How to account for the expenses of previous years?

If in current period expenses were identified that were not taken into account in a timely manner in the periods to which they relate, then this qualifies as an error. The procedure for their accounting in both tax and accounting depends on a number of factors.

In tax accounting: general rule, if the error resulted in an overpayment of tax, it can be corrected in the current period, i.e. without submitting revised declarations. The adjustment is made in the current declaration in lines 400-403 of Appendix 2 to Sheet 02. Please note: if losses were incurred in the current period or in the period of the error, corrections can only be made by submitting an updated declaration, which should reflect the correct indicators (as if no error was made).

In accounting: if an error was made in a period for which the reporting has already been approved, corrections are reflected in the period of its discovery. Postings are made in accounting:

Debit 91-2 (84) Credit 60 (76, 02 ...) - an erroneously unreported expense of previous years was detected.

Which count to use, 91 or 84, depends on how significant the error amount is. Materiality is determined in accordance with your accounting policies. If the error is significant, use score 84; if it is not significant, use score 91. If the enterprise is small, use score 91, regardless of the materiality of the correction.

Please note that if the error is significant, the indicators financial statements must be restated retrospectively (i.e. as if the error had never occurred). For example, if in November 2016 an unrecorded expense was identified, the amount of which was recognized as significant, in the financial statements as of December 31, 2016, the indicators as of December 31, 2015 should be indicated retrospectively. At the same time, explanations are drawn up for the reporting, in connection with which the indicators as of December 31, 2015 in the reporting for 2016 differ from the corresponding indicators in the reporting for 2015.

If an error is discovered for a period for which the reporting has not yet been approved, corrections are made in the period of its commission.

If you apply PBU 18/02, when correcting an error, differences in accounting may occur. See attachment for details.

Rationale

(Colour highlights information that will help you make the right decision)

Elena Popova, State Counselor tax service RF I rank.

How to correct errors in accounting and financial statements

Misrepresentation of facts is recognized as an error economic activity in accounting and reporting. They also evaluate the situation when transactions were not recorded at all. Simply put, if you, through your own fault, made incorrect entries or did not reflect the operation at all, filled out the statements incorrectly, this is a mistake. This is indicated in paragraph 2 of PBU 22/2010.

But in the same paragraph of PBU there is an important reservation. Inaccuracies and omissions in reflection business transactions, identified when receiving new information, are not an error. For example, if the counterparty notifies you that it has previously provided you with incorrect data, and you have already recorded the operation, this will not be recognized as a mistake. After all, it wasn't your fault. You don't have to edit the entries either.

Causes of errors

Errors can occur for various reasons. There are five possible reasons for this:

Incorrect application of accounting legislation;

Incorrect use of accounting policies;

Allow inaccuracies in calculations;

Incorrectly classify and evaluate the facts of economic activity;

Officials commit dishonest actions.

This is stated in paragraph 2 of PBU 22/2010.

Types of errors

The procedure for correcting errors in accounting and reporting depends on the nature of the error and on the period in which it was made and discovered.

You can find the error at one of the following points.

The moment when the error can be detected

Until the end of the calendar

of the present year The reporting of the last year is for-

MirovanaReporting of the last year under-

WrittenReporting of the last year presented external users Last year's reporting approvedAfter-

Blowing years

Year the error occurred The year following the one in which the error occurred

Errors are divided into significant and insignificant. You will have to determine the materiality threshold yourself. After all limit values not provided for in the law.

In this case, it is necessary to proceed both from the size and from the nature of this or that article or their group in the financial statements. Write the thresholds for the materiality of the error in accounting policy(clause 7 PBU 1/2008, clause 3 PBU 22/2010).

For example, you can prescribe the materiality threshold as follows: “A significant error is recognized, the ratio of the amount of which to the balance sheet currency for the reporting year is at least 5 percent.”

Error correction

The identified errors and their consequences must be corrected (clause 4 PBU 22/2010).

Make corrections to accounting based on primary documents. Also, prepare accounting statements, in which indicate the rationale for corrections. This follows from general rule that each fact of economic activity must be formalized as a primary accounting document. This is expressly stated in Part 1 of Article 9 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ.

Make corrections in accounting based on whether the error is significant or not. It is also important when a mistake is found. The table below will help you correct errors.

When and what error was foundHow to fixBasisExample

An error has been made in current year. The materiality of the error is not important In the month when the error was discovered, make corrections to the accounting.

When reporting, take into account the already corrected indicators. Paragraph 5 of PBU 22/2010 The accountant incorrectly reflected the implementation in March 2016, instead of 100,000 he indicated 150,000. The error was found in April 2016, corrections were made in April 2016

The error occurred last year. Reporting for this period has not yet been signed by the head.

The materiality of the error does not matter. Make corrections in December last year.

Generate reporting again Paragraph 6 PBU 22/2010 The accountant incorrectly reflected the implementation in March 2016, indicated 150,000 instead of 100,000. The error was found in January 2017, the head has not yet signed the reporting. Corrections were made in December 2016, reporting was re-formed

A significant error of last year was revealed in the current year. Reporting for the past period is ready, it was signed by the head. But the reports are not yet presented to external users

Make the necessary adjustments in December last year.

Redo the reporting and re-certify it with the head

Paragraph 7 of PBU 22/2010 The accountant incorrectly reflected the implementation in March 2016, instead of 100,000 he indicated 150,000. The error was found in February 2017, the head has already signed the reporting. Corrections were made in December 2016, reporting was re-assured by the head

A significant mistake was made last year. The reporting for this period has already been formed, it was signed by the head. Reporting is presented to external users. But not approved Fix the error in December last year.

Re-create the report. Assure it with the manager and present it to external users again. Paragraph 8 PBU 22/2010 The accountant incorrectly reflected the implementation in March 2016, instead of 100,000 he indicated 150,000. The error was found in February 2017, the manager has already signed the reporting. Reporting was presented to external users but not approved. Corrections were made in December 2016, the reporting was re-assured by the manager and presented to external users again

A significant error is discovered in the following year or several years later. Reporting for the period when the error occurred was prepared and signed by the manager. The reporting was submitted to external users and approved. Corrections are made in the period when the error was found. Do not specify the reporting for the period in which the error was made. All changes related to previous periods, reflect in the reporting of the current. In the explanations to annual accounts of the current period, indicate the nature of the corrected error, as well as the amount of adjustments for each item Paragraph 39 of the Maintenance Regulations accounting and reporting and paragraphs 10 and 15 of PBU 22/2010 The accountant incorrectly reflected the implementation in March 2016, instead of 100,000 he indicated 150,000. The error was found in July 2017, the head has already signed the reporting. Reporting was presented to external users and approved. Corrections were made in July 2017. The explanations indicated that the error was significant and reflected the amount of adjustments

An insignificant error of previous years was found in the current year

Make adjustments in the period in which the error was identified.

