As you know, business accounting involves, first of all, the quantitative measurement of accounting objects. For this, accounting meters are used: natural, labor, monetary.
But it is monetary or value meters that occupy a central place in accounting and are used to reflect various economic phenomena, as well as to summarize them in a single cost estimate. Only with the help of a cost meter it is possible to calculate the total value of the heterogeneous property of an enterprise. By means of cost meters, the costs incurred (expenses) of the enterprise, previously expressed in labor and natural meters, are summarized. Cost meters are necessary, in particular, for calculating the cost of production, determining the profit or loss of an organization, reflecting the results of financial and economic activity.
To account for the movement of funds, a correct assessment of all objects is required accounting. Valuation is one of the elements of the accounting method, it is the way in which economic assets receive monetary value. Evaluation of accounting objects should be real and unified.
The reality of the assessment is the objective correspondence of the monetary expression of one or another accounting object to its actual value.
Under the unity of the assessment understand its uniformity and immutability. The same accounting objects are valued the same in all organizations.
The reality and unity of the assessment are important for the correct reflection of the property status of the organization, the definition financial results her activities. Any inaccuracy in the assessment of funds can affect the performance of the organization.
Depending on the types of property, the nature of its acquisition and the economic situation in accounting, the following types of estimates are used.
Fixed assets and intangible assets are usually valued at historical cost.
The initial cost of fixed assets includes the actual costs of the organization for their acquisition, construction and manufacture, excluding value added tax and other reimbursable taxes (except for cases provided by law Russian Federation).
The initial cost of fixed assets contributed to the authorized (reserve) capital of the organization is recognized as their valuation agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The initial cost of fixed assets received by the organization under a gift agreement and in other cases of gratuitous donation is recognized as their market value as of the date of capitalization.
The initial cost of fixed assets acquired in exchange for other property, other than cash, is recognized as the cost of the exchanged property, at which it was reflected in the balance sheet.
Initial cost not tangible assets purchased for a fee is determined as the sum of actual acquisition costs, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except as otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
When acquiring intangible assets, there may be additional costs to bring them into a condition in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes. Such expenses may be the amount of remuneration of employees employed by this, the corresponding deductions to social organs, material and other expenses. Additional expenses increase the initial cost of intangible assets.
The initial cost of intangible assets created by the organization itself is determined as the sum of the actual costs of creating, manufacturing, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except as provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
The initial cost of intangible assets contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value, agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The initial cost of intangible assets received by an organization under a gift agreement (free of charge) is determined based on their market value on the date of acceptance for accounting.
Valuation of intangible assets, the value of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, is made in rubles by recalculation foreign exchange at the rate Central Bank RF in force on the date of acquisition by the organization of objects.
In the balance sheet, fixed assets and intangible assets are reflected at residual value, which is the original cost minus depreciation.
Restoration of fixed assets can be carried out through repair, modernization, reconstruction. Valuation of identical items of fixed assets put into operation in different time, may be different and depends on the time, place and method of construction and acquisition of fixed assets, so there is a need to determine replacement cost fixed assets.
Under replacement cost fixed assets means the cost of reproduction of fixed assets, i.e. acquisition or construction of inventory facilities based on current prices at the time of revaluation.
Inventories are accepted for accounting according to actual cost .
When purchasing for a fee, the actual cost is the amount of the organization's costs for the acquisition, except for value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
Actual cost inventories when manufactured by the organization, it is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these stocks.
The actual cost of inventories contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The actual cost of inventories received by the organization free of charge is determined based on their market value as of the date of posting.
Estimation of inventories upon release into production and other disposal produced in one of the following ways:
- at the cost of each unit;
- at an average cost;
- at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);
- at the cost of the most recent acquisition of inventories (LIFO method).
The application of one of the methods by type (group) of reserves is carried out during the reporting year.
By cost of each units are evaluated precious metals and stones, etc., which cannot normally substitute for each other.
Inventories can be estimated by the organization at average cost, which is determined for each type (group) of stocks as the quotient of dividing the total cost of the type (group) of stocks by their quantity, respectively, consisting of the cost and quantity for the balance at the beginning of the month and for the stocks received this month. An example of calculating the cost of paper in the printing industry by the average cost method is given in Table. 8.1.
Table 8.1. Valuation of inventories using the average cost method
The application of this method is expedient with a wide range of material resources used in production. It allows the company to take into account fluctuations in prices for material resources in the cost price.
FIFO method - valuation at cost of the first acquisition of inventories. With this method, write-off
materials are produced in chronological order of receipt of batches. First, the first batch of incoming materials is written off when released into production or for sale, then the second batch, then the third, etc. An example of the calculation is given in Table. 8.2. When applying this method, the assessment of material resources in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is carried out at the actual cost, and the cost of selling products (works, services) takes into account the cost of early acquisitions.
Table 8.2. Valuation of inventories using the FIFO method
| Content | Quantity, pcs. | Price for 1 piece, rub. | Amount, rub. |
| Balance at the beginning of the month | 10 | 100 | 1000 |
| Received per month: | |||
| 1st party | 140 | 90 | 12600 |
| 2nd party | 220 | 80 | 17600 |
| 3rd party | 100 | 70 | 7000 |
| Total received | 460 | - | 37200 |
| Spent per month from the balance at the beginning of the month | 10 | 100 | 1000 |
| from the 1st batch | 140 | 90 | 12600 |
| from 2- and party | 20 | 80 | 17600 |
| from the 3rd batch | 30 | 70 | 2100 |
| Total spent | 400 | - | 33300 |
| Balance at the end of the month | 70 | 70 | 4900 |
According to the LIFO method, the valuation is made at the cost of the most recently acquired inventories. The order of calculations is given in table. 8.3.
When applying this method, the assessment of material resources that are in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of early acquisition, and the cost of selling products (works, services) takes into account the cost of late acquisition. In inflationary conditions, LIFO write-off is the most preferable for enterprises wishing to reduce their tax base, since the cost of production (works, services) will be higher.
Table 8.3. Valuation of inventories using the LIFO method
| Content | Quantity, pcs. | Price for 1 piece, rub. | Amount, rub. |
| Balance at the beginning of the month | 70 | 100 | 7000 |
| Received per month: | |||
| 1st batch | 85 | 90 | 7650 |
| 2nd party | 100 | 110 | 11000 |
| 3rd party | 110 | 145 | 15950 |
| 4th party | 150 | 160 | 24000 |
| Total received | 445 | - | 58600 |
| Spent per month: | |||
| from the 4th batch | 150 | 160 | 24000 |
| from the 3rd batch | 110 | 145 | 15950 |
| from the 2nd batch | 90 | 110 | 9900 |
| Total spent | 350 | - | 49850 |
| Balance at the end of the month | 165 | - | 15750 (10x110 + 85x90 + 70x100) |
There is also current market value, or possible realizable price, is the value that can be obtained from the possible sale of property, minus selling expenses.
Calculation as an action is a process of calculating the cost of a manufactured product, i.e. calculation of all costs of an enterprise or organization for the production and sale of its products (work performed, services rendered). In many industries National economy calculation is carried out according to instructions or guidelines taking into account industry specifics.
Scientifically based costing is necessary for the correct setting of prices for products, the calculation of profitability and production efficiency. The process of calculating the cost of production consists in compiling tables of a special form, which are commonly called cost estimates. Therefore, under the calculation (or costing) understand, on the one hand, the action aimed at calculating the value of the cost of manufactured products, on the other hand, the table itself, with the help of which this calculation takes place.
Depending on the specifics of the technology and the nature of the manufactured products, individual products, groups of similar products, parts of a product, individual orders, etc. can be the object of calculation. As a rule, the costing objects correspond to the organizational structure of the enterprise.
The unit cost calculation is the final stage of the costing process. Production cost represents the costs of its production and sale expressed in monetary terms.
With this in mind, costing can be defined as the calculation of unit cost certain types products or works and all marketable products. There is the following classification of calculations.
According to the time of compilation, estimates are distinguished:
- preliminary;
- provisional;
- reporting.
Preliminary cost estimates constitute before the start of production. They can be estimated, planned and normative.
Estimated costing- This is the calculation of the estimated unit cost of a new type of product. It is compiled on the basis of long-term cost standards or according to standards developed in the laboratory.
Standard cost estimate determines the average cost of production for the planning period (quarter, year). It is compiled on the basis of progressive norms for the consumption of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor costs, the use of equipment and norms for the organization of maintenance of production. These expenditure rates are average for the planned period.
Normative costing are based on current regulations consumption of raw materials, materials and other costs (current cost rates). Current cost rates correspond to the production capabilities of the enterprise at this stage of its work. Current cost rates at the beginning of the year tend to be higher than the average cost rates standard cost estimate, and at the end of the year, on the contrary, lower.
Provisional costing is a calculation of the expected cost per unit of output. When compiling it, reporting data is partly used, and planned data is partly used.
Reporting, or actual, costings are compiled according to accounting data on the actual costs of production and reflect the actual cost of manufactured products (work performed, services rendered). The actual cost of production includes non-planned unproductive costs.
Depending on the amount of costs included in the cost estimate, there are cost estimates for workshop, production and full cost.
Shop floor costing only includes shop floor costs for basic materials, wages of production workers, payroll charges, general production costs, losses from marriage.
Production cost calculation includes all the costs of the enterprise for the production of products. It is compiled for all cost items (see below). On its basis, the overall production result of the enterprise is revealed in comparison with the accepted cost standards.
Full cost calculation covers all costs for the production and sale of products: in addition to production costs, it includes non-production (commercial) expenses. It is used to identify the financial result from the sale of products.
According to the period covered, the calculation is divided into monthly, quarterly and annual. And, finally, according to the degree of detail of the data, calculations are distinguished by consolidated indicators and according to the established nomenclature articles in monetary terms, calculation data can also be detailed when, along with monetary meters, natural ones are also used. Most often, data on the costs of material resources, fuel, and various types of energy are detailed. The degree of detail of costings is set in the recommendations for costing, taking into account industry specifics of production.
Production costs depending on the economic content of the costs, their designated purpose in the production process are divided into basic and overhead.
The main costs are those directly related to the technological process of manufacturing products, i.e. costs without which the technological process cannot be carried out.
Overhead are the costs associated with the organization, management and maintenance of production.
Depending on the method of attributing costs to the cost of production, all costs are divided into direct and indirect.
Direct costs are associated with the manufacture of one particular type of product. For this reason, on the basis of primary documents they can be directly attributed to the cost of the respective products.
Indirect costs are associated with the manufacture of several types of products. These costs are taken into account, as a rule, at the place of their occurrence and are distributed among individual types of products in proportion to the base chosen by each organization.
