Classification and valuation of fixed assets. The concept, classification and valuation of fixed assets

Fixed asset accounting is carried out at the enterprise in accordance with PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets" and method. instructions in the Ministry of Finance on OS accounting.

OS- part of the company's property, cat. used in the production or management for a period exceeding 12 months and costing more than 20 thousand rubles. per unit

The organization applies a single standard classification of OS, acc. with a cat OS are grouped according to the following criteria:

By industry(industry, agriculture, transport, etc.) the grouping of fixed assets allows you to obtain data on their value in each industry.

By appointment: production fixed assets of the main activity, production fixed assets of other industries, non-productive fixed assets.

By type: buildings, structures, power and working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computers, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment, working, productive and breeding livestock, perennial plantations, capital investments for radical land improvement , apartments, land plots.

By degree of use: being in operation, stock (reserve), the stage of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction and partial liquidation, conservation.

Depending on ownership, fixed assets are divided into: owned by the organization on the right of ownership (including leased); located at the organization in the operational management or economic management; leased by the organization.

Used OS are evaluated at original cost. This includes all costs of the enterprise for the acquisition or construction of the facility, as well as. transp. expenses, loading and unloading expenses, customs, duty payments, registration fees, % for a loan, insurance payments and other expenses associated with the acquisition of fixed assets.

The first cost remains unchanged throughout the entire period of use of the object at the enterprise until it is completely written off, cr. track. case: OS revaluation, reconstruction or modernization, partial liquidation of the object.

In the process of production, OS wear out, their cost decreases, but since the initial cost remains unchanged, then account 02 is used to calculate the true cost of fixed assets, per cat. OS depreciation accumulates.

If you subtract the accumulated depreciation from the original cost, you get residual value of OS, by cat. OS are reflected in the public finn. cost

replacement cost- the cost of a similar object, the same degree of deterioration in modern conditions at market prices.

13. Analytical accounting of fixed assets

Analytical accounting of fixed assets is carried out on standard forms primary accounting documents approved by the decree of the state. commission of statistics No. 7 dated 21.01.03

OS-1 - OS transfer acceptance certificate

OS-2 - waybill for the internal movement of fixed assets

OS-3 - act of acceptance of repaired OS

OS-4 - the act of disposal of fixed assets

OS-6 - OS inventory card

OS-14 - equipment acceptance certificate

OS-15 - an act of transferring equipment for installation

OS-16 - an act on the identification of equipment defects.

main register analytical accounting fixed assets are inventory cards.

Inventory cards are compiled in the accounting department for each inventory number in one copy. They can be used for group accounting of items of the same type that have the same technical characteristics, the same cost, the same production and economic purpose and entered into operation in the same calendar month.

When placing several structural units (workshops, departments, etc.) in the same building, for which costs are planned separately, in addition to the general inventory card, you should open reference inventory cards separately for each direction (code) of costs marked “for depreciation » in accordance with the approved distribution of the area and the initial cost of the inventory item between the respective users.

Inventory cards are filled out on the basis of primary documents (acceptance certificates, technical passports, etc.) and transferred against receipt to the appropriate department of the organization.

At the location (operation) of fixed assets, to control their safety, you can conduct inventory lists of fixed assets. They record the number and date of the inventory card, the inventory number of the object, its full name, initial cost and data on the disposal (movement) - the date and number of the document and the reason for the disposal. It is allowed to keep records of objects at their location in the inventory cards. In accounting, inventory cards are formed into an inventory file, in which they are divided into groups by type of fixed assets.

The most important prerequisite for a correct interpretation economic essence fixed assets is their scientifically based classification. The need for classification is due to the fact that economic content fixed assets are homogeneous, but not in terms of natural material composition and terms of reproduction.

The classification of fixed assets can be carried out according to the following features, shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Criteria for classifying fixed assets

Source:

By industry, fixed assets related to industry, transport, agriculture, construction, trade, healthcare, public utilities and other industries.

The structure of fixed assets is not the same for organizations of various industries, which is explained by the specifics of the industries themselves, the technical equipment of the organization, the level of specialization, the nature of products and other features.

