emergence of ownership, the risk of accidental loss or damage to the goods passes to the buyer.
To correctly determine the proceeds from the sale of goods, it is of great importance to determine the moment of sale of goods, i.e. the moment from which the goods shipped or released to the buyer are considered sold. From an accounting point of view, the moment of implementation can also be defined as the time when we have the right (and must) credit account 90.1 "Revenue".
For accounting purposes, the moment of sale of goods coincides with the moment of transfer of ownership of goods from the seller to the buyer.
For VAT purposes, the moment of sale may be:
- shipment (transfer) of goods to the buyer;
- payment for goods (for non-cash payments - the receipt of funds for goods to bank accounts, and for cash payments - the receipt of money at the cash desk).
For the purposes of taxation on income in accordance with Art. 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the moment of sale of goods is recognized as the day of shipment of goods to the buyer, subject to the transfer of ownership of these goods to him. From this general rule, Art. 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation makes an exception for enterprises whose average proceeds from the sale of goods (excluding VAT and sales tax) did not exceed 1 million rubles over the previous four quarters. for every quarter. These organizations have the right to determine the moment of sale of goods on a cash basis, i.e. for payment for goods.
Accounting for the sale of goods under a supply contract
According to Art. 506 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, under a supply contract, the seller is obliged to transfer the goods to the buyer within the stipulated time for use in entrepreneurial activities or for other purposes not related to personal, family, home or other similar use.
In the vast majority of cases, the moment of transfer of ownership of the goods is not specifically indicated in the supply contract, which means that it is determined in accordance with Art. 223 and 224 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, i.e. the buyer becomes the owner of the goods after their transfer (shipment). In this case, the following system of records for accounting for the sale of goods* is used:
Debit 62 Credit 90.1 - shipment (transfer) of goods to the buyer (for the sale value of goods with VAT); Debit 90.2 Credit 41.1 - sold goods written off (according to the acquisition cost); Debit 68 (76) Credit 90.3 - reflected in VAT accounting for goods sold**; Debit 50 (51) Credit 62 - money received from the buyer for the goods sold.
**Note:
If the organization for the purposes of VAT taxation, the moment of sale of goods is shipment, then account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" is credited, and if payment is made, then account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors". In the latter case, after receiving money from buyers for the amount of VAT, an entry is made:
Debit 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors"
Credit 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees".
In Art. 223 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation says that the buyer becomes the owner of the goods after receiving them, "unless otherwise provided ... by the contract." It follows that the contract may stipulate a different moment of transfer of ownership of goods from the seller to the buyer: payment for goods, offset of settlement claims, etc. Therefore, sometimes the supply contract provides for a different moment of transfer of ownership of goods, for example, payment for goods by the buyer. In this case, the record scheme for accounting for the sale of goods will look like this:
Debit 45 Credit 41.1 - shipment (transfer) of goods to the buyer (for the cost of goods at purchase prices); Debit 50 (51) Credit 90.1 - money received from the buyer for the goods sold; Debit 90.2 Credit 45 - sold goods written off; Debit 90.3 Credit 68 - VAT accrued to the budget on goods sold.
For the purposes of financial accounting in accordance with paragraph 16 of PBU 5/01, when goods are released (except for goods accounted for at sale prices), they can be evaluated in one of four known ways (at the cost of each unit; at average cost, FIFO and LIFO).
However, for the purposes of taxation of profits in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 268 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, when selling purchased goods, they can be evaluated using either FIFO or LIFO methods. The valuation method "at average cost" can be used only "in cases where, taking into account technological features, it is impossible to use the FIFO and LIFO methods." There is no mention at all of the valuation method "at the cost of each unit".
It is not clear, firstly, what is meant by "technological features" and, secondly, why did the developers of the Tax Code dislike the method of estimating "at average cost"? In our opinion, it is the most optimal way to evaluate goods (at least better than LIFO, which is prohibited in a number of countries), because its use underestimates the possible value of commodity balances and, accordingly, increases the cost of goods sold. And, finally, as a result, the total amount of profit of the enterprise is underestimated and the treasury of those countries where LIFO is not prohibited, and this is our country, does not receive huge amounts in the form of taxes. In general, remember that if you increase an asset, then it is automatically necessary to increase the liability as well. And if this increase is not related to accounts payable, then, of course, it, one way or another, increases profits.
It is curious, but this profit can change both due to the good work of the administration, accounting methodology and the correct choice of business contracts. So, if, for example, instead of a contract of sale or delivery, a commission contract is concluded, then the goods will not fall into the taxable property (property tax) and, more importantly, the seller does not invest a single ruble in the goods, and after their sale he :
- receives immediate commission and
- for a certain time uses the money of the committent as a free loan.
Finally, it is possible, but at the moment, due to the current taxation system, it is not very profitable to conclude gift agreements. One organization "donates", "sponsors" the donor either with money, or other goods, or some rather valuable services. Choosing the type of contract, the administration also assumes the financial results of the transaction. In essence, it is always the same thing, but in legal form there are very different solutions to the same problems.
Accounting for the sale of goods under a retail sale and purchase agreement
According to Art. 492 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, under a retail sale and purchase agreement, the seller undertakes to transfer to the buyer goods intended for personal, family, home or other use not related to entrepreneurial activity. At the same time, the sale of goods is carried out mainly for cash.
According to Art. 1 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the use of cash registers in the implementation of cash settlements with the population" cash settlements with the population in the implementation of trade operations are carried out, as a rule, with the obligatory use of cash registers.
Below we show the traditional scheme for accounting for the sale of goods under a retail sale and purchase agreement for cash:
Debit 50 Credit 90.1 - proceeds for goods received at the cash desk; Debit 90.2 Credit 41.2 - sold goods written off (at accounting prices); Debit 90.2 Credit 42 - the trade margin related to the goods sold has been written off (reversal entry) *.
* Note: The entry is made only when accounting for goods at sale prices.
The amount of revenue per day is determined as the difference between the readings of KKM meters at the end and beginning of the day.
If goods are accounted for at sale prices, then according to entry 2, within a month, the debit of account 90.2 "Sales" subaccount "Cost of sales" reflects the cost of goods at sale prices, and not at purchase prices. Such a record* arises because during the month, as a rule, the cost of goods sold at purchase prices is unknown. At the end of the month, the realized sales margin relating to the goods sold will be calculated and recorded. After it, the entries on the debit of account 90.2 "Cost of sales" will turn out to be what it should be - the cost of goods sold at purchase prices.