Report corrections material errors previous periods in the current reporting will not be necessary. Make changes to submitted reports

Paragraph 14 of PBU 22/2010 The accountant incorrectly reflected the implementation in March 2016, instead of 100,000 he indicated 150,000. The error was found in July 2017, the head has already signed the reporting. Reporting was presented to external users and approved. Corrections made in July 2017

The postings with which corrections are made depend on the moment when the error was discovered and on how significant it is. Accounting entries will differ in the following cases:

Correct errors of the current period;

Errors of past periods are corrected - significant and insignificant.

If your organization is small, then you can apply a simplified procedure. In this case, the significance of the error will not matter, just as it will not play a role when this inaccuracy is discovered.

How to correct errors in the current period in accounting

In accounting, correct the errors of the current period with the necessary adjustment entries.

An example of correcting an error in accounting. The error was discovered before the end of the year when reporting for half a year

The mistake was made and revealed within one year. Therefore, it must be corrected on the same accounting accounts in the month when it was discovered. In May, the accountant made corrections based on the accounting statement:

Debit 44 Credit 60

- 25,000 rubles. - canceled the debt to the supplier;

Debit 90-2 Credit 44

- 25,000 rubles. - canceled expenses for ordinary species activities;

Debit 44 Credit 60

- 23,000 rubles. - reflects the debt to the supplier;

Debit 90-2 Credit 44

On June 22, 2015, the accountant of Alfa LLC discovered that in the first quarter of 2015, the accrued advance on corporate property tax was incorrectly reflected in accounting. Instead of 210,000 rubles. 180,000 rubles were reflected. AT tax reporting there is no error.

The error was found before the end of the year, so it was reflected in the expenses for ordinary activities of the reporting period. Corrections to accounting were made on the basis of an accounting statement:

Debit 20 Credit 68 sub-account "Calculations on property tax of organizations"

- 30,000 rubles. - reflects the additional charge of corporate property tax for the 1st quarter of 2015.

How to correct significant errors in past periods in accounting

Significant errors of the previous year, discovered before the approval of the annual accounts for that period, correct using the appropriate accounts for accounting for costs, income, calculations, etc.

If significant errors of previous years are identified, the reporting for which is signed and approved, make corrections using account 84 " Undestributed profits (uncovered loss)” (subclause 1 clause 9 PBU 22/2010).

There are two options

Option 1. When, as a result of an error, the accountant did not reflect any income or overestimated the expense, make a posting:

Debit 62 (76, 02...) Credit 84

- erroneously unreported income (overreported expense) of the previous year was detected.

Option 2. If, as a result of an error, the accountant did not reflect any expense or overestimated income, make the following entry:

Debit 84 Credit 60 (76, 02...)

- an erroneously unreported expense (overreported income) of the previous year was identified.

But what to do when mistakes were made not only in accounting, but also in tax accounting?

Then in the first case, you will have to make the necessary additional charges. Here, for example, what kind of posting should be done for income tax if the tax base was underestimated:

- additionally accrued income tax of the previous year according to the revised declaration.

In the second case, when taxes were overpaid as a result of an error, make entries based on the corrections that you make in tax accounting. There can be three situations here.

1. If you are submitting an updated tax return for the year in which the error was made, then record:

– the income tax of the previous year was reduced according to the revised declaration.

2. Correcting errors in tax accounting for the current period, make a posting in accounting:

Debit 68 subaccount "Income Tax" Credit 99

- reflected constant tax asset due to the fact that the tax accounting of the current period recognized expenses (reduced income) relating to the previous year.

3. When it was decided not to correct the error in tax accounting, then additional entries do not need to be made. Since in accounting, the correction of significant errors does not affect the accounts of the financial results of the current period.

How to correct insignificant errors of past periods in accounting

Correct insignificant errors in accounting. Profit or loss that will arise as a result of adjustments, reflect on account 91 “Other income and expenses”. It does not matter whether the reporting was approved by the time the error was discovered or not. This conclusion follows from paragraph 14 of PBU 22/2010.

If, as a result of an insignificant error, the accountant did not reflect any income or overestimated expenses, make a posting:

Debit 60 (62, 76, 02...) Credit 91-1

- erroneously unreported income (overreported expense) was detected.

When, as a result of an insignificant error, the accountant did not reflect any expense or overestimated income, make a note:

Debit 91-2 Credit 02 (10, 41, 60, 62, 76...)

- an erroneously unreported expense (overreported income) was identified.

Editing minor errors in accounting affects the accounts of the financial results of the current year, in tax this does not always happen. That means there will be permanent differences, which must be reflected in accounting in accordance with the rules of PBU 18/02.

There are two options. When income tax due to minor errors was underestimated or overestimated.

Option 1 - income tax is understated. In this case, in tax accounting, corrections are made and an updated tax return is submitted for the period in which the error was made. At the same time, income tax is charged. However, in accounting this is done as the current period. At the same time, in accounting it is necessary to reflect a permanent tax asset:

Debit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax" Credit 99 subaccount "Permanent tax assets"

- reflects a permanent tax asset.

An example of correcting an insignificant error (unrecorded income) in accounting and tax accounting. The mistake was made last year, the reporting for which was signed and approved

In March 2015, the accountant of Alfa LLC discovered an error when calculating income tax for 2014 - revenue from the sale of goods in the amount of 250,000 rubles was not taken into account. Income in Alpha is recognized equally in both tax and accounting records. As a result, the organization underpaid tax, the amount of which amounted to 50,000 rubles. (250,000 rubles? 20%).

The accountant filed an updated income tax return for 2014 and made the following entries:

Debit 62 Credit 91 sub-account "Other income"

- 250,000 rubles. - reflected income (sales proceeds) of the previous tax period, identified in reporting year;

Debit 99 sub-account "Income tax surcharge due to the detection of errors"

- 50,000 rubles. – additionally accrued income tax of the previous year according to the revised declaration;

Debit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax"

Credit 99 sub-account "Permanent tax asset"

- 50,000 rubles. - a permanent tax asset is reflected in the amount of proceeds from the sale of 2014, which is shown in accounting in income of 2015, and in tax accounting - in income of 2014.

