How to make a foundation slab. Do-it-yourself effective and reliable foundation slab: step-by-step instructions and installation rules

slab foundation, that is, a base in the form of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab is a rather expensive solution when creating a foundation support, but, nevertheless, it is recommended for use by many designers.

Such a foundation will ideally feel on fragile floating soils. A massive slab will require you to spend a lot of money on concrete mortar, however, the process of building a foundation in the form of a massive monolithic slab looks quite simple and is accessible even for owners with little technological skills.

What is the foundation in the form of a monolithic slab

The slab foundation is a monolithic reinforced concrete base, which is located under the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe future building. Thus, the total weight of the structure is evenly distributed over a sufficiently large area, which reduces the pressure on the ground. Such a foundation is also calm about seasonal changes in soil volume, as it rises or falls in its entirety. Together with this monolithic platform, it will lower and rise evenly along with the entire structure, excluding its damage during seasonal soil changes.

During the construction of the foundation in the form of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab in without fail a waterproofing device and a cushion of compacted sand are provided, which will also compensate for changes in the volume of soil in your area.

Determining the thickness of a monolithic slab

The thickness of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab, which will be the foundation of your future building, is determined based on the characteristics of the soil of your site. Different soils can withstand different maximum loads.

The total load on the ground is thus determined from the following input data:

The weight of the foundation reinforced concrete slab itself,
Weights of all building materials that will be used to build your structure
A payload that will make your structure heavier. This load includes furniture and various infrastructure.
Temporary seasonal and climatic loads. It is necessary to take into account the weight of the possible snow cover and the possible pressure of the wind flow.

Practice shows that for light utility and household buildings, for example, for garages or sheds, it is enough to create foundation slab 10 centimeters thick. For the construction of residential buildings, the thickness of the foundation base is increased up to 25 centimeters. This thickness allows for a full-fledged multi-layer reinforcement.

Carrying out waterproofing of the slab foundation

In order to exclude the influence of groundwater on a flat monolithic concrete base, it must be reliably waterproofed. For this, the following work is carried out:

The lower layer of the reinforced concrete slab is insulated using rolled materials, which are placed on a sand or sand-gravel cushion at the stage of foundation formwork construction. Sheets of rolled waterproofing are overlapped with an allowance between the sheets. Also, waterproofing sheets should extend beyond the future foundation base, for subsequent insulation of the side ends.
Also, the side surfaces of the reinforced concrete slab foundation can be isolated by applying bituminous mastics.
Work is also underway to isolate the upper part of the reinforced concrete slab. For this, both bituminous mastic and rolled waterproofing fixed on top of it can be used.

In addition to waterproofing, thermal insulation is also produced to create a comfortable atmosphere in inhabited premises. Its layer is laid on top of the slab, under the leveling screed layer.

Backfilling of the slab foundation is also recommended. These works must be carried out if the soil in your area has high heaving and, when frozen, can affect the side surface of the foundation.

To prevent rain and melt water from affecting the reinforced concrete slab foundation, a concrete blind area is arranged around it, which will divert water flows away from the foundation.

We create a monolithic slab foundation with our own hands

A slab foundation can be created in two main ways:

You can build a foundation from several reinforced concrete slabs. Plates can be used various types, for example, road or airfield. This approach assumes the speed of construction. The slabs are simply laid on a prepared and leveled site close to each other. A sand cushion and a layer of waterproofing are laid under the slabs.

The sand cushion is spilled with water and carefully compacted. This is also true for a monolithic foundation in the form of a slab.

Also, a slab foundation can be created in the form of a concrete monolith.

We create a formwork for a monolithic slab foundation

Marking is carried out on the previously cleared of the fertile layer and leveled area. The sides of the future monolithic slab, its corner reference points are measured. Diagonals are also measured, the equality of which confirms the correctness of the construction of the rectangle.

Along the perimeter of the future slab, formwork is created and thick wooden boards, at least 2 centimeters thick.

Formwork boards are fixed with slopes and support pillars.

Inside the formwork, the necessary engineering communications are carried out, for example, water supply and sewerage. Their location must be calculated especially carefully, because chiseling a monolithic concrete slab after it hardens is not a pleasant pleasure.