* Note: The compilers of the chart of accounts assumed that the debit of account 90.2 "Cost of sales" would always reflect only the cost of goods sold. Ultimately, as the reader will see, this requirement is achieved in all cases.
The sales margin relating to goods sold* can be calculated in a variety of ways. In practice, it is usually determined by the average percentage using the formula:
VP \u003d R * P / 100,
VP- gross profit;
R- the cost of goods sold at accounting prices;
P- the average percentage of gross profit.
* Note: Otherwise, this indicator can be called "realized trade margin" or "gross profit"
In its turn:
P \u003d (TNn + TNp - TNv) / (P + OK).
TNn- trade margin on the balance of goods at the beginning of the month (account 42 balance at the beginning of the month);
TNp- trade margin on goods received during the month (credit turnover of account 42 for the month);
TNv- trade allowance for retired goods for the month (debit turnover of account 42 for the month);
OK- balance of goods at the end of the month (account 42 balance at the end of the month).
In this case, the disposal of goods means the so-called documented expense (return of goods to suppliers, write-off of damage to goods, etc.). In other words, the "disposal of goods" is all their expenses except for the sale.
The calculation of gross profit by average percentage is simple and can be applied in any organization. Its drawback is inaccuracy, since it is based on the assumption that the assortment structure of turnover (sales proceeds) for the month and the balance of goods at the end of the month is the same, which does not happen in practice. As a result, the amount of gross profit calculated in this way is either more or less than the actual value. For example, if items sold are dominated by items with a higher markup (compared to the average percentage), and items with a lower markup dominate the balance, then gross profit will be understated.
As stated above, the realized trade margin is written off with a reverse entry:
Debit 90.2 "Cost of sales" Credit 42 "Trade margin".
Such a record has the disadvantage that the turnover on account 42 "Trade margin" is distorted. Its credit turnover should show the amount of the trade margin on the goods received, and the debit turnover - the amount of the margin on the retired goods (including those sold). The above entry does not allow this. To eliminate this shortcoming, a simpler accounting entry is possible:
Debit 42 "Trade margin" ("black" amount)
Debit 90.2 "Cost of sales" ("red" amount)
The calculation of gross profit is done only when accounting for goods at selling prices. When using the acquisition cost as the accounting price, gross profit is revealed analytically, since the credit of account 90.1 "Revenue" reflects the sale value of goods, and the debit of account 90.2 "Cost of sales" reflects the cost of goods sold at purchase prices. The difference between these indicators is the gross profit reflected in line 029 of the Profit and Loss Statement (Form No. 2). Theoretically, it is possible to exceed the debit turnover of account 90.2 "Cost of sales" over the credit turnover of account 90.1 "Revenue"; then the difference between them represents the loss on sales. In practice, this is quite rare.
Many stores offer various kinds of discounts to customers when selling goods (New Year's, Christmas, sales, etc.). The amount of these discounts reduces revenue, and therefore gross profit (because the acquisition cost of goods sold remains unchanged).
If the accounting price of goods is the acquisition cost, then no inconvenience arises in accounting.
If goods are recorded at selling prices, then some methodological difficulties arise.
If the store does not provide any discounts, then within a month the credit of account 90.1 "Sales" subaccount "Revenue" and the debit of account 90.2 "Sales" subaccount "Cost of sales" reflect the same amount - the sale price of goods.
This collation (identity) makes it easier for the accountant to control the actions of financially responsible persons (sellers and cashiers). How much revenue was received at the cash desk (credit of account 90.1 "Revenue"), so much should be written off the sold goods from sellers (debit account 90.2 "Cost of sales"). If the store provides customers with discounts when selling goods, then the debit turnover of account 90.2 "Cost of sales" is greater than the credit turnover of account 90.1 "Revenue" by their amount. An accountant who is accustomed to the collation of these indicators immediately begins to think about how to achieve their equality and begins to make various accounts. However, you do not need to make any postings to write off discounts. At the end of the month, after compiling the calculation of gross profit and reflecting it in accounting, everything will fall into place: the credit turnover of account 90.1 "Revenue" will again be greater than the debit turnover of account 90.2 "Cost of sales". True, one interesting feature will take place here: the gross profit, according to the calculation, will be greater than the gross profit calculated as the difference between the credit turnover of account 90.1 "Revenue" and the debit turnover of account 90.2 "Cost of sales" (for the amount of discounts provided). Thus, the accounting will reflect information on two indicators of gross profit: actual and potential (without discounts to customers).
Accounting for the sale of goods under a commission agreement
Under a commission agreement, one party (commission agent) undertakes, on behalf of the other party (principal), for a fee, to make one or more transactions on its own behalf, but at the expense of the principal. The subject of such an agreement can be transactions, both for the purchase and sale. Most often, under a commission agreement, transactions are made for the sale of goods, according to which the committent transfers the goods to the commission agent, and the latter sells them. The consignor retains ownership of the goods until they are sold. However, the commission agent is fully responsible to the committent for the loss and damage to the goods.
The sale of goods under a commission agreement can be both retail and wholesale. In both cases, the revenue of the commission agent is a commission.
The amount and procedure for paying the commission fee is established in the contract. It can be:
- in a fixed amount;
- as a percentage of the cost of goods sold;
- as the difference between the sale value of the goods and the value indicated in the documents of the consignor.
If the commission agent made a transaction on more favorable terms than those specified in the agreement, then the additional benefit is divided equally between the commission agent and the committent (unless otherwise provided by the agreement).
The committent, in addition to paying the commission fee, is obliged to reimburse the commission agent for the amounts spent by him on the execution of the order, stipulated by the agreement.
Accounting for the sale of goods under a commission agreement in retail trade
The procedure for documenting transactions with commission goods is established by the Rules for commission trade in non-food products, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 06.06.1998 No. 569 (with subsequent amendments and additions).
Goods accepted for commission that are not in demand may be discounted. The order and size of the markdown are specified in the contract.
If the goods are returned to the consignor for any reason, then a fee may be charged from the latter for the storage of the goods (if it is provided for by the contract).
