Measures and proposals to improve the quality of the organization of accounting for financial results and improve financial condition SPK "Chkalovsky"

In the process of analyzing the financial condition of SEC Chkalovsky, it was revealed that the organization does not have own funds to cover stocks, so the company uses borrowed funds, and as a result, accounts payable to third parties increase. To avoid this it is necessary:

• - profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise to use purposefully, i.e. do not write off shortages at the expense of it, but identify the perpetrators in order to recover from them the amounts of losses in case of theft and shortages, pay fines for violation of the terms of contracts at the expense of profit before tax, do not give out amounts for business trips at the expense of retained earnings, include the cost of training employees in the cost price products;
• - analyze the state accounts payable, draw up a plan of acceptable payments for settlements with creditors, in contracts with suppliers indicate payment deferrals and for how long, so as not to pay fines later and thereby reduce profits;
• – analyze the status of receivables and identify regular customers, which systematically do not pay off with the enterprise on time. Conclude agreements with buyers, which specify the terms of payment and penalties for violation of contracts. And also apply discounts, the amount of which depends on the term of payment for the goods or discounts that are provided to the buyer upon a one-time purchase of products in a certain quantity or for a certain amount. The first type of discount stimulates the buyer to reduce the time interval from the moment of shipment of products to payment, thereby improving the seller's product turnover. The second type of discount allows the seller to stimulate sales and increase profits by accelerating the turnover of products, increasing sales and reducing the share of selling expenses.

When building analytical accounting for account 91 “Other income and expenses”, several goals should be pursued. First of all - the possibility of grouping income and expenses by type of operating and non-operating in order to facilitate the procedure for compiling the Profit and Loss Statement. The chart of accounts provides only two sub-accounts for accounting for income and expenses: 91-1 “Other income” and 91-2 “Other expenses”. This is clearly not enough for the purposes of managing the organization, and for compiling financial statements due to the lack of more detailed information on groups and types of other income and expenses. Based on this, we propose the following system of sub-accounts:

• 91-1 "Operating income" ;
• 91-11 "Interest receivable";
• 91-12 "Income from participation in other organizations";
• 91-13 "Other operating income";
• 91-2 "Non-operating income";
• 91-3 "Operating expenses";
• 91-31 "Interest payable";
• 91-32 "Other operating expenses";
• 91-4 "Non-operating expenses".

In addition, analytical accounting data for account 91 “Other income and expenses” should provide information on the amount of each type of operating and non-operating income and expenses. For this purpose, subaccounts 91-13 "Other operating income", 91-2 "Non-operating income", 91-32 "Other operating expenses", 91-4 "Non-operating expenses" should open analytical accounts for each type of income and expenses that the organization may have (fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts; exchange differences; revaluation of assets, etc.). At the same time, as stated in the explanations to account 91 “Other income and expenses”, the construction of analytical accounting for income and expenses related to the same operation should make it possible to identify the financial result for each operation.

Also, to account 99 “Profit and Loss”, we propose to open the following system of sub-accounts:

• 99-1 "Profit (loss) from the sale";
• 99-2 "Balance of other income and expenses";
• 99-3 "Extraordinary Income";
• 99-4" extraordinary expenses»;
• 99-5 "Income tax";
• 99-6 "Tax Sanctions".

To sub-accounts 99-3 "Extraordinary income", 99-4 "Extraordinary expenses", analytical accounts should be opened for each type of these incomes and expenses ( insurance compensation, material values received from write-offs of assets, losses from fires, losses from accidents, etc.).

Sub-account 99-3 "Extraordinary Income" will only have credit balance, subaccount 99-4 “Extraordinary expenses”, 99-6 “Tax sanctions” is only debit, and subaccount 99-1 “Profit (loss) from sales”, 99-2 “Balance of other income and expenses”, 99-5 “Tax on profit "and 99-9" Net profit (loss) "can have a balance of both credit and debit.

The organization needs to develop a new accounting policy, in which it should reflect all aspects of accounting, tk. in practice, it is rare to find documents such as a working chart of accounts, forms of primary accounting documents, document flow rules, and the procedure for controlling business transactions. All this has a negative impact on the accounting in organizations. It's about not even about a violation of the provisions of PBU 1/98 "Accounting Policy of the Organization", but about a misunderstanding of the concept of accounting in market economy and missed opportunities as a result. At present, the accounting policy of the organization, taking into account all the features of its activities, is one of the most important layers of regulatory accounting regulation. In a market economy, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation cannot and should not describe in its regulatory documents all possible options for conducting accounting in different industries and in the implementation of different types of activities. It publishes documents of a framework, conceptual nature. The organization itself should describe its accounting processes within the framework of the general concept, based on industry and other features of management. Moreover, as mentioned in chapter 2.6. of this work, accounting policy is a tool through which it is possible to positively influence the financial result. Thus, the accounting policy of the organization at present should be its basic document, reflecting the features of its accounting. Moreover, the more detailed and justified in accounting policy accounting procedures of the organization will be described (up to the correspondence of accounts used), the easier it will be to keep records, more reliable reporting and less problems with regulatory authorities.

Particular attention, when forming an accounting policy, should be paid to those areas that were not consecrated in the previous accounting policy, in particular:

• - approve the procedure for conducting an inventory of assets and liabilities of the organization;
• - fix in the accounting policy that on vacation material and production stocks in production, their assessment is made at an average cost;
• - reflect in the accounting policy of the enterprise that the repair is financed by including actual costs in the cost of production;
• - describe the procedure for calculating the determination of the financial result from the sale of products for tax purposes;
• – approve the list of persons who are allowed to give money for household needs enterprises;
• - describe how they are stored accounting documents at the enterprise;
• - introduce document flow rules, since not all business transactions are formalized by primary documents and do not contain required details and approve them;
• - to provide for a clause on the conclusion of agreements on liability with the employees of the enterprise in order to avoid shortages and theft.

If all these provisions are described, supplemented and formalized in the accounting policy of the organization, this will raise its accounting to a new qualitative level.

Another suggestion for increasing the efficiency of accounting, its reliability, automating calculations (taxes, depreciation, etc.), automating the formation of reporting forms, deepening analytical analysis, speeding up the processing of data from primary documents, reducing labor intensity, refusing to use typographic forms of primary documents and reporting, etc., is the automation of accounting. New Information Technology in the field of accounting offer great opportunities for business leaders in the decision-making process. The software allows you to more quickly receive information on all issues related to the activities of the enterprise, and make timely management decisions. It is proposed to automate accounting and warehouse. It is required to create a local network that would connect warehouse accounting with accounting.

This will allow the storekeeper to draw up warehouse accounting cards on a computer, to make records on the movement of finished products. All this will allow the storekeeper not to compile monthly paper reports, and the movement of finished products in the warehouse will be visible through the network. This is a way to obtain operational information about the data of finished products, their nomenclature, grade, quality, movement.

The software can be the program “1C: Accounting 7.7. Accounting + Payroll + Trade + Warehouse” network version (individual configuration). To finalize the basic version of the program, hire an employee for software so that employees of the accounting department and warehouse can later contact him to solve any problems associated with this program and invite an employee of a specialized company who will adapt the software product to the specifics of the organization SEC "Chkalovsky".

To achieve the full use of the program's capabilities, it is necessary to improve the qualifications of accountants by teaching them how to work in an automated accounting environment.

It is necessary to develop and bring to the attention of accounting staff individual instructions that most fully reflect all possible facts. economic life, which the employee specializes in reflecting. This will improve the quality of information processing, reduce the percentage of errors in the execution of transactions.

With the existing this moment in the system of product sales, the accounting department does not always know how much finished products are in stock, and as a result, they cannot tell the buyer how many products they can ship to him. And under the new system, the buyer will receive all the information he is interested in in the central accounting department, coordinate it with the director, and in the accounting department all this will be documented. And the buyer will already be able to come to the warehouse of the enterprise with a ready waybill or invoice and ship the products at any time.

The analysis showed that the organization is in a pre-crisis financial position and has insufficient liquidity of assets. But, in 2004, there are small positive trends:

• 1. Profit growth;
• 2. Improved indicators of financial stability;
• 3. Increasing the level of profitability;

4. Decreased amount of borrowed capital.

To get out of this situation, the organization, first of all, needs to increase economic efficiency production, which leads to an inevitable increase in profits.

In a deficit material resources, in this enterprise, it is necessary to use resource-saving technologies more widely, providing for:

• − development of scientifically substantiated crop rotations, improvement of seed production and breeding work in animal husbandry;
• − use of high quality seeds and promising varieties;
• − application of high-performance equipment in combined and wide-cut units;
• − combination of technological operations;
• − application of integrated plant protection systems against pests, diseases and weeds;
• − application of scientifically substantiated doses of mineral and organic fertilizers;
• - a clear organization of work.

The use of intensive crop cultivation technologies will increase yields by 35–40%, reduce production costs by 10–15%, which will lead to an increase in profits by an average of 40–50%.

In connection with the approval of the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 25, 2011 No. No. 160n “On the Enactment of International Financial Reporting Standards”, I suggest that the management of the analyzed enterprise take a number of preparatory measures that will allow a smoother transition to the introduction of new standards.

First of all, it is necessary to resolve the issues of staffing - who will be involved in the preparation of financial statements in IFRS format: a specially invited team (auditing, consulting, etc. firm) or own employees. In any case, it is necessary that accounting staff be trained in IFRS.

In the future, in connection with changes in the rules of IFRS and the emergence of new standards and interpretations, they should be constantly trained in IFRS.

The enterprise should decide how the reporting in the IFRS format will be formed - by maintaining parallel accounting or transforming the reporting prepared in accordance with RAS. Most Russian companies prefer to do the transformation of reporting, rather than keep parallel accounting. The choice in favor of transformation exempts from maintaining daily accounting in the IFRS format, in contrast to parallel accounting, but, of course, it is advisable to prepare for the transformation in the inter-reporting period, as well as to monitor how this or that significant transaction will affect the reporting indicators in the IFRS format .

To carry out the transformation of reporting, it is necessary to draw up a program and a detailed plan for carrying out all the work, indicating: the timing and scope of the necessary work; sources and amounts of funding; a list of documents to be prepared; sources of information to be used. It is also necessary to allocate areas of work and appoint those responsible for them, to bring to the attention of all employees the adopted work plan. Particular attention should be paid to the sufficiency and necessary qualifications of the employees who will carry out the transformation. Management should take into account that an increase in the burden on accounting staff may adversely affect both the performance of their current duties and the quality of the transformation of reporting into the IFRS format.

When forming an accounting policy, take into account the requirements of IFRS and its further change as much as possible. When choosing an accounting policy, it is necessary, first of all, having studied all IFRS, to establish any permitted method (recognition, evaluation, calculation, etc.) to reflect specific transactions or reporting elements. ) if several methods are proposed in the standards; or in the absence of a method in the standards, choose any method that does not contradict the principles and rules of IFRS.

With the subsequent transformation of reporting into the IFRS format, changes may be made to the accounting policy in accordance with IFRS.

