Kemerovo State University
Department of General and Regional Economics
Course work
In the discipline "Placement of the productive forces of Russia
and sectors of the national economy"
Development and location of the machine-building complex in Russia
Scientific adviser:
Coursework completed by a 1st year student
Kemerovo 2000
Introduction ................................................ ................................................. ........... 3
1. The composition and importance of mechanical engineering in the national economy of Russia ............... 4
1.1. The machine-building complex is the basis of scientific and technological progress and material technical re-equipment all sectors of the national economy 4
1.2. Composition and intersectoral relations ............................................... ................. 6
1.3. Comparative characteristics sectoral structure of mechanical engineering developed and developing countries peace................................................. ....... 9
2.Features of the development and location of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation 12
2.1. Peculiarities of location of Russian machine-building industry....................................... 12
2.2. Heavy engineering ............................................................... ..................... fifteen
2.3. General engineering .................................................................. ........................ eighteen
2.4. Medium engineering .............................................................. ...................... 19
2.5. Place of Russia in the world production of engineering products 25
3.Problems and prospects for the development and location of mechanical engineering in our country.................................................................. ................................................. ......................... 31
CONCLUSION................................................. ................................................... 37
List of sources used: .............................................................. ................ 39
The machine-building complex consists of mechanical engineering and metalworking. Mechanical engineering is engaged in the production of machinery and equipment, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, services. Consequently, engineering products are consumed by all branches of the national economy without exception.
Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment.
The structure of mechanical engineering is very complex, this industry includes both independent industries, such as heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and oil engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc., as well as many specialized sub-sectors and industries.
Mechanical engineering also produces commodities, mostly durables. This industry is of great importance for the national economy of the country, as it serves as the basis for scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy.
The purpose of this work is to analyze the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the location factors of its industries and industries, as well as to characterize the current state of the complex, prospects and options for getting out of the current difficult economic situation.
Given the peculiarities of this topic and the range of issues raised, the first and second chapters will highlight theoretical questions: the role and significance, the specifics of placement, the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex, and in the third, the current unfavorable economic situation in the complex, and the practical prerequisites for getting out of it.
1.1. The machine-building complex is the basis of scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy
The machine-building complex is the leading one among intersectoral complexes and reflects the level of scientific and technological progress and the country's defense capability, and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. This is due to several reasons:
1. The machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, it accounts for almost 25% of the value of manufactured products and almost 35% of all employees in the Russian economy, as well as about 25% of the value of fixed industrial and production assets. In our country, this complex is underdeveloped. In economically highly developed countries, the products of the engineering industry account for 35-40% of the cost of industrial production and 25-35% of those employed in industry, in developing countries it is much less.
Compared with industry as a whole, machine building and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprise sizes (the average size of an enterprise in the industry is about 1,700 workers in terms of the number of workers, compared with less than 850 in industry as a whole), greater capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of products. The complex products of mechanical engineering require a diverse and highly skilled workforce.
Among all industries, mechanical engineering ranks first in terms of its share in gross output and industrial production personnel, second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial and production assets, as well as in the structure of exports.
2. Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, at home, on transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy materializes through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, the electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and the production of electronic computers. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out.
Therefore, its industries are developing at an accelerated pace, and their number is constantly growing. According to their role and importance in the national economy, they can be combined into 3 interrelated groups:
1. The sectors that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in the entire national economy are instrument making, chemical engineering, electrical and power engineering.
2. The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering are the machine tool industry and the tool industry.
3. Industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in certain sectors of the economy are road construction, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive, etc.
Over the past decades, a number of new industries have emerged related to the production of automation equipment, electronics and telemechanics, equipment for nuclear energy, jet aircraft, and household appliances. The nature of products in the old branches of engineering has changed radically.
The main economic purpose of engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all branches of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.
1.2. Composition and intersectoral relations
Mechanical engineering is the main branch of the manufacturing industry. It is this industry that reflects the level of scientific and technological progress of the country and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. Modern mechanical engineering consists of a large number industries and industries. The enterprises of the industry are closely connected with each other, as well as with enterprises of other sectors of the economy. Mechanical engineering, as a major consumer of metal, has extensive ties, primarily with ferrous metallurgy. The territorial convergence of these industries makes it possible for metallurgical plants to use machine-building waste and specialize in accordance with its needs. Mechanical engineering is also closely connected with non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical industry and many other industries. Mechanical engineering products are consumed by all, without exception, branches of the national economy.