For the 1st quarter of 2015, the amount of tax payable is 170,000 rubles. In this way, total debt for income tax before the budget amounted to 220,000 rubles. (170,000 rubles + 50,000 rubles), including 170,000 rubles. - current income tax and 50,000 rubles. – surcharge due to a past period error. Alpha accountant makes the following posting:

Debit 99 subaccount "Conditional income tax expense"

Credit 68 sub-account "Calculations for income tax"

- 220,000 rubles. - reflected conditional flow on income tax.

Option 2 - income tax is too high. In this case, the accountant himself decides how long to make changes or even not to do it at all.

If he corrects the error by recalculating the tax of the current period, then he will make changes in both accounting and tax accounting at the same time. There will be no difference. They will arise only if the accountant decides to submit an updated declaration for the past period or not to make changes at all. Then tax profit the current period will be greater than that obtained in accounting. This means that there will be a permanent tax liability. Reflect it in the accounting as follows:

- reflects a permanent tax liability.

This follows from paragraphs 4, 7 PBU 18/02.

An example of correcting an insignificant error (unrecorded expense) in accounting and tax accounting. The mistake was made last year, the accounts for which were signed and approved. In tax accounting, an error is corrected in the period in which it was made.

In March 2015, the accountant of Alfa LLC discovered an error when calculating income tax for 2014 - expenses (cost of goods sold) in the amount of 150,000 rubles were not taken into account. Expenses are equally recognized in tax and accounting. As a result, the organization overpaid tax, the amount of the overpayment amounted to 30,000 rubles. (150,000 rubles? 20%).

Alfa's accountant filed an updated income tax return for 2014 and made the following entries:

Debit 91 sub-account "Other expenses" Credit 41

- 150,000 rubles. - reflects the expenses (cost of goods sold) of the last tax period identified in the reporting year;

Debit 68 sub-account "Calculations on income tax" Credit 99 sub-account "Overpayment of income tax on the revised declaration"

- 30,000 rubles. – the income tax of the previous year was reduced according to the revised declaration;

Debit 99 subaccount "Permanent tax liabilities" Credit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax"

- 30,000 rubles. - reflects a permanent tax liability for the amount of expenses in 2014, which is shown in accounting in expenses in 2015, and in tax accounting - in expenses in 2014.

For the 1st quarter of 2015, the amount of tax payable to the budget is 110,000 rubles. The balance sheet profit is less than the tax profit due to the expenses taken into account for taxation in the revised declaration of the previous year. The tax calculated on the balance sheet profit is 80,000 rubles. (110,000 rubles - 30,000 rubles). The accountant makes the following entry:

Debit 99 subaccount "Conditional income tax expense" Credit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax"

- 80,000 rubles. - reflected the conditional income tax expense.

Taking into account the overpayment of tax for 2014, 80,000 rubles must be transferred to the budget. (110,000 rubles - 30,000 rubles).

Attention: there is an opinion that all expenses that are not taken into account when calculating income taxes should be reflected in accounting as part of others. This is not true. Officials will be fined for a mistake. If, as a result, taxes are also underestimated, then the organization itself will be punished, and the amount of fines will increase. But there is a way out.

If during the audit they find a similar mistake of previous years, due to which the reporting and taxes are distorted, then it will not be possible to avoid liability. You will mitigate the consequences if you independently recalculate taxes and hand over the correct information, pay penalties.

As for the mistakes of the current year, everything is fixable. If you correctly qualify the expenses, then you will successfully generate reports and calculate taxes. Reverse erroneous entries.

Remember, expenses are taken into account depending on their purpose and the conditions under which they are incurred. So, for example, in accounting, costs are attributed not only to others, but also to expenses for ordinary activities (clause 4 of PBU 10/99).

Alpha Organization pays compensation to an employee when his car is used for business purposes. Compensation is 5000 rubles. per month. But when calculating income tax, only 1200 rubles are taken into account. (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 8, 2002 No. 92).

Debit 20 Credit 73

- 1200 rubles. – Compensation was accrued to an employee for a personal car within the limits;

Debit 91-2 Credit 73

- 3800 rubles. - Compensation was accrued to an employee for a personal car in excess of the norms.

Correct like this:

Debit 20 (26, 44…) Credit 73

- 5000 rubles. - Compensation paid to an employee for a personal car.

Here's how to fix the error:

Debit 91-2 Credit 73

- 3800 rubles. – compensation to an employee for a personal car in excess of the norms was reversed;

Debit 20 Credit 73

- 3800 rubles. - Compensation paid to an employee for a personal car.

A mistake was made in accounting for a small business

Significant errors of previous years, made in the accounting of small enterprises, can be corrected in the same manner that is provided for correcting minor ones. That is, without a retrospective recalculation of financial statements (clause 9 of PBU 22/2010, part 4 of article 6 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ).

An example of a correction in accounting and reporting of a significant error (overreported expense) by a small business. The mistake was made last year, the reporting for which was signed and approved

Alfa LLC is a small business. In March 2015, after the approval of the financial statements for 2014, Alfa's accountant revealed an error made in the first quarter of 2014.

The accounting reflected the cost of work performed by the contractor in March 2014 - 50,000 rubles. (without VAT). The act also indicates the amount of 40,000 rubles. (without VAT). The work performed was paid to the contractor in full (40,000 rubles) in March 2014. Thus, as of December 31, 2014, Alpha had a accounts payable in the amount of excessively written off expenses - 10,000 rubles.

Alpha's accounting policy states that material errors of previous years identified after the approval of financial statements are corrected without retrospective restatement.

March 2015:

Debit 60 Credit 91-1

- 10,000 rubles. - reflects the cost of the contractor's work, erroneously attributed to expenses in the 1st quarter of 2014.

Since the financial statements for 2014 have already been approved, no corrections are made to them.

Corrections are made in accounting in 2015. In tax accounting, corrections are made in the period of the error. In this regard, Alfa's accountant filed an updated income tax return for 2014.

Alpha is a small business, therefore PBU 18/02 does not apply. So, to reflect the discrepancies between accounting and tax accounting an accountant doesn't have to.

Impact of past period errors on current reporting

Correction of significant errors of the previous year, identified after the approval of the accounting, affects the balance sheet and other forms of the current year. Only when it is impossible to establish a connection between an error and a specific period, as well as to determine its impact on all previous periods, no corrections will have to be made.

Example of correction in accounting and reporting of a significant error (overreported expense) by an enterprise that is not small. The mistake was made last year, the reporting for which was signed and approved

In March 2015, after the approval of the financial statements for 2014, the accountant of Alfa LLC revealed an error made in the first quarter of 2014.