We create a reinforcing belt of a monolithic slab foundation

Inside the formwork, to prevent the destruction of the monolithic slab due to bending loads, a reinforcing metal belt is created. For this, a metal bar with a thickness of about 12 millimeters is used. For thicker slabs, thicker reinforcement is used. At the intersections, the reinforcement bars are tied with tie wire or other methods, such as plastic construction clamps or spot welding.

When creating a reinforcing belt, the step between the reinforcement is created with a distance of 20-30 centimeters. The metal mesh is usually placed in two layers and is interconnected by vertical connecting bridges.

We note that the reinforcing mesh should not touch the edges of the concrete casting. To do this, gaskets are placed under its lower surface.

We select concrete for the slab foundation

To pour a concrete monolithic slab under the foundation base, it is recommended to use concrete with a strength grade of at least "300", that is, capable of withstanding a load of at least 300 kilograms per square centimeter. The frost resistance of concrete should be at least "200" (that is, it must withstand at least two hundred freeze-thaw cycles), water resistance - about "4", and fluidity (mobility) also about "4".

It is better to pour concrete mortar into the formwork in one step. In extreme cases, the filling can be done in layers.

After pouring the concrete solution, it is processed by internal vibrators to prevent the occurrence of air cavities.

In the process of maturation, the concrete casting of the foundation must be protected from drying out. To do this, it is spilled with water and can be covered with rolled insulating material.

Video - do-it-yourself slab foundation

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The slab foundation is a monolithic reinforced concrete base, which is used for laying over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe future house. It is worth taking a closer look at this type of foundation. It can be attributed to shallow types of foundation.

many owners summer cottages wonder: how to make a foundation slab with your own hands. In theory, it looks like this. The platform for such a plate is a flat solid base, i.e. the soil must be freed from the loose top layer. Well-compacted sand up to 30 cm high is laid on the prepared surface, and only then they begin to lay a monolithic concrete slab.

For the foundation, you can use 1 or assemble it from precast concrete. To do this, you can use road plates. How many slabs will be needed for construction is calculated depending on the specific case. To level the surface of prefabricated slabs, a cement or concrete screed should be made. Undoubtedly, when choosing from these 2 types of construction, one integral monolithic slab. It is more rigid and durable than precast slab foundations. They also differ in cost.

How to make a foundation plate with your own hands?

At the first stage, calculations should be made for the construction of the slab. This is a very important stage, since all calculations, measurements must be very thorough and accurate. An accurate calculation will allow you to calculate the amount of material required and the amount of funds needed for. For exact calculations, you need to contact the specialists of the designers. They will certainly take into account all kinds of rolls, shrinkage, deformation in concrete and loads on. And geologists will help in the study of the soil: how high is the level of groundwater and the depth of soil freezing in winter. The service of a professional is worth it so that the house stands firmly on the foundation in the future.

For further work, you will need the following tools:

shovel;
level;
geotextile;
vibrating plate;
polystyrene foam;
boards for the manufacture of formwork;
sand (1 ton contains approximately 0.625 m³);
water;
polyethylene;
reinforcement cage;
concrete solution.

The main work begins with the preparation of the construction site with your own hands. Following the calculations and markings, all weakly bearing soil should be removed with a shovel and, using a level, carefully level the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe site where it will be built. Next, cover the entire surface with geotextile material. He will not allow the sand cushion to go into the clay. Then they begin to form a sand cushion (you can use crushed stone).

Sand filling should be carried out in layers, and each layer must be well compacted using a vibrating plate.

For better compaction, you can moisten the sand with plenty of water. The pillow should be up to 10 cm high.

The next step is to work with waterproofing material. The screed is covered with a layer of waterproofing materials. At the junction, you must definitely walk with a blowtorch or a burner for soldering seams. The layer of waterproofing material should be 0.5 m around the perimeter more than the future foundation of the slab on all sides. The edges will be further attached to the outside of the plate. Then a layer of thermal insulation is laid using extruded polystyrene foam. Masters recommend covering it with plastic wrap. How much film is needed can be found out from the total. Such a layer is not necessary, but desirable.

Thus, a kind of cake is obtained, consisting of a layer of sand, sand concrete, a waterproofing layer and polystyrene foam. The number of layers in such a cake can be changed as needed.

Now you can proceed to the installation of the frame of the reinforcement bars. It consists of 2 large meshes made of metal bars Ø12-16 mm with a cell size of about 20x20 cm. And how much reinforcement is needed? To do it yourself, you need to know its specific gravity:

1 ton of reinforcement Ø12 mm contains 1136 linear meters;

in 1 ton of reinforcement Ø14 mm - 828 p.m.;

in 1 ton of rebar Ø16 mm - 634 p. m..