At present, the structure of mechanical engineering includes 19 independent industries, which include over 100 specialized sub-sectors and industries. Complex independent industries include: heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and oil engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc.
heavy engineering. The plants of this industry are characterized by a large consumption of metal and provide machines and equipment for enterprises of the metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining and chemical complexes. Industry enterprises produce both parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) and individual types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators).
The industry includes the following 10 sub-sectors: metallurgical engineering, mining, hoisting and transport engineering, diesel locomotive building and track engineering, car building, diesel engine building, boiler building, turbine building, nuclear engineering, printing engineering.
The production of metallurgical equipment, which ranks first in the industry in terms of product value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large steel and rolled products production. The sub-sector produces equipment for sinter plants, blast and electric furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding.
The profile of mining engineering plants - machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and enrichment of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and building materials industry, transport construction. Mining engineering enterprises produce tunneling and clearing combines, rotary and walking excavators.
Products of hoisting and transport engineering have a large economic importance, since about 5 million people are employed in loading and unloading operations in industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the national economy, moreover, more than half are manual labor. The sub-sector manufactures overhead electric cranes, stationary and belt conveyors, equipment for the complex mechanization of warehouses.
Diesel locomotive building, car building and track engineering provide rail transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc.
This sub-sector also produces track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow removal, etc.).
Turbine industry supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for power generation. The plants of the sub-sector produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and disposal equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.
Nuclear engineering specializes in the production of pressure vessel reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants.
Printing engineering has the smallest volume of marketable products in the industry and produces printing presses, conveyors for printing houses, etc.
Electrical industry. The industry produces products of more than 100 thousand items, the consumer of which is almost the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly exceeds in aggregate all sub-sectors of heavy engineering. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes. The main range of production is: generators for steam, gas and hydraulic turbines, electric machines, electric motors; transformers and converters, lighting, electric welding and electrothermal equipment.
Machine tool industry includes the production of machine tools, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. About half of the production volume is accounted for by machine tools.
Instrumentation. The products of this industry are characterized by low material and energy consumption, but their production requires a highly skilled workforce and research personnel. The industry's factories specialize in the installation and adjustment of automation equipment, software development, design and manufacture of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, and office equipment. This science-intensive product is the main element of automation systems for the management of technological processes, as well as managerial and engineering work, information systems.
Mechanical engineering for light and food industry. This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitwear, clothing, footwear, leather, fur industries, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main placement factor is proximity to the consumer.
Aviation industry. In the aviation industry, enterprises of almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and working personnel. The industry produces modern passenger and cargo aircraft and helicopters of various modifications.
The rocket and space industry produces orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and habitable ships, and reusable ships of the Buran type, which combines high technology with a wide inter-industry complexity of production.
Automotive industry. In terms of production volume, as well as the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular products in retail.
Agricultural and tractor engineering. In agricultural engineering, subject and detail specialization is carried out; significantly fewer plants are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or the overhaul of equipment. The industry produces various types of combine harvesters: grain harvesters, flax harvesters, potato harvesters, corn harvesters, cotton harvesters, etc. As well as various modifications of tractors: wheeled row-crop, wheeled arable, caterpillar row-crop, etc.
shipbuilding industry. Most of the enterprises of the industry, despite the significant amount of metal of large parameters consumed by them, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern vessels determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the existence of cooperative ties with enterprises in other sectors of the national economy.
1.3. Comparative characteristics of the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering in developed and developing countries of the world
The location of the industries of the countries of the world has developed under the influence of a large number of reasons, the main of which is the labor factor. Orientation to work determines the main shifts in the location of the industry: it has moved to areas with "cheap" labor. After the war, mechanical engineering developed especially rapidly in Japan, Italy, later in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and also in some countries of the “new industrialization”.
The second most important factor influencing the location of mechanical engineering is scientific and technological progress. Scientific and technical progress defines structural shifts in mechanical engineering. General economic trends caused by scientific and technological revolution, predetermined the increase in the share of labor in the cost of production. Thus, the position of countries with cheap labor has become preferable in comparison with countries with resources.