Debit 004 - acceptance of goods for commission; Debit 50 Credit 76 - proceeds from the sale of goods received at the cash desk (payable to the committent); Debit 50 Credit 90.1 - proceeds from the sale of goods (commission) received at the cash desk; Credit 004 - sold goods written off; Debit 90.3 Credit 68 - VAT charged to the budget; Debit 90. NSP Credit 68 - accrued to the NSP budget; Debit 76 Credit 50 - money paid to the committent; Debit 50 Credit 91.1 - money received from the committent for the storage of goods.
Accounting for the sale of goods under a commission agreement in wholesale trade
The commission agent, after the shipment of goods to the buyer, informs the committent about this by sending him a notice. On the date of receipt of the notice, the committent must record the sale of goods.
After the execution of the transaction, the commission agent must submit to the committent a written report on the work done. There are various options for the shipment of goods and settlements associated with their sale.
Options A1 and B1 provide for the participation of the commission agent in the payments for goods. In these cases, the commission agent deducts a commission from the proceeds received from the buyer, and transfers the remaining amount to the committent.
Options A2 and B2 do not involve the participation of the commission agent in the payment for goods. In this case, the committent pays the commission agent remuneration from his current account.
In practice, options A1 and A2 are most often used.
Option A1
Accounts with the consignor:
Debit 45 Credit 41 - transfer of goods to the commission agent; Debit 76 "Settlements with a commission agent" Credit 90.1 - reflection in accounting for the shipment of goods to the buyer; Debit 90.2 Credit 45 - write-off of goods sold;
Reflection in VAT accounting on goods sold, at the time of sale for tax purposes:
Debit 90.3 Credit 68 - shipment; Debit 90.3 Credit 76 "VAT calculations" - payment;
Reflection in the accounting of the expenses of the commission agent for the execution of the order:
Debit 19 Credit 76 "Settlements with a commission agent" - for the amount of VAT related to expenses; Debit 44 Credit 76 "Settlements with a commission agent" - for the amount of expenses without VAT;
Accounting for commission:
Debit 19 Credit 76 "Settlements with a commission agent" - for the amount of VAT related to the commission; Debit 44 Credit 76 "Settlements with a commission agent" - for the amount of remuneration without VAT; Debit 51 Credit 76 "Settlements with the commission agent" - money received from the commission agent; Debit 76 "VAT settlements" Credit 68 - VAT accrued to the budget (if the moment of implementation for tax purposes is payment); Debit 90 "Costs of sale" Credit 44 - the costs associated with the sale of goods are written off.
Debit 004 - received goods from the consignor; Debit 62 Credit 76 - goods shipped to the buyer; Credit 004 - sold goods written off; Debit 76 Credit 51 - reflected in the accounting costs associated with the sale of goods, reimbursed by the committent; Debit 51 Credit 62 - received money from the buyer; Debit 76 Credit 90.1 - commission is charged; Debit 90.3 Credit 68 - VAT accrued to the budget from the amount of the commission; Debit 76 Credit 51 - money was transferred to the committent.
Option A2
Accounts with the consignor
First, instead of account 76 "Settlements with a commission agent", account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" is used.
Secondly, the transfer of remuneration and reimbursement of expenses stipulated by the contract to the commission agent is recorded:
Debit 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" sub-account "Settlements with a commission agent"
Loan 51 "Settlement accounts"
Accounts with a commission agent
See option A1 for the following features.
First, there will be no operations:
Debit 62 Credit 76 - goods shipped to the buyer; Debit 51 Credit 62 - received money from the buyer; Debit 76 Credit 51 - money was transferred to the committent.
Secondly, to receive remuneration from the committent and reimbursement of expenses provided for by the contract, an entry is made:
Debit 51 "Settlement accounts"
Loan 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors"
In addition to the commission, intermediary agreements can also be agency and agency agreements. They differ in some legal features, and the methodology for accounting for transactions on them is similar to a commission agreement.
Accounting for transactions under an exchange agreement
According to Art. 567 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, under an exchange agreement, each of the parties undertakes to transfer one product to the ownership of the other party in exchange for another. In this case, each of the parties is recognized as the seller of the goods that it is obliged to transfer, and the buyer of the goods that it undertakes to accept in exchange.
Goods to be exchanged are assumed to be of equal value. If they are not, the party obliged to transfer the goods, the value of which is lower than the value of the goods provided in exchange, must pay the difference in the value of the goods.
Commodity exchange operations are carried out in two stages:
- receiving goods from a counterparty;
- shipment (release) of goods to the counterparty.
These stages rarely coincide in time and can be performed by each of the parties in a different sequence:
- first receipt of goods, and then shipment (vacation);
- shipping (release) first, and then receiving.
The order of reflection in the accounting of barter transactions depends on the terms of the contract and can be in two versions.
The first option is used when the exchange agreement provides for the usual procedure for transferring ownership of goods, i.e. in accordance with Art. 223 and 224 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In this case, each party makes the usual entries for the receipt of goods (when it acts as a buyer) and for the sale of goods under a supply agreement (when it acts as a seller). After that, an entry is made for offsetting debts:
Debit 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"
Credit 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"
The second option is used when the exchange agreement does not contain a special condition on the procedure for transferring ownership of goods. Then this procedure is regulated by Art. 570 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, according to which the ownership of the exchanged goods passes to the parties simultaneously after the fulfillment of the obligations to transfer the relevant goods by both parties.
In this case, the procedure for recording barter transactions in accounting will depend on the sequence in which obligations under the contract are fulfilled. There are two possible accounting methods here.
The first method is applied when the organization ships the goods first.
When goods were shipped to the counterparty, only one party fulfilled its obligation under the contract, therefore, the ownership of the shipped goods was not transferred to the counterparty and these goods have not yet been sold:
Debit 45 Credit 41.1 - goods shipped to the counterparty;
When the organization received goods from the counterparty, both parties fulfilled their contractual obligations, and therefore the goods received became the property of the organization, and are accounted for in the usual manner to account 41 "Goods":
Debit 41.1 Credit 60 - received goods from the counterparty;
Since the shipped goods have become the property of the counterparty, their sale is reflected in the accounting:
Debit 62 Credit 90.1 - the sale of goods is reflected in the accounting; Debit 90.2 Credit 45 - sold goods written off; Debit 90.3 Credit 68 - VAT accrued to the budget on goods sold; Debit 60 Credit 62 - credited in accounting for offsetting debts;
Offsetting debts means the repayment of mutual obligations, in particular, payment for goods received, therefore, the organization has the right to deduct VAT on them:
Debit 68 Credit 19 - accepted for reimbursement (reduction) the amount of VAT related to the lowered and paid goods.