In relation to the volume of production, the costs of enterprises are usually divided into variable and fixed.
Variables are called costs, the value of which is more or less directly proportional to changes in the volume of production, for example, the consumption of raw materials and materials for the manufacture of products, the main wage production workers and similar expenses. In direct proportion to the volume of changes in the volume of production are all the main costs, and therefore they are variable items.
Fixed costs are those costs, the total amount of which does not change with a change in the volume of production. These are all overhead costs. Over time fixed costs may increase, for example, due to inflation, but they do not change in direct proportion to changes in output.
By economic content the costs of organizations are divided into economic elements and costing items.
economic element call the primary homogeneous type of costs for the production and sale of products (works, services), which at the enterprise level cannot be decomposed into its component parts.
Production costs that form the cost of production, consist of the following elements:
- material costs (minus the cost of returnable waste);
- labor costs;
- deductions for social needs;
- depreciation of fixed assets;
- other costs.
Cost item or costing item- this is a certain type of cost that forms the cost of either individual types of products or the products of the enterprise as a whole.
Cost accounting for the purpose is carried out item by item; the list of articles is established for individual industries, based on the characteristics of technology and organization of production.
A typical nomenclature of costing items can be presented in the following form:
- Raw materials.
- Returnable waste (subtracted).
- Purchased products, semi-finished products and services of an industrial nature of third-party enterprises and organizations.
- Fuel and energy for technological needs.
- Wages of production workers.
- Deductions for social needs.
- Costs for preparation and development of production.
- General production expenses.
- General running costs.
- Marriage loss.
- Other production expenses.
- Business expenses.
The first eleven articles are included in the production cost of production. Production cost and selling expenses make up the total cost of production.
The complexity of the production process requires the use of a whole group of production accounts in accounting:
20 "Main production",
23" Auxiliary production»,
25 "General production costs",
26 "General business expenses",
28 "Marriage in production",
44 Selling costs,
96 "Reserves for future expenses",
97 "Deferred expenses".
Analytical accounting is carried out in the development of all synthetic accounts for accounting for production costs. The level of analyticity is determined by those indicators that are necessary for the enterprise to control and manage.
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov
Department of Accounting and Audit
COURSE WORK
in the discipline "Theory of Accounting"
Topic: "Value measurement"
Completed by a 1st year student
Mitrofanova Svetlana
Vladimirovna
Group 4AB-11z
Specialty 080109
Code 301098037
Checked:
Leonidova Svetlana Nikolaevna
Gubkin 2010
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….3
1. Essence and meaning, types of cost measurement of accounting objects……………………………………………………………….6
2. Features of the assessment of various objects of accounting supervision ... .20
3.Practical part…………………………………………………………………………...…26
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………41
List of used literature…………………………………………………………………………..43
Introduction.
Measurement is one of the main elements of the accounting method, which allows obtaining quantitative indicators characterizing a particular object.
A feature of accounting is the measurement of accounting objects, in without fail, in cost, monetary meter. This measure in our country is the monetary unit - the ruble. The use of this universal meter allows you to generalize, “synthesize” the results of measurements of any objects, for any time periods, for any organization, their group, industry and for the republic as a whole. However, in the value meter, only such objects that have value can be measured and reflected in accounting.
The cost of a commodity (or any other object of accounting) is the labor embodied in a commodity, socially necessary for its production. In reality, this value manifests itself only in the process of buying and selling goods on the market in the form of its price, as a monetary expression of the value of the goods.
Cost measurement covers all objects of accounting: economic means and processes.
Cost measurement is characterized by two main elements of the accounting method: valuation and costing.
The method of value measurement of an object in a monetary meter is called an estimate. When evaluating the goods, they compare, measure with the generally accepted unit of measurement - the ruble, with its reference cost ( purchasing power). The results of the assessment (i.e. measurement) of an object are expressed a certain amount in rubles, which is its price.
In market conditions, commodity prices are formed under the influence of many factors. In addition to the total cost of labor or cost, their value is significantly affected by supply and demand. Their collision, opposition in the sale of goods leads to a balancing of the interests of the seller (or manufacturer) and the buyer. As a result, the price of goods on the market is set at a certain level, which is objective and relatively independent in relation to both the seller and the buyer.
A stable and significant change in market prices for certain types of previously acquired funds of organizations leads to the need for their revaluation. Thanks to the revaluation, the value of accounting objects is brought to their real, objectively established value on the market, and the difference from the revaluation (revaluation or markdown) should be reflected in accounting as a separate business transaction or even an independent accounting object. The value of the object after the revaluation is sometimes called the replacement value.
Calculation (from calculo - to calculate) is a method of cost comparison of the processes of procurement of material values, production of products, their sale, as well as individual stages, elements of the process of expanded reproduction (calculation gross income, self-supporting cost, etc.).
Calculation, as a way of determining the actual cost of an object, is inextricably linked with the accounting system. It is in the system of synthetic and analytical accounts that the movement of funds spent is reflected, the amount of costs for the facility is collected and data is prepared for calculations. For this, collective and distribution and cost accounts are used.
From the moment of purchase, all objects are accounted for in accounting at their acquisition price until they are fully or partially used in the activities of the organization (transfer their value to another object) or lose their value for other reasons, are written off the balance sheet by reducing the corresponding source. The actual cost of new objects produced or the change in the cost of previously acquired objects as a result of the organization's activities is determined by calculation based on accounting data.
The need to use cost measurement in accounting practice is due to the operation of the law of value and the presence of commodity-money relations.
Thus, the cost measurement of accounting objects in our economy is carried out by directly evaluating them when buying and selling outside the organization using a price system, or by calculating the actual cost if the object changes its value, is used or re-created within the internal economic space of the organization .
1. Essence and meaning, types of cost measurement of accounting objects.
A feature of accounting that distinguishes it from other types of accounting is the reflection of economic assets, their sources and business processes in monetary terms, that is, in value terms. In other words, accounting reflects those means, processes and phenomena that are subject to cost measurement.
For this purpose, such elements of the accounting method as valuation and costing are used. The assimilation of these elements of the accounting method is one of the most important stages in the study of accounting methodology and the main prerequisite for studying current accounting individual operations, as well as topics such as "Accounting Statements" and "Accounting Policies".
AT economic literature costing is often considered part of the assessment, a method of assessment, its framework is associated only with the determination of the cost of production. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of "value measurement", "monetary expression", "estimation", "calculation".
Monetary expression is the measurement of economic assets, their sources and economic processes in monetary units (hryvnias and kopecks). The concept of cost measurement has a similar meaning. In this regard, it is correct to characterize accounting as such, which is necessarily inherent in the cost measurement, which involves the use of a monetary meter.
Measurability is considered a necessary precondition for recognition. Measurement, or evaluation, should be understood as the assignment of numerical values to objects and events according to certain parameters. The assessment includes three elements:
1. Object or event.
2. A property to be quantified (quality, attribute, characteristic).
3. A scale of measurement or a set of units of property expression.
Any object or event has several properties that can be measured.
The choice of property is determined by the purpose of the assessment.
The purpose of the assessment is the formulation of the main task that should be solved as a result of the assessment. The purpose of the assessment is formulated as follows:
a) the full and correct name of the object of assessment.
b) the type of assets being valued.
c) the type of property rights that are being assessed.
d) date of assessment.
Therefore, the choice of an adequate assessment and the avoidance of errors in the assessment of the assets and liabilities of the enterprise depends on the correctness of the goal set. Cost measurement covers all objects of accounting: business assets, their sources and business processes. According to Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine "On Accounting and financial reporting in Ukraine" a single monetary meter is an important principle of accounting and financial reporting, which states: measurement and generalization of all business transactions enterprise in its financial statements is carried out in a single monetary unit, namely in the monetary unit of Ukraine - the hryvnia.
Evaluation is a method of cost measurement of economic assets, sources of their formation, and costing is a method of cost measurement of the processes of acquiring material assets, manufacturing products, their sale, as well as individual stages of the process of expanded reproduction.
Evaluation of economic assets (assets) and their sources (capital and liabilities) is the starting point of accounting and the real basis for its construction.
In different sources, this element of the accounting method is defined in different ways. Some define valuation as a way of expressing business transactions in monetary terms, others as a way of solving the costs of living and materialized labor invested in certain types of funds and processes in terms of money.
Price as a monetary expression of value is the basic category in the valuation of assets and business transactions. Any price consists of the following elements: cost of sales. overhead costs (administrative, marketing, etc.), profits, taxes, trade margins (discounts). The basis for the formation of the price of the manufacturer of products is the cost of production. Determining the cost is the prerogative management accounting.
Wholesale, retail, weighted average, estimated, accounting and other prices are the basis for the assessment of economic assets. The most common are wholesale and retail prices. Wholesale prices are the prices at which an enterprise sells products to other enterprises, marketing or trading firms. The wholesale price of an enterprise includes: cost of sales, overheads, profits and taxes. Retail prices are the prices at which goods are sold to consumers. They include the wholesale price of the enterprise and the trade margin (discount) in order to cover distribution costs.
Conceptual basis compiling and presenting financial statements international accounting standards contains the following wording of the assessment: it is the process of determining sums of money, for which they must recognize and reflect the elements of financial statements in the balance sheet and income statement. Therefore, accounting should provide a real, factual picture of the availability of economic funds and the state of economic processes.
The theory of accounting sets the basic requirements for the assessment, ensuring the correct display of accounting objects and the reliability of the assessment. These requirements include: reality (adequacy), unity and purposefulness of the assessment.
The reality (adequacy) of the assessment ensures the objective correspondence of the monetary expression of accounting objects to their actual value, the reflection in the monetary meter of the true value of economic assets and operations. The adequacy of the assessment requires an accurate calculation of the actual cost of all accounting objects through inventory and revaluation.
The unity of the assessment ensures the uniformity and immutability of the assessment for a long time and for all business entities (enterprises, organizations, institutions). Unity of evaluation is achieved by establishing mandatory provisions (standards), instructions, accounting and calculation rules.
The valuation system used in accounting has a universal character. Evaluation in accounting is necessary in the process of economic activity: upon receipt and disposal of assets. when rights and obligations arise, when performing such operations as buying and selling, renting property, pledge, insurance, investment, revaluation of assets, when creating, merging, liquidating an enterprise, when exercising the right of inheritance, performing judgment etc
This circumstance explains the existence of various monetary valuations: economic, legal, expert, statistical, insurance (actuarial).
Economic evaluations used to determine the value of property upon sale or acquisition. are usually calculative in nature.
Legal assessments can be limited to two groups of assessments arising from the agreements (contracts) concluded, due to the need to compensate for the harm caused.