Thirdly, there is a systematic complication of machine-building production, which predetermined the division of countries into producers of mass products and manufacturers of highly qualified science-intensive products, as well as the emergence of a trend to "transfer" mass, but not requiring the cost of skilled labor, production to "new" countries and the preservation of highly skilled industries in old ones. countries, "monopolists" of scientific and technological progress.
All of the above processes are superimposed by a tendency to increase specialization and cooperation in the engineering industry of individual countries and the whole world. This trend is primarily due to the benefits of increasing the scale of production. In this regard, it can be argued that the practice of TNCs creating a production and cooperation network designed for the markets of entire continents has certain technical and economic grounds.
Determine the level of development of mechanical engineering in different countries quite difficult. However, according to the sum of characteristics, the following groups of countries can be distinguished:
1. Countries with a complete range of engineering production. Examples: USA, Germany, Japan. Russia also belongs to this group.
2. Countries with minor gaps in the structure of engineering - England.
3. Countries with significant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - Italy.
4. Countries forced to import part of the engineering products from abroad.
5. Countries with an uneven development of the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering: exports of machinery cover less than half of imports. (Canada, Brazil).
This typology can be used to regionalize the global economic system and determining the role of individual regions in the placement of world engineering.
The region "North America" (USA, Canada, Mexico) accounts for 1/3 of the world's engineering production.
This region acts on world markets primarily as an exporter of highly sophisticated products, heavy engineering products and high technology industries.
The region "Western Europe" accounts for 25 to 30% of the world's engineering products.
The third region is "East and Southeast Asia" (about 20% of engineering products), the leader of which is Japan.
In Brazil, the fourth region of the world engineering industry is being formed.
In recent years, countries with cheap labor have been in a better position than countries with raw materials.
The second most important factor was scientific and technological progress. Machine-building production is becoming more complex, therefore, countries producing mass products, manufacturers of complex science-intensive products stand out, specialization and intercountry cooperation are developing.
A feature of the mechanical engineering of developed countries in comparison with developing countries is the most complete structure of machine-building production and an increase in the share of electrical engineering; high quality and competitiveness of products; hence the high export and a large share of engineering products in the total value of exports (Japan - 64%, USA, Germany - 48%, Canada - 42%, Sweden - 44%).
General engineering is far from homogeneous in developed and developing countries. The first group of countries is dominated by machine tool building, heavy engineering, equipment manufacturing, while the other group is dominated by agricultural engineering. The leaders of the machine tool industry are Germany, USA, Italy, Japan, Sweden. The entire group of developing countries accounts for only 6% of machine tool production.
In the electrical industry, the electronic industry quickly advanced. There are two sub-sectors of the electronics industry: military-industrial and consumer electronics.
The first is the lot of economically developed countries, the second (requiring a large number of cheap labor) has become common for developing countries. Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Mauritius export household appliances even to developed countries.
In the mechanical engineering itself, the process of internationalization of production has been developing in recent years. This process is carried out mainly between industrialized countries, where about 9/10 of the machine-building capacities and more than 9/10 of the R&D volume are concentrated. In engineering, flexible automated production and automated design systems are being introduced. In the production of equipment for these systems, the main role belongs to Japan and the United States.
The structure of transport engineering has also changed. Shipbuilding and the automobile industry developed intensively. Moreover, the relocation of shipbuilding and the production of rolling stock to developing countries is noticeable.
Locomotives are produced by India, Brazil, Argentina, Turkey. Mexico, Egypt, Iran, Thailand stand out among the production of wagons.
Significant changes have also taken place in the automotive industry. Japan came out on top, overtaking the United States, followed by France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Production trucks concentrated in the USA, Japan, CIS countries, Russia and Canada. Auto assembly, in addition to Brazil and the Republic of Korea, has spread throughout the world in recent years. The automotive industry in China is growing significantly, stimulated by the development of car assembly in “free economic zones”.
Basically, the role of individual regions of the world in the location of mechanical engineering is as follows: the countries of North America account for more than 30% of the world's engineering production, the countries of Western Europe - 25-30%, the countries of East and Southeast Asia - 20%.
According to the most important indicator, reflecting the scale of the industry's development, the cost of engineering products among developed countries, the United States, Japan and Germany are in the lead. Other countries are significantly inferior to them in terms of the scale of mechanical engineering. The share of developed countries in the mechanical engineering of the world is about 90%.
In the CIS countries, the machine-building complex accounts for 30% of the cost of industrial products. These countries occupy an intermediate position between the economically developed and developing countries of the world.