After the accounting policy according to IFRS is formed, it should be carried out comparative analysis with the accounting policy that is used by the enterprise when maintaining accounting and reporting in accordance with RAS to identify the area of ​​adjustments. Such an analysis must be done for the initial transformation.

Wherever discrepancies are identified, adjustment will obviously be required. A preliminary list of adjustments should be made. For each future adjustment, it is advisable to draw up a working document, which will indicate which IFRS and Russian regulatory documents regulate the accounting and reporting of this operation, reporting element, and how they are taken into account in these accounting systems. also in this document you can provide sources of information that you need to refer to for additional information in order to comply with IFRS rules.

At this stage, the necessary information is collected, both from external and internal sources. The information must be reliable and relevant. The order of its registration should ensure the possibility of effective work with it. It is necessary to selectively check the most significant contracts of the company, according to which business transactions were carried out during the year (non-standard contracts, if they are significant, are subjected to a complete check). The audit may reveal that in some cases the legal form of the contract did not correspond (corresponds) to the economic essence of the transaction. In this case, it will be necessary to draw up an explanatory document in which the accountant will make his own professional judgment on the economic substance of the operation and, accordingly, on IFRS, the rules of which should be followed for its reflection in the financial statements.

For example, RAS directly states that in order to recognize revenue, a transfer of ownership must be made. Under IFRS, revenue is recognized when:

the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods are transferred to the buyer;

the seller no longer participates in the management to the extent normally associated with ownership and no longer controls the goods sold;

the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;

it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the company;

the costs incurred or expected to be associated with the transaction can be measured reliably.

Thus, it is necessary to identify all cases for which an adjustment is required to bring the transactions in line with their economic substance.

Carrying out the transformation will require the use of not only the actual reporting in the RAS format, but also accounting data. In addition to reporting forms and transcripts to them, as well as orders on accounting policies, the following information is required:

for fixed assets and intangible assets(01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 07, 08, 10, 97 accounts): all information that allows you to reflect: the movement of fixed assets by groups; liabilities arising from the acquisition and sale of fixed assets, equipment to be installed and capital investments; depreciation methods for the main groups of fixed assets; information on unused fixed assets, fixed assets in pledge, fixed assets with 100% depreciation;

for long term and short term investment(58 account): data characterizing: the movement of investments by main types; breakdown of liabilities arising from the acquisition and sale of investments; basic details (type of security, issuer, interest income (dividends), equity stake, date of receipt and redemption); management's intentions regarding investments; investments in subsidiaries (this information will be required when consolidating financial statements),

Also, investments will require information that allows you to correctly classify and evaluate investments.

For expenses of future periods (account 97), it is necessary to compile information on the movement for the reporting period by type of expenses.

For receivables and payables:

detailed balance of accounts receivable and accounts payable (accounts 60, 62, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76, 79);

information on bad and doubtful debts, breakdown of the amount of the created reserve (account 63);

information on receivables and payables by type: for goods, services, raw materials and supplies, fixed assets, intangible assets, etc.;

classification of receivables and payables into long-term and short-term.

For taxes: breakdown of balances on accounts 68, 69 by types of taxes and deductions, as well as information on the tax base of assets and liabilities for calculating deferred taxes.

For received short-term and long-term credits and loans (accounts 66, 67): movement by types of credits and loans (indicating the creditor or lender); terms of receipt and repayment; collateral; interest rates; amounts due to subsidiaries and other related parties (for the preparation of consolidated financial statements and disclosure of information on related parties).

For costs: breakdown by cost elements of debit transactions on accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, 29.

For income and expenses: breakdown by types of income and cost elements of turnover on accounts 90, 91, 99.

For the authorized capital: breakdown of the authorized capital (account 80) by types of shares, indicating their number and par value.

For inventories (accounts 10, 15, 41, 43): breakdown of balances by types of inventories, indicating pledged inventories, illiquid inventories.

For cash: breakdown of account balances Money(50, 51, 52, 55 accounts) broken down by types of currencies and indicating the existing restrictions on the use of funds.

preliminary analysis turnover sheet accounting accounts should allow you to identify:

compliance of the balances of the turnover sheet with the data specified in the forms of the financial statements of the enterprise;

the presence of "uncharacteristic" accounts for the company's activities;

significant change in reporting indicators for the reporting period.

All accounting information contained in primary documents, accounting registers, is drawn up in the required sections in the working documents for transformation. Analysis of the turnover sheet of accounting accounts allows us to identify:

compliance of the balances of the turnover sheet with the data specified in the forms of the company's financial statements;

the presence of "uncharacteristic" for the activities of the enterprise accounts;

significant change in reporting indicators for the reporting period.

Based on the balance of the balance sheet, work tables can be drawn up and trial balances can be built at the beginning and end of the reporting period.

For each reporting form, it is desirable to draw up its layout, indicating sections, articles and sub-articles. You must select the version of the income statement that the company will use. It is also useful to familiarize yourself with the financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS by companies (Russian and foreign) that have received a positive audit report. Such information can be found on the Internet and in periodicals.

Drawing up a list of adjustments and making a decision on the procedure for transforming reporting forms ends with the stage of preparing adjustment tables.

In the adjustment table in the first column, sections and articles of the balance sheet and income statement must be given, while the articles must be given both in accordance with RAS and IFRS. The next column contains data on the items of the balance sheet and income statement of RAS. These values ​​of the articles of the Russian reporting forms are the figures that will be adjusted. For items that must be in the forms according to IFRS, the values ​​will be absent. The following columns will contain the adjustments. Each correction receives a name and serial number corresponding to its content. In the penultimate column of the table, you can calculate the sum of all adjustments. The last column contains IFRS item values.

After the adjustment tables are prepared for the period preceding the reporting period and the reporting period at the initial transformation, or after filling in the adjustment table for the reporting period (at subsequent transformations), it is necessary to draw up trial balances for each year presented in the reporting and at the date of transition. Then the balance sheet and profit and loss statements should be drawn up accordingly.

I think that the measures proposed above will allow the company to smoothly transition to the requirements of IFRS when preparing reports.

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL POLICY AND EDUCATION

FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION VOLGOGRAD STATE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY

Faculty of Economics

Speciality : "Accounting, analysis and audit"

Department: "Accounting and audit"

COURSE WORK

discipline "Accounting financial accounting"

On the topic: "Accounting for the formation and distribution financial results at the enterprise Vipoil-Agro LLC.

Fulfilled : group student

Bukh - 48 Karimova Olga

Checked by: Gorbacheva A.S.

Volgograd 2010

Introduction

1. Theoretical aspects of accounting for financial results

1.1 Regulatory support

1.2 International Standards financial reporting accounting of financial results

2. Organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise LLC "Vipoil-Agro" branch No. 2 farm Plotkikov

2.1 Economic characteristic enterprises

2.2 Organization of accounting at the enterprise

2.3 Accounting for financial results from core activities

2.4 Accounting for other income and expenses

2.5 Accounting for the use of profits

3. Improving accounting for financial results

Conclusions and offers

List of used literature

Application

Introduction

The management of the financial and economic activities of the organization requires an appropriate information support. Data on the financial position of the organization is its most important component. Such information is most in demand among its various users and must be taken into account when making any decisions. management decisions. Therefore, the reliability of information on the financial position of organizations, as well as the possibility of obtaining it at any necessary time, are mandatory conditions in the practice of making managerial decisions in the process of their financial and financial economic activity. The most important component of information about the financial position of an organization is data on the formation of financial results arising in the course of business activities of commercial organizations. At the same time, in modern economic conditions, equity capital, which is formed as a result of the organization's profit, is put forward among the most important objects of accounting supervision.

Close interest in the problems of formation of various indicators of financial results in accounting has appeared only in the last decade. Prior to this, the issues of accounting for financial results were not given due attention, since the category of profit and its derivatives were problems more technical than economic. Therefore, there was a deliberate retouching of the role of profit as a long-term source financial support activities, but the profit function developed as one of the many performance indicators of organizations in reporting period. Nevertheless, it was during that period that qualitative methods of accounting for the formation of various financial results of the reporting period were developed, and in their development, the corresponding accounting models.

Therefore, it can be argued that the methodological and often methodological support for accounting and reporting on financial results lags far behind theoretical and practical needs. In essence, there is no fundamental theory of accounting for the entire set of financial results. The theoretical substantiation of the most important categories of financial results is reduced to the mechanical reception of Western theories of the formation of such information without taking into account the achievements of the national school.

Thus, the relevance of the theme of the graduation work is associated not only with their sharply increased role in economic development organizations, but also the unresolved nature of many general economic problems.

The purpose of this course work is to consider how the financial results are formed in the enterprise, which affects the amount of profit.

In accordance with the goal in the course work, the following main tasks were solved:

considered the concept of income from the point of view of IFRS and PBU 9/99, PBU 10/99;

the mechanism of formation and accounting of the financial result in the organization was studied;,

the formation and reflection in the accounting of estimated reserves was studied; information on deferred income, as well as the procedure for the formation and reflection of retained earnings (uncovered loss) on the accounting accounts;

analyzed the activities of a particular organization in the formulation of financial results accounting and given recommendations for improving the accounting of financial results.

accounting financial result profit

The object of the study was the production company Vipoil-Agro LLC, branch No. 2 of Kh. Plotnikov, Danilovsky district, Volgograd region.

The following was used in the work: the economic-statistical method - the method of assessing rationality this decision based on a comparison of its economic indicators with the same indicators of a number of similar solutions.

The information base of the study is a set of special and scientific literature, laws and regulations, statistical data; economic research on this topic; reference and periodical literature. methodical and theoretical basis term papers are: Federal Law "On Accounting", Regulation on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation, Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization", PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization" and other regulatory documents, legislative acts. In addition, the literature on accounting (M.Z. Pizengolts, V.E. Kerimov) and the analysis of financial and economic activity (G. V. Savitskaya, N. E. Zimin), publications economic journals and newspapers such as "Accounting", "Glavbuh", "Accounting in agriculture".

1. Theoretical aspects of accounting for financial results

1.1 Regulatory support

AT last years serious transformations are taking place, caused, firstly, by a change in the economic environment of the organization's activities, and secondly, by the penetration of the experience of foreign enterprises into the domestic market.

In this regard, under the influence of emerging relationships with the subjects of the global market, there is a transition from strict regulation of production volumes, funds and allocated resources to development and encouragement to activities where everything is determined by supply and demand. Serious changes are undergoing regulatory legal framework regulating the maintenance and organization of accounting. It is freed from strict regulation and is oriented towards providing greater freedom of choice from the available arsenal of methods and methods of accounting. This raises the problem of the need optimal ratio between the interests of an economic entity, external users accounting information and state

The new system of accounting regulation in Russia is enshrined in the Federal Law “On Accounting" and is a multi-level system. The first level regulatory documents include Federal Laws, Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, and Government decrees. The second level is accounting regulations. All others regulations and guidelines form a third level system. A separate fourth level is made up of documents that form the accounting policy of the organization.