The second method is applied when the organization first receives goods from the counterparty.
In this case, only the counterparty fulfilled its obligations under the contract, therefore, the goods received by the organization did not become its property and should be accounted for off the balance sheet:
Debit 002 - received goods from the counterparty;
After the organization shipped the goods, both parties fulfilled their obligations under the contract, and the shipped goods became the property of the counterparty and are considered sold:
Debit 62 Credit 90.1 - goods shipped to the counterparty; Debit 90.2 Credit 41.1 - sold goods written off; Debit 41.1 Credit 60 - received goods are reflected on the balance sheet; Credit 002 - the received goods are written off from the off-balance sheet; Debit 90.3 Credit 68 - VAT accrued to the budget on goods sold; Debit 60 Credit 62 - reflected in the accounting offset of debts; Debit 68 Credit 19 - accepted for reimbursement (deduction) the amount of VAT related to received and paid goods.
The cost of goods shipped and received under barter agreements is determined in accordance with the procedure established by paragraph 6.3, respectively, PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization" and PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization" and paragraph 10 PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" .
Accounting for the receipt and sale of goods, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency or in conventional monetary units
Art. 317 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation says that a monetary obligation may provide for payment in rubles in an amount equivalent to a foreign currency or conventional monetary units (hereinafter "c.u."). In this case, the amount payable in rubles is determined at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (unless a different exchange rate is established by the agreement).
The amount of liabilities expressed in foreign currency or c.u. converted into rubles at a particular rate on different dates (receipt of goods, their payment, etc.) and as a result, differences arise, which are called sum. In form, they are very similar to exchange rate differences, however, they cannot be recognized as such, since these operations are not currency transactions (calculations are made in rubles and there is no transfer of ownership of currency values).
Amount differences (as well as exchange rate differences) can be positive or negative. They occur for both sellers and buyers.
For sellers, in accordance with paragraph 6.6 of PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization", the amount of revenue is determined (increases or decreases) taking into account the amount difference.
For the buyer, in accordance with clause 6.6 of PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization", the amount of payment is determined (increases or decreases) also taking into account the amount difference.
Positive sum differences are reflected (for both the supplier and the buyer) by ordinary entries, and negative ones - by reversal.
Example
The supply contract defines the cost of goods as 600 c.u. (including VAT - 100 USD). The cost of purchasing goods is 13,000 rubles. Payment for goods is carried out in rubles at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the day of payment.
The exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation was:
- on the day of shipment (posting) of goods - 25 rubles;
- on the day of payment for goods - 26 rubles.
For the supplier and buyer, for tax purposes, revenue is determined by shipment.
The buyer sold half of the goods for 10,800 rubles before payment. (including VAT - 1,800 rubles).
In the accounting of the supplier, the accountant will make the following entries:
Debit 62 Credit 90.1 - 15,000 rubles. (600 * 25) - shipment of goods to the buyer; Debit 90.2 Credit 41 - 13,000 rubles. - written off sold goods; Debit 90.3 Credit 68 - 2500 rubles. (100 * 25) - VAT charged to the budget for the goods sold; Debit 51 Credit 62 - 15,600 rubles. (600 * 26) - received money from the buyer; Debit 62 Credit 90.1 - 600 rubles. (15,600 - 15,000) - the amount difference is reflected in the accounting; Debit 90.3 Credit 68 - 100 rubles. (600 / 120 * 20) - VAT charged to the budget from the amount difference.
In the accounting of the buyer, the accountant will make entries:
Goods received from supplier:
Debit 41 Credit 60 - 12,500 rubles. (500 * 25); Debit 19 Credit 62 - 2500 rubles. (100 * 25); Debit 62 Credit 90.1 - 10,800 rubles. - the goods are shipped to the buyer; Debit 90.2 Credit 41 - 6250 rubles. (12500 / 2) - sold goods written off; Debit 90.3 Credit 68 - 1800 rubles. - accrued VAT on the sold goods to the budget; Debit 60 Credit 51 - 15,600 rubles. - money is transferred to the supplier;
The amount difference is reflected in the accounting:
Debit 41 Credit 60 - 250 rubles. ((600 - 100) / 2); Debit 90.2 Credit 60 - 250 rubles. (600 - 100 - 250); Debit 68 Credit 19 - 2600 rubles. - submitted to the budget for VAT deduction.
If the shipment (posting) of goods and their payment took place in one month, then the sum differences should undoubtedly be reflected in the accounting in the above way.
If the shipment (posting) of goods occurred in one month, and payment - in another, then the supplier and the buyer, in our opinion, must calculate the amount of the sum differences formed on the 1st day of the month following the month of shipment (posting) of the goods and reflect them in accounting for the first month. Do the same for the following months. The possibility of such an adjustment follows from paragraph 4 of Art. 13 of the Federal Law "On Accounting". If we do not make such an adjustment, then the financial results of the organization will be unreliable.
For the purposes of taxation of profits, according to Art. 316 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, sum differences are included in non-operating income and expenses.
Accounting for the sale of goods on credit
Some items may be sold on credit. The procedure for such a sale is set out in the rules for the sale of durable goods to citizens on credit, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.09.1993 No. 895.
Goods purchased by them on credit are transferred to buyers upon payment, as a rule, of at least 20 percent of the cost of these goods. The rest of the cost of goods is paid by buyers usually within 6 to 36 months (depending on the terms of the contract).
When selling goods on credit, buyers are charged interest on the amount of the loan, the amount of which is established by the trade organization, taking into account the current rates for bank loans.
For late payments for goods purchased on credit, buyers are charged a penalty in the amount of 0.5 percent of the overdue amount for each day of delay.
In accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 489 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, when the buyer misses the deadline for the next payment for the goods sold by installments within the period established by the contract, the trading company has the right (unless otherwise provided by the contract) to demand the return of the goods sold (except in cases where the amount of payments received from the buyer exceeds half the price of the goods ).