Reinforcement meshes are installed on top of each other, while the location of the lower mesh bars should be 5 cm from the polyester, and the upper level of the reinforcement bars should be 5 cm below the upper plane of the foundation. will give the required rigidity to the base. In addition, reinforcement is a skeleton in concrete foundation and enhances the ability of the base to withstand any load.

The next stage begins with the installation of the formwork for the foundation slab. To do this, you need planed boards on one side. Of these, do-it-yourself formwork for slabs will be performed. The boards are assembled into shields and attached to the walls around the entire perimeter. For more durable fixation of the formwork under the slab foundation, pegs and struts are used. You can start the penultimate stage of work. Reinforcement and installation of formwork for the foundation slab is completed.

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2 ways of laying concrete

The easiest way is to pour concrete into the formwork for the foundation slab. If it is possible to drive up the mixer, then the concrete mixture can be unloaded directly into the formwork.

If it is impossible to drive up to the object, then the mixture enters the formwork using a wooden chute. Such a gutter can be easily made by hand. In order for the concrete to move better along the gutter, 1 worker is needed for each m. With the help of shovels, they will push the concrete along the chute to the unloading point.

The brand of concrete determines the number of components for the 1st ton of cement:

M200 - for the 1st ton of cement, 3.5 tons of sand and 5.6 tons of crushed stone will be needed;

M300 - to the 1st ton of cement - 2.4 tons of sand and 4.4 tons of crushed stone;

M400 - to the 1st ton of cement - 1.6 tons of sand and 3.2 tons of crushed stone.

After the concrete has been poured, it should be immediately compacted with a vibrator. It is immersed in concrete in increments of up to 1 m, since the radius of action is approximately 0.5 m. How many times the tool is immersed in concrete depends on the required compaction rate. In the absence of such a vibrator, you can use a piece of reinforcement and pierce the concrete. You should also take care of leveling the concrete surface. When working with a monolithic foundation slab, beacons should be used.

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Final stage

After the pouring of concrete into the formwork for the slabs is over and all sealing and leveling work has been done, you need to take care of the concrete.

In hot weather or rainy days, the plate is covered with plastic wrap. It will protect the concrete from drying out and moisture.

In winter, the concrete is heated. To do this, use electrode heating or a heat gun covered with an awning. The strength of concrete by 50% is acquired in the first 3 days. After that, heating can not be done. Concrete will freeze, but you should not be afraid. As soon as the air temperature begins to rise, the process of strength growth in concrete will resume.

In summer, the concrete should be watered every day. The number of do-it-yourself waterings can be done like this: for the first 3 days, water every 4 hours, and the next days the number of waterings can be reduced to one. The plastic film is removed, the foundation is poured with water and covered with a film back.

After a week, you can begin to dismantle the formwork for the slab foundation.

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Advantages of the slab foundation

The main advantages of a monolithic slab for the foundation are:

ease of manufacture of the plate. If the builder knows a little about construction work, he can use unskilled workers for the construction of the foundation-slab;

low cost. You can avoid buying an expensive concrete pump and pour concrete directly from the trays of concrete mixers;

resistance to heavy loads. A large area of the slab, reinforced with a reinforced frame and a support in the form of soil, allows a monolithic reinforced concrete slab to withstand fairly large loads on the base of the house. For example, one can cite Ostankino tower. A column 63 m high rests on a foundation 1 m thick;

the integrity of the walls during local swelling of the soil. This guarantee is given thanks to the one-piece monolithic sole. Reinforcement of the reinforced concrete slab creates a rigid base for the construction of columns and walls. In the winter season, when the soil swells, the entire building will rise and fall evenly. No damage will occur in concrete;

Ideal for building on difficult ground. By choosing a monolithic slab as a foundation, you can greatly reduce excavation. This is especially true for soil with a high level of freezing and a high level of groundwater.

A monolithic slab or slab foundation is a fundamental foundation, which, unlike a strip foundation, has a simplified installation technology and is used for “complex” soil. Such a support is much more reliable, lasts longer and is suitable for any type of building (block, wooden, brick houses, one-story and multi-story buildings, baths, sheds and much more).