The accounting reflected the cost of work performed under the act received from the contractor in March 2014 in the amount of 50,000 rubles. (without VAT). In fact, the act indicates the amount of 40,000 rubles. (without VAT). The work performed was paid to the contractor in full (40,000 rubles) in March 2014. Thus, as of December 31, 2014, an account payable in the amount of excessively written off expenses of 10,000 rubles was formed in Alpha's accounting.

Excessively written off expenses the accountant reflected in the accounting in the following way.

March 2015:

Debit 60 Credit 84

- 10,000 rubles. - reflects the cost of the contractor's work, erroneously attributed to expenses in the 1st quarter of 2014;

Debit 99 Credit 68 sub-account "Income Tax"

- 2000 rubles. (10,000 rubles? 20%) - additional income tax is charged.

Since the financial statements for 2014 have already been approved, no corrections are made to them.

Therefore, the accountant of Alfa reflected the result of the corrections in the financial statements for 2015 in the sections where the indicators of 2014 are recorded. At the same time, he corrected the data as if there had never been an error (if expenses in the amount of 40,000 rubles were initially reflected). In the column for comparative indicators of 2014 for the lines of cost and profit (Report on financial results, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n), the accountant reflected the amount by 10,000 rubles. different from the one that stands on the same lines in the reporting of 2014 for the corresponding period. In the balance sheet for 2015, the opening balances as of January 1, 2015 were recalculated by the accountant based on the cost of work performed indicated in the act, equal to 40,000 rubles, and not 50,000 rubles. Income tax increased by 2000 rubles.

In addition, Alfa's accountant filed an updated income tax return for 2014.

A significant mistake may have been made more than two years ago. In this case, you need to adjust the opening balances for the relevant reporting items at the beginning of the earliest year presented. This is stated in paragraph 11 of PBU 22/2010.

If it is impossible to determine the impact of a material error on one (or more) of the previous reporting periods presented in the financial statements, the opening balance is adjusted to the beginning of the earliest of the periods for which recalculation is possible. This situation may arise if, in order to determine the impact of the error on the previous reporting period:

- complex and (or) numerous calculations are required, during which it is impossible to extract information about the circumstances that existed at the date of the error;

- it is necessary to use information received after the date of approval of the financial statements for the previous reporting period.

This procedure is prescribed in paragraphs 12, 13 PBU 22/2010.

A responsibility

For errors in accounting and reporting, officials of organizations will be fined. And if, as a result, taxes are also underestimated, then the organization itself will be punished, and the amount of fines will increase.

Gross violation of accounting requirements, including financial statements, is fraught with fines. For such actions, an official faces a fine in the amount of 5,000 to 10,000 rubles. Repeated violation threatens with a fine from 10,000 to 20,000 rubles. or disqualification for a period of one to two years.

Punishment at the request of the tax inspectorate is appointed by the court (part 1 of article 23.1, article 15.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation).

In each case, the perpetrator of the offense is determined individually. At the same time, the courts proceed from the fact that the head is responsible for organizing accounting, and Chief Accountant- for him proper management and timely reporting. The judges justify such a decision by the provisions of paragraph 24 of the resolution of the Plenum Supreme Court RF dated October 24, 2006 No. 18.

Often, the chief accountant or the one who replaces him is found guilty. The head of the organization may be found guilty:

- if the organization did not have a chief accountant at all (decree of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 9, 2005 No. 77-ad06-2);

- if accounting and tax calculation were transferred to a specialized organization (clause 26 of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of October 24, 2006 No. 18);

- if the cause of the violation was a written order of the head, with which the chief accountant did not agree (clause 25 of the decision of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated October 24, 2006 No. 18).

At the same time, the head or chief accountant may be completely exempted from administrative responsibility if:

The organization submitted an updated tax return (calculation) and paid additional taxes and fees, as well as penalties;

The organization corrected errors in the statements (for example, filed revised financial statements) prior to their approval.

This is stated in paragraph 2 of the note to article 15.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.

However, incorrect reflection in accounting of assets and business transactions can be recognized as a gross violation of the rules for accounting for income and expenses. That is, if taxes are lowered. Liability in this case is provided for in paragraph 3 of Article 120 tax code RF.

If such a violation is committed within one tax period, the inspection has the right to fine the organization in the amount of 10,000 rubles. If the violation was discovered in different tax periods, the fine will increase to 30,000 rubles.

Violation leading to understatement tax base, is punishable by a fine of 20 percent of the amount of each unpaid tax, but not less than 40,000 rubles.

When is an organization required to file an amended tax return?

Understatement of the tax base

The organization is obliged to submit an amended tax return if it found inaccuracies or errors in the previously submitted declaration, which led to an underestimation of the tax base and incomplete payment of tax to the budget. An amended declaration must be submitted if the period in which the error was made is known. If the period in which the error was made is not known, the amended declaration is not submitted. In this case, it is necessary to recalculate the tax base and the amount of tax in the period in which the error was discovered. This follows from the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 81 and paragraph 1 of Article 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

This procedure applies to both taxpayers and tax agents. Wherein tax agents are obliged to submit updated calculations only for those taxpayers in respect of which errors were found. This is stated in paragraph 6 of Article 81 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. For example, an updated tax calculation on income paid foreign organizations, must be submitted only for those taxpayers whose data in the initial calculation were distorted.

Tax overpayment

If an error made in the tax return resulted in an excessive payment of tax, then the organization has the right to:

Submit an updated declaration for the period in which the error was made (but is not required to do so);

Correct the error by reducing the profit and tax amount for the period in which this error was discovered. This method can be used regardless of whether the period in which the error was made is known or not;

Do not take any measures to correct the error (for example, if the amount of the overpayment is insignificant).

This follows from the provisions of paragraph 3 of paragraph 1 of Article 54 and paragraph 2 of paragraph 1 of Article 81 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Similar clarifications are contained in the letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 22, 2015 No. 03-02-07/1/42067, dated January 23, 2012 No. 03-03-06/1/24, dated August 25, 2011 No. 03- 03-10/82 and the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated March 11, 2011 No. KE-4-3/3807.

It is possible to correct the tax base of the current period not only if errors are found in the declarations. You can also use the provisions of paragraph 3 of paragraph 1 of Article 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation in cases where the overpayment of tax arose due to changes in legislation that have retroactive effect. If such changes improve the position of the taxpayer, then the organization may find income that previously could not be excluded from the tax base, or expenses that were previously prohibited from being taxed. It is not necessary to file revised declarations in such situations. You can recalculate tax liabilities in the current period. This conclusion follows from the letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated June 24, 2014 No. ED-4-15/12067.