According to paragraph 5 of Art. 488 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation from the moment the goods are transferred to the buyer and until payment is made, the goods sold on credit are recognized as being pledged to the seller to ensure that the buyer fulfills his obligation to pay for the goods (unless otherwise provided by the contract).
It follows from the foregoing that the ownership of goods sold on credit may pass to the buyer at different times. This gives rise to two problems:
- when the right of ownership passes from the seller to the buyer - at the time of transfer of the goods to him or after the last payment for it;
- when the seller makes a profit: at the time of the release of goods, at the time of the last payment.
Using the example of accounting for the sale of goods on credit, one can easily see and understand that seemingly impartial accounting is a field of merciless conflict of interests.
Throughout the history of accounting, three methods have been proposed for recognizing profits from the sale of goods on credit:
- all profits are fixed at the time of receipt of the first payment;
- profit is evenly credited for each regular payment;
- profit is fixed only from the moment of receipt of the last payment.
Theoretically, each of these methods is equally possible and equal:
- in the first case, the transfer of ownership of things from the seller to the buyer automatically means the appearance of profit;
- in the second, with no less reason, it is believed that profit is a part of the payment, and therefore, how many payments there are, so many times the "piece" of profit will come;
- in the third, it is believed that profit can arise only after the seller recoups his expenses.
However, these theoretically impeccable options have the most serious impact on the interests of participants in economic processes. And when this was understood, accountants showed that if other participants in economic processes do not interfere, then the choice of accounting option fully depends on the interests of the administration.
So, if the administration is rewarded based on the volume of sales equal to the money received (net proceeds), this will restrain the sale on credit, and, consequently, the costs associated with the storage of goods will increase, the sales volume itself will decrease and, as a result, the inflow of money will decrease and profit will be reduced. Creditors will again be upset by the decrease in solvency, and owners - by a drop in profits.
If bonuses are associated with profit, then the administration is interested in recognizing profit upon receipt of the first payment for the values sold on credit. In this case, the more goods sold on credit, the greater the profit and the greater the premium, but the interests of the owners suffer. They must pay a premium and, most importantly, pay taxes on profits that are not yet backed by money. Therefore, it is in their interests to recognize profits after the last payment is received.
In accordance with paragraph 3.1.2 of the guidelines for determining the turnover of retail and wholesale trade on the principles of enterprise statistics, approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated August 19, 1998 No. 89, the cost of goods sold on credit, in the amount of the full value of the goods, is included in the retail turnover at the moment the goods are released to the buyer.
Debit 50.51 Credit 90.1 - down payment received from buyers; Debit 62 Credit 90.1 - the amount of the loan presented to buyers and interest on it is reflected in the accounting; Debit 90.2 Credit 41 - sold goods written off; Debit 50.51 Credit 62 - received from buyers in repayment of debt; Debit 50.51 Credit 91.1 - late payment penalty received.
Accounting for discounts when buying and selling goods
The discount is the amount by which the sale price of goods sold to a buyer who has fulfilled the conditions necessary to receive the discount is reduced.
Currently, the most widespread are discounts provided for the purchase of goods in a certain quantity or for a certain amount, and discounts for the prompt payment of goods sold. In addition, there may be discounts provided to all customers at certain times (New Year's, Christmas, seasonal, sales, etc.) or certain categories of customers.
It should be borne in mind that the retail sale contract in accordance with Art. 426 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is public, i.e. preference cannot be given to one person over another in relation to the prices of goods (except for the cases provided for by law and other legal acts).
According to paragraph 6.5 of PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization", "the amount of receipts and (or) receivables is determined taking into account all the discounts (capes) provided to the organization under the agreement." Based on this, the seller's revenue should be reduced by the amount of discounts provided to the buyer.
According to clause 6.5 of PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization", "the amount of payment and (or) accounts payable is determined taking into account all the discounts (capes) provided to the organization under the contract." Based on this, the cost of goods (both in stock and sold) should be reduced by the amount of discounts provided for these goods.
The procedure for the above adjustment for the seller of revenue, and for the buyer of the cost of goods is similar to accounting for sum differences.
Features of accounting for raw materials and goods in public catering
Most public catering enterprises traditionally have the following structural divisions:
- pantry
- production (kitchen)
- buffets (bars, etc.)
Some organizations combine pantries with production.
Instructions for the use of both the old and the new charts of accounts prescribe to keep records of goods in pantries on account 41.1 "Goods in warehouses", and in buffets - on account 41.2 "Goods in retail trade".
Raw materials and products in production, according to the instructions for using the old chart of accounts, were taken into account on account 20 "Main production". The new instruction does not say anywhere on which account they should be taken into account for the above objects. When choosing accounts for accounting for raw materials, goods and products, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the activities of public catering enterprises, the most important of which is the division of public catering turnover into two parts:
- sale of products of own production (snacks, first, second, third courses, etc.);
- sale of purchased goods that are sold without additional processing (cigarettes, vodka, etc.).
For the production of products, public catering enterprises purchase raw materials (meat, fish, vegetables, etc.), which usually first goes to the pantry, and from there it is transferred to the kitchen. The latter, as a rule, contains raw materials (products that have not been processed), work in progress (raw materials at a certain stage of processing, for example, peeled potatoes, sticky but not cooked dumplings, etc.) and finished products (borscht, cutlets and etc.).
Buffets sell to customers both homemade products (obtained from the kitchen) and purchased goods (obtained from the pantry).
Let's summarize all the above in the table
Based on the definition of goods given in paragraph 2 of PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories", by and large, only purchased goods are subject to accounting on account 41 "Goods". To account for the rest of the objects that are in public catering, it is supposed to use such accounts as 10 "Materials", 20 "Main production", 43 "Finished products". However, to simplify accounting, two accounts are used: 41 "Goods" - for the pantry and buffets and 20 "Main production" - for production (kitchen). Moreover, the last account in public catering, unlike manufacturing enterprises, is not a calculation one and only costs associated with the use of raw materials as a component of finished products are taken into account, i.e. it is treated as material. The rest of the costs (wages, depreciation of fixed assets, etc.) are accounted for on account 44 "Sales costs". At the same time, accounting in the pantry should be kept at the cost of acquiring raw materials and goods, in buffets - either at the cost of acquisition or at selling prices. As for the kitchen, retail trade is also possible here, since most of the products of our own production are sold to the public. In practice, in most cases in buffets and in production (kitchen), as well as in stores, sale prices are used.