Consider the main regulatory documents that have a direct impact on the methodology for generating financial results. An important place in the documents of the first level is occupied by federal laws of November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ “On Accounting” and dated December 27, 1991 No. 2116-1 “On income tax of enterprises and organizations”. It specifically indicates income tax payers, which are enterprises and organizations that are legal entities including credit, insurance organizations, as well as enterprises and organizations established in the territory of the Russian Federation that carry out entrepreneurial activity. The law defines the object of taxation and the procedure for calculating taxable profits, the concept of gross profit as the amount of profit (loss) from the sale of products (works, services), fixed assets (including land), other property of the enterprise and income from non-sales operations, reduced by the amount of expenses on these operations. Clause 6 of Article 2 contains the transfer of income (expenses) related to non-operating. The Law stipulates benefits for income tax, the procedure for calculating and terms of payment of tax, as well as the procedure for taxing certain types of enterprise income.

The most important document of the first level is the Tax Code, which came into force on 01.01.1999. It establishes a system of taxes levied in federal budget, as well as general principles taxes and fees in Russian Federation. Paragraph 1 of Article 39 defines the sale of goods (works, services) for the first time. The sale of goods (works, services) is the transfer on a reimbursable basis (including the exchange of goods, works, services) of the ownership of goods or the results of work performed by one person to another. An important point The Code is to establish principles for determining the price of goods, works or services. For taxation purposes, the price of goods (works, services) indicated by the parties to the transaction is accepted. Until proven otherwise, this price is assumed to be in line with market prices. Price adjustment for taxation purposes is made when there is a fluctuation in the level of prices applied for identical (homogeneous) goods within a short period of time by more than 30 percent in one direction or another.

The second level of the regulatory system is made up of national standards - Accounting Regulations. These documents summarize the principles and basic rules of accounting, set out the basic concepts related to individual areas of accounting.

One of important documents the third level is the Chart of Accounts for the accounting of financial and economic activities of enterprises and the Instructions for its application (approved by order of the USSR Ministry of Finance dated November 1, 1991 No. 56 and recommended for use on the territory of the Russian Federation by letter of the Ministry of Economy and Finance of the RSFSR dated December 19, 1991 No. 18- 5; as amended by the orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 28, 1994 No. 173 and of July 28, 1995 No. 81). According to the instructions for use, the Chart of Accounts is a scheme for registering and grouping the facts of economic activity in accounting. The next document of this group, which has a direct impact on the formation of financial results, is the Regulation on the composition of the costs of production and sale of products (works, services) included in the cost of products (works, services), and on the procedure for the formation of financial results taken into account when taxing profits (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 552 dated August 5, 1992, as amended on July 12, 1999 No. 794). Paragraph 1 provides a list of costs included in the cost of products (works, services). Clause 2 “The procedure for the formation of financial results taken into account for taxation of profits” defines the final financial result, profit (loss).

The final financial result (profit or loss) is made up of the financial result from the sale of products (works, services), fixed assets and other property of the enterprise and income from non-sales operations, reduced by the amount of expenses on these operations. Profit (loss) from the sale of products (works, services) and goods is determined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) in current prices without value added tax and excises and the costs of its production and sale.

In the Accounting Regulation "Income of the organization" PBU 9/99, it is determined that the following receipts are not the income of the organization:

amounts of value added tax, excises, sales tax, export duties and other similar obligatory payments;

under commission agreements, agency and other similar agreements in favor of the committent, principal;

in the order of advance payment for products (works, services);

advances on account of payment for products (works, services);

as a pledge, if the agreement provides that the pledged property will be transferred to the pledgee;

to repay a loan or loan.

Expenses for ordinary activities are expenses associated with the manufacture of products, the purchase and sale of goods, the performance of work and the provision of services. Expenses for ordinary activities are also considered to be the reimbursement of the cost of fixed assets, intangible assets and other depreciated assets, carried out in the form of depreciation deductions.

Expenses for ordinary activities form:

expenses associated with the acquisition of raw materials, materials, goods, and other material production stocks;

expenses arising directly in the process of processing (refining) inventories for the purposes of manufacturing products, performing work and providing services and selling them, as well as selling (reselling) goods (expenses for the maintenance and operation of fixed assets and other non-current assets, as well as maintaining them in good condition, commercial expenses, management expenses and etc.).

When forming expenses for ordinary activities, they should be grouped according to the following elements:

material costs;

labor costs;

deductions for social needs;

depreciation;

other costs.

to income and expenses from common species activities include, in accordance with the Accounting Regulations under consideration, also income and expenses related to:

with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets under a lease agreement;

with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;

with participation in authorized capitals other organizations.

At the same time, these receipts and expenses should be related to the subject of the organization's activities.

Until now, the main activity of the organization was determined by its charter. But from the charter of the organization it is not always possible to clearly determine which type of activity is the main one and which is not. Therefore, it would be advisable to fix in the accounting policy which of the types of activities indicated in the charter are the main ones, and which ones are secondary. Changes made to the accounting policy are approved by orders of the head of the enterprise.

As already noted, other income and expenses include operating income and expenses. PBU 9/99 and PBU 10/99 establishes a list of such expenses and incomes:

income and expenses associated with the provision of temporary use of the organization's assets;

income and expenses associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;

income and expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations;

receipts and expenses associated with the sale, disposal of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), products, goods;

profit received by the organization as a result of joint activities (under a simple partnership agreement);

interest receivable or interest payable for the provision or receipt of funds for use;

expenses related to payment for services rendered by credit institutions;

other operating income and expenses.

According to PBU 9/99 and PBU 10/99, non-operating income and expenses include:

fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of business contracts;

receipts in compensation or compensation for losses;

profit (loss) of previous years, revealed in the reporting period;

assets received free of charge, including under a donation agreement;

amounts of accounts payable and depositor's debts for which the limitation period has expired;

exchange differences;

the amount of revaluation (markdown) of assets (except for non-current assets);

the amount of receivables for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic to collect;

other non-operating income and expenses.

Thus, comparing the composition of other income and expenses (which includes operating and non-operating income and expenses) with the list of income and expenses , in force until January 1, 2000, it can be concluded that income and expenses were regrouped between items.

Thus, operating income includes the following types of income:

income and expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, including interest and other income from securities. Previously, proceeds from activities related to participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations were reflected in the item "Income from participation in other organizations" of the Profit and Loss Statement;

interest received by an entity for lending its funds to use third parties or individuals and interest paid by the organization for providing it with the use of funds. Previously, these income and expenses were reflected in the items "Interest receivable" and "Interest payable" of the Profit and Loss Statement;

profit received by the organization from joint activities. Previously, this profit was reflected in the item "income from participation in other organizations" of the Profit and Loss Statement.

In addition, non-operating expenses and income now include exchange differences, which were previously reflected in the item "Other operating income" and "Other operating expenses" of the Profit and Loss Statement.

For the first time in the practice of domestic accounting, extraordinary incomes and expenses arising as a result of extraordinary circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.) were singled out as a separate subgroup. Previously, extraordinary receipts and expenses were not allocated to a separate group and were reflected in accounting as part of non-operating income and expenses.

The amount of other income (from the sale of fixed assets and other property of the organization) is determined in the same manner as the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services).

The value of other types of operating and non-operating income is determined in the same manner. So, fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, as well as compensation for losses caused to the organization are accepted for accounting in amounts awarded by the court or recognized by the debtor. The amount of operating and non-operating expenses is also determined in the same manner. Fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, as well as compensation for losses caused by the organization, are accepted in amounts awarded by the court or recognized by the organization. Property received free of charge is accepted for accounting at market value.

Accounting regulations PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization" and PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization" come into force on January 1, 2000. thus, in 2000, starting from the reporting for the first quarter, all income and expenses should be divided into ordinary and extraordinary, and it is with such subsections that they should be reflected in the Profit and Loss Statement. The accounting regulation "Income of the organization" PBU 9/99 establishes that in the Profit and Loss Statement the income of the organization for the reporting period is reflected with a division into revenue, operating and non-operating income, in case of occurrence - extraordinary income. According to the Regulation on Accounting "Expenses of the Organization" RAS 10/99, the expenses of the organization are reflected in the Profit and Loss Statement with a subdivision into the cost of goods sold, products, work performed and services rendered, selling expenses, management expenses, operating and non-operating expenses, and in case of occurrence - extraordinary expenses. Thus, the numerical indicators of the Profit and Loss Statement (Form No. 2) will change significantly.

1.2 International Financial Reporting Standards Accounting for Financial Performance

International Accounting Standard IAS 8 "Net profit or loss for the period, fundamental errors and changes in accounting policies"

The purpose of this Standard is to prescribe the classification, disclosures and accounting treatment for certain income statement items so that all entities prepare and present income statements on a consistent basis. This will improve comparability both with the entity's financial statements for previous periods, and with the financial statements of other enterprises. Accordingly, this Standard requires the classification and disclosure of extraordinary items, as well as the disclosure of certain items of profit and loss from ordinary activities. It also determines how changes in accounting estimates, changes in accounting policies and corrections of fundamental errors are accounted for.

The net profit indicator is the most important indicator of financial statements. Net profit (loss) reflects financial performance credit institution. Numerous ratings and calculations are based on this indicator. financial analysts, the value of the shares of the credit institution and the amount of dividends paid depend on its value. Sharp fluctuations in net profit, both downward and upward, cause natural caution among investors. It is no coincidence that significant changes in the amount of net profit (loss) in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Market valuable papers" are recognized as a significant fact of the activity of the credit institution - the issuer of securities and must be disclosed in its statements indicating the reasons for the changes.

Net income is the difference between a company's income and expenses, net of income tax.

Not all changes in the company's equity are included in income and expenses recognized in the income statement (for example, the results of revaluation of property, plant and equipment and certain types of financial instruments). Therefore, one cannot justifiably judge the performance of a company and the dynamics of its capital based solely on the net profit indicator. Nevertheless, the importance of this indicator for assessing financial results and financial position the company is very large. The basic principles for recognizing income and expenses, as well as presenting the results of a company's activities in the income statement are discussed in the "Principles for the preparation and presentation of financial statements".

IFRS 8 deals with key indicators that are different from income and expenses from ordinary activities, but affect the amount of profit / loss for the period. The standard defines the classification, disclosure requirements and accounting treatment for certain income statement items so that all entities prepare and present income statements on a consistent basis. This improves comparability with both financial statements companies for previous periods, and with the financial statements of other companies. Accordingly, the standard requires the classification and disclosure of the results of extraordinary events, as well as certain items in profit or loss from ordinary activities. It also determines the accounting treatment for changes in accounting estimates, changes in accounting policies and corrections of fundamental errors.

This standard should be applied when presenting information about profit or loss from ordinary activities, as well as the results of extraordinary circumstances in the income statement and when accounting for changes in accounting estimates, fundamental errors and changes in accounting policies.

Among other things, the standard addresses disclosures about certain items of net profit and loss for the period. This information is disclosed in addition to all other information required by other International Financial Reporting Standards.