By functional purpose fixed assets are divided into:

• - production (fixed assets that are directly involved in manufacturing process or assist in its implementation, which operate in the sphere of material production;
• - non-productive fixed assets that do not take a direct or secondary part in the production process and are intended mainly to serve the communal, cultural and everyday needs of workers that are used in the non-productive sphere.

According to the degree of use, fixed assets are divided into those in operation (used in the activities of the organization), fixed assets in reserve (reserve), fixed assets that are on conservation and fixed assets at the stage of modernization, reconstruction, partial liquidation, additional equipment, completion, including according to the results of the technical diagnostics and the corresponding examination.

According to the natural-material composition, fixed assets are divided into the following groups, shown in Figure 1.2.

Buildings are architectural and construction objects intended for the production process, social and cultural services for employees of the organization and storage material assets. These include administrative buildings, production buildings and buildings occupied by shops, workshops.

Structures are engineering and construction objects for the implementation of the production process by performing certain technical functions that are not related to changing the object of labor (pumping stations, arches, bridges, flyovers, etc.).

Transmission devices - devices designed to transmit electrical, thermal or mechanical energy.

Vehicles. These include such means that are designed to transport people, goods.

Machinery and equipment include:

• - power machines and equipment - generator machines that produce thermal and electrical energy, and motor machines that convert various types of energy - water, wind, thermal, electrical - into mechanical, i.e. into the energy of movement;
• - working machines, devices and equipment that, by means of mechanical, thermal or chemical effects on objects of labor, change their composition, shape and condition;
• - measuring and control instruments and devices, laboratory equipment designed to measure thickness, diameter, area, weight, time, pressure, etc., as well as instruments for testing materials, conducting experiments, analyzes and research;
• - Computer Engineering;
• - other machines and equipment.

Tool, production and household inventory. This includes: tools - mechanized and non-mechanized general-purpose tools, as well as objects attached to machines that are used for processing materials, electric drills, spray guns, wrenches, as well as all kinds of devices for processing materials, manufacturing installation work; household equipment - office tables, hangers, wardrobes, cabinets, sofas, armchairs, safes, beds, carpets, etc. .

Other fixed assets used in agriculture and forestry. Working livestock and animals of the main herd, perennial plantings, capital expenditures for land improvement.

By ownership, the main production facilities are divided into own and leased. Own ones are wholly owned by the organization, and rented ones are the property of other organizations and are used in the organization in accordance with the lease agreement.

By age structure fixed assets are distributed by age groups (up to 5 years, from 5 to 10 years, from 10 to 15 years, from 15 to 20 years, over 20 years).

According to the degree of impact on the object of labor, fixed assets are divided into active and passive. The active ones include the main production means that, in the process of production, directly affect the object of labor, modifying it: machines and equipment, vehicles, instruments and tools. All other means can be classified as passive, since they do not directly affect the object of labor.

In the process of operation, fixed assets lose their technical properties and qualities - they wear out. This means that they cannot perform their functions for technical reasons or because of economic unprofitability. In this regard, a distinction is made between physical (material) and moral depreciation.

Physical wear is determined by the fact that, participating in the production process, fixed assets gradually lose their consumer value, their mechanical and other properties change. Different kinds fixed assets wear out at different times. The amount of physical depreciation of fixed assets depends on the intensity and nature of their operation, storage conditions, etc. The higher the load on them, the faster they wear out.

Obsolescence is understood as a decrease in the value of fixed assets before the end of their service life due to a decrease in the cost of their reproduction, as new types of fixed assets begin to produce cheaper, have higher productivity and are technically more advanced.

Compensation for depreciation of fixed assets and their reproduction is carried out through depreciation. For economic compensation of physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets, their value in the form of depreciation is included in the cost of production.

Depreciation is the process of gradually transferring the value of fixed assets as they wear out to manufactured products and accumulation. Money for the reproduction of consumed funds.

To assess fixed assets, natural and cost indicators are used. natural indicators are used for scheduling preventive maintenance, determining the composition and technical level fixed assets and other quantitative values, for which the enterprise conducts an inventory and certification of equipment, accounting for its input and output. Cost (monetary) indicators are used to establish depreciation, depreciation, determine the cost, dynamics, calculate real estate tax, etc. .