The surcharge on goods in buffets is added to their cost in the usual way. In the same way, a markup can be set for raw materials in production. In both cases, the value of the margin (as a percentage) is usually differentiated by type of goods (raw materials). However, the mark-up for products of own production can be set on the cost of a raw set for a particular dish. In this case, the value of the markup for all types of raw materials used for the production of a given dish will be the same and can be differentiated by the names of dishes. When choosing a scheme for the analytical accounting of raw materials and goods in pantries and in workshops for the production of semi-finished products and confectionery, a natural cost scheme should be used. In ordinary production and in buffets, both natural-value and cost accounting can be used, and in practice the latter scheme is preferred, since the use of a natural-value accounting scheme requires the availability of appropriate computer equipment and software.
And, finally, we are faced with another problem: is costing necessary in public catering? This question causes misunderstanding among the majority of accountants. For them, the answer is obvious: of course, yes!
Proponents of costing, speaking of its necessity, argue that it determines the selling price of a dish, based on the norms for laying raw materials for one dish and the prices of raw materials. However, the selling price of any product is determined not so much by the cost of it, but by the amount that the buyer agrees to pay, i.e. In the market, the price is formed on the basis of supply and demand for this product. Therefore, the establishment of the sale price should not be reduced to the calculation of the cost of the raw material set. It is no coincidence that thinking administrators, and not unthinking accountants, determine the selling price of a particular dish based on the specific conditions of economic activity (the presence of nearby competitors and their price level for similar products - the Box effect, the purchasing power of consumers, etc.). In such enterprises, product prices are relatively stable, which makes it easier for employees to remember them, and most importantly, accounting employees get rid of the daily, not only time-consuming and useless work of compiling calculation cards, but this is the most important thing: the company proceeds in pricing policy from the requirements of the market, and not from the vagaries of accounting technology.
Calculation is obligatory only if the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation resort to regulating the size of the margin on products sold at catering establishments at general education schools, vocational schools, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions.
However, in practice, most food service establishments continue to set sales prices on a cost basis. The main reason for this is that a solid army of bookkeepers over the years has weaned itself from thinking.
Features of accounting for the revaluation of goods
Setting the price is the sovereign right of the owner, and under the influence of various circumstances, he, the owner, either raises or lowers the selling prices of his goods.
If the accounting of goods is carried out at the cost of acquisition, then the increase in prices does not concern the accountant, the decrease - only if prices fall below the cost of goods.
If goods are accounted for at sales prices, then their increase is reflected in the entry:
Debit 41 "Goods" Credit 42 "Trade margin".
If prices decrease, then a reverse entry is made:
Debit 42 "Trade margin" Credit 41 "Goods".
If prices fall below cost, an entry is made:
Debit 42 "Trade margin"
Debit 91.2 "Other expenses"
Credit 41 "Goods".
41 ledger account is an active ledger account showing the movement and transactions of goods in an institution. Let us examine in more detail how to use account 41 in accounting, what are its sub-accounts and typical postings.
What is it needed for
Consider 41 accounting accounts (for dummies), because the topic of accounting for goods occupies a key place in the financial and economic activities of the organization. Goods here means a set of inventory items acquired by an enterprise for the purpose of further sale (paragraph 2 of PBU 5/01). Inventory and materials may also be transferred to the organization by other legal entities.
Account 41 in accounting - “Goods”, is used by organizations on the basis of a chart of accounts approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 94n dated 10/31/2000. Account 41 reflects only those goods and materials that directly belong to the institution on the basis of ownership. All inventory items that are in storage or on commission and do not belong to the enterprise (accounts 002, 004).
What applies to goods
Goods are understood as the result of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, which is subject to sale, operation or exchange. At the same time, goods in the general sense include not only manufactured material products, but also objects of civil rights, intangible property, work performed by the company or services provided.
In other words, goods are the property assets of an organization that are produced directly for sale. Such a definition is specified in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The economic definition of a product is the result of labor, including works and services. All produced goods must have a certain use value and be intended for sale in order to be exchanged for other products or money.
Products include:
- material (material) products that have different physical characteristics and properties;
- services or intangible property (rendering services, results of mental labor).
Tangible goods are the most common group. They are also called inventory items, which are used directly for the purpose of further sale. At the same time, the materials themselves, which are purchased for the manufacture of goods, the performance of work, the provision of services, general production and general economic needs, are also inventory items.
Accounting for such property is carried out at actual cost. The cost price is formed from the cost of purchasing goods and materials (money paid in person or transferred to the account of the seller), transportation costs, commission payments and other expenses.
Score 41 - active or passive?
Account 41 - active, used by an accountant to reflect the cost and quantitative characteristics of products. The acquisition and receipt of goods and materials is recorded in debit, the decrease (disposal) of inventory is reflected in credit 41. Goods are current assets of the enterprise, therefore, data on account 41 are indicated in the asset of form No. 1 - the balance sheet (order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 67n of 07.22.2003 G.). The balance for 41 accounts is formed only by debit. In the event that a negative balance was revealed in the generated report, then the accountant made a mistake in accounting for goods, and the information needs to be rechecked.
To check the accounting data and the operations performed, the accountant can generate a balance sheet. It provides information on movements and balances at the beginning and end of the reporting period on account 41 and its sub-accounts. The document can be generated according to various analytical accounting data - organizational units, types and batches of goods (works / services), as well as places of storage of products. A specialist can check the balance at the end of the period using the following formula - the balance at the beginning of the period DT 41 minus CT 41.
Also, the generated account card 41 helps in accounting, which reflects data on transactions and postings, balances and turnovers for the specified period.
Sub-accounts
Account 41 “Goods” is subject to detailed financial analysis, a number of sub-accounts are opened for it, detailing accounting:
- Account 41.01 - "Goods in warehouses." The sub-account is used to register cost data on stocks at wholesale and distribution bases, warehouses, pantries, refrigerators of public catering organizations, etc.
- 41.02 - "Goods in retail trade." Reflection of the cost of goods and materials that need to be sold at retail outlets, buffets of catering organizations, etc.