The tax consequences of the results of extraordinary events, fundamental errors and changes in accounting policies are accounted for and disclosed in accordance with IAS 12 Income Taxes. Where unusual items are referred to in IAS 12, they should be treated as the results of extraordinary circumstances in accordance with their definition in IAS 8.

2. Organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise LLC "Vipoil-Agro" branch No. 2 farm Plotkikov

2.1 Economic characteristics of the enterprise

Limited Liability Company "Vipoil-Agro", hereinafter referred to as the "Company", was established during the reorganization of the Limited Liability Company "VIPOIL-AGRO", located in the city of Volgograd along Lenin Avenue, house 33A, registered by the Administration of the Central District of the city of Volgograd, certificate of state registration B - 395 No. 15830, registration No. 5500 of 04/22/1997

The Company has six Branches - separate subdivisions located:

a) Branch No. 1, Volgograd region, Danilovsky district, Profsoyuznik settlement;

b) Branch No. 2, Volgograd region, Danilovsky district, x. Plotnikov;

c) Branch No. 3, Volgograd region, Danilovsky district, settlement Belye Prudy;

d) Branch No. 4, Volgograd region, Danilovsky district, st. Berezovskaya;

e) Branch No. 5, Volgograd region, Rudnyansky district, s. Big Sudachye

f) Branch No. 6, Volgograd region, Rudnyansky district, s. Matyshevo.

Let's take a closer look at branch number 2.

The year of foundation of the enterprise LLC "Vipoil-Agro" branch No. 2 x. Plotnikov is considered to be 2002.

Organization LLC "Vipoil-Agro" branch number 2 farm Plotnikov is located in the Danilovsky district of the Volgograd region. Danilovsky district is included in the Privolzhsky Yu.F.O. economic region. Its area is 296.1 thousand hectares. The land of the farm is located in the northern part of the Danilovsky district. The central estate of Plotnikov farm is located 16 km from the regional center Danilovka, 250 km from the regional center of the city of Volgograd, 140 km from the pier of the city of Kamyshin, 65 km from the Sebryakova railway station. On the territory of the economy there are the Plotnikov farm, the village of Zaplavka, the farm Beavers.

Khutor Plotnikov is located in the temperate climate zone. According to the agro-climatic zoning of the Volgograd region, the territory of the Danilovsky district belongs to a very arid zone and the sum of positive average daily temperatures for the period with air temperatures above + 10 degrees 2800-3000 degrees.

According to long-term data, the average annual air temperature is + 6.0 degrees. The lowest temperatures are observed in January and February (-10 degrees), the highest - in June (+23 degrees). The absolute maximum reaches + 41 degrees, the absolute minimum - 40 degrees. For agricultural crops, the period of transition of the average daily air temperature through + 5 degrees and + 10 degrees is very important. The date of transition through + 5 degrees in the spring corresponds to the resumption of the vegetation of winter crops, in the fall - the termination of the vegetation.

The period with an average daily air temperature above +10 degrees is a period of active vegetation for most crops. Thus, the climate of the area with a long frost-free period, a high sum of positive temperatures during the growing season is favorable for growing a wide range of crops. A negative factor in this case is the lack of moisture, which plays a leading role in the formation of the crop. Consequently, agricultural technology in the area should be aimed at the accumulation and conservation of moisture in the soil through snow retention, anti-erosion and other measures.

The average annual precipitation is 427 millimeters in the form of rain and snow. Precipitation throughout the year varies from month to month. Most of them fall on the hottest months - June - July - August, that is, during the period of ripening and harvesting of crops. Precipitation at this time is predominantly torrential in nature. Due to high air temperatures and, accordingly, high evaporation, moisture does not have time to properly soak into the soil, so plants often suffer from drought, which leads to a decrease in yield. In the cold season, there is little precipitation in the form of snow (on average, on the right bank - 151 millimeters, on the left bank - 140 millimeters). The maximum height of the snow cover reaches 25-30 centimeters. The thickness of the snow cover also determines the freezing of the soil in winter. In some winters with little snow, the soil freezes to a depth of 120 centimeters, which creates a threat of freezing winter crops. Spring field work begins after the upper layers of the soil dry out to a soft-plastic state, which occurs, on average, from April 18.

The soil cover of the farm territory is represented by the following varieties:

) southern chernozem of medium thickness, heavily loamy parent rock are loams of brown colors, horizon: depth 15-20 cm, dark gray color, lumpy-granular structure, humus content 4-5%,

) the southern chernozem is thin. According to morphological features, it is distinguished by a smaller thickness of the a horizon - 10 - 20 cm, a higher accumulation of carbonates 48-60 cm, the parent rock is pale yellow heavy loam;

) southern solonetsous chernozem, lying on the slopes of the beams. It differs from the southern thin chernozem in its lighter color, slightly pronounced structure and greater density;

) semi-washed soils formed as a result of increased insolation and significant water runoff;

) solonetz - are in a complex with other soils. On the territory of the farm, they are located in the southwestern part of the massif, adjacent to the Lomovka River. The most widespread on the territory of the farm are southern chernozems of medium thickness, which are the best soils of the farm. A variety of landforms and a significant slope of the terrain contribute to the formation of strong linear and planar erosion. Therefore, soils subject to water erosion occupy a significant area on gentle, sloping, strongly sloping and steep slopes.

At present, due to the complete economic development of the territory that previously existed here, the vegetation cover has changed a lot. Natural herbage in its original form has been preserved only in areas of inter-gulley watersheds separate from settlements and on unsuitable arable slopes.

It is possible to carry out the production and economic characteristics of the collective farm by analyzing the data presented in the following three tables.

To begin with, we determine the size of the farm, compile table 1.

Table 1

Parameters and main economic indicators enterprises

According to the table, it can be said that the financial condition of Vipoil-Agro LLC in 2009 worsened. The amount of gross output (Appendix No. 1) in 2009 compared to 2008 decreased by 26% (13141.787 tons), and compared to 2007 it decreased by 38% (22904.417 tons). Revenue from product sales in 2009 increased by 20% compared to 2008 (21,977 tons), and compared to 2007, revenue decreased by 57% (45,402 tons). The area of ​​agricultural land in 2007 compared to 2009 increased by 330 hectares. The average annual number of employees in 2009 and 2007 is the same, and in 2008 compared to 2009 their number decreased by 27 people. Costs in 2009 compared with 2008 decreased by 7155 thousand rubles, but compared with 2007 by 120302 thousand rubles. The level of profitability of the enterprise is changing.

The low level of profitability is observed in 2009 - 5.7%. this means that the company receives a small profit from each spent ruble, and the highest in 2007, this means that the enterprise receives additional profit from each ruble spent.

We conclude that for the analyzed period, for the enterprise Vipoil-Agro LLC, branch No. 2, 2007 was economically profitable, and 2008 and 2009 were not profitable from an economic point of view. Next, we will take a closer look at the amount of revenue that the company receives for each of the crops.

table 2

Company's revenue structure

The table shows that the leading branch of production of the enterprise is crop production. The most profitable product in 2007 on the farm is sunflower, in 2008 sunflower was not sold, in 2009 the company received 58359 tons less profit from the sale of sunflower compared to 2007. In the table for the analyzed period, there is an increase in profits from grain. In 2009, the enterprise received the largest proceeds from the sale of grain - 32,973 tons, which is 5,986 tons less than in 2008, and 13,040 tons less than in 2007. On average, 19571.7 tons of profit was received for sunflower seeds over 3 years. r, which is 42.1% of the total profit, and for grain 26631 t. r, which is 57.3% of total profit. Of the analyzed 3 years, the most economically profitable year is 2007.

Under specialization in agriculture refers to the predominant production of certain types of products in an enterprise, district, region, zone. The main indicator of the specialization of the enterprise is the structure of the cost of marketable products (cash proceeds), which makes it possible to determine the place of each industry in the system of social division of labor. Thus, the grain industry has developed in Vipoil-Agro LLC in the study period.

Calculate the financial result of the enterprise.

Table 3

Financial result of the enterprise, thousand rubles

From this table it can be seen that in the enterprise under study in 2009 there was a decrease in the financial result from the sale of the main types of products. So the profit from the sale of grain in 2009 compared with 2007 decreased by 3125 thousand rubles, and in comparison with 2008 it decreased by 5326 thousand rubles. In 2008, sunflower was not sold, and it is impossible to say how profit changed in 2009 compared to 2008, but in 2009 it was 22,981 tons. less than 2007 profit. In 2009, the company suffered a loss from the sale of sunflower seeds in the amount of 94 tons. In general, the company has seen a decrease in profits. In 2009, compared with 2007, it decreased by 25914 thousand rubles, and in 2009, compared with 2008, by 5183 thousand rubles. I conclude that in 2007 the company received the highest, in comparison with 2008 and 2009. This means that 2007 is the most profitable and cost-effective year for the enterprise. The indicators for the enterprise that were considered in the tables: profit, revenue, cost, etc. can be found in Form No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement" annual report enterprises.

2.2 Organization of accounting at the enterprise

Accounting generates information about the work of agricultural organizations. It captures all changes that occur in production, supply and marketing activities, i.e. provides the necessary information about the circulation of funds and the process of expanded reproduction of agricultural enterprises. Information function accounting is not passive. Accounting is not a dispassionate recorder of facts and events; here the obtained data are systematized and summarized. All changes occurring in economic activity are recorded in accounting in order to actively influence the improvement of the organization's performance through the adoption of correct management decisions. The accounting policy of an enterprise is defined in PBU 1/2008 "Accounting Policy of an Organization" as "a set of accounting methods - primary observation, cost measurement, current grouping and final generalization of the facts of economic (statutory) activities." The choice of accounting policy depends on the specifics of the enterprise, the characteristics of the organization of management, the characteristics of commercial activities, current and long-term goals. Accounting policy is influenced by tax conditions, benefits, the state's foreign exchange policy, the nature of ownership, forms of ownership, staff qualifications, etc. Forms an accounting policy Chief Accountant organizations.

The accounting policy of the enterprise under study (Appendix No. 2) was adopted in 2007 and is still in effect. It was approved by the general director of the enterprise Vipoil-Agro LLC Yurin S.A. and includes the following sections:

Section 1. Regulations governing the accounting policy of the enterprise.

Federal Law No. 129-FZ of November 21, 1996 "On Accounting" (with amendments and additions of July 23, 1988 No. 123-FZ).

2. Regulation on accounting "Accounting policy of the organization" PBU 1/98, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.12.1998. The company should update the regulation on accounting policy, since PBU 1/98 is already outdated and PBU 1/2008 is now in force " Accounting policy" Order No. 106n dated October 6, 2008.

Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 27, 1998 No. 34.

4. Tax Code of the Russian Federation

For the formation of accounting policies, accounting, timely submission of complete and reliable financial statements - the chief accountant of the organization.

The content of this accounting policy is non-exhaustive and, when introduced into the legislative acts regulating the procedure for maintaining the policy, it is non-exhaustive, and when significant changes are made to the legislative acts regulating the procedure for maintaining accounting, it can be supplemented by separate orders for the organization with notification of the tax authorities of the changes made. The content of the scientific policy may be supplemented in those cases when new types of activities are started that are not provided for by this accounting policy.