The main advantage of the slab foundation is that it can be easily erected by a person who does not have much experience in construction work. In addition, buildings of this type have other advantages.

Pros and cons of slab foundation

By and large, such a base is an improved version of the strip foundation, which has an increased bearing capacity. The slab shallow-depth monolith compares favorably with the following advantages:

Suitable for areas where the soil is characterized by increased heaving. If the soil is mobile, then laying the strip foundation is impossible. In turn, the slab foundation on heaving soils, at the moments of freezing and freezing of the soil, will rise and fall evenly, without collapsing at the same time.
Provides reduced ground pressure.
Not subject to deformation and shrinkage.
Requires minimal effort and earthworks in preparing the foundation (to prepare the pit, you will need to remove a very thin layer of soil).

In addition, a monolithic slab foundation can be used as a finished floor, and a heating system can be immediately integrated into the foundation.

However, there are both pros and cons to the slab foundation. The latter include the high cost of building materials that will be required for such a structure. However, given that when laying a monolithic foundation, you get two in one (foundation and floor), the amounts will not differ so much.

With the correct calculation of the slab base and the correct laying of the layers of the “pie”, you will build a house on any soil.

Monolithic slab device

As with the laying of any monolithic structures, the device of a slab foundation implies a certain sequence of layers of concrete "pie":

Sand and gravel substrate - 15-20 cm of sand allows you to level the "naughty" soil, and 15-20 cm of gravel will become a good drainage system.
Geotextile (some lay it in front of a sandy base).
Concrete "preparation" with a thickness of about 5-10 cm. This layer is a rigid base that will be required for waterproofing.
Rolled waterproofing material (it is better to give preference to materials based on fiberglass).
Thermal insulation about 15-30 cm thick. Insulation (polystyrene foam is best) will reduce the heaving force and make the foundation not so cold.
An armored belt consisting of two reinforcing meshes with cells measuring 20 x 20 (rod diameter 12-16 mm).
Concrete screed 20-50 cm thick and underfloor heating system (if applicable).

To fill the slab foundation with your own hands, you need to make the right calculations.

Calculation of the slab foundation

Unlike strip base, to calculate the slab foundation, you will need to specify much fewer parameters. We will need to know the bearing capacity of the soil and the concrete itself. It is also worth making sure that the tiled foundation will be able to withstand the weight of the future building. To do this, we divide the total weight of structures (concrete base and building) by total area foundation.

Consider an example. Dry soil has a bearing capacity of 2 kg / cm 2, we use concrete grade M 150 with a bearing capacity of 163 kg / cm 2. Based on these data, it turns out that the foundation and the building should not exert more than 2 kg / cm 2 pressure on the ground.

The calculation of the thickness of the slab foundation will also depend on these indicators. Let's say you plan to build a bath on 2 floors 10 x 10 m, respectively, the base area will be 100 m 2. If the thickness of the foundation is 20 cm, then its approximate weight (including the armored belt) will be about 100 tons. With a building wall thickness of 25 cm, the total weight of the entire structure will increase by another 30 tons. But, after all, the house will still have furniture, equipment and people. We add another 70 tons and get 300 tons. If we divide this value by 100 m 2, then we get approximately 0.1 kg / cm 2 - this will be the pressure exerted by the building on the ground.

Healthy! If you plan to build a small building, for example, a slab monolithic foundation for a garage, then the minimum base height can be 10 cm. If we are talking about residential buildings, then the minimum allowable thickness is 20 cm.

However, keep in mind that this is only an approximate calculation. Regardless of whether you are planning to build a slab monolith or strip foundation on your own, it is better to carefully study:

GOST 25100 - to deal with the classification of soils;
SP 70.13330 - which refers to enclosing and load-bearing structures;
SP 28.13330 - anti-corrosion coatings for the load-bearing frames of buildings;
VSN 29-85 and 37-96 - production and design of the MZF.

It should be borne in mind that the slab foundation is very different from the "tape", so the area of \u200b\u200bsupport and other parameters will vary.

After drawing up the project, we begin to prepare the markup for the slab foundation with our own hands.

Marking features for a monolithic slab

The markup for such a base has several features:

For a monolithic slab, it is enough to mark only the future building itself. Where the walls and partitions will be located can be decided later, when the base is ready.
On each side, the markings must be made 1 meter larger than the perimeter of the future home. Such manipulation is necessary for arranging the drainage system and the blind area.
If, according to your project, the building will be equipped with terraces, balconies, a porch and other extensions, then these elements must be poured along with the foundation. Accordingly, the markup needs to be thought out for them.