Statistical estimates characterize the set of objects with some average values. used in macroeconomic accounting and analysis.
Expert assessments are usually carried out by specialists. this is an independent type of assessment in accounting, not devoid of, as you know, subjectivity.
Insurance (actuarial) estimates are calculated individually for each insurance object. are finally established after verification by the insurance organization of the data provided to it by the insured.
Due to the fact that it is not always possible, and sometimes not economically feasible, to obtain an actual assessment of economic assets and their sources, instead of determining the actual cost, certain accounting assumptions are used regarding the cost measurement of a particular accounting object - various bases (methods) of assessment are used.
International Standards accounting provide for the possibility of several different bases of assessment simultaneously with varying degrees and in different combinations. The following assessment bases are distinguished:
historical cost. Assets are carried at the amount of cash and cash equivalents paid, or at the fair value of the consideration given to acquire them, at the time of acquisition. Liabilities are measured at the amount of proceeds received in exchange for the obligation or at the amount of cash that is expected to be paid to settle the obligation in the ordinary course of business.
current cost. Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be paid to acquire the same or equivalent asset to date. Liabilities are carried at the undiscounted amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be required to settle the liability at that time.
Cost of sale (repayment). Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be obtained to date from the sale of the asset in the ordinary course of the sale.
Liabilities are carried at settlement cost, that is, the undiscounted amount of cash that is expected to be paid to settle the obligation in the ordinary course of business.
current value. Assets are carried at the present present value of the future net cash inflows that the entity is expected to generate in the normal course of business. Liabilities are carried at the present present value of future net cash inflows that are expected to be needed to settle the liabilities in the normal course of business.
Based on the principle of historical (actual) cost, the basis of the assessment is often taken to be the historical cost - an assessment based on the costs of production or acquisition of assets. Historical cost is usually combined with other valuation bases. Thus, accounting standards require inventories to be recorded at the lower of two estimates - cost (historical) or net worth implementation. This combination of evaluation methods follows from the principle of prudence.
Market securities, as well as other assets for which an active market exists, can be measured at market value. The choice of the valuation basis by an enterprise depends on the requirements of accounting standards, economic feasibility, as well as the current legislation.
Evaluation of various accounting objects, assets, liabilities, capital, business processes - is determined in the relevant accounting standards. For each type of assets, as a rule, several situations are defined in which assets are valued: valuation upon acquisition (receipt), valuation upon disposal, valuation at the balance sheet date (at the end of the reporting period). Acquisition is assessed at historical cost, which, as a rule, is the historical (actual) cost of the asset, at which it is credited to the balance sheet of the enterprise.
Also, when valuing assets, such a valuation method as fair value can be used - the amount at which an asset can be exchanged or a liability paid as a result of a transaction between knowledgeable, interested and independent parties. Fair value measurement should be used in transactions such as the gratuitous receipt of assets, the contribution of assets to authorized capital(with the cost agreeing with the founders), asset exchange, etc.
The essence of costing as an element of the accounting method is to calculate in monetary terms the costs of the enterprise for the acquisition, production of a separate type of material assets, products (performance of work, provision of services) and sales costs (sales). So, costing is a process of evaluating the results of business processes: supply, production, sales. Let's take a closer look at this process using the example of costing production.
The objects of calculation of the cost of production are production costs that actually arise and which are grouped according to the relevant characteristics to form cost indicators. Signs of cost grouping reflect various objective characteristics of the production process: the formation of costs and cost. In a narrow sense, the object of accounting for production costs is a sign of their grouping, which determines the encoding of data to obtain information in the interests of control and management.
The primary elemental objects of accounting for production costs are the costs of labor and material resources in the performance of various production operations, the costs of maintaining and operating equipment, instruments, buildings, and production management. Information about these initial costs with the help of elements of the accounting method and accounting procedures are grouped and summarized according to various criteria, forming the accounting indicators necessary for management.
These primary accounting objects belong to certain elements of production - economic cost elements. The distribution of costs on an economic basis and elements of production is due to the fact that the production process, regardless of its public organization consists of purposeful activity - human labor, the object on which human labor is directed, the means of labor with which a person acts. Therefore, usually an economic element is an economically homogeneous primary expense that cannot be decomposed into components. There are such economic elements of costs:
Material costs(expenses operating activities raw materials and materials, purchased semi-finished products and components, fuel and energy, packaging and packaging materials, building materials, spare parts, etc.).
Labor costs (expenses for the payment of basic and additional wages in accordance with the wage system adopted at the enterprise, vacation pay, compensation and other payments).
Contributions for social activities (contributions for pensions, social insurance, unemployment, individual insurance).
Depreciation (the amount of accrued depreciation of fixed assets, other non-current tangible assets and intangible assets).
Other operating expenses (cost of works and services third parties, the amount of taxes and fees, expenses from exchange differences, depreciation of inventories, write-offs and write-downs of assets, the amount of financial sanctions, etc.).
Cost accounting by elements is carried out by all enterprises and organizations without exception. To do this, the Chart of Accounts provides for a separate class of accounts 8 “Expenses by elements”.
Accounts of this class are intended to summarize information about the expenses of the enterprise during the reporting period and are used mainly by statistical authorities to calculate macroeconomic indicators according to the system of national accounts (SNA), in particular the gross domestic product(GDP).
The calculation of macroeconomic indicators for the SNA is based on the balance sheet system national economy, the main component of which is the "input - output" tables (intersectoral balance). They demonstrate how the product produced in the sectors of the economy is used for intermediate and final consumption, accumulation and export, reflect the structure of expenditures for goods and services, the main components of GDP by types economic activity.
Grouping costs by economic elements characterizes their attitude to the creation of the product, but does not reflect the purpose and purpose of production costs, their expediency, does not fully reveal their role in the technological process of production.
There is a need to regroup production costs, to single out the main ones among them - they are directly aimed at the production of the product, the costs of maintenance, management, marketing and implementation. Therefore, another object of cost accounting is used - by cost items: grouping costs according to their purpose and role in the production process. Grouping by cost items - object analytical accounting.
Detailing the grouping of costs by cost items depends on the specifics of the production process and the needs of management. According to the regulations national position(standard) 16 "Expenses" the enterprise independently chooses the list of calculation items.
For a correct understanding of the purpose of expenses, their economic role in production, the theory of accounting and costing explores the characteristic various expenses behind several other classifications. Costs are classified according to the following criteria.
1. According to the economic content: the cost of labor, objects of labor, living labor.
2. Regarding the phases of the circulation of production assets (funds): supply and procurement costs, production, marketing costs.
3. As for the technological process: the main costs are directly related to the manufacture of the product, which arise in a single production process. overhead - maintenance and management costs.
4. According to the method of reference to the cost: direct - are included in the cost directly, indirect - are included in the cost by distribution according to certain criteria.
5. Regarding the volume of production: fixed costs do not depend on the volume of production for a certain period of time, variable costs change (proportionately, progressively, regressively) when the volume of production changes.
6. By composition: single-element (simple), complex - contain several economic cost elements.
7. By role in the production process (by area of origin): production, non-production.
8. According to expediency: productive, unproductive.
9.By calendar periods: current, future periods, past periods.
10. According to the frequency of occurrence: everyday, disposable.
11. Regarding the finished product: the cost of work in progress, the cost of the finished product.
12. According to planning coverage: planned, unplanned.
13. According to the scope of normalization: normalized, non-standardized.
14. If possible, control in this unit and at this level of management: controlled, uncontrolled.
Costs are better controlled during the productive (production) use of resources, that is, where they occur manufacturing process or its service. In this regard, on the basis of analytical detailing and grouping of costs, there are such objects of accounting for production costs as cost centers, cost centers and responsibility centers.
Cost center - structural units enterprises for which planning, regulation and accounting of production costs are organized to control and manage the expenditure of resources. In industry, this is a shop, a site, a team.
Cost center - primary production and service units, characterized by the homogeneity of functions and production operations, the level of technical equipment and organization of labor, the direction of costs.
Responsibility centers - grouping costs by departments and responsible persons who control costs, bear collective and individual responsibility and are interested in reducing costs.
The grouping of costs by cost centers, cost centers and responsibility centers helps to strengthen control over the costs incurred, as well as simplify the calculation procedures for the allocation of overhead costs.
Calculation - a set of methods for analytical accounting of production costs and calculation procedures for determining the cost of a product.
Costing is aimed at identifying the cost of the result of production. The objects of calculation are the products of labor - types of products, semi-finished products, partial products (parts, assemblies) of varying degrees of readiness, works, services for which information about their cost is needed.
Calculation as a process includes the following steps: grouping costs. delimitation of expenses between objects of calculation. determining the cost of products, works, services. displaying the cost of products in the cost estimate. control of the plan at cost relative to the standard. cost analysis and result determination.
So, costing is grouping, delimiting and distributing costs between costing objects, calculating their actual cost in order to control the results of labor, adopting management decisions to improve production efficiency.
Calculation as a broader concept includes the following parts: Cost accounting and costing. Calculation is a method of calculation, a certain set of calculation procedures for the cost of a product. At the same time, costing is also the result of costing - a specific and structured list of costs that relate to the product. The order of cost accounting, the system of calculations and the characteristics of the information obtained as a result of it depend on the structure of the calculation. There are several classifications of types of calculations according to various criteria.
Different kinds cost estimates are compiled and used depending on the system adopted by the enterprise, the availability of information and the needs of management.
The second component of the costing process is Costing Accounting - a system for analytical accounting of production costs in the interests of reliable and accurate costing. The main task of the costing accounting system is the complete localization of direct costs by costing objects and accounting indirect costs, which provides the most reliable distribution.
The combination of the system of cost accounting and costing is carried out using one or another method of costing - a set of methods for analytical accounting of production costs and methods for calculating the cost of costing objects. Calculation methods differ in the method of cost accounting (orders, redistribution, products) and calculation methods.
There are many classifications of calculation methods. In domestic literature and practice, most often there are simple, custom, alternate, normative methods, however, there is no harmonious classification due to the difficulty of isolating a classification feature that would satisfy all existing methods.
A simple method is used in single-product industries (production of steam, electricity, oil, coal). In these industries, all costs are attributed to this product. Most often this happens in one shop. The cost of a unit of production is calculated by allocating all costs to the quantity of products produced.
In successive productions (when one technological process follows another), the technological process is divided into separate parts - stages (processes), and costs are separately taken into account for each of them. Repartitions often coincide with workshops.
In such sequential productions, the method of cost accounting and calculation of the cost of production is used. In this case, the costs are taken into account for each redistribution (workshop), transferred from the redistribution to the redistribution, and the cost is calculated at the latter finished products.