In general, the bulk of the output of engineering products is still concentrated in developed countries. The shift of engineering to countries with cheap labor was due to the energy crisis. Despite this, the share of developing countries (especially the countries of "new industrialization") in the production of engineering products continues to be insignificant, and one cannot speak of fundamental changes in the world engineering industry.
2.1. Features of the placement of mechanical engineering in Russia
Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important is the presence public need in products qualified labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying structural materials and electricity. And although, in general, mechanical engineering belongs to the “free placement” industries, since it is less influenced by such factors as the natural environment, the presence of minerals, water, etc. At the same time, a number of other factors have a strong influence on the location of engineering enterprises. These include:
Science intensity: It is difficult to imagine modern engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most sophisticated modern technology (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Orientation to the scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the placement of machine-building enterprises.
Metal content: Mechanical engineering industries engaged in the production of such products as, for example, metallurgical, energy, mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of such products usually try to be as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.
Labor intensity: From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high qualifications of labor. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of engineering industries gravitate towards regions of the country where the concentration of the population is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and engineering and technical personnel. The following branches of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).
Consumer proximity: The products of some branches of engineering, such as: the production of energy, mining, metallurgical equipment, which consume a large amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, are not economically feasible to transport over long distances due to their large size and high cost of transportation. Therefore, enterprises in many branches of engineering are located in areas where end products are consumed.
As a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering can be taken out military-strategic aspect. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are removed from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities.
Table 1.
Grouping of engineering industries by location factors:
Source:
Economic and social geography; reference materials.
Dronov V.P., Makasovsky V.P.
The machine-building complex annually produces 30,000 types of various machines and 130,000 parts. Its products are needed almost everywhere; for mechanical engineering is characterized by the ubiquity of consumption. Therefore, mechanical engineering is developed in all economic regions of Russia, although its role in the economy of the regions is not the same.
Table 2.
Therefore, 87.5% of machine-building products are produced by Western economic zone and only 12.5% is produced by the Eastern Economic Zone. In the Eastern zone, mechanical engineering does not work for local needs, but for the European zone (79% of products are exported to European regions, and 67% of products come from European regions).
Depending on the features of placement in mechanical engineering, several groups of industries can be conditionally distinguished, including:
1. Heavy engineering (67% of production).
2. General engineering (18% of production).
3. Medium engineering (15% of production).
2.2. heavy engineering
The group of heavy engineering industries is characterized by high metal consumption, relatively low labor intensity and energy use. Heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining, large power equipment, heavy machine tools and press-forging machines, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and wagons. Features of the production of heavy engineering products are casting, machining and assembly of large-sized parts, assemblies, assemblies and entire sections. For this purpose, the industry is characterized by both enterprises of a complete production cycle, which independently carry out the procurement, processing and assembly of parts and assemblies, and plants that combine these operations with the installation of imported parts, assemblies and sections that arrive in the order of cooperative connections. The industry also includes highly specialized plants. Heavy engineering produces 60% of the marketable output of the industry, the cost of raw materials and materials here range from 40 to 85%, wage costs 8-15%, transport costs from 15 to 25%, electricity costs 8-15%. Heavy engineering plants can be oriented both to metallurgical bases and to consumption areas. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European zone, the rest - in Western Siberia and the Far East. The main areas and centers of heavy engineering include:
- Central(Electrostal).
- Ural economic region(plant "Uralmash" in Yekaterinburg.)
- Siberia(production of metallurgical and mining equipment in the cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, production of turbines in Novosibirsk)
- Northwest: St. Petersburg is a historically established center of heavy engineering (the Electrosila plant, which produces turbogenerators)
New centers associated with the production of nuclear reactors - the plant "Avtommash" in Volgodonsk.
The production of metallurgical equipment has taken shape both in large areas of metal production and outside these areas. Enterprises of this profile specialize in the manufacture of certain types of equipment for ore mining, its preparation, blast furnace, steelmaking, foundry, rolling equipment or individual units.
The production of excavators for ore mining, sintering machines, equipment for blast and electrothermal furnaces (Yekaterinburg, Orsk) is concentrated at the factories of the Urals.
Equipment for open-hearth furnaces, rolling and welding of pipes is produced in the Central District (Elektrostal). Ore grinding equipment is supplied by the Volga region (Syzran). Casting machines - Far East (Komsomolsk-on-Amur), etc.