To carry out the construction of a slab foundation, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the standard technology for laying such a foundation.

Do-it-yourself foundation building technology

Consider a step-by-step instruction that will help you lay the foundation.

Pit preparation

The depth of the pit depends on the density of the soil:

If the ground is very dense, then a depth of 50 cm will be optimal.
If peat prevails on the site, then it is better to deepen the base by 1 m.

The bottom of the pit is leveled on the horizon. If in the process of its preparation pits formed in some places, then it is impossible to fill them with earth, only with sand. Otherwise, the slab foundation for the house may shrink.

Substrate

At this stage, it is necessary to prepare a pillow for a slab foundation. For this:

At the bottom of the pit, pour washed sand without impurities.
Compact the sand layer. If the pit is very deep, then ramming must be done in layers.

If you plan to conduct communications, then you need to lay the sewerage and plumbing already at this stage (gas and electricity can be installed later).
Lay the gravel pad and tamp it down. Make sure that the crushed stone is distributed evenly and strictly horizontally, it is better to use a hydraulic level for this.
Spread geotextile over the pillow.

Formwork and insulation

To prepare the formwork for the slab foundation, consider the following nuances:

The formwork is set along the perimeter of the house, and not according to the marking "with a margin" of 1 m.
For construction, use 50 mm boards.
The formwork is set in height, which will be equal to the thickness of the monolithic slab. To align it horizontally, use cords and a level. If you do not do this, then before you make a screed, you will have to set marks on the formwork itself (with such marking, you can easily make a mistake).
After that, waterproof the slab foundation. To do this, lay the overlapping material on the formwork boards.
Also at this stage, an additional layer of insulation can be laid under the waterproofing. For this, it is best to use high-strength EPS.

The next stage - the insulation of the slab foundation is carried out using sheet material (for example, XPS expanded polystyrene), which must be laid in two layers. The height of both layers of insulation should be about 20 cm. The material must be laid closely.

Reinforcement and pouring

To do this, the following will help you step-by-step instruction:

It is necessary to knit the armoframe in two rows with a step of 20-25 cm. Lay the lower lattice on special clamps, so that there is a distance of 5-7 cm between the waterproofing layer and the metal rods.
The second row of reinforcement (top) is laid in such a way that after you pour the concrete, the grate “hides” in the cement by 5 cm, but no less.
Connect both layers of reinforcement with vertical drains, which must be made from the same bars.

After that, the concrete solution is poured. It is best to use the composition grade M 300 for this.

You need to pour the solution in one day - the shorter the intervals between portions of concrete, the stronger and more reliable the foundation will be.

The poured foundation can only be leveled with the rule and wait until the base dries (28 days for complete solidification). It is best if the weather is warm outside, and the humidity is about 80%. It is also recommended to cover the base with polyethylene and moisten the concrete mass daily with water from a spray bottle.

In custody

Thanks to these recommendations, you will be able to independently lay a slab foundation on a slope or on "difficult" ground. However, it should be borne in mind that there are many options for laying such foundations. For example, some prefer pile-slab foundations.

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The slab foundation is the most durable and reliable foundation of all known types, but it is also the most expensive. The high price of such a foundation is due to the large number of costs for concrete and insulating materials, because the size of such a foundation is equal to the dimensions of the base of the house.

Advantages in construction

The indisputable advantage of the slab foundation is that it makes it possible to build, in general, any building (heavy house, etc.) even on wetlands or peat bogs.
The design of such a foundation, which is a monolithic reinforced slab, allows it to “float” on the soil surface, moving along with the migrating upper layer of wet soils. For this feature, the slab foundation was called floating.
The difficulties of erecting a slab foundation are usually associated with the moment of calculating the necessary materials.
This kind of foundation-monolithic slab will become the floor for the house, which is quite convenient and practically profitable.

Cons of a monolithic slab in the foundation

Of course it is expensive, not everyone can afford it. And although the slab foundation is the most expensive of all, it is not worth saving on its construction, because the stability and durability of the entire building depends on its strength.
If you suddenly want to move, you should say goodbye to the foundation, unlike those that can be unscrewed and used again.