In complex parallel productions, when separate parts and assemblies are manufactured in parallel in a number of main workshops, and then assembled in an assembly workshop, the order-to-order method is used. With this method, all costs are collected (grouped) according to the orders for which they were made. The unit cost is determined by dividing the total cost of an order by the number of items produced in the order.
Expenses can be accounted for actually or according to the normative method. The latter lies in the fact that the costs are taken into account according to the norms, and the actual cost is determined as the algebraic sum of the costs according to the norms, deviations from the norms, and also changes in the norms.
In addition, acceptable, in our opinion, is the concept of two methods of costing, one of which is order-based, and the other is called differently: mass, periodic, process-by-process, transaction-by-operation, by-production. This concept is considered and applied both in domestic accounting and in foreign countries. In this concept, two characteristics vary in the definition of the calculation method: time (period) and process.
In the first method, the cost calculation is individualized for a certain product or their combination, united by one order (process). The second method calculates the average cost of production obtained from production over a given period of time. The latter method is most suitable for calculating the continuous production of mass products, where it is necessary to periodically determine the cost.
The second component of the calculation method is the calculation method - a specific list and calculation procedure for obtaining final information and compiling a calculation directly as a result of the calculation process. The following calculation methods are distinguished: direct calculation, summation of expenses, exclusion of expenses, distribution of expenses, normative method.
2. Features of the assessment of various objects of accounting supervision.
fixed assets. For the needs of accounting, each item of fixed assets is evaluated - a complete device with all fixtures and accessories to it or a separate structurally separate item that is designed to perform independent functions.
The acquired (created) fixed assets are credited to the balance sheet of the enterprise at their original cost. Initial cost - the historical cost of fixed assets in the amount of cash or fair value of assets paid (transferred) as of the date of acquisition (creation) of fixed assets. The initial cost includes the actual costs of acquiring (creating) fixed assets and bringing them to a usable condition. Such expenses can be:
Amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller (contractor).
Amounts paid for information and consulting services related to the acquisition (creation) of fixed assets.
registration fees, government duty and similar payments made in connection with the acquisition (creation) of fixed assets.
Paid duties, taxes and other obligatory payments related to the acquisition of fixed assets that are not reimbursed to the enterprise.
Fees paid to intermediary organizations.
Delivery risk insurance costs.
Costs for installation, installation, configuration.
Administrative and other expenses directly related to the acquisition and bringing of fixed assets to working condition.
It should be noted that the cost of interest on a loan is not included in the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment that was acquired in whole or in part with such a loan.
The costs of acquiring (creating) fixed assets are capitalized and subsequently subject to systematic distribution between reporting periods - depreciation. The next valuation of an item of fixed assets is the balance sheet, which is determined as the difference between the original or revalued cost and the amount of accrued depreciation. Depreciation can be calculated in four ways: straight-line, declining balance, cumulative, production.
In the process of using fixed assets, their initial cost may change. The cost of property, plant and equipment is increased by the amount of the cost of improving the asset, which results in an increase in the future economic benefits originally expected from its use. In addition, an entity may revalue an item of property, plant and equipment at fair value as at 31 December of the reporting year.
Intangible assets. The initial assessment of intangible assets is the cost of their acquisition or creation. The cost of an intangible asset is determined by the amount of cash or cash equivalents or the fair value of other consideration given by the entity to acquire or create it. The cost of a separately acquired intangible asset includes its price, duty, all non-refundable taxes, and other expenses directly related to the acquisition of the asset.
If an intangible asset was received as a result of an exchange for another asset, then its cost is determined at the fair value of the asset received, which is equal to the fair value of the asset given up, taking into account any additional cash payments made during the exchange transaction. The cost of an intangible asset created by an enterprise includes all costs directly related to its creation and bringing it into a condition suitable for its intended use.
The next estimate of the carrying amount of an intangible asset may differ from its cost if additional expenses have been incurred that are expected to increase the inflow of economic benefits to the entity from the use of the asset. The costs of creating or acquiring an intangible asset are capitalized and subsequently subject to distribution over time during its life. beneficial use.
Depreciation of an intangible asset carried out on a systematic basis during the useful life, which should not exceed 20 years. Depreciation of an intangible asset may be charged on a straight-line basis or another method if it better reflects the form in which the benefits from the use of the asset are received by the entity.
Capital investment. An example capital investment there may be construction that is not carried out construction organization, or the process of acquiring fixed assets, which takes a significant amount of time.
Evaluate such investments by the sum of the actual costs associated with them.
financial investments. Financial investments - assets that are held for the purpose of increasing profits, increasing the cost of capital or other benefits for the investor (stocks, bonds, shares in the authorized capital of other enterprises and other debt and capital securities). Initial recognition of financial investments is carried out at their historical cost, which includes: the purchase price. commission fees. fees. duty. taxes that are not reimbursed to the enterprise. bank fees, other expenses directly related to the acquisition of investments.
Methodological approaches to further assessment of the book value of financial investments that give ownership and investments in debt securities differ.
Methods for evaluating long-term financial investments that give ownership (hereinafter referred to as capital) depend on the influence of the investor on the enterprise whose shares he has acquired. Long term investment into capital securities of an enterprise over which the investor does not have significant influence, are valued at the lower of the two valuations - cost or market value, determined on the basis of investment portfolio. Non-marketable securities are valued at their cost over the period they are held.
If the investor has significant influence over the investee ( associate), then long-term financial investments are accounted for either at cost or using the equity method. According to the equity method, the carrying amount of an investment, which is initially valued at cost, increases (decreases) according to the investor's share in the equity of the investee. Book value investment is reduced by the amount of dividends received.
Investments in entities over which the investor exercises control are accounted for either at cost or under the equity method.
Investments in debt securities are valued at the cost of their acquisition.
If investments (in bonds) are of a long-term nature, then the difference between the cost of their acquisition and redemption should be amortized from the moment of acquisition until the end of their validity. The carrying amount of such long-term financial investments is equal to the present value of their repayment in the future.
financial investment measured using the cost method if the investment is acquired and held for sale only.
Productive reserves. For accounting purposes, inventories include: raw materials and materials, components and other valuables intended for the production of products, performance of work and provision of services. work in progress, finished goods. goods. low-value and wearing items that are used for no more than one year or a normal operating cycle, if it is more than a year.
Purchased or produced inventories are valued at cost. Upon acquisition, the cost of inventories includes the following actual costs: amounts paid to the supplier, fees for intermediary consulting services. import duty. the amount of indirect taxes is not returned to the enterprise. costs for procurement, loading and unloading, insurance, other costs associated with the acquisition and bringing them to a state suitable for use.
The initial cost of manufactured inventories (as well as work in progress) is their cost of production. In accordance with the national standard No. 16 "Expenses", the production cost includes: direct material costs. direct labor costs, other direct costs.
general production expenses.
In other cases, to estimate reserves, it is used in one form or another. fair value. At enterprises retail sale price is used to evaluate goods.
Inventories are carried at the lower of two measures: cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the expected selling price of inventories in the ordinary course of business, less the expected costs to complete their production and disposal. Inventories are carried at net realizable value if they are degraded, obsolete or otherwise have lost the originally expected economic benefit.
Accounts receivable. Grade accounts receivable depends on the type of debt. Debt for goods, works, services is recognized as an asset simultaneously with the recognition of income from sales and is measured at historical cost equal to the fair (contract) value. The current assessment of receivables is carried out at net realizable value, which is determined as the difference between the initial cost and the provision doubtful debts. The provision is determined on the basis of the solvency of individual debtors or on the basis of the classification of receivables.
Cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents in national currency valued at face value (cash, hryvnia on accounts), cash and money documents in foreign currency are recalculated in hryvnia on the date of receipt or on the date of reporting at the NBU rate.
Commitments. All of the above grounds for valuation can be used to value liabilities: the historical cost of the liability. the current cost of the obligation. the cost of repaying the obligation. present value of the obligation. The choice of valuation method depends on the nature of the obligation, its urgency, and the method of repayment.
3.Practical part
Task number 1. Classification of property by types and sources of formation
The purpose of the task is to master the order of grouping property by type and source of education.