When applying one of the approaches to assessing their value, the condition of fixed assets is based on five basic indicators. These indicators include initial, replacement, residual, disposal, investment and fair value.

Differences between the economic and accounting approach to the definition of these indicators according to the opinion of V.N. Lemesh can be represented in table 1.2.

Table 1.2 - Valuation of fixed assets

An asset is accepted by the organization for accounting as fixed assets if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

• 1) the object is intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization or for provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;
• 2) the object is intended to be used for a long time, i.e. a period of more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
• 3) the organization does not assume the subsequent resale of this object;
• 4) the object is capable of bringing economic BENEFITS (income) to the organization in the future.

Assets in respect of which the listed conditions are met and the value is within the limit established in accounting policy organizations, but not more than 40,000 rubles. per unit, may be reflected in accounting and financial statements as part of inventories. In order to ensure the safety of these objects in production or during operation, the organization must organize proper control over their movement.

OS classification groups

In accounting, OS are classified according to different criteria:

• 1) by industry:
  • industry;
  • construction:
  • Agriculture;
  • trade and catering, etc.;
• 2) according to the composition and placement or natural property (OS classification is given in the All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets, approved by the Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated December 26, 1994 No. 359). On these grounds, the following groups are distinguished:
  • building;
  • structures;
  • working and power machines and equipment;
  • measuring and regulating instruments and devices;
  • vehicles;
  • tool;
  • Computer Engineering;
  • production inventory and household inventory accessories;
  • working, productive and breeding stock;
  • perennial plantations;
  • land;
  • objects of nature management;
  • on-farm roads;
  • other OS;
  • capital investments in radical land improvement;
  • capital investments in leased fixed assets;
• 3) according to the direction of use:
  • production fixed assets - objects, the use of which is aimed at systematic profit making as the main goal of activity, i.e. use in the production process industrial products, in construction, agriculture, catering, transport, communications, trade, etc.;
  • non-production fixed assets - do not participate in the production process, are used to meet the personal needs of the enterprise's employees (housing and communal services, cultural facilities, health care, which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise, etc.);
• 4) By use:
  • in operation;
  • in reserve;
  • in the stage of completion, additional equipment or partial liquidation;
  • on conservation;
• 5) by accessories:
  • belonging to the organization on the right of ownership (including those leased);
  • received by the organization for rent;
  • held by the organization in the operational management or economic management.

Valuation of fixed assets

Initial cost fixed assets - the cost at which fixed assets are accepted for accounting. It does not change during the entire life of the facility, with the exception of cases provided by law, and depends on the source of income.

A change in the initial cost of fixed assets, at which they are accepted for accounting, is allowed in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, partial liquidation and revaluation of fixed assets.

When the initial cost changes, a replacement cost main tool.

A commercial organization may not more than once a year (at the end of the reporting year) revaluate groups of homogeneous fixed assets at their current (replacement) cost. When deciding on the revaluation of such fixed assets, it should be taken into account that they are subsequently revalued regularly so that the cost of fixed assets at which they are reflected in accounting and reporting does not differ significantly from the current (replacement) cost.

Revaluation of an item of fixed assets is carried out by recalculating its original cost or current (replacement) cost, if this item is revalued earlier, and the amount of depreciation accrued for the entire period of use of the item. The results of the revaluation of fixed assets carried out as of the end of the reporting year shall be reflected in accounting separately.

The amount of the revaluation of the fixed asset as a result of the revaluation is credited to the additional capital of the organization. The amount of the revaluation of the fixed asset object, equal to the amount of its depreciation carried out in previous reporting periods and referred to financial results as other expenses, is credited to the financial result as other income. The amount of depreciation of the item of fixed assets as a result of revaluation is included in the financial result as other expenses. The amount of depreciation of an item of fixed assets is included in the reduction of the additional capital of the organization, formed at the expense of the amounts of revaluation of this item, carried out in previous reporting periods. The excess of the amount of the writedown of the object over the amount of its revaluation, credited to the additional capital of the organization as a result of the revaluation carried out in previous reporting periods, is charged to the financial result as other expenses. Upon disposal of an item of fixed assets, the amount of its revaluation is transferred from the additional capital of the organization to retained earnings organizations.