Branches of the organization are separate structural subdivisions, act on the basis of the charter of the organization, the regulations on the branch approved by the head of the organization, other regulatory documents of the organization, as well as regulations issued by the legislative executive bodies of the Russian Federation.

Branches submit to the head organization a quarterly turnover balance, as well as accounting registers necessary for compiling a consolidated balance sheet that determines the financial result of the organizations' activities for the reporting period.

The main tasks of accounting: the formation of complete and reliable information about the activities of organizations and their property status; ensuring control over the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with approved norms, standards and estimates; timely prevention of negative phenomena in economic and financial activities and mobilization of on-farm reserves.

Section 2. Organization of accounting and tax accounting.

Accounting in Vipoil-Agro LLC is carried out using an automated form of accounting with a focus on the journal-order system using a computer program developed in the organization, taking into account the specifics of activities in compliance with Russian methodological accounting rules based on the program "1C: Enterprise 7.7" Agricultural enterprise", 1C: "Agricultural enterprise. Salary and Personnel.

The company has job descriptions for the personnel of the accounting department. I give for example the job description of the chief accountant (Appendix No. 3), which includes:

General provisions;

Functions;

A responsibility.

Mandatory inventory is carried out in cases provided for in Article 12 of Law No. 129-FZ. Sudden inventory of the cash desk and inventory is carried out by decision of the head of the organization. The rules for conducting an inventory are defined in the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 13, 1995 No. 49.

1 Procedure for determining sales proceeds;

2 Procedure for the use of income tax liabilities;

3 Accounting for inventories;

4 Accounting for fixed assets;

5 Accounting for other property, work in progress and general business expenses;

6 Accounting for intangible assets;

7 Accounting for deferred expenses;

8 Accounting for settlements with branches;

9 Calculation of the cost of products, works, services. Accounting for commercial and administrative expenses;

10. Accounting for deferred expenses, work in progress, finished products;

11. Accounting for operations with securities.

Section 4. Peculiarities of formation of tax accounting policy in 2007.

1 General provisions of the organization of tax accounting

value added tax;

income tax

In accordance with PBU 1/2008 "Accounting Policy", when adopting an accounting policy, they also approve;

(Appendix 4) Accounting auxiliary industries and cost accounting for the organization of production and management. (accounts 23,25,26,44).

The schedule of the turnover document of Vipoil-Agro LLC and the Regulations on Document Flow. (Appendix 5).

The general workflow scheme includes the following items:

Source documents;

Primary documents are accepted for accounting if they are drawn up in the form contained in the albums unified forms primary accounting records.

Accounting registers;

In accordance with clause 4, article 8 of the Law on Accounting, accounting of property, liabilities and business transactions must be maintained by double entry on interrelated accounting accounts included in the working chart of accounts.

Accounting and tax reporting;

The enterprise submits financial statements in the composition and in the manner provided for in Article 13 of the Law on Accounting, PBU 4/99 and Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2003 No. 67n "On Forms of Accounting Statements of Organizations".

Forms and terms of submission in tax authorities reporting (tax declarations) are determined by the legislation on taxes and fees of the Russian Federation.

Document flow schedule (terms and procedure for passing documents);

In order to clearly delineate responsibilities for the creation, verification and processing of primary documents, as well as the timing of their submission, the enterprise applies the document flow rules approved as part of the accounting policy (Appendix 6).

Storage of documents.

The procedure for storing primary documents and accounting registers is regulated by Article 17 of the Accounting Law.

Primary accounting documents, registers of accounting and financial statements to be kept for the periods established in accordance with the rules of the organization for the periods established in accordance with the rules for organizing the state archiving, but not less than five years. The working chart of accounts of accounting, other accounting policy documents, are stored for at least five years after the year in which they were used for the preparation of financial statements for the last time.

Reporting for the organization of storage of accounting documents, accounting registers and financial statements shall be borne by the head of the organization.

Unused at work source documents, accounting registers, accounting (and tax) reports and balance sheets are subject to mandatory transfer to the archive.

Chart of accounts 2007. (Annex 7)

The Chart of Accounts is a scheme for registering and grouping business factors in accounting. It contains the name and numbers of synthetic accounts (accounts of the first order) and sub-accounts (accounts of the second order).

The organization uses standard forms of primary documents approved by the State Statistics Committee of Russia and contained in albums of unified forms of primary accounting documentation.

In general, the entire accounting policy of the enterprise Vipoil-Agro LLC branch No. 2 x. Plotnikov complies with RAS 1/08 "Accounting Policy", with the exception of the following shortcomings. When studying the accounting policy, I found a discrepancy on some points:

Absence of an attachment to the form of primary accounting documents, an attachment on conducting an inventory of assets. The absence of these documents is a minus for the accounting policy of the enterprise and negatively affects its activities.

The accounting policy of the enterprise was developed in 2007 on the basis of PBU 1/98 "Accounting Policy", and now PBU 1/08 is in effect. The company needs to make changes to its accounting policy.

In accordance with PBU 1/08, the accounting policy of the organization is formed by the chief accountant or other person who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, is entrusted with maintaining the accounting of the organization, on the basis of this provision and is approved by the head of the organization.

2.3 Accounting for financial results from core activities

At the enterprise, the purpose of reflecting business operations for the release and sale of finished products on the accounts of accounting is to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from the sale of products. Calculation of the financial result is made on a monthly basis on the basis of documents confirming the sale of products.

For circulation of information on the sale of finished products, as well as the determination of its financial results, account 90 "Sales". The credit of this account reflects the proceeds from the sale of products at selling prices, and the debit - production cost of sold products, commercial expenses, the cost of packaging, paid in excess of the price of products, value added tax, excises and other expenses. Thus, the debit of account 90 "Sales" reflects the full actual cost of goods sold, taxes and deductions, and the credit shows the amounts presented to buyers for payment at selling prices.

At the end of the month, the debit and credit turnovers of account 90 "Sales" are calculated. By comparing the credit turnover with the debit turnover, the financial result from the sale of products (profit or loss) is revealed. If the credit of account 90 "Sales" turns out to be greater than the debit, then profit is received, which at the end of the month is fully written off to increase the profit of the enterprise and is reflected in accounting by recording the debit of account 90 "Sales" and the credit of account 99 "Profit or loss".

In the event that the debit of account 90 "Sales" turns out to be greater than the credit, then a loss is received, which is written off to reduce the profit of the enterprise. In this case, the following entry is made in accounting: the debit of account 99 "profit or loss" and the credit of account 90 "Sales".

The reflection of the loss from the sale of products by the above entry is provided for by the current instruction on the application of the Chart of Accounts for the accounting of financial and economic activities of enterprises and restrictions. Unfortunately, this methodology for writing off amounts of losses in practice sometimes leads to an erroneous overestimation of the volume of sales of products, which, in turn, distorts the taxable base for calculating taxes, fees and deductions, for which the base indicator is sales of products. In this regard, it would be more expedient to reflect the loss from the sale of products with the following reversal entry: the debit of account 90 "Sales" and the credit of account 99 "Profit or loss".

In this case, there is no overestimation of the volume of sales of products. In addition, uniformity is achieved when reflecting the financial result from the sale of products.

An example of business transactions on account 90/1 (revenue) of the enterprise Vipoil-Agro LLC branch No. 2 x. Plotnikov according to the balance sheet for 2009. (Appendix 8)

Sale of corn waste - 62-90-1 in the amount of 133108.

2. sale of waste from the lake. wheat - 62-90-1 in the amount of 25983.18

Sale of millet waste - 62-90-1 in the amount of 33569.09.

Sale of winter rye waste - 62-90-1 in the amount of 118383.

Sale of waste sunflower seeds - 62-90-1 in the amount of 43945.46.

Sale of barley waste - 17500 in the amount of 17500

7. sale of corn - 62-90-1 in the amount of 13485.

8. sale of hay exparcet 62-90-1 in the amount of 105675.

Sale of millet straw 62-90-1 in the amount of 294186.

10. sale of barley 62-90/1 in the amount of 434464.

According to the balance sheet on account 90/2 (other income and expenses), the following entries were made:

Sale of used corn waste 90-2-43 in the amount of 239795.51.

2. sale of used winter wheat waste 90-2-43 in the amount of 331,620.01.

Realization of used millet waste 90-2-43 in the amount of 42512.61.

Realization of used winter rye waste 90-2-43 in the amount of 122741.51.

Realization of used waste sunflower seeds 90-2-43 in the amount of 87651.90.

Sale of used barley waste 90-2-43 in the amount of 39493.27.

Sale of corn corn - 90-2-43 in the amount of 26354.19.

8. sales of millet - 90-2-43 in the amount of 8015.80.

9. sale of hay exparcet - 90-2-43 in the amount of 784513.30.

Sale of millet straw - 90-2-43 in the amount of 424867.09.

Sale of agricultural goods - 90-2-41 in the amount of 266414.56.

According to the balance sheet on account 90/3 (value added tax), the following postings were made to calculate the tax on the proceeds of the enterprise Vipoil-Agro LLC, branch No. 2 x. Plotnikov.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of corn waste 90-3-68 in the amount of 12100.74.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of lake waste wheat 90-3-68 in the amount of 25983.20.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of millet waste 90-3-68 in the amount of 36986.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of winter rye waste 90-3-68 in the amount of 107,675.47.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of sunflower seed waste 90-3-68 in the amount of 4394.54.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of barley waste 90-3-68 in the amount of 1590.90.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of corn 90-3-68 in the amount of 1225.91.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of millet 90-3-68 in the amount of 1090.91.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of non-class winter wheat 90-3-68 in the amount of 113,192.23.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of winter rye 90-3-68 in the amount of 36293.23.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of millet straw 5720.34.

VAT on proceeds from the sale of agricultural goods 90-3-68 in the amount of 26744.23

Entries on the above sub-accounts are made accumulatively during the reporting year. At the end of each month, the sum of the totals of debit turnovers on subaccounts 90-2.90-3.90-4 is compared with the total of credit turnover on subaccount 90-1. The revealed financial result represents the profit or loss from sales for the month. This amount must be written off in the final turnover of the reporting month with account 90-9 to account 99 "Profit and Loss". In this case, synthetic account 90 "Sales" has no balance at the end of the month. However, all sub-accounts of this account have either a debit or credit balance, the value of which accumulates, starting from January of the reporting year, there should not be any write-offs for all sub-accounts of account 90 "Sales".

In December of the reporting year, after writing off the financial result for the specified month, all subaccounts opened to account 90 "Sales" must be closed by internal entries to subaccount 90-9. As a result of production records, as of January 1 of the new reporting year, none of the sub-accounts will have a balance. The above procedure for recording transactions on account 90 "Sales" allows not only to calculate the result from the sale of products (works, services) for the reporting month, but also provides the information necessary for the formation of accumulative data for the income statement.