Based on the data to complete the task, group the property
Data to complete the task
Table #1
| No. p / p | Name of certain types of property, sources of their formation and obligations of the enterprise | A R I A N T S (amount in rubles) | |||||
| 5 | 6 | ||||||
| 1 | Currency bank account | 430260 | 248560 | 312500 | 219300 | 300240 | 268700 |
| 2 | 25600 | 32100 | 47700 | 45600 | 24300 | 38410 | |
| 3 | 240600 | 319500 | 344100 | 299800 | 245300 | 240500 | |
| 4 | Authorized capital | 650000 | 500000 | 840000 | 730000 | 460000 | 580000 |
| 5 | Steel tape | 23300 | 18600 | 29500 | 32600 | 24500 | 32000 |
| 6 | Diesel fuel | 46300 | 55100 | 41000 | 38600 | 45800 | 34000 |
| 7 | Screw-cutting lathe service life | 137600 | 125500 | 143600 | 157800 | 162300 | 185000 |
| 8 | Payment account | 56600 | 41200 | 38900 | 47000 | 35600 | 59900 |
| 9 | 560 | 320 | 80 | 70 | 60 | 120 | |
| 10 | 56470 | 48920 | 37850 | 72100 | 60320 | 48500 | |
| 11 | 5620 | 3200 | 8540 | 2700 | 3200 | 4100 | |
| 12 | Reserve capital | 56000 | 125000 | 85600 | 97400 | 32150 | 67320 |
| 13 | 12560 | 8900 | 9400 | 8600 | 7800 | 9100 | |
| 14 | 320450 | 286300 | 294500 | 300800 | 245600 | 186340 | |
| 15 | 7620 | 3240 | 2950 | 3460 | 2100 | 3200 | |
| 16 | Cash on hand | 1200 | 840 | 320 | 1000 | 560 | 630 |
| 17 | 32600 | 28400 | 25600 | 24700 | 31600 | 30800 | |
| 18 | Patent with a service life of 5 years | 4620 | 10400 | 8500 | 6200 | 3700 | 4200 |
| 19 | 15600 | 18300 | 14600 | 12400 | 13800 | 11600 | |
| 20 | The debt of the firm "Kaskad" for the received cars | 264000 | 320000 | 645000 | 478000 | 510000 | 385000 |
| 21 | Short-term bank loans | 50000 | 70000 | 65000 | 80000 | 60000 | 85000 |
| 22 | Trademark (useful life 20 years) | 15600 | 14800 | 13800 | 14700 | 15900 | 18400 |
| 23 | Extra capital | 85000 | 79000 | 96000 | 71000 | 68000 | 69000 |
| 24 | Spare parts | 32000 | 46000 | 48700 | 56200 | 46700 | 51500 |
| 25 | 420500 | 384000 | 264000 | 297000 | 305200 | 304600 | |
| 26 | 86250 | 97500 | 65900 | 74200 | 71300 | 65100 | |
| 27 | 4620 | 5210 | 4860 | 4100 | 3640 | 3800 | |
| 28 | Gasoline AI-93 | 6340 | 8420 | 3210 | 5640 | 6870 | 7100 |
| 29 | Target receipts | 15000 | 8000 | 7000 | 6500 | 10000 | 12000 |
| 30 | 26800 | 32400 | 36200 | 34500 | 28900 | 30400 | |
| 31 | Sleeping buildings of the health camp | 325000 | 364000 | 286000 | 300800 | 310450 | 278000 |
| 32 | 4210 | 5640 | 2850 | 3100 | 3420 | 2500 | |
| 33 | 5100 | 6400 | 4500 | 4000 | 4100 | 4200 | |
| 34 | Bedding for a health camp with a service life of more than 1 year | 18620 | 14560 | 16540 | 13250 | 14920 | 18900 |
| 35 | 1280 | 860 | 940 | 750 | 480 | 910 | |
| 36 | 450 | 620 | 380 | 610 | 530 | 470 | |
| 37 | Health camp equipment with a service life of 10 years | 62300 | 87400 | 72300 | 91400 | 54800 | 62800 |
| 38 | aluminum sheet | 6420 | 2800 | 6100 | 4800 | 7050 | 3620 |
| 39 | 8400 | 6700 | 9700 | 4500 | 7600 | 7400 | |
| 40 | 132130 | 88090 | 117680 | 112040 | 115410 | 83240 | |
| 41 | Palace of Culture building | 580000 | 650000 | 740000 | 690000 | 590000 | 600000 |
| 42 | 12 year health camp video recorder | 4800 | 6290 | 6520 | 6400 | 5700 | 4800 |
| 43 | 425000 | 574000 | 624000 | 387000 | 463000 | 480000 | |
| 44 | 56000 | 54000 | 57000 | 84000 | 62000 | 57500 | |
| 45 | 100000 | 150000 | 200000 | 240000 | 150000 | 180000 | |
| 46 | Debt of Zateya JSC for received cars | 84700 | 85600 | 95200 | 78000 | 68500 | 76200 |
| 47 | Transfers on the way | 24800 | 26700 | 23500 | 29840 | 18700 | 19620 |
| 48 | 500000 | 560000 | 500000 | 500000 | 560000 | 500000 | |
| 49 | Reserve for future expenses | 554000 | 582000 | 584000 | 463000 | 747500 | 338900 |
| 50 | 415600 | 513600 | 546000 | 485200 | 494100 | 675200 | |
| 51 | Components | 21000 | 18700 | 14560 | 16320 | 17540 | 16800 |
| 52 | Debt to the Health Insurance Fund. | 65200 | 54210 | 58940 | 48780 | 47580 | 52310 |
| 53 | Long-term loans banks | 500000 | 350000 | 350000 | 250000 | 350000 | 300000 |
| 54 | 62340 | 80620 | 65420 | 72300 | 45600 | 54210 |
Grouping property by type
Table number 2
| No. p / p | The scope of the property | Property group | Property name | Amount (rub) |
| 1 | Sphere of production | fixed assets | Safety shoes with a service life of 3 years | 45600 |
| Screw-cutting lathe with a service life of 10 years | 157800 | |||
| The building of the assembly shop of the car factory | 300800 | |||
| Electric cars with a service life of 8 years | 24700 | |||
| Administrative building of the plant | 297000 | |||
| Vice machine tools with a service life of 8 years | 34500 | |||
| Microcalculators with a service life of 5 years | 4500 | |||
| Desks with a service life of 5 years | 84000 | |||
| Total property, plant and equipment | 948900 | |||
| Intangible assets | Patent with a service life of 5 years | 6200 | ||
| Trademark (useful life 20 years) | 14700 | |||
| Total intangible assets | 20900 | |||
| Working capital (inventory) | Steel tape | 32600 | ||
| Diesel fuel | 38600 | |||
| Production tool with a service life of up to 1 year | 3460 | |||
| Spare parts | 56200 | |||
| Gasoline AI-93 | 5640 | |||
| aluminum sheet | 4800 | |||
| Components | 16320 | |||
| Total working capital | 157620 | |||
| Total section 1 | 11247420 | |||
| 2 | Scope of circulation | Cash | Currency bank account | 219300 |
| Payment account | 47000 | |||
| Cash | 1000 | |||
| Transfers on the way | 29840 | |||
| Total cash | 297140 | |||
| Items of circulation | Cars in the warehouse of finished products | 387000 | ||
| Funds in settlements | Debt of accountable persons | 70 | ||
| Debt to the company "Kaskad" for the cars received | 478000 | |||
| Debts of Zateya JSC for received cars | 78000 | |||
| Total funds in settlements | 943070 | |||
| Total Section 2 | 1240210 | |||
| 3 | Non-productive sphere | fixed assets | Equipment of the Palace of Culture with a service life of over 1 year | 72100 |
| Music center for the Palace of Culture with a service life of 8 years | 8600 | |||
| Sleeping buildings of the health camp | 300800 | |||
| Over 1 Year Health Camp Bedding | 13250 | |||
Equipment for a health camp with a service life of 10 years | 91400 | |||
| Palace of Culture building | 690000 | |||
| 12 year health camp video recorder | 6400 | |||
| Total fixed assets of the National Assembly | 1182550 | |||
| working capital | Detergents for the Palace of Culture | 3100 | ||
| Detergents for the health camp | 750 | |||
| Total working capital of the National Assembly | 1850 | |||
| Total section 3 | 1186400 | |||
| A ll | 3554030 |
Grouping property by sources of education implement in the table of the following form
Table #3
| No. p / p | Sources of property formation by groups | Source name | Amount (rub) |
| 1 | Capital, funds and reserves | Payroll arrears to employees | 299800 |
| Authorized capital | 730000 | ||
| Reserve capital | 97400 | ||
| Extra capital | 71000 | ||
| Total equity, funds and reserves | 1198200 | ||
| 2 | Special-purpose financing | Target receipts | 6500 |
| 3 | Profit | Undestributed profits last year | 112040 |
| Total own sources | 118540 | ||
| 4 | long term duties | Long-term loan received from JSC "Diesel" | 500000 |
| Long-term bank loans | 250000 | ||
| Total long term duties | 750000 | ||
| 5 | Short-term liabilities | Reserve for future expenses | 463000 |
| Debt to the budget for property tax | 2700 | ||
| Personal income tax debt | 12400 | ||
| Short-term bank loans | 80000 | ||
| Debt to the Voskhod plant for spare parts | 74200 | ||
| Debts to employees on deposited amounts | 4100 | ||
| Debt Pension fund | 4000 | ||
| Indebtedness to employees travel expenses | 610 | ||
| Advances received from CMM JSC | 240000 | ||
| Claims owed to Argon | 485200 | ||
| Indebtedness to the Fund health insurance | 48780 | ||
| Debt to shareholders on dividends accrued to them | 72300 | ||
| Total current liabilities | 1487290 | ||
| Total borrowed money | 2237290 | ||
| All sources of property | 3554030 |
Task number 2. The content of the asset and liability of the balance sheet.
Task: based on the data to complete task N1, determine which balance sheet item (active or passive) refers to specific types of property, sources of its formation, and then compile balance sheet as of January 1, 200_ (at the beginning of the reporting period) in Appendix No. 1.
Task number 3. The impact of business transactions on the balance sheet and their reflection in the accounts
The purpose of the task is to assimilate the types of changes in the balance sheet under the influence of business transactions and the order in which they are reflected in the accounts.
Task: Based on the data in table No. 4, reflect the changes that have occurred in the balance sheet for reporting period(I quarter of 200_). Determine their type and correspondence accounts. Open accounting accounts and reflect business transactions on them in a double entry way, calculate turnovers and closing balance.