The residual value of a fixed asset is determined by calculation as the initial (replacement cost) minus the amount of accrued depreciation of fixed assets.

fixed assets- this is fixed assets participating for a long period in economic process and bringing additional economic benefits to the organization. While retaining their original material form, they transfer their value in parts to the products produced with their participation, work performed or services rendered by way of depreciation.

The Accounting Regulation “Accounting for Fixed Assets” (PBU 6/01) determines that four conditions must be simultaneously met in order for assets to be recognized as fixed assets:

Use for the production of products, in the performance of work, the provision of services or for the purposes of managing the organization;

Use for a long time, i.e. term beneficial use must exceed 12 months or normal operating cycle;

No subsequent resale of such assets is envisaged;

The acquisition of assets is associated with the intention to obtain economic benefits in the future.

The main assets include: buildings, structures, machinery and equipment, vehicles, instruments and devices, computers, tools, etc. Fixed assets also include capital investments for radical land improvement, capital investments in leased fixed assets, land plots and nature management facilities.

Fixed assets do not include: machines, equipment and similar objects that are finished products or goods in the warehouses of organizations. In addition, fixed assets do not include objects that have been commissioned or are being installed. The useful life is determined by the organization itself when accepting an item of fixed assets. to accounting. Usually, the useful life is the period during which it is expected to receive income from the operation of a particular object.

The useful life of each item is determined based on:

The expected period of use of this facility in accordance with the planned capacity or productivity;

Estimated physical wear and tear, depending on the mode of operation, the system for carrying out repairs and other conditions;

Legal and other restrictions on the use of this facility.

For rational organization accounting fixed assets and reliable reflection in the reporting, their detailed classification is important.

There are several classification features by which fixed assets can be grouped.

- According to the types and functions performed, all fixed assets are divided, in accordance with All-Russian classifier fixed assets (OKOF) for: buildings, structures, working and power machines and equipment, vehicles, production and household equipment, working and productive livestock, perennial plantations, etc. In addition, fixed assets include land plots, as well as nature management objects acquired by the organization into ownership .

- By industry fixed assets are divided into fixed assets of industry, trade, Agriculture, construction, etc.

- By nature of participation in the production process, fixed assets are divided into active (directly involved in the production process) and passive (creating conditions for the normal course of production).

- By appointment fixed assets are divided into production (used in the maintenance common species activities) and non-production (not used in the conduct of normal activities).

- According to existing rights all fixed assets are divided into: owned by the organization (including those leased or transferred to trust management); located at the organization in the operational management or economic management; received by the organization for rent; received by the organization in free use; received by the organization in trust management.

- According to the degree of use fixed assets are divided into those in operation, in stock (reserve), under repair, at the stage of completion (or additional equipment), reconstruction, modernization, conservation, decommissioned and intended for sale.

Lecture to topic 2.4. Accounting for fixed assets and intangible assets.

Lesson Plan

1. Accounting for the receipt of fixed assets

Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets

Accounting for the repair of fixed assets

Accounting for the disposal of fixed assets

Accounting for leased fixed assets

OS overhaul.

7. Documenting movement of fixed assets.

Accounting for the receipt of fixed assets

Accounting for fixed assets is regulated normative documents:

Regulation on accounting "Accounting for fixed assets" PBU 6/01 (Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2001 N 26n);

Classification of fixed assets included in cushioning groups, (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 1, 2002 No. 1).

Classification and valuation of fixed assets

Basic production assets are means of labor that participate in the production process for a long time and retain their natural form. Their value is transferred to finished products in parts, as the consumer value is lost. Fixed assets include means of labor with a service life of more than one year.

When accepting assets for accounting as fixed assets, the following conditions must be met at a time:

a) use in the production of products in the performance of work or the provision of services or for the management needs of the organization;

b) use for a long time (more than 12 months);

c) the organization does not expect the subsequent resale of these assets;

d) the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.

Fixed assets are classified according to different criteria: by composition and purpose, by direction of use, by degree of use, by ownership, and others.