- 41.03 - "Containers under the goods and empty." The sub-account takes into account packaging and other containers used by the buyer in the sales process (except for glass containers).
- 41.04 - "Purchased products." It is used if you need to buy goods and materials of industrial and manufacturing enterprises using account 41.
An institution may open other sub-accounts depending on the scope of its activities, information and analytical needs, as well as the level of accounting organization.
Analytical accounting for this account is carried out in the context of the names of commodity values, persons responsible for storage, and directly storage places (Order No. 94n).
Ways of accounting for goods
Accounting for goods on 41 accounts can be carried out in the following ways:
- At the purchase price (acquisition price) - in this case, the cost of purchased products reflects not only their prices minus VAT, but also the acquisition costs. For example, among other things, such a cost includes the costs of procurement and delivery. The entire list of such costs is given in paragraph 6 of PBU 5/98.
- At sale value (at the selling price) - with this method, products are recorded at cost, taking into account the trade margin. This method is only available for retail companies.
- At the discount price - all products are accepted at the established discount prices. To reflect the difference between the purchase and discount price in rubles. or another currency, account 15 is used - “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”. The difference is written off through account 16 - “Deviation in the value of material assets”.
Let's consider an example for method 1 - let's imagine postings for the receipt of products at the purchase price.
Example 2 - for accounting at the selling price.
| postings | the name of the operation |
|---|---|
| DT 41 KT 60 | Arrival of products at a price by the seller without VAT |
| DT 19 KT 60 | VAT presented by the seller |
| DT 41 KT 60 | Transport and procurement costs without VAT |
| DT 19 KT 60 | VAT on transport and procurement costs |
| DT 68.02 KT 19 | VAT deduction |
| DT 44 KT 60 | The cost of transport and procurement costs as part of the costs of implementation |
| DT 60 KT 51 | Transfer of funds to the seller separately for products and for transportation costs |
| DT 41 KT 42 | Reflection of the trade margin |
Example 3 - for income at discount prices.
Typical accounting transactions
Here are the main accounting entries for operations with goods and materials in the table:
In inventory accounting, account 41k is also used - adjustment of goods of the previous period. It is used to correct detected errors if the reporting period has already closed.
Personal account 41 in the Treasury
Account 41 in accounting is responsible for the availability and movement of goods and materials, but do not confuse it with a special treasury register. There is a special 41 personal account in the Treasury, for which it is opened, we will tell further on our website.
Personal account 41 is registered with the Federal Treasury in the event that legal entities - non-participants in the budget process - need to make mutual settlements with state, municipal customers as a contractor under concluded contracts. However, not every contract that is concluded with such a contractor in accordance with the norms of legislation in the field of public procurement requires the opening of a special personal account.
For example, the need to register special accounts with the Federal Treasury concerns suppliers who fulfill obligations under or under specialized state programs and directions. The condition on the special account 41 is necessarily prescribed in the contractual provisions.
Ask questions, and we will supplement the article with answers and explanations!
Any financial and economic transaction on the activities of the company is reflected in the accounts of accounting. All accounts are linked. The principle of their interaction is described by the double entry method. Itself is a list in which the number corresponds to the name, reflecting the essence of the business transaction. It was approved by Order No. 94n as amended on 08.11.2010.
A commodity is any purchased or produced item of value intended for subsequent sale. If an organization produces a product for internal use, it is not a commodity. Consider the basic postings for goods and services in accounting.
Consider the main examples of accounting entries for goods on 41 accounting accounts.
Accounting for goods and materials
Goods and materials are often combined into one accounting group and given a general name - inventory items, abbreviated goods and materials.
Ready-made goods and materials intended for further sale are goods. A - these are goods and materials that are purchased for use in the manufacture of the company's products, or for their own needs, affecting the overall production process,.
Inventory and materials are taken into account at the actual cost, which consists of the amounts of funds transferred or paid (in cash) to the supplier and other expenses associated with transportation, commission costs, etc.
How goods are taken into account
Goods are accepted for accounting in the same way as materials, at actual cost. For accounting, account 41 and subaccounts opened for it are used. When carrying out retail trade, more is needed. If you keep records at discount prices to reflect the difference between them and actual prices, then accounts 15 and 16 will be needed.
Goods are sold wholesale and retail. Accounting in this case is affected by the tax system of the organization, and the methods fixed in the accounting policy, and automation, or its absence at the outlet, and the presence of intermediaries. When concluding a supply contract, it is necessary to clearly state all the conditions that relate to prepayment, full payment and shipment, since the write-off of costs and the moment of sale of goods depend on this.
Wholesale trade can be carried out on the terms:
- Prepayment and subsequent shipment.
- Shipment, and then payment for the goods.
- Payment in foreign currency, and then shipment. And vice versa.
- with their transportation to the buyer.
There are also many nuances in retail trade:
- Sale of goods at an automated point of sale (ATT) at sales prices in cash and non-cash.
- Sale of goods at a non-automated point of sale (NTT) at sales prices in cash and non-cash.
- Sale of goods at purchase prices.
Example of postings for 41 accounts
The Alpha organization carries out wholesale and retail trade. Goods were shipped to Omega after receiving full payment from it in the amount of 274,520 rubles. (VAT 41,876 rubles). Three days later, the goods were shipped to the buyer.
The cost of goods sold is 129,347 rubles. In retail, daily revenue amounted to 17,542 rubles. (VAT 2676 rubles). The sale was carried out with the help of ATT. Account 42 was used to account for the trade margin. The amount of the margin is 6549 rubles.
| Account Dt | Account Kt | Wiring Description | Posting amount | A document base |
| 51 | 62.02 | Money received from Omega on the current account | 274 520 | bank statement |
| 76.AB | 68.02 | Advance invoice issued | 41 876 | outgoing invoice |
| 62.01 | 90.01.1 | Accounted for revenue from the sale of goods | 274 520 | Packing list |
| 90.02 | 68.02 | VAT accrued on sales | 41 876 | Packing list |
| 90.02.1 | 41.01 | Written off sold goods | 129 347 | Packing list |
| 62.02 | 62.01 | Advance credited | 274 520 | Packing list |
| Sales invoice issued | 274 520 | Invoice | ||
| 68.02 | 76.AB | Advance VAT deduction | 41 876 | Book of purchases |
| 50.01 | 90.01.1 | Retail revenue included | 17 542 | |
| 90.03 | 68.02 | VAT charged | 2676 | Help-report of the teller cashier based on the retail sales report |
| 90.02.1 | 41.11 | Write-off of goods at the sale price | 17 452 | Help-report of the teller cashier based on the retail sales report |
| 90.02.1 | 42 | Goods markup accounting | -6549 | Help-calculation of writing off the trade margin on goods sold |
Transfer of goods to materials
In production and trade organizations, goods are often transferred to the category of materials. Such a movement is issued by waybill TORG-13.