The production of large power equipment arose and developed mainly outside the metallurgical bases in large centers of developed mechanical engineering, which specialize in the production of certain types of this complex product requiring skilled labor. Powerful turbines and generators for power plants provide the North-Western (St. Petersburg), Ural (Yekaterinburg) and West Siberian (Novosibirsk) regions. The largest center for the production of this metal-intensive, but small-scale or individual products is St. Petersburg. In these regions and centers, specialization has developed in the production of certain types of equipment. Almost all of them produce steam or hydraulic turbines and generators for them, but of different capacities and designs, especially for different types of hydroelectric power plants. The rapid development of nuclear power has forced the transition to the production of complex equipment at existing plants. Power equipment - powerful diesel engines for ships - are produced in St. Petersburg, Bryansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Khabarovsk, for diesel locomotives and power plants - in Balakovo, Penza, Kolomna.
High-performance boilers, producing hundreds and thousands of tons of steam per hour, are produced in the Central Region (Podolsk), Central Chernozemny (Belgorod), North Caucasus (Taganrog), West Siberian (Barnaul).
The production of heavy machine tools and forging and pressing equipment is mainly located outside the metallurgical bases. They are produced in small batches and often on individual orders for domestic and foreign factories. Enterprises of this industry are located in the West Siberian (Novosibirsk), Central (Kolomna, Ivanovo), Central Chernozemny (Voronezh), Volga (Yekaterinburg), etc.
The production of mining equipment has developed in the main coal regions of the country, West Siberian (Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo); Ural (Yekaterinburg, Kopeysk); East Siberian (Cheremkhovo, Krasnoyarsk). Often, such a location of enterprises for the manufacture of mining equipment is associated with taking into account the local characteristics of the extraction of coal, ore and other minerals.
Outside the metallurgical bases, most enterprises of the shipbuilding industry are also located, despite their consumption of a large number of metal profiles that are inconvenient for transportation. Shipyards specialize in the production of ships for a specific purpose, with different types of marine engines. The complexity of modern vessels determines the installation of a variety of standard and special equipment on them. Therefore, in shipbuilding, cooperative ties with numerous allied enterprises are extremely well developed, supplying not only equipment, but often entire units and sections of ships. The construction of ships begins on land, and they are completed afloat. Therefore, many shipyards are located in sheltered mouths of large rivers (Neva, Amur), or harbors protected from the sea. The largest area of maritime shipbuilding has developed on the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories specializing in the construction of linear passenger, cargo-passenger, tankers, nuclear-powered icebreakers, river vessels. There are shipyards in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. Marine shipyards are also located in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Astrakhan, Vladivostok. Shipyards are located in Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river routes: on the Volga ( Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd), Ob (Tyumen, Tobolsk), Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk), Amur (Blagoveshchensk). The creation of deep-water fairways on rivers, the construction of canals that connected the most important river arteries with each other, made it possible to move on to the construction of "river-sea" ships not only in the lower reaches of the rivers, but also in the middle and upper ones. These river shipyards also build lake-type ships and small sea-type ships. The favorable geographical position of such river shipyards relative to related enterprises in the central regions makes the construction of ships on them very effective.
Railway engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering, relatively strongly developed in pre-revolutionary Russia and reconstructed in the 60s. The technical process in transport in the post-war years led to a change in the types of traction: the replacement of inefficient steam locomotives with more efficient and powerful electric locomotives and diesel locomotives, an increase in the carrying capacity of wagons, and the creation of new types of wagons for the transport of specialized, liquid, bulk cargo. Modern diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger and special freight cars are not only material-intensive products that use a variety of structural materials - ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, wood, glass, but are also equipped with sophisticated equipment - powerful diesel engines, electric motors, refrigeration units, installations for heating special tanks, pneumatic installations for unloading bulk materials.
The concentration of locomotive production has sharply increased in the Central District (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga); in the city of Saint Petersburg.
Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for broad and narrow gauges are mainly supplied by enterprises in the Central Region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).
Freight cars are produced in Nizhny Tagil, Altaysk, Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Urals); for the subway - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg.