2.4 Accounting for other income and expenses

At agricultural enterprises, other income and expenses are recorded on account 91 "other income and expenses". (Annex 9)

Other income and expenses arise when certain business transactions are made - renting out property, selling property, participating in joint activities, etc., as well as as a result of factors of economic life, as a rule, that are little deductions to reserves, etc. e) The composition of other income and expenses is determined by PBU 9/99 "Income of organizations", 10/99 "Expenses of an organization".

At manufacturing enterprises, the following sub-accounts can be opened to account 91 "Other income and expenses":

sub-account 91-1 "Other income" - to account for receipts of assets recognized as other income (except for extraordinary ones);

sub-account 91-2 "Other expenses" - to account for other expenses (except for extraordinary ones);

sub-account 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses" - to identify the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month.

In the working chart of accounts, taking into account the needs of the organization, other sub-accounts that are not provided for in the instructions can be introduced to account 91. Entries on sub-accounts 91-1 "Other income" and the debit of account 91-2 "Other expenses" must be kept accumulatively during the reporting year on the credit of the account. On a monthly basis, by comparing the debit turnover on account 91-2 and the credit turnover on account 91-1, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined. This balance at the end of each month (final turnovers) is written off from sub-account 91-9 to account 99 "Profit and Loss". Thus, synthetic account 91 "Other income and expenses" has no balance as of the reporting date. At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened to account 91 "Other income and expenses" (except for sub-account 91-9) are closed by internal entries to sub-account 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses". Analytical accounting for sub-accounts to account 91 "Other income and expenses" should be kept for each type of other income and expenses. In accordance with the requirements of the instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts, the construction of analytical accounting for other income and expenses related to the same financial and economic operation should provide the possibility of identifying the financial result for each operation.

On the accounts of accounting operations related to other income and expenses manufacturing enterprise are displayed as follows.

Income from the sale of other property 62-91 / 1 - in the amount of 250269.92

Income from the write-off of property 10.07-91/1 in the amount of 65,000.00

Sale of fixed assets 62-91/1 in the amount of 25000.00

Income and expenses from the sale of other property 91/2-70.69.10.23 in the amount of 195330.20

Expenses from writing off property 91-2-10.70.23 in the amount of 1050.00

Sending an expense in excess of the norm for 1 day 91/2-50.51 in the amount of 50100.00

Property tax 91/2-68 in the amount of 307241.0

Sale of fixed assets 91/2-01.07.69 in the amount of 22184.49

Bank services 91/2-51 in the amount of 72477.51

Fines, penalties, forfeits 91/2-76.62.51 in the amount of 360.13.

2.5 Accounting for the use of profits

Accounting for retained earnings (uncovered loss) is kept on an active-passive account 84 " Undestributed profits(uncovered loss)". This account in the account plan is reflected in the "Capital" section. Its economic content is the accumulation of unpaid in the form of dividends (income) or retained earnings, which remains in circulation with the organization as an internal source of financing of a long-term nature.

At the Reformation balance sheet the amount of net profit of the reporting year, formed on account 99 "Profit and Loss", is transferred to credit 84 accounts. This entry is made in the closing turnover of December of the reporting year in such a way that as of January 1 of the year following the reporting year, account 99 "Profit and Loss" had no balance.

Already in the year following the reporting year, based on the decision of the general meeting of shareholders (founders), profits are distributed. It implies the accrual of dividends (income), the allocation of funds to the organization's reserve funds, and the coverage of losses of previous years. All these operations are recorded in the debit of account 84 in correspondence with accounts 75 "settlements with founders" - for the amount of accrued dividends, 82 "reserve capital" - for the amount of deductions in reserve funds. After reflecting these operations, the balance on account 84 shows the amount of retained earnings, which remains unchanged until the relevant decision of the shareholders of the economic organization.

Manufacturing enterprises using analytical accounting on account 84 "retained earnings ( uncovered loss)" can organize systematic monitoring of the status and movement of retained earnings. To this end, to this account you can open the following sub-accounts: "Profit to be distributed", "Retained earnings in circulation" and "Retained earnings used".

The entire amount of net profit of the reporting year is credited to the "Profit to be distributed" subaccount, from which dividends (income) are then accrued and deductions are made to reserve funds. After these operations are reflected, the balance of this subaccount is transferred to the credit of the "Retained earnings in circulation" subaccount.

Over time, the total amount of undistributed profit among shareholders (founders) is collected on the sub-account "Retained earnings in circulation". In essence, the balance of this sub-account shows the amount of funds accumulated for the creation of new property in the form of basic and other material resources. Entries in the debit of this sub-account are made in correspondence with the sub-account "Retained earnings used" only when the corresponding funds are actually used to create new property. After reflecting the use of funds, the balance "Retained earnings in circulation" represents the value of the free balance of retained earnings.

The sub-account "Retained earnings used" summarizes information on what part of the retained earnings is converted from monetary form into commodity, i.e. How much did the new property cost? For example, as production proceeds on the debit of account 01 "Fixed assets" and the credit of account 08 "Invested in non-current assets", an internal entry is made in accounting on account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)": the debit of the sub-account "Retained earnings in circulation" and sub-account credit "Retained earnings used". As with other sub-accounts, the balance of this sub-account can only be credit, and credit entries are assigned to it only after the shareholders make a decision on the distribution of the profit of the reporting year.

Such a construction of analytical accounting does not affect the balance of synthetic account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)". Regardless of the internal entries for sub-accounts, the balance of the synthetic account retains its value and remains unchanged.

The financial result of the economic activity of the organization is determined by the indicator of profit or loss, formed during the calendar (economic) year. The formation of the results of the annual financial result is carried out in an accumulative way throughout the year on account 99 "Profit and Loss" in the form of its "folded" balance, reflecting profit - on the credit of the account or loss - on the debit of the account. The financial result is the difference from comparing the amounts of income and expenses of the organization. The excess of income over expenses means an increase in the organization's property - profit, and expenses over income - a decrease in property - a loss. received by the organization for reporting year the financial result in the form of profit or loss, respectively, leads to an increase or decrease in the capital of the organization.

The financial result of the organization's economic activity is formed from two components, the main of which is the implementation result obtained from the sale of products, goods, works and services, as well as from business operations that are the subject of the enterprise's activity, such as renting fixed assets for a fee, transferring paid use of intellectual property and investment in the authorized capital of other organizations.

The second part in the form of income and expenses not directly related to the formation of the main implementation financial result forms the other financial result. If during the reporting period the enterprise received a profit from the sale of products, goods, works, services and other operations that are the subject of its activities, then its entire financial result will be equals profit from sales plus other income minus other expenses. If the company receives a loss on sales, then its total financial result will be equal to the sum of the loss on sales plus other expenses, minus other income.

The implementation financial result from sales is revealed in accounting on the basis of account 90 "Sales" and is determined as the difference between the amount of revenue recorded on the credit of account 90 and the sum of the actual cost of goods sold, works and services, reflected in the debit of the same account. At the same time, income and expenses from operations that are the subject of the organization's activities are also taken into account.

Account 99 "Profits and losses" also reflects payments of corporate income tax. During the year, the amounts of advance payments of income tax are reflected in the credit of account 51 "Settlement accounts" and the debit 68 of account "Calculations on taxes and fees". The amounts actually due from the organization of payments are recorded on the credit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" in correspondence with account 99 "Profits and losses". By comparing the debit and credit turnover on account 68, the amount of debt on payments to the budget or overpayments is revealed. The repayment of the debt is reflected in the debit entry of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" and the credit of account 51 "Settlement accounts". When the amount of the overpayment is credited against the accrued payments of the next period, no additional entries are made. If the amount of the overpayment is returned to the organization from the budget, then an entry is made in the debit of account 51 "Settlement accounts" in correspondence with account 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees".

The amounts of sanctions for violation of tax legislation in terms of income tax calculations are reflected in a similar manner.

At the end of the reporting year, account 99 "Profit and Loss" reveals the net profit of the organization, which is the basis for explaining dividends and other distribution of profits. This value is transferred by the closing entries of December to account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)". Thus, account 99 "Profit and Loss" has no balance at the end of the year.

Analytical accounting for account 99 "Profit and Loss" at enterprises should be organized in such a way as to ensure the formation of the data necessary for compiling a profit and loss statement.

According to the enterprise analysis of accounts 99 (Appendix 10) and 84 (Appendix 11), the following postings can be made:

1. 99-84/2 - in the amount of 12969480.34 - profit of the organization

2. 90/9-99 in the amount of 6110340.55 the loss on sales was written off

91/9-99 in the amount of 7094373.07 loss from the balance of other income and expenses

99-91 in the amount of 235233.28 profit from other income and expenses.

At the enterprise LLC "Vipoil-Agro" branch No. 2 Kh. Plotnikov, an automated accounting form is maintained and, in accordance with this, the following documents are filled out for all of the above accounts:

account analysis comparison of the cost of services associated with the management of a checking account and income from account balances for a month or other period. The excess of costs over income is assessed as payment on account; (appendix 12)

turnover balance sheet - Turnover balance sheet- one of the main accounting documents. It contains balances at the beginning and at the end of the period and debit and credit turnover for a given period for each account (subaccount) and is compiled, unlike the balance sheet, on a monthly basis.

account card - an analytical accounting document opened for accounting of settlements with an enterprise (institution, organization) or an individual; shows the status of settlements, the reality of which is periodically checked during the inventory. (appendix 13)

analysis of the account by subconto 90.91.99.84; The report "Analysis of the account by subconto" contains the total amounts of correspondence of this account with other accounts for the specified period, as well as account balances at the beginning and at the end of the period in the context of analytical accounting objects. This report can be generated only for accounts for which analytical accounting is maintained.

subconto accounts 90,91,99,84. Subkonto - an analytical indicator that allows you to decipher the account according to a previously unknown or constantly changing set of lines - a directory. (appendix 14)

The scheme for constructing accounting for the financial result of an enterprise:

A journal-order is drawn up for the enterprise, but it is not used at the enterprise. (Annex 15)

3. Improving accounting for financial results

When analyzing the accounting policy of the enterprise, some inconsistencies with PBU 1/08 "Accounting policy of the enterprise" were identified, which are set out in paragraph 2.2 of this course work. To eliminate these shortcomings, the company LLC Vipoil-Agro "branch No. 2 x. Plotnikov needs to amend its accounting policy, since it was developed in accordance with PBU 1/98 and PBU 1/08 is currently in force. And this means that that the company's employees should be guided by new regulations when preparing financial statements for 2008 in terms of the completeness of information disclosure in explanatory note. In addition, the new accounting rules should be taken into account when developing a regulation on the organization's accounting policy for 2009. It is necessary to add a section on changing the accounting policy of the enterprise. It is necessary to supplement the accounting policy with the missing annexes on the procedure for conducting an inventory of the organization's assets and liabilities, on the forms of accounting registers. To conduct an inventory, an inventory commission is created in the organization, the personal composition of which is approved by the head of the organization. The composition of the inventory commission includes representatives of the administration of the organization, employees accounting service, service representatives internal audit organizations. Information about the actual availability of property and the reality of recorded financial liabilities are recorded in inventory records or inventory records. Detailed Instructions on the inventory of assets and liabilities of the enterprise and the execution of its results are contained in the "Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1995. No. 49.