By composition and purpose fixed assets are divided into the following groups:

Land;

Objects of nature management;

Structures;

Working and power machines and equipment;

Vehicles;

Production and household inventory;

Working and productive livestock;

Perennial plantings and others.

By scope of rights fixed assets are divided into:

Organizations owned by the right of ownership (own), including those leased;

Received by her for rent (leased);

Being at the organization in the operational management or economic management.

By degree of use allocate the following main funds:

a) active and inactive (in operation);

b) in reserve (in reserve);

c) on conservation;

d) at the stage of completion, additional equipment;

e) reconstruction;

e) partial liquidation.

The accounting unit of fixed assets is an inventory item.

Inventory object of fixed assets an object with all fixtures and fittings or a separate structurally separate object designed to perform certain independent functions, or a separate complex of structurally articulated objects that are a single whole and designed to perform a specific job is recognized.

A complex of structurally articulated items is one or more items of the same or different purposes that have common devices and accessories, general management mounted on the same foundation, as a result of which each item included in the complex can perform its functions only as part of the complex.

If one object has several parts that have different term useful use, each such part is accounted for as an independent inventory object.

If the useful lives of the parts of the fixed asset do not differ significantly, then they must be taken into account all together as one object. In this case, the materiality criterion can be set at 5% or in another amount.

There are four types of asset valuation:

1. initial, which develops at the time of entry into operation of the facility.

2. Restorative- the cost of acquiring or building an object based on current prices at the current moment.

3. Residual- this is the calculated value, defined as the difference between the initial (replacement) cost and depreciation. At the residual value of fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet.

4. liquidation- the cost of scrap, spare parts and other things remaining after disassembly and liquidation of the OS object.

The initial cost of OS purchased for a fee, the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, construction and manufacture is recognized, excluding VAT and other reimbursable taxes.

The actual costs are:

1) amounts paid to the supplier;

2) the amounts paid under the contract building contract;

3) payment for information and consulting services;

4) registration fees, state fees, customs duties and fees;

5) non-refundable taxes paid upon acquisition of fixed assets;

6) other expenses.

If the cost of an asset is expressed in terms of foreign currency, then its assessment is carried out in rubles by recalculation at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, effective on the date of acceptance of the object for accounting.

Objects of fixed assets with a value of not more than 20,000 rubles per unit or other limit established in the accounting policy based on technological features, as well as purchased books, brochures, etc. publications are allowed to be written off to production costs (sales costs) as they are put into production or operation. Accounting for such objects is kept on account 10 "Materials", and write-offs are made to accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, 44.

Accounting for fixed assets in the accounting department is carried out by classification groups in the context of inventory items. Analytical accounting for fixed assets is carried out for individual inventory items of fixed assets. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting should provide the possibility of obtaining data on the availability and movement of fixed assets necessary for the preparation of financial statements (by type, location, etc.).

The following forms are used to process fixed asset receipts primary documentation:

Act (waybill) of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets (form OS-1);

· Equipment acceptance certificate (OS-14);

· Act of acceptance and transfer of equipment for installation (OS-15);

· The act on the revealed defects of the equipment (OS-16);

· inventory card OS accounting (OS-6).

The receipt of fixed assets can be carried out in the form of:

Contribution to authorized capital;

free receipt;

Acquisitions;

Posting of unaccounted objects, etc.

When the OS contributes to the authorized capital their cost is determined by the agreed assessment of the founders. Free receipt from legal entities recognized as part of additional capital on market value. As depreciation accrues, part of the cost is written off. The cost of the received object is subject to inclusion in the composition of taxable profit by calculation.

Acquisition of fixed assets produced at the expense capital investments which can take the following forms:

Construction of fixed assets;

Acquisition of fixed assets.

When acquiring fixed assets by building accounting is carried out depending on the method of construction:

1) contractor - construction work upon completion is accepted from the contractor.

2) economic - actually incurred costs are reflected.

Price construction works increased by the amount of VAT. These costs are recognized as part of work in progress at a cost that includes price and VAT prior to their commissioning.

Upon completion of the construction of the facility, an act of commissioning of this facility is drawn up.

Acquisition individual items of fixed assets is reflected on account 08 at actual costs with the allocation of VAT.