business transactions for I quarter 200_
Table No. 4
| No. p / p | V A R I A N T S (in rubles) | ||||||
| 1, 7 | 2, 8 | 3, 9 | 4, 0 | 5 | 6 | ||
| 1 | 344200 | 338500 | 341200 | 344600 | 337700 | 324900 | |
| 2 | Issued from the cashier under the report | 900 | 750 | 300 | 950 | 500 | 600 |
| 3 | 22150 | 36410 | 28750 | 22630 | 24510 | 32540 | |
| 4 | 8100 | 6200 | 4500 | 3800 | 7640 | 4980 | |
| 5 | 185600 | 197620 | 167800 | 205420 | 204100 | 188340 | |
| 6 | 66070 | 70350 | 59730 | 73130 | 72660 | 67050 | |
| 7 | 26300 | 31400 | 27600 | 18940 | 17500 | 18840 | |
| 8 | 22150 | 18740 | 19650 | 21360 | 19620 | 14230 | |
| 9 | 264000 | 320000 | 445000 | 250000 | 200000 | 385000 | |
| 10 | 15200 | 18100 | 24300 | 22100 | 29700 | 19500 | |
| 11 | 60450 | 75000 | 50000 | 60500 | 25000 | 45000 | |
| 12 | 54500 | 68200 | 74200 | 56300 | 62400 | 48900 | |
| 13 | 15000 | 8000 | 7000 | 6500 | 10000 | 12000 | |
| 14 | 327890 | 314500 | 319600 | 284630 | 342600 | 325400 | |
| 15 | 25100 | 26310 | 22360 | 27480 | 27080 | 24330 | |
| 16 | Dividends issued from the cash desk | 62340 | 80620 | 65420 | 72300 | 45600 | 54210 |
| 17 | 4620 | 5210 | 4860 | 4100 | 3640 | 3800 | |
| 18 | 4980 | 6210 | 3000 | 4950 | 5410 | 5100 | |
| 19 | 450 | 620 | 380 | 610 | 530 | 470 | |
| 20 | 8500 | 9500 | 9500 | 9500 | 10000 | 9000 | |
| 21 | 15600 | 18300 | 14600 | 12400 | 13800 | 11600 | |
| 22 | 50000 | 70000 | 65000 | 80000 | 60000 | 85000 | |
| 23 | 4120 | 2800 | 4650 | 3900 | 6400 | 3500 | |
| 24 | 18500 | 42130 | 28400 | 28400 | 35100 | 24600 | |
| 25 | 629310 | 670020 | 611930 | 623060 | 690780 | 646530 |
Solve the problem in the table of the following form
Types of changes in the balance sheet
Table number 5
| opera no. | Content of a business transaction | Changes in the balance sheet in rubles | Type of change | Corresponding accounts | ||
| ASSETS | Passive | |||||
| D | ||||||
| 1 | Spare parts arrived from the Voskhod plant | 344600 | 344600 | 3 | 10 | 60 |
| 2 | Issued from the cashier under the report | 950 | 950 | 1 | 71 | 50 |
| 3 | Accrued reserve for future payments at the expense of the main production | 22630 | 22630 | 3 | 20 | 96 |
| 4 | Steel tape credited at the expense of accountable amounts | 3800 | 3800 | 1 | 10 | 71 |
| 5 | Salaries of employees of the main production | 205420 | 205420 | 3 | 20 | 70 |
| 6 | Contributions made to funds social insurance | 73130 | 73130 | 3 | 20 | 69 |
| 7 | An aluminum sheet was received from Granit LLC | 18940 | 18940 | 3 | 10 | 60 |
| 8 | Vacation pay accrued at the expense of the created reserve for future payments | 21360 | 21360 | 2 | 96 | 70 |
| 9 | The settlement account received the debt of the company "Cascade" | 250000 | 250000 | 1 | 51 | 62 |
| 10 | From the currency account received in. currency at the cash desk | 22100 | 22100 | 1 | 50 | 52 |
| 11 | Cash received from current account | 60500 | 60500 | 1 | 50 | 51 |
| 12 | Increased value of fixed assets due to additional capital | 56300 | 56300 | 3 | 01 | 83 |
| 13 | Special-purpose financing funds issued from the cash desk | 6500 | 6500 | 4 | 86 | 50 |
| 14 | Spare parts written off for the main production | 284630 | 284630 | 1 | 20 | 10 |
| 15 | Personal income tax withheld from salary | 27480 | 27480 | 2 | 70 | 68 |
| 16 | Dividends issued from the cash desk | 72300 | 72300 | 4 | 75 | 50 |
| 17 | Deposited (not received on time) salary issued from the cash desk | 4100 | 4100 | 4 | 76 | 50 |
| 18 | Written off gasoline AI-93 for the main production | 4950 | 4950 | 1 | 20 | 10 |
| 19 | Unused accountable amounts withheld from salary | 610 | 610 | 4 | 70 | 71 |
| 20 | The cash desk received the debt of Zateya JSC | 9500 | 9500 | 1 | 50 | 62 |
| 21 | Transferred from personal income tax account | 12400 | 12400 | 4 | 68 | 51 |
| 22 | Repaid from checking account short term loan jar | 80000 | 80000 | 4 | 66 | 51 |
| 23 | The aluminum sheet is decommissioned for the main production | 3900 | 3900 | 1 | 20 | 10 |
| 24 | Diesel fuel written off for the main production | 28400 | 28400 | 1 | 20 | 10 |
| 25 | Finished goods received at the warehouse | 623060 | 623060 | 1 | 43 | 20 |
| Total | 2012810 | 1467700 | 769860 | 224750 | ||
| The amount of change in the balance sheet currency | 545110 | 545110 |
| No. pp | account number | A, rub | P, rub |
| 1 | 1 | 2013750 | |
| 2 | 4 | 20900 | |
| 3 | 10 | 279170 | |
| 4 | 43 | 387000 | |
| 5 | 50 | 1000 | |
| 6 | 51 | 47000 | |
| 7 | 52 | 219300 | |
| 8 | 57 | 29840 | |
| 9 | 60 | 74200 | |
| 10 | 62 | 556000 | 240000 |
| 11 | 66 | 80000 | |
| 12 | 67 | 750000 | |
| 13 | 68 | 15100 | |
| 14 | 69 | 52780 | |
| 15 | 70 | 299800 | |
| 16 | 71 | 70 | 610 |
| 17 | 76 | 561600 | |
| 18 | 80 | 730000 | |
| 19 | 82 | 97400 | |
| 20 | 83 | 71000 | |
| 21 | 84 | 112040 | |
| 22 | 86 | 6500 | |
| 23 | 96 | 463000 | |
| 24 | TOTAL | 3554030 | 3554030 |
Synthetic account schemes
Account 01 Account 04 Account 10
| Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit |
| Sn-2013750 | Sn-20900 | Sn-279170 | |||
| 12)56300 | 1)344600 | 14)284630 | |||
| 4)3800 | 18)4950 | ||||
| 7)18940 | 23)3900 | ||||
| 24)28400 | |||||
| Od-56300 | OK- | One- | OK- | Od-367340 | Ok-321880 |
| Sk-2070050 | Sk-20900 | Sk-324630 |
Account 20 Account 43 Account 50
| Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit |
| CH- | Sn-387000 | CH-1000 | |||
| 3)22630 | 25)623060 | 25)623060 | 10)22100 | 2)950 | |
| 5)20420 | 11)60500 | 13)6500 | |||
| 6)73130 | 20)9500 | 16)72300 | |||
| 14)284630 | 17)4100 | ||||
| 18)4950 | |||||
| 23)3900 | |||||
| 24)28400 | |||||
| Od-623060 | Ok-623060 | Od-623060 | OK- | Od-92100 | Ok-83850 |
| Sk 0 | Sk 1010060 | Ks 9250 |
Account 51 Account 52 Account 57
| Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit |
| Hs-47000 | Sn-219300 | Sn-29840 | |||
| 9)250000 | 11)60500 | 10)22100 | |||
| 21)12400 | |||||
| 22)80000 | |||||
| Od-250000 | Ok-152900 | One- | Ok-22100 | One- | OK- |
| Ks144100 | X197200 | X29840 |
Account 60 Account 62 Account 66
| Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit |
| Sn-74200 | Sn-556000 | Sn-240000 | Sn-80000 | ||
| 1)344600 | 9)250000 | 22)80000 | |||
| 7)18940 | 20)9500 | ||||
| One- | Ok-363540 | One- | Ok-259500 | Od-80000 | OK- |
| X437740 | Ks499500 | Ks 0 |
Account 67 Account 68 Account 69
| Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit |
| Sn-750000 | Sn-15100 | Sn-52780 | |||
| 21)12400 | 15)27480 | 6)73130 | |||
| One- | OK- | Od-12400 | Ok-27480 | One- | Ok-73130 |
| X750000 | Ks 30180 | X125910 |
Account 70 Account 71 Account 75
| Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit |
| Sn-299800 | Sn-70 | Sn-610 | |||
| 15)27480 | 5)205420 | 2)950 | 4)3800 | 16)72300 | |
| 19)610 | 8)21360 | 19)610 | |||
| Od-28090 | Ok-226780 | Od-950 | Ok-4410 | Od-72300 | OK- |
| X 498490 | X4000 | Ks 72300 |
Account 76 Account 80 Account 82
| Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit |
| Sn-561600 | Sn-730000 | CH97400 | |||
| 17)4100 | |||||
| Od-4100 | OK- | One- | OK- | One- | OK- |
| X557500 | Ks730000 | X97400 |
Account 83 Account 84 Account 86
| Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit |
| Sn-71000 | Сн112040 | CH6500 | |||
| 12)56300 | 13)6500 | ||||
| One- | Ok-56300 | One- | OK- | Od-6500 | OK- |
| Ks127300 | Ks112040 | Ks 0 |
Account 96 Account _____ Account _____
| Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit |
| Sn-463000 | |||||
| 8)21360 | 3)22630 | ||||
| Od-21360 | Ok-22630 | One- | OK- | One- | OK- |
| X464270 |
Task number 4. Analytical accounting
The purpose of the task is to master the procedure for compiling balance sheets for analytical accounts and use their final data for synthetic accounting.
Task: in the balance sheets proposed below for the accounts “Materials”, “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” and “Settlements with buyers and customers”, calculate the balances at the end of the month for each analytical account and their final data to be included in the balance sheet for synthetic accounts.
Account 10 "Materials" (in rubles without in-kind valuation)
| Material name | Balance at the beginning of the reporting period (debit) | Turnover for the reporting period | Balance at the end of the reporting period (debit) | |
Received | Used up |
|||
| Safety shoes with a service life of 3 years | 45600 | 45600 | ||
| Steel tape | 32600 | 3800 | 36400 | |
| Diesel fuel | 38600 | 28400 | 10200 | |
| Production tool | 3460 | 3460 | ||
| Spare parts | 56200 | 344600 | 284630 | 116170 |
| Gasoline AI-93 | 5640 | 4950 | 690 | |
| aluminum sheet | 4800 | 18940 | 3900 | 19840 |
| Components | 16320 | 16320 | ||
| Detergents DK | 3100 | 3100 | ||
| Detergents OL | 750 | 750 | ||
| Equipment of the Palace of Culture with a service life of 1 year | 72100 | 72100 | ||
| Total | 279170 | 367340 | 321880 | 324630 |
Account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"
Account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"
The task № 5 . Balance sheet
The purpose of the task is to use the information of the previous preparatory work for the preparation of the balance sheet.
Task: According to the final balances of accounting schemes, draw up turnover sheet on synthetic accounts (table No. 6) and the balance sheet in Appendix No. 1.