When developing a new accounting policy, an organization, in connection with the transition to a new chart of accounts, must reflect in it all the points of accounting, tk. in practice, it is quite rare to find documents such as a working chart of accounts, forms of primary accounting documents, document flow rules, and the procedure for monitoring business transactions. All this negatively affects the state of accounting in organizations. This is not even about a violation of the provisions of PBU 1/08 "Accounting policy of the organization", but about a misunderstanding of the concept of accounting in a market economy and the opportunities missed in connection with this. At present, the accounting policy of the organization, taking into account all the features of its activities, is one of the most important layers of regulatory accounting regulation. In a market economy, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation cannot and should not describe in its regulatory documents all possible options for conducting accounting in different industries and in the implementation of different types of activities. It publishes documents of a framework, conceptual nature. The organization itself should describe its accounting processes within the framework of the general concept, based on industry and other features of management. The basis for this is the professional opinion of the accountant. Thus, the accounting policy of the organization at present should be its basic document, reflecting the features of its accounting. Moreover, the more detailed and more reasonable the accounting procedures of the organization are described in the accounting policy (up to the applicable correspondence of accounts), the easier it will be to keep records, more reliable reporting and less problems with regulatory authorities.

In addition to accounting methods that affect the amount of financial results, the reporting period of their formation, for which financial statements are presented, is of significant importance.

Obviously, depending on the period of the business transaction, the values ​​of financial results in the interim and annual reports will differ significantly. The most dramatic changes in the values ​​of financial results will be presented in the interim reporting. Thus, depending on the choice of specific elements from each method of accounting and the period of reflection in the reporting, the value of the generated financial result, calculated according to the rules of accounting, directly depends.

In the process of analyzing the financial condition of the enterprise, it was revealed that the organization does not have its own funds to cover stocks, therefore the enterprise uses borrowed funds, and as a result, accounts payable to third parties increase. For this you need:

profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise to use purposefully, i.e. do not write off shortages at the expense of it, but identify the perpetrators in order to recover from them the amounts of losses in case of theft and shortages, pay fines for violation of the terms of contracts at the expense of profit before tax, do not give out amounts for business trips at the expense of retained earnings, include the cost of training employees in the cost price products;

analyze the state of accounts payable, draw up a plan of acceptable payments for settlements with creditors, indicate payment deferrals and for how long in contracts with suppliers, so as not to pay fines later and thereby reduce profits;

analyze the state of receivables and identify regular customers who systematically do not pay off the company on time. Conclude agreements with buyers, which specify the terms of payment and penalties for violation of contracts. And also apply discounts, the value of which depends on the term of payment for the goods or discounts that are provided to the buyer for a one-time purchase of products in a certain quantity or for a certain amount. The first type of discount stimulates the buyer to reduce the time interval from the moment of shipment of products to payment, thereby improving the seller's product turnover. The second type of discount allows the seller to stimulate sales and increase profits by accelerating the turnover of products, increasing sales and reducing the share of selling expenses.

In connection with the introduction of automation and the establishment of a local network, accountants from departments should be moved to the central accounting department, which will make it possible to strengthen control over the conduct of business operations in the field, because. control and accounting will be carried out by people separated geographically (for example, the head of the shop or the foreman will enter data on the output of products daily and the accountant will be able, based on general information see a picture of product availability at the moment). Since all accounting information will be concentrated in the central accounting department, this will increase the convenience of using it.

To improve the skills of employees, send at least two accounting employees to study at the Higher educational institution so that later they could explain to the rest of the employees the features of accounting, thereby reducing the amount of errors made in accounting.

During an internal audit, the system internal control Vipoil-Agro LLC was rated as good. The reason for this is the following revealed facts: the presence of job descriptions employees of the accounting department check the correctness of the implementation of the workflow schedule.

Internal reporting to provide information to the management and owners of the organization is compiled periodically.

The independence of the internal audit department through direct subordination to the head of the enterprise is a condition for successful work.

In the process of creating an internal audit department at an enterprise, the following processes must go through:

I. Development of regulations on the department.

The Internal Audit Department must act on the basis of the Regulation, which is the most important legal act, which determines the order of formation, legal status rights, obligations, organization of work. The Regulations on the internal audit service should clearly state that this service is an inseparable part of the enterprise and internal auditors, exercising independent control of all processes in order to untimely identify violations in work structural divisions enterprises; non-compliance with applicable law; inaccuracy of reporting data, information and other materials provided to the management of the enterprise.

II. Preparation of a strategic plan.

The strategic plan of the internal audit department is necessary to determine the objectives for achieving its main goal. The strategic plan of the internal audit department should contain answers to the following questions:

Is it supposed to change the purpose, structure of the enterprise? If yes, what effect might this have?

III. Development of a primary plan.

After the powers and responsibilities of internal audit employees are defined, and the strategic plan is developed, a primary audit plan is created. To determine the areas of activity that should be audited and the amount of effort that should be

VII. Cooperation with an independent audit firm

One of critical factors that determine the success of the work of the internal audit department, is the degree of consistency and cooperation with independent auditors - one of the groups of information users.

Audit practice shows that in those enterprises where internal audit services have been created and function effectively, the level of property safety, resource efficiency, organization of accounting and reporting reliability is much higher.

The internal control service will help to avoid in the future the occurrence of such violations identified in the course of an intra-company audit.

One of the decisive factors in creating an internal control service in an enterprise is costs.

The implementation of the proposed measures to improve the organization of control will increase the degree of reliability of the internal control system, and thereby reduce the risk of internal controls at the enterprise. It will also allow timely identification and elimination of both intentional and unintentional errors in the process of monitoring payroll calculations.

Conclusions and offers

Financial results - a general indicator of the analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness (inefficiency) of the activities of an economic entity at certain stages (stages) of its formation. In the chart of accounts of the organization, a matching synthetic account 99 "Profit and Loss" is opened, designed to identify the final financial result of the activities of any organization. The purpose of their activity is to extract profit for its capitalization, business development, enrichment of owners, shareholders and employees.

The profit and loss account is related to other synthetic accounting accounts that reflect the movement of income and expenses of the organization. So, on account 90 "Sales", a financial result from economic activity is formed, which is reflected in the reporting f. No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement" in two indicators: gross profit and sales profit.

The financial result from all types of ordinary activities is expressed by two indicators: profit before tax and profit after tax, which in the "Profit and Loss Statement" is called profit from ordinary activities and represents the difference between profit before tax and income tax:

The final financial result of the organization's activities is net (retained) profit, which is formed on account 99. Net profit is the main indicator for declaring dividends to shareholders, as well as a source of funds allocated to increase the authorized and reserve capital, capitalization of the organization's profits. Net (retained) profit characterizes the real increase (accretion) of the organization's own capital. In general, a certain economic meaning is put into the concept of "financial result": either the excess (decrease) in the cost of manufactured products over the costs of its production; or the excess of the cost of sold products over the total costs incurred in connection with its production and sale; or the excess of net (retained) profit over incurred losses, which ultimately is the financial and economic basis for increasing the organization's own capital. In addition, a positive financial result also indicates the effective and expedient use of the organization's assets, its fixed and working capital.

LLC "Vipoil-Agro" branch No. 2 was chosen as the object of study to assess the organization of accounting at an agricultural enterprise.

A preliminary assessment of the financial condition of the enterprise made it possible to draw a conclusion about the decrease in profitability and profitability in the analyzed period. At the same time, the state of accounting work was found to be satisfactory.

In the course of the work done, it was found that in the enterprise under study in 2009 there was a decrease in the financial result from the sale of the main types of products. So the profit from the sale of grain in 2009 compared with 2007 decreased by 3125 thousand rubles, and in comparison with 2008 it decreased by 5326 thousand rubles. In general, the company is experiencing a decrease in profits. In 2009, compared with 2007, it decreased by 25914 thousand rubles, and in 2009, compared with 2008, by 5183 thousand rubles. I conclude that in 2007 the company received the highest, in comparison with 2008 and 2009. This means that 2007 is the most profitable and cost-effective year for the enterprise.

It seems necessary to make a number of proposals to improve the financial results of Vipoil-Agro LLC, branch No. 2, which can be applied both in the short and medium term, and in the long term:

consider and eliminate the causes of overspending of financial resources on management and commercial expenses;

improve the management of the enterprise, namely:

identify cost centers and responsibility centers as part of the structural divisions and structural units of the enterprise;

implementation of the system at the enterprise management accounting costs in the context of responsibility centers, cost centers and individual groups of marketable products;

carry out timely markdown of products that have lost their original quality;

implement an effective pricing policy, differentiated in relation to certain categories buyers;

carry out systematic monitoring of the operation of equipment and make its timely adjustment in order to prevent a decrease in quality and the release of defective products;

when commissioning new equipment, pay enough attention to education and training of personnel, improve their skills, to effective use equipment and prevent its breakdown due to low qualification;

advanced training of employees, accompanied by an increase in labor productivity;

develop and introduce an effective system of material incentives for personnel, closely linked to the main results of the enterprise's economic activity and saving resources;

use systems for de-bonding employees in case of violation of either labor or technological discipline;

develop and implement measures aimed at improving the material climate in the team, which will ultimately affect the increase in labor productivity;

to constantly monitor the conditions of storage and transportation of raw materials and finished products.

The search for reserves to increase the efficiency of the use of all types of available resources is one of the most important tasks of any production. These reserves can only be identified and put to practical use through careful financial planning. economic analysis.

List of used literature

1. Averchev, I.V. Preparation of international financial statements by Russian enterprises and banks / I. Averchev. - M: Top, 2005. - 680.

Ageeva, O.A. Requirements for the formation of financial statements under IFRS. // Accounting. - 2006. - No. 14. - p.41-43

Asmin, L.M. Accounting and audit: tutorial/ L. M. Asmin, T. O Kubasova, I.F. Seferova. - Rostov n / a, Phoenix, 2007. - 555 p.

Batkovsky, M.A., Bulava, I.V., Shingaliev, K.N. // Analysis of a financial enterprise and internal mechanisms for its recovery. - 2009. - No. 31. pp18-25

Bogataya, I.A., Khakhonova, I.N. Accounting - 4th ed and revised and additional. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2007. - 858 p.

Bogachenko, V.M. Practicum in accounting. /V.M. Bogachenko, I.A. Kerimov - Rostov n/a. - 2005. - 336s.

Glushkov I.E. Accounting at enterprises of various forms of ownership / I. E Glushkov - 4th ed. - M.: KNORUS, Novosibirsk: EKOR-BOOK, 2008. - 944 p.

Dirkova, E. New Accounting Regulations for Accounting Policies in Practice. // Chief accountant. - 2008. - No. 24. - p.21-23.

Zubareva, O.A. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the organization of financial accounting of expenses in agricultural organizations. // Economic analysis. - 2009-№7. - pp. 45-48.

Pizengolts, M.Z. Accounting in agriculture t 2. Part 2. Accounting management accounting.Ch. Z Accounting (financial) statements: textbook 4th ed., Revised. and additional - M.: Finance and statistics, 2001-400 p.