Building a foundation. Installation steps

1. The slab foundation is a shallow type of foundation. After the main markup, a foundation pit is dug on the building site. The slab is arranged in such a way that it does not protrude much on the surface of the soil. The depth of the pit is calculated based on the following dimensions: the height of the foundation itself (20-40 cm) + the height of the sand cushion (at least 10 cm) + the thermal insulation layer (up to 10 cm).

We fall asleep sand. Leveling the base

2. A sandy layer is poured onto the bottom of the pit, which must be carefully compacted. Some builders fill in a layer of rubble, but this is not necessary, it will still grind into sand. The foam complex is also not required, but firms do it with it in order to earn more. Then a layer is laid, which can be used as roofing material, overlapped and soldered with a gas burner. Depending on the climate, a thermal insulation material (or) is laid on the waterproofing layer. You should be aware that this foundation requires insulation not only at the base of the slab, but also from the sides of the structure.

3. The next stage is the erection of formwork around the entire perimeter of the future monolithic foundation slab.

The boards are also covered with waterproofing.
4. Further, over the entire surface of the foundation in the form of a lattice, a reinforcing cage of rods with a diameter of at least 12 mm is laid. The rods are fixed to each other with wire, the size of the windows obtained after the bundle can be 20 by 20 cm or 30 by 30 cm.

Preparing the frame before pouring concrete

5. When the reinforcing cage is installed, pour the concrete mix. For a monolithic slab foundation, sufficient a large number of concrete mix.

If it was not possible to pour the slab in one step, it is possible to postpone the pouring of the second layer for a period of no more than 12 hours, otherwise the foundation may not turn out to be as strong as we would like.

We fill the slab foundation with our own hands

There is another option for the construction of a slab foundation, when ready-made reinforced concrete slabs are placed throughout the formwork example, which are poured with a concrete screed. However, this version of the foundation will be inferior to the monolithic one in strength. In addition, for laying heavy concrete slabs, special equipment will be required, which is unlikely to be more cost-effective than the installation of a slab foundation of a monolithic structure.

As soon as the concrete hardens and gains strength, the foundation for your future home is ready.

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Classmates

Another name for a slab foundation is monolithic.

It is quite widespread in home improvement due to the fact that very reliable and can place construction of any weight and design.

So, do-it-yourself foundation plate: step-by-step instructions will be discussed in the article.

Before proceeding to consider the issue of a do-it-yourself slab foundation: a step-by-step instruction for building a foundation, you should find out what are the features of such a design.

Application

The device of a slab foundation for a private house can be compared with or.

As a result of the comparison, it will be possible to single out several positions in which expedient will build a slab foundation with his own hands:

Do-it-yourself slab foundation is erected if there are complex soils at the construction site, for example, a slab foundation on a slope is possible;
monolithic foundation slab: the technology is often used in buildings that do not require basements and ground floors with high walls. A plinth on a slab foundation is much more difficult to perform;
in buildings where the installation of the floor on a monolithic foundation slab implies the foundation itself as a floor. At the same time, the foundation-slab does not provide floor insulation, and this issue will need to be dealt with separately.

Important! This kind of base is good to use if the soils are characterized by a strong degree of freezing.

Foundation-slab under the house: how to do it right? As for the technological rules for the design and construction, the slab foundation is regulated SNiP 2.02.02-83.

Device

How to make a foundation slab? A slab for this type of base is not just some kind of concrete product. because of characteristic features it is called differently - a plate-pie, because it consists from several layers of different materials.

During pouring, as the monolithic foundation-slab technology says: the thickness of each layer must be calculated separately.

The composition of the "pie" is as follows:

Layer	Purpose
Geotextile	Required for strength assurance plate bases. It is an obstacle to mixing the pillow and soil.
Pillow	Is intended to make the plate level, serves as drainage and creates a layer that is prone to heaving.
concrete base	Provides waterproofing properties, and also increases the level of bearing capacity.
Waterproofing	Given that any structure in the soil is exposed to moisture, such a layer is necessary to prevent this effect. In addition, the waterproofing layer prevents concrete from leaking, which retains the strength of the material after solidification.
thermal insulation	Not every plate is equipped with this layer. It is necessary if a warm basement is designed in the building or the slab is located close to the soil surface.
formwork	For retaining the shape of concrete at the time of its freezing. It can be built removable or remain in the structure.
Reinforcement	Due to the high compressive strength of concrete, it is necessary to create reinforcement with metal rods so that the material subsequently did not crack and was able to last as long as possible.
Concrete	Thanks to this layer all loads from the building are taken. In most cases, reinforced concrete is used, since it has more durable characteristics.