Turnover balance sheet according to synthetic accounts for the 1st quarter of 200_
Table No. 6
| account number | Balance at the beginning of the reporting period | Turnover for the reporting period | Balance at the end of the reporting period | |||
| Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | Debit | Credit | |
| 01 | 2013750 | 56300 | 2070050 | |||
| 04 | 20900 | 20900 | ||||
| 10 | 239080 | 367340 | 321880 | 324630 | ||
| 20 | 623060 | 623060 | ||||
| 43 | 387000 | 623060 | 1010060 | |||
| 50 | 1000 | 92100 | 83850 | 9250 | ||
| 51 | 47000 | 250000 | 152900 | 144100 | ||
| 52 | 219300 | 22100 | 197200 | |||
| 57 | 29840 | 29840 | ||||
| 60 | 74200 | 363540 | 437740 | |||
| 62 | 556000 | 240000 | 259500 | 296500 | 240000 | |
| 66 | 80000 | 80000 | ||||
| 67 | 750000 | 750000 | ||||
| 68 | 15100 | 12400 | 27480 | 30180 | ||
| 69 | 52780 | 73130 | 125910 | |||
| 70 | 299800 | 28090 | 226780 | 498490 | ||
| 71 | 70 | 610 | 950 | 4410 | 4000 | |
| 75 | 72300 | 72300 | ||||
| 76 | 561600 | 4100 | 557500 | |||
| 80 | 730000 | 730000 | ||||
| 82 | 97400 | 97400 | ||||
| 83 | 71000 | 56300 | 127300 | |||
| 84 | 112040 | 112040 | ||||
| 86 | 6500 | 6500 | ||||
| 96 | 463000 | 21360 | 22630 | 464270 | ||
| Total | 3554030 | 3554030 | 2237560 | 2237560 | 4174830 | 4174830 |
BALANCE SHEET
Approval date
Date of dispatch (acceptance)
| ASSETS | Indicator code | At the beginning of the reporting period | At the end of the reporting period |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
I. NON-CURRENT ASSETS Intangible assets | 20900 | 20900 | |
| fixed assets | 120 | 2131450 | 2187750 |
| Construction in progress | 130 | ||
| Profitable investments in material values | 135 | ||
| Long-term financial investments | 140 | ||
| Deferred tax assets | 150 | ||
| TOTAL for the section I | 190 | 2152350 | 2208650 |
II. CURRENT ASSETS | 548470 | 1216990 | |
Including: raw materials, supplies and other similar valuables (10) | 161470 | 206930 | |
| Raised and fattened animals (11) | 212 | ||
| Costs in work in progress (23.20) | 213 | ||
| Finished goods and goods for resale (41.43) | 214 | 387000 | 1010060 |
| Goods shipped (45) | 215 | ||
| Deferred expenses (97) | 216 | ||
| Other inventories and costs | 217 | ||
| Value added tax on acquired valuables (19) | 220 | ||
| Accounts receivable (for which payments are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date) (62, 71, 76) | 230 | ||
| 231 | |||
| Accounts receivable (for which payments are expected within 12 months after the reporting date) (62, 71, 76) | 240 | 55670 | 296500 |
| Including buyers and customers (62) | 241 | ||
| Short-term financial investments (58) | 250 | ||
| Cash (50, 51, 52, 55, 57) | 260 | 297140 | 380390 |
| Other current assets | 270 | 72300 | |
| TOTAL for the section II | 290 | 1401680 | 1966180 |
| BALANCE | 300 | 3554030 | 4174830 |
| LIABILITY | Indicator code | At the beginning of the reporting period | At the end of the reporting period |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
III. CAPITAL AND RESERVES Authorized capital (80) | 730000 | 730000 | |
| Treasury shares (81) | 411 | ||
| Additional capital (83) | 420 | 97400 | 97400 |
| Reserve capital (82) | 430 | 71000 | 127300 |
Including: reserves formed in accordance with the law | 431 | ||
| Reserves formed in accordance with constituent documents | 432 | ||
| Undestributed profits ( uncovered loss) (84) | 470 | 112040 | 112040 |
| TOTAL for the section III | 490 | 1010440 | 1066740 |
IV. LONG TERM DUTIES Loans and credits (67) | 750000 | ||
| Deferred tax liability (77) | 515 | ||
| Other long-term liabilities | 520 | ||
| TOTAL for the section IV | 590 | 750000 | 750000 |
V. SHORT-TERM LIABILITIES Loans and credits (66) | 610 | 80000 | |
| Accounts payable | 620 | 1244090 | 1893820 |
Including: suppliers and contractors (60) | 621 | 74200 | 437740 |
Debt to staff organizations (70) | 622 | 300410 | 502490 |
| Debt to government off-budget funds (69) | 623 | 52780 | 125910 |
| Debt on taxes and fees (68) | 624 | 15100 | 30180 |
| Other creditors (62, 71, 76) | 625 | 801600 | 797500 |
| Debt to participants (founders) on payment of income (75) | 630 | ||
| Deferred income (98, 86) | 640 | ||
| Reserves for future expenses (96) | 650 | 463000 | 464270 |
| Other current liabilities | 660 | 6500 | |
| TOTAL for the section V | 690 | 1793590 | 2358090 |
| BALANCE | 700 | 3554030 | 4174830 |
INFORMATION on the availability of valuables recorded on off-balance accounts Leased fixed assets (001) | |||
| Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping (002) | 920 | ||
| Goods accepted for commission (004) | 930 | ||
| Written-off debt of insolvent debtors (007) | 940 | ||
| Collateral for obligations and payments received (008) | 950 | ||
| Security for obligations and payments issued (009) | 960 | ||
| Wear housing stock (010) | 970 | ||
| Depreciation of objects of external improvement and other similar objects (010) | 980 | ||
| Intangible assets received for use (001) | 990 | ||
| Forms strict accountability | 991 |
Conclusion.
In modern language, accounting can be called information system. It is a complex, but at the same time an ordered system, within which strict rules operate. In order for the accounting system to effectively perform the tasks assigned to it, a special methodology or accounting method is used, which includes certain methods and techniques, they are usually called elements of the accounting method.
These include
documentation and inventory;
valuation and costing;
system of accounts and double entry;
balance sheet and reporting.
One of the features of accounting is that all business transactions and economic assets of the enterprise must be presented in a single monetary value. Evaluation is a way of measuring in monetary terms the property of an enterprise and the sources of its formation. In the process of evaluation, natural and labor indicators are converted into monetary indicators using prices, tariffs, official salaries, etc.
The correctness of property valuation is important for building the entire accounting system, so the valuation must be real and established according to uniform rules. The reality of the assessment is expressed, first of all, in the fact that all economic assets are reflected in accounting at actual cost. For example, the initial cost of acquired fixed assets is formed taking into account the costs associated with their acquisition, and fixed assets received free of charge are valued at their fair market value.
Regulatory documents unified rules for assessing the economic assets of an enterprise have been established, i.e. the uniformity of the reflection of the cost of funds, which is expressed in the fact that the same objects in accounting are equally valued at all enterprises throughout the entire service life.
Calculation is closely related to the assessment of economic assets, which in translation from Latin calculatio means - account, calculation. Calculation underlies the evaluation of accounting objects. However, the purpose of costing is not only to evaluate economic means, but also to evaluate economic processes, that is, to calculate them.
Since the processes of supply, production and sale are represented by a large number of separate operations, costing allows you to calculate all types of costs associated with the acquisition, production and sale, and on the basis of calculating the total amount of costs to determine the cost of accounting objects, for example, actual cost purchased inventory items, the cost of finished products by type and the cost of a unit of production.
Thus, costing is a way of grouping and summarizing costs, on the basis of which the cost of material assets, finished products, work performed, etc. is determined. In addition, costing is used not only to calculate the cost of accounting objects, but also to control the amount of costs that form this cost.
Bibliography
1. Astakhov V.P. Theory of accounting. - M .: "Expert Bureau - M", 2005 - 350s.
2. Kiryanova Z.V. Theory of accounting. - M.: "Finance and statistics", 2004.-298s.
3. Kondakov N.P. Accounting, business analysis and audit. - M .: "Perspective", 2002.-304s.
4. Nikolaeva S. A. Income and expenses of the organization: practice, theory, prospects. Ed. 2nd, revised. and additional - M. "Analytics - Press", 2000.-340s.
5. Pashev R.F., Sokolov Ya.V. Accounting Theory / Textbook - 2nd ed., Revised. and additional - M.: "Finance and statistics", 2003.-317p.
6. Chart of accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities and instructions for its use. Approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2000 No. 94n (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2003 No. 38n).
7. Accounting theory: Textbook for university students "Accounting, analysis and audit" / Yu.A. Babaev, V.A. Borodin, N.D. Amaglobeli; Under the editorship of Prof. Yu.A.
Valuation of fixed assets
Valuation of intangible assets
Grade profitable investments into wealth
inventories
Unfinished production
Selling expenses
Future spending
Finished products
Goods for resale
Goods shipped, works delivered and services rendered
Cash
Authorized capital
Extra capital
Reserve capital
Undestributed profits
Reserves for future expenses
Obligations to legal and individuals
Valuation as a method of cost measurement of accounting objects
To really determine the state of the financial and economic activities of the organization, it is necessary to assess its property and liabilities. Evaluation of accounting objects. accounting depends on the types of objects and purposes of accounting.
Valuation of property and liabilities is a way of expressing certain types of property and sources of their formation in monetary terms in accounting and reporting.
For organizations of all forms of ownership, a unified procedure for assessing property and liabilities has been established:
1) property, liabilities and business transactions are valued in rubles;
2) entries in the book. accounting for currency accounts, as well as for transactions in foreign currency, are carried out in rubles by converting foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, effective on the date of the transaction. At the same time, these entries are made in the currency of settlements and payments;
3) boo. it is allowed to keep records of property, liabilities and business transactions in amounts rounded up to whole rubles. The resulting differences are charged to the results of economic activity.
Property valuation is carried out in the following way:
purchased for a fee - by summing up the actual costs incurred for its purchase;
received free of charge - at market value on the date of posting;
produced in the organization itself - at the cost of its manufacture, including the actual costs associated with the production of the property.
Valuation of fixed assets
Fixed assets in accounting are valued by types: initial cost, replacement cost, present value, residual value.
The initial cost of fixed assets acquired for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, construction and manufacture, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
The actual costs for the acquisition, construction and manufacture of fixed assets are:
1) the amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller), as well as the amounts paid for the delivery of the object and bringing it into a condition suitable for use;
2) amounts paid to organizations for the implementation of work under the contract building contract and other contracts;
3) amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of fixed assets;
4) customs duties and customs fees;
5) non-refundable taxes, state duty paid in connection with the acquisition of an item of fixed assets;
6) remuneration paid to an intermediary organization through which an object of fixed assets was acquired;
7) other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and manufacture of fixed assets.
General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs for the acquisition, construction or manufacture of fixed assets, except when they are directly related to the acquisition, construction or manufacture of fixed assets.
The actual costs for the acquisition and construction of fixed assets are determined (reduced or increased) taking into account the amount differences arising in cases where payment is made in rubles in an amount equivalent to the amount in foreign currency (conditional monetary units). The sum difference is understood as the difference between the ruble assessment expressed in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) accounts payable on payment for the fixed asset item, calculated at the official or other agreed rate on the date of its acceptance for accounting, and the ruble valuation of this accounts payable, calculated at the official or other agreed rate on the date of its repayment.
The initial cost of fixed assets received by an organization under a gift agreement (free of charge) is their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting as investments in non-current assets.
If it is impossible to establish the value of the valuables transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the cost of fixed assets received by the organization under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary funds is determined based on the cost at which similar items of fixed assets are acquired in comparable circumstances.
Capital investments into perennial plantations, for radical land improvement are included in fixed assets annually in the amount of costs related to those adopted in reporting year into operation of the areas, regardless of the date of completion of the entire complex of works.
An assessment of an item of fixed assets, the value of which upon acquisition is expressed in foreign currency, is made in rubles by recalculating the amount in foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, effective on the date of acceptance of the item for accounting as investments in non-current assets.
The cost of fixed assets, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except for cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, partial liquidation and revaluation of fixed assets.