Situation: for which taxes can the norms of articles 54 and 81 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation on the recalculation of the tax base be applied without submitting revised declarations. In the current period, errors were detected that were made in previous periods and resulted in an overpayment

The possibility of applying the norms of these articles exists only in relation to income tax, transport tax, mineral extraction tax and single tax with simplification.

This is explained as follows.

The totality of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 54 and Article 81 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides for three options for correcting errors that resulted in excessive payment of tax. The choice of any of these options is the right of the organization.

One option is to reduce the tax base in the period when the error was discovered by the amount of overstatement allowed in previous periods. Paragraph 3 of paragraph 1 of Article 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation does not contain any restrictions on the composition of taxes, therefore, from its literal interpretation, we can conclude that an organization has the right to use this option in relation to any taxes. However, for most of them, the implementation mechanism this right missing.

In particular, Chapter 21 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation does not contain rules that allow adjusting the tax base and the amount of tax in the current period if errors are found in past periods (letter of the Russian Ministry of Finance dated December 7, 2010 No. 03-07-11 / 476). Moreover, in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 11 of section II of Appendix 5 to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 26, 2011 No. 1137, if errors are found, the organization must make corrections to the sales book. And for this, it is necessary to draw up an additional sheet to the sales book for the period in which the mistake was made. The organization is not entitled to correct the indicators of the sales book in the current period (the period of error detection). Thus, the error made in determining the tax base for VAT in the past period can be corrected in the only way - by submitting an updated tax return for this period.

However, this rule does not apply to cases where the organization did not deduct VAT in the period in which all the conditions for this were met. Application tax deduction in later periods is not a mistake. The provisions of subparagraph 1.1 of Article 172 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation allow you to use the deduction within three years from the date of registration of the purchased goods (works, services). Accordingly, simply reflect the “late” deduction in the current declaration for the tax period. You do not need to submit an updated report.

When assessing the possibility of applying the provisions of paragraph 3 of paragraph 1 of Article 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation to other taxes, the following should be taken into account. Calculations of the tax base for the current reporting (tax) periods are reflected in tax returns (clause 1, article 80 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Consequently, the results of the recalculation (reduction) of the tax base due to errors made in past periods should also be recorded in declarations for current periods.

Currently, such transactions can be correctly reflected only in income tax returns, MET, transport tax, according to ESHN and according to single tax with simplification. At the same time, the accountant must be prepared for the fact that tax office demand from him an explanation regarding the reduction of the tax base. Existing forms of declarations on excises, property tax, land tax and UTII do not allow reflecting in them the results of the recalculation of the tax base for previous periods. Therefore, in order to correct the mistakes made, the organization will have to file revised tax returns.

Error in the declaration for the period of losses

Some features have a procedure for correcting errors in income tax returns for those tax periods in which the organization has a loss. If in previous periods the organization identified expenses that were not previously taken into account in the taxation of profits, it is impossible to include such expenses in the calculation of income tax for the current period. Such errors do not entail an excessive payment of tax, therefore, the organization must submit an amended declaration, reflecting the increased amount of expenses in it. It is wrong to increase the amount of the loss that has developed in the current period at the expense of expenses not taken into account in previous periods.

A similar procedure should be applied for simplification, when the organization corrects errors in the single tax declaration for the period in which the loss occurred.

This conclusion follows from the letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 22, 2015 No. 03-02-07 / 1/42067, dated April 27, 2010 No. 03-02-07 / 1-193 and dated April 23, 2010 No. 03- 02-07/1-188.

An example of correcting an error in the income tax return for the period in which the organization received a loss

The income tax return for 2014 reflects a profit in the amount of 500,000 rubles. In 2015, the accountant of the organization discovered that when drawing up this declaration, he did not take into account the cost of paying rent in the amount of 10,000 rubles. The accountant decided not to submit an updated declaration for 2014, but to take these expenses into account when calculating income tax for 2015.

At the end of 2015, the organization had a loss of 200,000 rubles. The obligation to pay income tax for 2015 does not arise in this case, so the decision to include the identified expenses of 2014 in the tax return for 2015 was wrong. The accountant excluded 10,000 rubles. from the expenses of 2015 and submitted an updated income tax return for 2014.

After clarifying the amount of expenses in the tax return for 2014, a profit in the amount of 490,000 rubles was reflected. (500,000 rubles - 10,000 rubles). The declaration for 2015 reflects a loss in the amount of 190,000 rubles. (200,000 rubles - 10,000 rubles).

If only the current income tax is reflected in the Profit and Loss Statement, then the financial result will be 231,000 rubles. (300,000 rubles - 9,000 rubles - 60,000 rubles), and this does not correspond to accounting data. Therefore, two amounts must be reflected in the Profit and Loss Statement: - on line 150 - 60,000 rubles. in parentheses; - on the free line below - 2160 rubles. (the amount of overcharged income tax for the previous year, 2007, subject to refund). Then the net profit (line 190) will be 233,160 rubles. And this amount corresponds to accounting data (account balance 99). Thus, the indicator of line 190 of the Profit and Loss Statement gives a real idea of ​​the amount received by the organization net profit. Profit and loss statement for 2009 (thousand rubles)

Operations on PBU 18/02 in identifying profits and losses of previous years

And it should be equal to the profit (loss) identified for the reporting period based on the accounting of all business operations of the organization. Recommendations for filling out form N 2 in this situation are given in the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 10.12.2004 N 07-05-14 / 328.
It states that the amount of income tax surcharge for previous years should be reflected in the Profit and Loss Statement on a separate line— after current income tax. Example 83 In April 2009, while reconciling accounts with a supplier, an accountant discovered that in November 2007
the printer received on the waybill costing 9000 rubles was not credited. (no VAT). On the basis of an accounting statement in April 2009, a posting is made in accounting: Account Dt 91 - Invoice kit 60 - 9000 rubles. - the cost of the purchased printer, put into operation in 2007, is reflected in other expenses.

Losses of previous years identified in the reporting period

In fact, the accountant of Veksel LLC filed an updated tax return for 2014 on the fact of the identified discrepancies. According to the information provided in the primary declaration, the amount of taxable profit of Veksel LLC was 83,000 rubles.

Attention

In the revised declaration, the accountant of Veksel LLC showed a loss in 2015 in the amount of 13,750 rubles. In the accounting of Veksel LLC, the following entries were made: Dt Kt Description Amount Document 91 76 Reflection of the identified expenses of the previous year 118,000 rubles.