Regulation on accounting PBU 1/08 "Accounting policy of organizations" was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n. // clerk.ru

Regulation on accounting PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization" was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. 33n. // clerk.ru

Regulation on accounting PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization" was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n. // clerk.ru

Posherstnik, N.V. Accounting: educational and practical guide. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007-216 p.

Sviridova, I.V. Financial statements information base rating analysis of the financial condition of the organization. // Accounting. - 2009. - №1-str72-75

Sidneva, V.P. International Financial Reporting Standards: Textbook / V. P Sidneva. - M.: KNORUS, 2009. - 216 p.

Sugaipova, I.V. Accounting (financial) reporting. Tutorial. - rework and additional - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2005-252 p.

Paly, V.F. International Accounting and Financial Reporting Standards: textbook. - 3rd ed. use and add. - M.: INFRA-M, 2008. - 512 p.

Kamyshanov, P.I. A practical guide to accounting / G.I. Kamyshanov, A.P. Kamyshanov, L.I. Kamyshanova. 6th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Elita: APP "Dzhangar", 2001. - 506 p.

Kerimov, V.P. Accounting financial accounting: Textbook-2nd ed. rev. and additional - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and K", 2008. - 704 p.

Khosiev, B.N., Moshchenko, O.V. Analysis of financial results of agricultural results // Accounting in agriculture. - 2008. - No. 8. - pp50-54

Shvetskaya, V.M., Golovko, N.A. Accounting: a textbook for universities. - M.: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and K", 2008 - 512 p.

Application

Attachment 1

Calculation of the cost of gross output in current prices sales for 2007

Calculation of the cost of gross output in current selling prices for 2008.

Calculation of the cost of gross output in current selling prices for 2009.

• LESION
• PROFIT
• FINANCIAL RESULTS
• ACCOUNTING
• EXPENSES
• INCOME

This article discusses the accounting of the financial results of the organization, the formation of income and expenses. On the example of LLC Center for Forensic Expertise "Expert-Profi", the main economic indicators of the enterprise are considered and ways to improve the financial results of the organization are proposed.

• Comprehensive assessment of indicators for energy efficiency management of the fuel and energy complex
• Energy saving management at a mining enterprise based on the results of an energy audit
• Organization of services for children's recreation and rehabilitation in the Ryazan region
• Formation and accounting of a share fund in agricultural production cooperatives

One of the most important accounting issues is accounting for the financial results of the organization and the distribution of profits. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that the fundamental function of accounting is the reflection in the reporting of the organization, necessary at any stage of the production cycle, financial results for the reporting period, and their determination.

The methodology and organization of accounting are currently undergoing significant changes. Organizations are expanding their own capabilities to reflect business transactions. They independently choose methods of conducting accounting organization, as well as develop accounting policies and determine methods for calculating the cost of work.

In other words, in modern world established general rules accounting, and organizations, starting from the conditions of their activities, develop and specify the mechanism for their implementation.

The main component of the structure of financial results are income and expenses, in this regard, the main task of the accountant is to accurately determine them.

An extensive list of currently existing regulations, the degree of significance of which is determined by the level of the corresponding document, has a great influence on the accounting of financial results.

The accounting legislation of the Russian Federation consists of federal laws, Regulations on Accounting (PBU), approved by the Ministry of Finance, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Accounting Regulations are accounting standards in Russia that regulate the accounting procedure for certain assets, liabilities or events of an organization's business activities. In the Russian Federation, when compiling financial statements, as well as maintaining accounting registers, compliance with the requirements and methodological recommendations presented in the RAS is mandatory.

Income and expenses are the main elements of financial statements that form the financial result of the organization. The dynamics and diversity of economic life in a market economy have necessitated the definition of income and expenses as the most important factors influencing the order of reflection in accounting and reporting of financial results, the achievement of which is the main goal of any organization.

The main goal of any commercial organization are to improve their financial results and make a profit, so each manager seeks to realize these goals in various ways.

Let's consider the main performance indicators and possible ways to increase the profit of the organization on the example of a specific enterprise LLC TsSE "Expert-Profi".

Table 1. Main economic indicators of LLC TsSE "Expert-Profi", thousand rubles.

The table shows that the highest financial activities were observed in 2014, and in 2015 there is a decrease in such indicators as: revenue, gross profit, profit from sales and net profit. In comparison of 2015 with 2013, the revenue indicator increased by 2.1 times, gross profit, in turn, increased by 0.3 times, as well as the sales profit indicator, and net profit increased by 2.6 times. Thus, in order for the efficiency of the enterprise to increase and improve performance, the organization needs to find ways to improve its own financial results.

The most important way to increase profits is to eliminate accounts payable and reduce the cost of providing services. This organization needs to use its resources most efficiently and choose the most profitable services that the organization will provide to society so that the financial result of its activities exceeds that of previous years.

Also, in order to improve the financial results of the organization, it is necessary to have a high control over the formation of financial results, by drawing up a cost estimate with its full control.

The most important aspect is the automation of the accounting financial reporting system. Application automated system creates conditions for deepening the detailing of data by types of income and expenses.

The accountant must pay Special attention the correctness of the calculation of financial results and entries on analytical accounts to account 99 "Profits and losses".

Thus, from the above data, we can conclude that in order to improve the accounting of financial results, it is necessary to rationally keep records of profits and losses. In order to avoid shortcomings in the preparation of statements and the reflection of financial results in it, it is not enough to have only theoretical knowledge in the field of accounting for profit and loss, in addition, it is very important to be able to apply them in practice.

Bibliography

1. Babaeva, Yu.A. Accounting: a textbook for universities / Yu.A. Babaeva, I.P. Komisarova. – Ed. 2nd, - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2013. - 527 p.
2. Solovieva N.A. Analysis of the results of the economic and financial activities of the organization and its financial condition / N.A. Solovieva, N.I. Korkina. - Ed. 2nd, revised. and additional - Krasnoyarsk: RIO KSPU, 2013
3. Savitskaya G.V. Analysis of economic activity: textbook-7th ed. / G.V. Savitskaya - Minsk: New knowledge, 2015. - 704 p.
4. Kondrakov, N.P. Accounting: textbook. allowance for universities / N.P. Kondrakov. - M.: INFRA-M, 2014. - 717 p.
5. Sigidov, Yu.I. Accounting and analysis: textbook / Yu. I. Sigidov, M. S. Rybyantseva. - Moscow: INFRA-M, 2014. - 335 p.

Improving accounting for financial results (disadvantages and suggestions for improvement)

Creation and improvement of effective management methods, development of new principles tax policy cause the need to improve accounting and reporting based on the study and use of international experience in generalizing domestic practice in the application of basic accounting concepts.

For sales activities, the moment of shipment and the moment of payment do not actually coincide, but the accrual of revenue for accounting purposes is made “on shipment”. The financial result identified in this way is not confirmed by the corresponding cash equivalent, and the value of revenue is reflected in the balance sheet of the organization as accounts receivable.

According to Figure 1, the organization's revenue generation scheme for the reporting period is equal to the amount of receivables that have arisen.

Under current accounting methodology, gross profit is defined as the difference between sales revenue and cost of goods sold. This can be twisted into the following equation: VP \u003d B - C,

where VP - gross profit of the reporting period;

B - revenue from sales of the reporting period;

C is the cost of goods sold.

Substituting the amount of receivables into the above equation instead of sales revenue, we get:

VP \u003d Dz - C,

where Dz - receivables that arose during the reporting period.

Thus, receivables are profits not received in the reporting period.

AT production organizations, which determine the revenue "by shipment", the moment of accrual of revenue to the buyer and the moment of actual payment practically do not coincide, and the revenue reflected in the accounting accounts is not confirmed by a specific sum of money. As a result, a situation arises when, according to financial statements, the organization is profitable, but there is no money in the current account. Therefore, in order to obtain information on the size of the real financial result, when compiling financial statements, it is necessary to adjust the profit received, calculated according to the accrual method, by the actually received profit. money supply. This will make it possible to determine the real financial result, supported by the corresponding income, and use it in management analysis and strategic planning. The meaning of the adjustment is that the management personnel will have reliable information about the real financial condition of the organization, necessary for making management decisions.

Currently, there are several ways to calculate the financial result in financial and management accounting. One of the steps to adapt domestic accounting to the global accounting policy was the adoption of a new Chart of Accounts. This has introduced significant changes in the accounting methodology, and, consequently, corresponding changes are needed in the accounting registers.

Since the activities of economic entities are divided into ordinary and other, it is advisable to use various forms of registers for accounting for the financial result from ordinary activities and for accounting for other income and expenses.

In the journal-order form of accounting, journal-order No. 15 was used to reflect financial results.

The main disadvantage of the standard form of the journal-order No. 15 is that all indicators of financial results are presented in it without grouping according to their economic content, by simple enumeration. Such a reflection of indicators sharply reduces the possibility of conducting an economic analysis of the formation of financial results and does not fully contribute to solving the problems of awareness of the management structures of the organization and users of reporting on the financial results of the organization.

In addition, the traditional construction of this accounting register does not correspond to constantly occurring changes in the accounting regulations. Information in the existing form was reflected only for a month, no accumulations were made since the beginning of the year, which made it difficult to directly use this journal-order to fill out forms of financial statements, in particular the Profit and Loss Statement.

Information in the Profit and Loss Statement, in accordance with the current regulatory framework, should be presented on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year. In addition, it indicates information on the financial result from ordinary activities, as well as other income and expenses in the context of operating, non-operating, extraordinary. And such analytical data in standard form journal-order No. 15 is missing.

Accounting for the formation of financial results is kept in grouping tables, which are the "Profit and Loss Statement". In my opinion, for the operational management of the organization and making the right management decisions, conducting financial analysis this information is not enough.

In this regard, new forms of accounting registers have been developed that meet the requirements. The proposed form of journal-warrant No. 11 provides for the reflection of information on financial results from ordinary activities in the context of specific types of products, works, services per month. A special table is provided in the order journal for closing sub-accounts opened to account 90 “Sales” at the end of the year. Year-to-date financial results are accumulated in the sales ledger.

In my opinion, it is advisable to divide the journal-order No. 11 into two parts. The first part should reflect the data on the debit and credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, which will make it possible to identify the financial result from other activities on a monthly basis. Moreover, the information will be presented in the context of operating and non-operating income and expenses, which is necessary for filling out the Profit and Loss Statement.

In the second part of the journal-order No. 11, disclose data on the credit turnover of accounts 99 “Profits and losses”, 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”, 97 “Deferred expenses”, 98 “Deferred income”, 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”, which are included in Section VIII"Financial Results" of the Chart of Accounts.

To fill in the journal-order No. 11, develop accumulative statements for accounting for operating and non-operating income, operating and non-operating expenses, and other financial results.

Organized in this way, analytical accounting, which reveals the procedure for the formation of financial results, significantly increases the analytical capabilities of reporting information and allows filling out the Profit and Loss Statement without additional groupings and selections.