Calculation

When it is necessary to proceed with the construction of the foundation on your own, then the installation of a monolithic foundation slab: the construction technology says that a calculation is first necessary. The construction of a monolithic slab foundation begins precisely with independent calculations, drawing up a plan and a diagram.

Calculations are made based on following algorithm:

before starting the manufacture of the slab base, the required thickness of the slab is initially calculated;
calculation of the total area;
depth determination.

Based on these parameters, they produce in order to begin the construction of a slab foundation in the future.

Important! In addition to calculations, the installation of a monolithic slab foundation provides for several more preparatory activities, such as determining the type of reinforcement, choosing materials for waterproofing and performing calculations for these materials.

Construction technology

How to make a slab foundation? The construction of a monolithic foundation slab implies a certain sequence of actions.

markup

The device of the slab foundation provides for the next stage after the calculation - marking the site.

This process is quite simple, but very important for design and avoids many difficulties in subsequent work.

Necessary mark very accurately.

The device of a slab monolithic foundation recommends adhering to some nuances regarding markup:

Markup is done according to perimeter future building. There is no need to determine the location of walls and other structures at this stage - this can be done after the slab is ready.
markup should be one meter wider than the immediate perimeter of the structure. It is necessary to do this so that after it there is an opportunity to equip drainage system and build a bridge.
If the future house according to the project has terraces, balconies, a porch, then they should be taken into account and markup with these elements in mind so that in the future you do not have to worry about the integrity of the walls in the house.

foundation pit

The device of the foundation of the slab further provides for the digging of a foundation pit. Such a parameter as the depth of laying, depends on soil type where construction is taking place.

Installation of the foundation monolithic slab at this stage is carried out according to the following rules:

In the presence of dense soils, the pit is dug to a depth of 50 cm.
If the soils are unstable and weak, then the depth will be 1 m.
After digging the pit, it is necessary to level its bottom.
The edges of the pit must be made as even as possible.
If in the process in some areas the depth is greater than that which was determined, then such places should be covered only with sandy soil, which will not shrink later, i.e. the foundation slab on sandy soil will be reliable.
If drainage of the slab foundation is necessary: the equipment scheme with water drainage is used where there is high groundwater. This should be taken into account in the process of digging and take into account the height differences.

Important! To dig a pit quickly and less costly, it is best to use special equipment.

Pillow device

As mentioned above when listing the layers of the "pie", a foundation slab is being erected on a sand cushion.

After completing the previous steps, you can proceed to support pad construction, which is done as follows:

Before filling up the sand rinse and remove any impurities from it which may shrink.
Fall asleep in layers(up to 40 cm), tamping each layer.
Sand level should be such that 20 cm of free space remains from the soil surface.
Communications in the slab foundation, which will later be in the house, are taken into account at this stage.
After the sand is covered and compacted, laying out a layer of geotextile to avoid mixing with the next layer of material.
After geotextile it is necessary gravel up to 20 cm thick.
It is necessary to distribute such material as evenly as possible over the sandy layer and make sure that it is level with the soil of the site. The check can be carried out using a hydraulic level or a level. It is very important to compact gravel, like sand.

Important! There are different ways of how a sand cushion is made under a slab foundation, if the slab foundation is being built with your own hands step by step, but they differ only in the sequence of actions, which ultimately leads to the same result.

Formwork and waterproofing

The do-it-yourself slab foundation device provides for the need for formwork, which can be either removable or fixed.

Action algorithm at this stage the following:

Formwork for slab foundation built clearly around the perimeter of the house. In this case, do not forget that the pit is dug a meter wider than the house. The formwork for the foundation slab must repeat directly the perimeter of the building.
The height of the structure is equal to the thickness of the slab. After installing it, using the cords and a level, it needs to be trimmed. On average, the plate is about 30 cm thick.
The next thing to do, after making sure that the formwork structure is fixed firmly and rigidly, is foundation slab waterproofing. In order for the waterproofing of the monolithic foundation slab to be performed correctly, it is best to use a material that contains bitumen. It is this waterproofing that will provide high level protect the base from moisture. The scheme of actions, if conventional waterproofing is not enough (that is, how to raise the foundation slab at a high GWL), provides for some nuances.
The strips that were laid on the formwork must be connected. To do this, they are initially located with an overlap, after which they are welded together. It is necessary to ensure the integrity of the waterproofing strip in this process so that it is not possible for moisture to penetrate into the concrete. In addition, after the slab hardens, it will be easy to disassemble such a structure and separate it from concrete.