Important

Amended tax return 99 68.04 Reflection of PNO in the amount of 24% of the identified expenses in 2014 (118,000 rubles * 24%) 28,320 rubles. Updated tax return 76 91 Reflection of identified income in 2014 RUB 74,000

Amended tax return 68.04 99 Reflection of PNA from the amount of identified income in 2014 (74,000 rubles * 24%) 17,760 rubles.

How to take into account the profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year

For income tax purposes, the cost of the printer must be included in 2007 expenses. When calculating income tax for 2009, this amount is not taken into account in expenses.

Info

Let's assume that according to the results of 2009, the organization received a profit from the sale of goods (works, services) in the amount of 300,000 rubles. both in accounting and tax accounting. The organization had no other income and expenses (besides the identified expenses of previous years).

In such a situation, the amount of income tax for 2009 will be 60,000 rubles. (300,000 rubles x 0.20), the amount of overpayment for income tax for 2007 is 2160 rubles. (9000 rubles x 0.24). In accounting for 2009, we have the following final entries: Dt of account 90 - Kt of account 99 - 300,000 rubles. - reflects the profit from sales of the current year; Dt account 99 - Kt account 91 - 9000 rubles. - reflects the total amount of other expenses of the current year.

How to take into account the profit of previous years in 2017

Amended tax declaration 68.04 99 Reflection of overpayment of income tax on the amended declaration (83,000 rubles x 24%); RUB 19,920 Amended tax return 09 99 Reflection of IT from the amount of loss in tax accounting in 2014, which arose upon the filing of an amended declaration (13,750 rubles x 24%). 3 300 rub. Amended tax return Covering the loss at the expense of reserve capital Let's say Prospekt LLC has formed reserve capital in the amount of 314,850 rubles. At the end of 2015, LLC Prospekt received a loss in the amount of 118,740 rubles.
By decision of the shareholders, the loss was covered by the reserve capital. The accountant of Prospekt LLC recorded this transaction in the accounting as follows: Dt Kt Description Amount Document 84 99 Reflection of uncovered loss at the end of 2015 118,740 rubles. Profit and Loss Statement 82 84 Covering the amount of loss in 2015 at the expense of reserve fund RUB 118,740

Postings to reflect the loss in accounting

In this regard, let's pay attention to the procedure for filling out the Profit and Loss Statement (form N 2), namely its lower part, which indicates information about tax liabilities ah on income tax. The current income tax, which is reflected in line 150 of the Profit and Loss Statement, must be equal to the amount of income tax indicated in the tax return for the relevant reporting (tax) period.

Therefore, the amount of income tax indicated in line 150 should not include the amount of tax additionally accrued (reduced) due to the discovery of errors related to previous tax periods. At the same time, it is still necessary to reflect the income tax on income (expenses) of previous years in the Profit and Loss Statement.

Otherwise, the overall financial result of the current period will be distorted.

Incomes of previous years identified in the reporting period

Back to questions Print correspondence March 8, 2016 at 20:14 I am again with PBU 18/02. Since 2016, according to the accounting policy of the enterprise, we attribute the expenses / incomes of previous years to 91 accounts, respectively.

Profits are closed monthly. In January 2016, income of 40,000 was accrued, including entries for increasing income for 2015 in the amount of 15,000 (excluding VAT) rubles, expenses of 30,000 were accrued, including expenses for 2015 in the amount of 20,000. Based on the results of 2015 year, there was a loss. In January 2016, in connection with the receipt of documents for 2015, the reserve for future expenses for 2015 in the amount of 2,000 rubles was repaid; charged).

For example, in May 2018, an organization discovered that for November 2017, it did not reflect labor costs in income tax expense. She will need to file an amended 2017 tax return.

Although if, at the end of 2017, income tax was payable, then it will be possible to take into account the cost of wages in the declaration for the first half of 2018. This is due to the fact that not reflecting the salary in the expenses of 2017 led to the excessive payment of tax for 2017. And in this case, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation gives the taxpayer the right to take into account expenses either in the period to which they relate, or in the period when an error was discovered. Subscribe to our channel in Yandex.
Losses of the current year Let's assume that according to the results of 2015, Flagman LLC is reforming the balance sheet, determining the financial result. Back - balance sheet as of the last day of 2015 it looks like this: Accounts Account name Amount by Dt Amount by Kt 99 Profits and losses 1,389,000 rubles. 99.01 Profit/loss before taxation RUB 1,874,000 99.01.1 Profit/loss from sales RUB 1,915,000 99.01.2 Balance of other income and expenses RUB 41,000 99.02 Income tax RUB 713,000 99.02.1 Conditional expense / income for income tax 695,000 rubles. 99.02.2 Permanent tax liabilities (assets) RUB 18,000 99.03 Tax sanctions RUB 47,000 99.09 Profit and loss balance - - After winding up the account balances, the accountant of Flagman LLC determined the financial result of the company as unprofitable.

Incomes of previous years identified in the reporting period postings in 1s

The main goal of any commercial organization- Receiving a profit. But it often happens when the expenses incurred by the enterprise exceed the income received, and the financial result of the organization is a loss.
You will learn how to reflect loss operations in postings and how to file losses for the reporting and previous periods from our article. Content

• 1 How to determine the loss at the end of the year
• 2 Accounting for losses
  • 2.1 Losses of the current year
  • 2.2 Postings for previous years' losses
  • 2.3 Covering the loss at the expense of reserve capital

How to determine the loss at the end of the year From the production and economic activities of the enterprise depends on its financial result - profit or loss. To obtain the final result, the main and other activities of the company should be taken into account.

Unrecorded expenses appear in situations where the expenses were incurred in the previous tax period, and their documentary evidence appeared later - after the start of the new financial year. The service or goods were actually received, the company spent money on them, but could not be reflected in the accounting due to the lack of grounds in the form of executed acts, invoices.

What to do if unaccounted expenses were discovered

If the organization has revealed the presence of expenses related to the category of unaccounted for, operations must be carried out in accounting and tax accounting to recognize these costs. Errors made in previous periods are allowed to be corrected in the reporting year in accordance with the standards of Art. 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation:

• erroneous actions did not lead to an underestimation of the amount of the tax liability (written explanations of the Ministry of Finance dated August 4, 2017 No. 03-03-06/2/50113);
• the recalculation period cannot be more than 3 years;
• the financial result of the reporting year does not contain signs of unprofitability (the requirement was announced in the Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated March 24, 2017 under No. 03-03-06/1/17177).