Replacement cost is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions.
commercial organization may not more than once a year (at the beginning of the reporting year) revalue groups of homogeneous fixed assets at current (replacement) cost.
When deciding on the revaluation of such fixed assets, it should be taken into account that they are subsequently revalued regularly so that the cost of fixed assets at which they are reflected in accounting and reporting does not differ significantly from the current (replacement) cost.
The revaluation of an item of fixed assets is carried out by recalculating its original cost or current (replacement) cost, if this item was revalued earlier, and the amount of depreciation accrued for the entire period of use of the item.
Sv \u003d Sp x (Jv / Jp),
where Sv is the replacement cost of an item of fixed assets;
Sp - its initial cost;
Jv - price index (inflation) as of the date of calculation of the replacement cost;
Jv - price index (inflation) at the time of acquisition of the object.
Current replacement cost - the amount in cash(or its equivalent), which must be paid on market prices if necessary, replacement with similar new objects.
Residual value - the original or replacement cost less accumulated depreciation.
Fixed assets - operating, being mothballed or in stock are accounted for in the reporting at residual value. In accounting, they are reflected at the original or replacement cost.
Valuation of intangible assets
An intangible asset is accepted for accounting at the actual (initial) cost determined as of the date of its acceptance for accounting.
1) the amounts paid in accordance with the agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity or to the means of individualization to the right holder (seller);
2) customs duties and customs fees;
3) non-refundable amounts of taxes, state, patent and other fees paid in connection with the acquisition of an intangible asset;
4) remuneration paid to an intermediary organization and other persons through which an intangible asset was acquired;
5) amounts paid for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of an intangible asset;
6) other expenses directly related to the acquisition of an intangible asset and the provision of conditions for the use of the asset for the planned purposes.
Lecture questions: Evaluation and calculation, their essence and purpose. Classification of production costs. Principles and methods of calculation. Accounting for the supply and sales process. Rules for calculating the TZR. The concept of the financial result and its reflection in accounting.
One of the features of accounting is the use of a monetary meter in it, which is a necessary condition for obtaining generalized information about the economic means of the organization and the sources of their formation. Objects that do not have a monetary value are not reflected in the accounting system.
That's why Special attention is given to the assessment of financial and economic processes in a generalized monetary meter. The valuation applies to all stages of the life cycle of the manufactured product: procurement costs production stocks and acquisition of means of labor; production and service costs; the cost of the created product; income received from the sale of goods and services, and expenses incurred in doing so. From validity and accuracy accounting activities depends on the reliability of the calculation of the financial result.
The cost measurement of accounting objects is carried out using such elements of the accounting method - valuation and calculation
Grade- a way of expressing economic phenomena in terms of money. The value of the assessment is determined by the amount of labor, material and monetary costs for the manufacture or purchase of the considered objects. Inaccurate estimates of funds can affect the performance of the organization. Valuation, as one of the elements of the accounting method, is subject to two main requirements: the assessment of all accounting objects should be real and unified. The principle of unity and reality of assessment is a determining factor in the organization of accounting.
reality principle reveals the actual value of an object on a specific date.
Unity principle assessment means the establishment of a single accounting methodology in various organizations, regardless of the organizational and legal form of ownership. Such uniformity of assessment is achieved by establishing mandatory provisions, instructions, accounting and calculation rules.
According to the Regulation on accounting and financial statements in the Russian Federation, the assessment is carried out as follows:
Valuation of property acquired for a fee is carried out by summing up
vaniya actually incurred expenses for its purchase;
Valuation of property received free of charge - at market value on the date of posting;
The property produced in the organization itself is valued at its cost.
production (actual costs associated with the production of an object
property);
Property received as a contribution to the authorized capital, in a joint activity
validity and similar cases, is assessed by agreement of the parties;
Property and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are valued in rubles based on the foreign currency conversion at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia as of the date of the transaction.
The procedure for evaluating specific types of property as objects of accounting for the purposes of accounting and financial reporting is regulated by the Accounting Regulations (PBU 2/94, PBU 3/2000, PBU 5/01, PBU 6/01).
The reality of the assessment requires an accurate calculation (calculation) of the actual cost of all accounting objects.
Cost price is the basis for determining the price production products performed works and services.
Production cost - expressed in monetary terms, the cost of its production and sale.
By economic elements the costs of the organization are divided into: material; wages; social needs; depreciation of fixed assets; others.
According to the method of attributing costs to the cost price, costs are divided into direct and indirect.
Direct costs are directly related to the production of this type of product (work, service) and can be included in the cost of this type of product (work, service) (raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components, wages of workers, etc.).
Indirect costs associated with the release of several types of products (works, services) and distributed between them in proportion to any sign (selected base), which should be reflected in accounting policy(energy, fuel, general running costs, overhead costs, non-manufacturing costs).
In accounting, direct costs are kept on the 20th account "Main production", and indirect - on the 23rd "Auxiliary production", 25th "General production costs".
In relation to the technological process Costs in accounting are classified into basic and overhead.
Basic costs carried out during the main technological operations of production.
Overhead costs - is the cost of maintaining production and its management.
Accounting for the management of workshops is carried out on the 25th account "General production costs", and for the management of the organization as a whole - on the 26th account "General business expenses".
By frequency costs are divided into fixed and recurring.
fixed costs are made constantly (daily or at least once a month) (consumption of materials, wages, etc.).
Recurring costs are carried out less than once a month (for example, the cost of preparing and mastering new types of products).
The main task of determining the cost is the establishment of the optimal level of costs, the identification of savings reserves. The grouping of costs by economic elements is reflected cost estimate for the production and sale of products (works, services). The estimate collects costs according to the general economic content.
The amount of costs according to the estimate is more than the cost of gross output. To determine the latter, it is necessary to deduct the costs of performing works and services that are not included in gross output from the amount of costs according to the estimate (expenses associated with servicing household needs; costs for capital construction; losses from natural Disasters), and take into account changes in deferred expenses.
On the basis of the estimated section, it is impossible to determine the cost of a unit of output in the context of the entire range, as well as each item, group, type. Therefore, along with the cost estimate, the calculation of finished products is determined, which is based on the classification of costs by expense items.
Calculation is a way of grouping costs, generalizing them, calculating the cost of accounting objects.
The volume of monetary (financial) resources invested by the organization in a particular material object, is called its cost, and the set of procedures that allow you to calculate this value is called costing.
With the help of costing, the cost of various accounting items is determined: fixed assets, intangible assets, acquired material resources, manufactured products, services rendered, products sold, etc.
Calculation is used to measure the value of the organization's property and processes at all stages of its circulation.
At the first stage of the circulation, in the process of supply, the cost of procured objects of labor and means of labor is determined.
At the second stage of the circulation, in the production process, the production cost of products, works and services is calculated.
At the third stage of the circulation, in the process of implementation, the full actual cost of sold products, works and services is calculated.
The validity and accuracy of cost determination at all these stages affects the reliability of the calculation of the financial result. And, consequently, for all activities in general.
Calculation is a determination of the amount of costs in monetary terms attributable to a unit of production or work performed, services rendered by type of cost (by item of expenditure).
LECTURE 2.3. valuation methods
Essence and meaning of cost measurement
Measurement- one of the main elements of the accounting method, which allows you to obtain quantitative indicators that characterize a particular object.
From the moment of purchase, all objects are accounted for in accounting at their acquisition price until they are fully or partially used in the activities of the organization (transfer their value to another object) or lose their value for other reasons, are written off the balance sheet by reducing the corresponding source. The actual cost of new objects produced or the change in the cost of previously acquired objects as a result of the organization's activities is determined by calculation based on accounting data.
The need to use cost measurement in accounting practice is due to the operation of the law of value and the presence of commodity-money relations.
Thus, the cost measurement of accounting objects in our economy is carried out by directly evaluating them when buying and selling outside the organization using a price system, or by calculating the actual cost if the object changes its value, is used or re-created within the internal economic space of the organization .
Evaluation, its principles and measurement procedure
To reflect property and liabilities in accounting, the organization evaluates them in monetary terms.
The assessment of economic assets is the starting point of accounting and the real basis for its construction, since without monetary measurement on present stage development cannot be generalized. The objectivity of the characteristics of the resources of the organization, as well as the accuracy of determining the financial results, depend on the correctness of the assessment, since the distortion of the amount of costs leads to an incorrect calculation of the amount of profit.
The correctness of the assessment of economic means is achieved by observing the principles of its reality and unity.
Reality of assessment is a reflection in monetary value the actual value of labor costs included in economic assets. Compliance with this principle is ensured by the fact that all in-kind and labor indicators are converted into money using prices set by the state or the manufacturer, which are based on public necessary costs labor.
Valuation of property purchased for a fee is carried out by summing up the actual expenses incurred for its purchase; property received free of charge - at market value on the date of its posting; property manufactured in the organization itself - at the cost of its manufacture.
The actual costs incurred for the purchase of property include the cost of the property itself, customs duties, other payments, as well as the costs of procurement and delivery of property, including those incurred by other organizations.
The market value is formed on the basis of the price for this or a similar type of property, effective on the date of posting the property or received free of charge. Data on the price valid on the date of posting of the property must be confirmed by documents or by expert means.
The cost of manufacturing property includes actually incurred costs associated with the use in the process of manufacturing property of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor resources and other production costs.
Liabilities are valued in monetary terms based on the price specified in the contract.
Valuation of property and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency, is carried out in Belarusian rubles by converting foreign currency according to official exchange rate, installed National Bank Republic of Belarus, on the date of the business transaction.
The principle of unity of assessment consists in a uniform monetary measurement of homogeneous funds of various organizations. This means that in the balance sheets of all organizations, the same funds are valued in the same order. Moreover, this assessment is maintained during the entire time that economic assets are in one or another stage of the circulation. Correct observance of this principle also requires that economic assets be shown in the same assessment, both in the balance sheet and in current accounting.
Depreciation of fixed assets;
other costs.
The subdivision of costs by costing items is used for analytical accounting of production and costing of products.
Classification of costs by calculation items:
1. Raw materials and materials;
2. Returnable waste (subtracted);
3. Purchased products and semi-finished products;
4. Fuel and energy for technological purposes;
5. Depreciation of fixed assets;
6. Basic wages of production workers;
7. Additional wages for production workers;
8. Deductions for social needs;
9. Costs for preparation and development of production;
10. General production (shop) expenses;
11. General business (factory) expenses;
12. Losses from marriage;
13. Other production expenses;
14. Selling expenses.
The total of the first 13 items forms the production cost of production, and the total of all 14 items - the total cost of production.
Classification by economic elements is necessary at the planning stage in order to identify the required amount of material, labor and monetary resources, classification by costing items - to determine the actual costs of producing a unit of output.