Important! In some cases, before laying the waterproofing material, the monolithic foundation slab is insulated. When insulating a slab foundation, you can choose the two most progressive options: insulation of the foundation slab with foam plastic or insulation of the foundation slab with expanded polystyrene (EPS), which has a high degree of density. What material to carry out the insulation of the foundation slab, it's up to you.

Reinforcement and pouring

In this section of the article, we will consider how to properly knit reinforcement for a monolithic slab and how to properly pour the foundation slab under the house.

Reinforcement of the foundation slab must be carried out only after the waterproofing lining has been carried out. Otherwise, the reinforcement of the slab foundation will be very difficult to perform.

The scheme of the reinforced slab includes following points:

Laying reinforcement in a slab foundation implies the use of reinforcement with a cross section of 10 - 14 mm. The cross section is calculated depending on what load will be on the base.
The rods must be tied using a special crochet hook. The material for the hitch can be taken wire. In this case, it is necessary to adhere to a distance from the waterproofing of 5 - 7 cm, and keep the mesh pitch at 25 cm. Knitting takes place in two rows.
The knitting of the reinforcement of the monolithic slab in the second row is carried out in such a way that after the foundation slab is poured, the metal frame went deep him by 5 cm minimum. Such reinforcement of a monolithic foundation slab is the most reliable.
Next, it runs itself foundation slab pouring. The technology for pouring a monolithic foundation slab says that the concrete grade must be M200 or more. The pouring of a monolithic foundation slab should take no more than one day - this will allow you to build a reliable and durable structure. How to pour a slab under the foundation is better? With the help of an industrial vibrator, it is necessary to rid the material of air inclusions.
Until the foundation has hardened, the slab foundation technology requires that it be align as accurately as possible. This will avoid difficulties in the future. To do this, use a board, rail or rule.

It is very important after the reinforcement of the monolithic slab has been completed and the concrete will be poured, to provide it with proper care and the necessary conditions for to make the plate strong and reliable:

concrete needs to stand for at least 28 days;
the temperature should be at least 20 degrees;
it is very important to maintain a humidity of 80%, for this concrete is poured with water and covered with polyethylene;
if the pouring of the slab under the foundation is carried out in winter, then it is necessary to consider heating the concrete;
if it is necessary to leave the base for the winter, it is very important to keep it from moisture.

Quality checking

The foundation slab, the arrangement technology says that you can use the visual method to check the quality of the resulting foundation.

Correcting errors made during the installation process is quite difficult, and in some cases impossible..

There are steps to check whether the floating slab foundation was created correctly: the quality control technology is quite simple.

it the following actions:

The soil is visible, which surrounds the base: there should be no depressions or dips in the ground, as well as cracks. If there are any, it is likely that the process was performed without geological verification. In some cases, cracks in the soil may appear due to the strong pressure of the slab - this depends on its area.
If available salt deposits, then this indicates a violation of waterproofing or its absence. In this case, you need to take care of the construction of such a layer.
The next thing technology requires: a foundation slab for a house checked for porosity. This can be done by looking closely at the presence of bubbles in the hardened concrete. How to fill in correctly? The fewer bubbles, the better the filling was.

If there are some doubts that the monolithic slab foundation construction technology has been violated, and the reliability of the slab is in question, then it is best to resort to the help of specialists who check the base with a Schmidt hammer.

Foundation-slab whose construction technology has not been violated, it should be:

minimally porous, do not contain air inclusions;
do not affect the soil layer, destroying it;
dry, without various wet spots and deposits;
exceed the perimeter of the house under construction;
even.

Important! If mistakes in construction were nevertheless made, then it is best to seek advice from professionals who will help eliminate the flaws.

A photo

Part of the article, thanks to which it is much easier to make the foundation of a monolithic slab with your own hands: step-by-step photos of the process of building the base are presented below.

Useful video

The video below clearly shows how to make a slab monolithic base:

conclusions

The slab version of the base is very simple in design, but despite this, provides a very high level of reliability and stability. In addition, it is very convenient to build a monolithic slab foundation with your own hands, and quite economically.

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