There are two options for actions when unaccounted for costs are detected:

1. Correction of the situation by the current period.
2. Making changes in the year in which the inaccuracy occurred.

The first case is relevant if the organization cannot reliably determine at what stage transactions for incurred expenses were missed. It is allowed to apply this technique if the tax base was overestimated, the budget was not damage done in the form of underpayment. The tax authorities do not recommend adjusting the reporting period if it is unprofitable for the organization. The use of this method is not welcome in situations with a loss in the period in which the expenses were actually incurred.

The opportunity to return the overpayment on tax deductions arises only if changes are made to the approved reporting documentation of previous periods. The option with data clarification by the date of occurrence of expenses is based on the rules for correcting errors in tax accounting.

ON A NOTE! Making adjustments to the tax reporting of previous years in order to reduce the tax base attracts increased attention of regulatory authorities to the business entity. After this procedure, initiation is possible.

The provisions of PBU 22/2010 indicate that the lack of information in the accounting on a specific operation due to the unavailability of information and documents about the event for the organization cannot be recognized as an error. If you follow this rule, then changes do not need to be made in the past period, it is enough to reflect the costs in the current year. The statement is also consistent with the content of Resolution No. 09AP-6639/2013 dated March 26, 2013, drawn up by the arbitration court of appeal.

Discrepancies in the choice of a method for correcting the situation with discovered unaccounted expenses are caused by the fact that:

• no statutory definition tax legislation the term "mistakes";
• the absence of underestimated tax deductions does not harm the state budget, therefore, clarifying the information in the declarations of previous years cannot be the taxpayer's duty, this is his right.

Such conclusions are confirmed by the Ministry of Finance in Letter No. 03-03-06/1/672 dated October 16, 2009. If in the period of incurring expenses no tax was actually accrued for payment, then this forgotten part of the expenses cannot be reflected by the current date. The requirement is violated, which implies the presence of an excessively transferred tax in favor of the budget. The Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated April 23, 2010 under No. 03-02-07 / 1-188 states that, if desired, to increase the expenditure base due to unaccounted costs in the absence of tax payments declarations must be submitted.

NOTE! The Ministry of Finance insists that if the activity is unprofitable, unrecorded expenses cannot be reflected in the current year, they must be shown in the clarifying statements of previous years.

It is impossible to do without adjusting the reporting data of previous years in situations where there were unaccounted for both expenses and income transactions. Even if the amounts that overestimate and underestimate the taxable base are equal, it is not allowed to sum them up in the current year. To minimize risks, it is recommended to submit an updated declaration.

Consequences of identifying unrecorded costs

Unrecorded costs can cause the company to overpay for tax liabilities. The budget will not suffer from the absence of one or more debit transactions in the accounting of a business entity, but this will negatively affect financial condition institutions. The appearance of an overpayment on income tax does not mean that the possibility of understating the rate of accruals on other types of taxes is excluded.

FOR EXAMPLE. If you forget to take into account the costs associated with the acquisition of a fixed asset, the income tax will be overstated, but the absence of data on the new asset in the accounting will lead to underpayment of property tax.

For arrears, a fine may be imposed on the enterprise and a penalty for late payment will be charged.

Algorithm of actions of a business entity

If it is decided to correct accounting data by displaying previously unaccounted amounts, then it is necessary to prepare a documentary justification for each step in advance. This is necessary in order to be able in the event of an unscheduled tax audit prove the correctness of the actions at the moment. All amounts of income and expenses must be supported by primary documentation.

The algorithm for correcting deficiencies depends on the type of taxes for which the payment was overstated due to unrecorded debit transactions. In relation to income tax, you can adjust the indicators of previous years or reflect everything in the current period. Step by step it looks like this:

1. The year of occurrence of the error in the formation of the tax base is determined.
2. It turns out the financial result for the period in which unaccounted costs arose. If there was a profit, then you can make an adjustment.
3. summed up financial activities in the current year. If unprofitability is revealed this year, it is impossible to correct the tax base.
4. An amended tax return is filed for the period of time relating to the period when the error or inaccuracy occurred, or the correction is made in the current year.
5. In the case of clarifying reporting, at the next stage an application is made to the servicing tax authority on the return or offset of the amount of tax that was transferred to the budget in excess.

After that, it is necessary to systematize all documents and prepare for a possible unscheduled inspection of the Federal Tax Service.

If discovered unaccounted for expenditure transactions affect the tax base for income tax, then there is only one solution to the problem: submit a clarifying declaration for the period in which incorrect data were shown. The current date cannot correct the error. For land declaration It is not possible to carry out recalculations for previous years in reporting period. The declaration form involves making adjustments only by clarifying the submitted reports for the relevant period.

Step by step instructions for documentary support cost accounting of past periods:

1. Compiled accounting information, which indicates the exact amounts of costs incurred in the past period and not reflected in the financial statements. In the certificate, it is necessary to formulate explanations of the reasons for the occurrence of unrecorded transactions.
2. Based on the reference, you can make adjustments to accounting documentation. Unaccounted expenses are shown as other expenses.
3. Changes in tax accounting are reflected.
4. Recalculation in progress tax base after the accounting adjustments.
5. Clarifying declarations for the Federal Tax Service are being formed.

REMEMBER! If it is necessary to submit an amended declaration to correct the mistake of previous years, it is necessary to use the form of the report that was relevant in the period when unrecorded operations on the expenses of the enterprise occurred.

The procedure for accounting for expenses of past periods

Reflection of adjustments in accounting should be made in the last year, if the reporting on it has not yet been approved. In situations with approved forms accounting reports the change is made during the current reporting period. If expenses are found that were not shown in the accounting and occurred in the past, posting D91.2 (84) and K60 (76) is made.

Which debit account to use, the company determines on its own, based on the criterion of materiality of the error. The degree of significance of inaccuracies in accounting is assessed according to the standards reflected in the accounting policy of the organization. For minor errors, it is recommended to use account 91; with impressive amounts of unaccounted for costs, account 84 is used. Indicators in the reporting in case of revealing significant errors should be recalculated using the retrospective method.

Often, organizations already after the approval of the annual financial statements for last year identify additional income and expenses related to it. In the period of detection of such income and expenses, the organization must recognize and reflect in accounting and reporting the profit (loss) of previous years. In Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement”, the amounts additional income and expenses are recognized as other income or other expenses.