Alpha purchased 920 meters of cable for sale in the amount of 179,412 rubles. (VAT 27383 rubles). It took 120 meters of cable to carry out electrical work, so this amount of goods was converted into materials.
| Account Dt | Account Kt | Wiring Description | Posting amount | A document base |
| 41.01 | 60.01 | Goods arrived | 152 029 | Packing list |
| 19.03 | 60.01 | VAT included | 27 383 | Packing list |
| 68.02 | 19.03 | VAT accepted for deduction | 27 383 | Invoice |
| 10.01 | 41.01 | Products converted to materials | 19 830 | Invoice for internal movement |
Write-off of goods from 41 accounts for the needs of the organization
An organization may need the goods it sells for general business purposes. Write-off can be made by transferring goods into materials or bypassing this operation, on the basis of an order.
Situation example:
The organization purchased 87 packs of paper for retail sale for a total of 7905 rubles. (VAT 1206 rubles.) It took 5 packs for the needs of the office.
| Account Dt | Account Kt | Wiring Description | Posting amount | A document base |
| 41.01 | 60.01 | Goods arrived | 6699 | Packing list |
| 19.03 | 60.01 | VAT included | 1206 | Packing list |
| 68.02 | 19.03 | VAT accepted for deduction | 1206 | Invoice |
| 41.11 | 41.01 | Goods moved from wholesale warehouse to retail | 6699 | |
| 41.11 | 42 | Take into account the trade margin | 2609 | Invoice for internal movement (TORG-13) |
| 26 | 41.11 | Written off goods for the needs of the office | 604 | Invoice claim |
| 26 | 42 | Adjustment of the cost of goods for the needs of the office | 219 | Accounting information |
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Account 41 "Goods"
Account 41 "Goods" is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of inventory items purchased as goods for sale. This account is mainly used by organizations engaged in trading activities, as well as organizations providing catering services.
In organizations engaged in industrial and other production activities, account 41 "Goods" is used in cases where any products, materials, products are purchased specifically for sale or when the cost of finished products purchased for assembly is not included in the cost of goods sold, and refundable by buyers separately.
Organizations engaged in trading activities on account 41 "Goods" also take into account purchased packaging and packaging of their own production (except for inventory, serving for production or economic needs and accounted for on account 01 "Fixed assets" or 10 "Materials").
Goods accepted for safekeeping are recorded on the off-balance account 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping". Goods accepted for commission are recorded on the off-balance account 004 "Goods accepted for commission".
To account 41 "Goods" sub-accounts can be opened:
- 41-1 "Goods in warehouses";
- 41-2 "Goods in retail trade";
- 41-3 "Containers under the goods and empty";
- 41-4 "Purchased products", etc.
Sub-account 41-1 “Goods in warehouses” takes into account the presence and movement of commodity stocks located at wholesale and distribution depots, warehouses, in pantries of organizations providing catering services, vegetable stores, refrigerators, etc.
Sub-account 41-2 "Goods in retail trade" takes into account the presence and movement of goods located in organizations engaged in retail trade (in stores, tents, stalls, kiosks, etc.) and in canteens of organizations engaged in public catering. The same sub-account takes into account the presence and movement of glassware (bottles, cans, etc.) in organizations engaged in retail trade and in canteens of organizations providing catering services.
On sub-account 41-3 “Containers for goods and empty”, the presence and movement of containers for goods and empty containers (except for glassware in organizations engaged in retail trade and in canteens of organizations providing catering services) are taken into account.
On sub-account 41-4 “Purchased products”, organizations engaged in industrial and other production activities using account 41 “Goods” take into account the availability and movement of goods (in relation to the procedure provided for accounting for inventories).
The posting of goods and containers arrived at the warehouse is reflected in the debit of account 41 "Goods" in correspondence with account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" at the cost of their purchase. When an organization engaged in retail trade records goods at sales prices, simultaneously with this entry, an entry is made in the debit of account 41 “Goods” and the credit of account 42 “Trade margin” for the difference between the acquisition cost and the cost at sales prices (discounts, capes). Transportation (delivery) and other expenses for the procurement and delivery of goods are charged from the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” to the debit of account 44 “Sales expenses”.
The receipt of goods and containers can be reflected using account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" or without using it in a manner similar to the accounting procedure for the relevant operations with materials.
Upon recognition in accounting of proceeds from the sale of goods, their value is debited from account 41 "Goods" to the debit of account 90 "Sales".
If the proceeds from the sale of released (shipped) goods for a certain time cannot be recognized in accounting, then until the moment the proceeds are recognized, these goods are recorded on account 45 “Goods shipped”. When they are actually released (shipped), an entry is made on the credit of account 41 “Goods” in correspondence with account 45 “Goods shipped”.
Goods transferred for processing to other organizations are not debited from account 41 "Goods", but are accounted for separately.
Analytical accounting on account 41 "Goods" is carried out by responsible persons, names (grades, batches, bales), and, if necessary, by places of storage of goods.
Account 41 "Goods" corresponds with the accounts:
| by debit | on credit |
| 15 Procurement and acquisition of material assets 41 Items 42 Trade margin 60 Settlements with suppliers and contractors 66 Settlements on short-term credits and loans 67 Settlements on long-term loans and borrowings 68 Calculations for taxes and fees 71 Settlements with accountable persons 73 Settlements with personnel for other transactions 75 Settlements with founders 80 Authorized capital 86 Targeted funding 91 Other income and expenses |
10 Materials 20 Main production 41 Items 44 Selling expenses 45 Goods shipped 76 Settlements with various debtors and creditors 79 On-farm settlements 80 Authorized capital 90 Sales 94 Shortfalls and losses from damage to valuables 97 Deferred expenses 99 Gains and Losses |