After approval in in due course corrections in the annual financial statements and financial statements for the previous reporting year are not made (paragraph 11 of the Instructions on the procedure for compiling and submitting financial statements). If, upon detection of errors in tax reporting, taxpayers must submit revised tax returns to the tax authority, then revised financial statements are not made and not submitted.

If an organization in the current reporting period has identified an incorrect reflection of business transactions in the accounting accounts made last year, but the reporting for the previous year has already been approved, then corrections are made by entries in the corresponding accounting accounts in the month of the reporting period when the distortions were identified.

Often, mistakes made in accounting lead to incorrect calculation of taxes and fees. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation determines that if errors (distortions) are found in the calculation of the tax base relating to previous reporting (tax) periods, in the current tax (reporting) period, the tax base and the amount of tax are recalculated for the period in which the indicated errors (distortions) were committed ). But such an order is valid only if it is possible to determine the period in which the mistake was made.

If it is impossible to determine the period of errors (distortions), then recalculation of the tax base and the amount of tax is carried out for the tax (reporting) period in which errors (distortions) were revealed.

Recalculation of tax liabilities can be made both in the direction of their increase and decrease. In a letter to the Ministry of Taxes Russian Federation dated March 3, 2000 No. 02-01-16 / 28 "On the correction of errors (distortions)" it is said that when establishing the facts of understatement of taxes and fees to the budget and off-budget funds taxable profit is reduced by the amount of additional taxes and fees subject to attribution to cost or financial results.

The letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 10, 2004 No. 07-05-14 / 328 “On the reflection in the accounting records of an organization of additional income and expenses identified after the approval of the financial statements for the previous reporting year. In particular, it says the following:

Example 1

In May 2007, the organization's accountant discovered that he had made a mistake in calculating the organization's property tax for the 4th quarter of 2006. As a result of an error, the amount of property tax was overstated by 7,200 rubles, which, accordingly, led to an incorrect calculation of the organization's profit tax for 2006.

We remind readers that for the purposes of taxation of profits, according to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, it refers to other expenses associated with production and sales. The date of recognition of expenses in the form of taxes and fees under the accrual method is the date of accrual of taxes and fees of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Thus, as a result of overstating the amount of property tax, the tax base for income tax for 2006 was understated by 7,200 rubles.

What should the accountant of the organization do in order to correct the errors that have arisen? It is necessary to correct the amount of property tax for 2006, make corrections in accounting, submit to the tax authority an updated tax return on property tax. In addition, it is necessary to adjust the tax base for income tax for 2006, determine the amount of tax, submit an updated income tax return, and pay the missing amount of tax and penalties.

Since the financial statements for 2006 have already been approved, no changes are made to accounting and reporting. Therefore, the accountant must make changes to the accounting in May 2007, that is, in the month when he discovered the error.

The amounts of property tax paid or payable by an organization form its expenses for ordinary activities, since, according to PBU 10/99, the expenses of an organization related to the manufacture of products, the sale of goods, the performance of work and the provision of services and that meet the definition of expenses of an organization are expenses for normal activities. This opinion was expressed by specialists of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation in Letter No. 07-05-12/10 dated October 5, 2005. But the amount of property tax in 2006 is reflected in the accounting incorrectly, therefore, in May 2007, the accountant must reflect in the accounting the profit of previous years, identified in the reporting year. How such amounts are reflected in accounting, we told at the beginning of the section.

Expenses from prior years discovered in the current year are usually referred to as "past year losses identified in the reporting period". We will recall the order of their accounting and tax accounting in our consultation.

Last year's expenses identified in the reporting period: accounting

For the expenses of past years, the postings can be very diverse. They can be debited as accounts for accounting for production costs (for example, 20 “Main production”, 26 “ General running costs”), account 44 “Sales expenses”, and account 91 “Other income and expenses”. And even account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".

From the point of view of reflection on accounting accounts, losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year are considered only such last year's expenses that are reflected in the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n,, p. 11 PBU 10/99). And so the insignificant are reflected accounting errors identified after the date of signing the financial statements (clause 14 PBU 22/2010).

For example, if you forgot to charge depreciation for previous years, then it will be shown as a loss of previous years as follows:

Debit of account 91 - Credit of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"

And, say, if last year the proceeds from the sale of goods were erroneously overstated and the amount of overstatement is not significant, the resulting loss of previous years will need to be reflected as follows:

Debit account 91 - Credit account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"

Regardless of the materiality level, as part of the losses of previous years identified in the reporting year, in the debit of account 91, it is necessary to show the losses resulting from the receipt of new information that was not available to the organization at the time of reflection (non-reflection) of the facts of economic activity (paragraph 80 of the Order Ministry of Finance dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n, paragraph 2 PBU 22/2010).

For example, a supplier, due to a mistake in accounting, only in May 2018 issued an act of services rendered for the delivery of goods for June 2017. In this case, the costs of the previous year, identified in the reporting year, the purchaser of services, regardless of the amount of such delivery costs, will be taken into account as follows:

Debit account 91 - Credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"

Recognition of the expenses of previous years, identified in the reporting period, must be distinguished from the write-off of the loss of previous years at the expense of profit. In the latter case, it means accounting entry type:

Account 84 debit, sub-account "Retained earnings of past years" - Credit of account 84, sub-account "Loss of past years"

Tax accounting for losses of previous years

Past expenses identified in the reporting period will be recognized as past losses only if they are not errors. This means that the occurrence of such expenses or a decrease in income is associated with the emergence of new circumstances that the taxpayer was not previously aware of.

For example, last year the organization sold goods and recognized income tax revenue, and this year their marriage was discovered and the goods were returned former buyer. The decrease in revenue is the loss of the previous year, which was revealed in the reporting year and which the seller did not know about at the time of shipment (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of July 25, 2016 No. 03-03-06/1/43372).

When calculating income tax, losses from previous years are taken into account as part of non-operating expenses of the current year (clause 1, article 252, clause 1, clause 2, article 265, clause 1, article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

But if we are talking about errors, then the identified expenses of previous years are generally taken into account by submitting an updated declaration for the period in which such an error occurred (Article 54 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). For example, in May 2018, an organization discovered that for November 2017, it did not reflect labor costs in income tax expense. She will need to file an amended 2017 tax return. Although if, at the end of 2017, income tax was payable, then it will be possible to take into account the cost of wages in the declaration for the first half of 2018. This is due to the fact that not reflecting the salary in the expenses of 2017 led to the excessive payment of tax for 2017. And in this case, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation gives the taxpayer the right to take into account expenses either in the period to which they relate, or in the period when an error was discovered.