2.3. General mechanical engineering
The group of branches of general engineering is characterized by average consumption rates of metal, energy, and low labor intensity. General engineering enterprises produce technological equipment for the oil refining, chemical, paper, timber, construction industries, road and simple agricultural machines. Dominated by specialized enterprises associated with the manufacture of blanks and the assembly of structures, units and parts supplied in cooperation. A number of enterprises producing equipment for industries with chemical technology need special types of steel, non-ferrous metals and plastics. General engineering enterprises are among the most numerous in the industry and are located in many regions of the country. General engineering produces 25% of the industry's marketable output. The cost of wages for the cost of production here is from 12 to 33%, the cost of raw materials and materials in this group is not very large - from 4 to 8%, the cost of electricity is 3 - 5%.
Agricultural engineering has numerous and large enterprises for the production of various agricultural implements for tillage, sowing crops, and harvesting. Agricultural engineering gravitates towards areas of consumption, given the profile of agricultural production:
Production of grain combines - in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog), in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk);
Production of potato harvesters - in the Central region (Ryazan, Tula), flax harvesters (Bezhetsk), forage harvesters (Lyubertsy). Various agricultural machinery and equipment are produced by factories located in Voronezh, Syzran, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk.
Equipment for enterprises with chemical processing of raw materials (oil refining, chemical, paper) is produced in Penza, Tuymazy, Kurgan, Yekaterinburg, Izhevsk, Petrozavodsk.
2.4. Secondary engineering
Medium mechanical engineering combines enterprises with low metal consumption, but increased energy intensity and labor intensity. The main technological processes in medium-sized engineering are the machining of parts, their assembly on conveyors into units, assemblies and finished machines. This industry consumes a large variety of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, rubber, and glass. Enterprises of medium machine building are the most numerous, highly specialized, and have extensive cooperative ties. Their products are mass and large-scale, it includes the production of cars and aircraft, tractors, combines, engines for them, medium and small metal-cutting machines and forging machines, pumps and compressors, machines and various technological equipment for the light, food, and printing industries.
The automotive industry is the leading branch of engineering in industrialized countries. It stimulates the development of many industries, employment of the population in the production and maintenance of automotive equipment, increases trade turnover, strengthens the monetary system, and determines the need for the products of the entire industry. In countries with the most developed automotive industry, the share of the industry in the total volume of engineering products is 38-40% in Western Europe, 40% in the USA, and 50% in Japan. As a result, the share of the automotive industry in the gross domestic product of the US and France is 5%, in Japan and Germany 9-10%. Countries leading in GDP, are also leaders in the field of the global automotive industry.
Picture 1.
Share of GDP and automotive products in world production:
In the export of industrialized countries, the share of finished passenger cars by value is 7-8% of the total volume and 13-15% of exports of machinery and equipment. The automobile industry was one of the levers for the rise of all material production in post-war Japan and Germany. It plays a progressive role in the nationwide rise in manufacturing and services in Spain, South Korea, Mexico and Brazil, Poland and the Czech Republic. Many countries, including the USA, the leading countries of Western Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand, have almost reached their car saturation limit (USA 740 cars per 1,000 inhabitants). In Russia, the achievement in 5 years of the level of motorization of 150 cars per 1000 inhabitants can be considered the most important socio-economic task.
Currently, up to 1 million people are employed in the automotive industry in Russia, and the share of the automotive industry in the engineering industry of the Russian Federation is 33%, which is a fairly high indicator of the economic situation in the industry. Due to excises, VAT, contributions to pension and other funds, automobile plants are one of the main sources of income for the state budget system. After vodka and tobacco, a car is one of the most profitable types of goods for the budget. On average, from one ton of mass of a produced car, income to the budget is equivalent to approximately 2.0-3.0 thousand US dollars.
Automotive industry represented 22 production associations, which includes more than 200 factories, includes, in addition to the production of machines, the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced at independent enterprises.
The largest factories have created numerous branches. Thus, ZIL JSC, in addition to four factories in Moscow, has branches specialized in the production of units, assemblies, parts, blanks and spare parts in Smolensk, Yartsevo (Smolensk region), Petrovsk, Penza, Ryazan, Yekaterinburg.
Automobile motors are made not only by the parent enterprises themselves, but also by a number of specialized plants. Most of these factories are located outside the centers of the automotive industry. They supply their products in cooperation with several car factories at once. The automotive industry produces bearings for all sectors of the economy. It includes more than a dozen factories located in most economic regions of the country. Each of the plants specializes in the production of certain standard sizes of bearings and supplies them to various enterprises in the country.
Automotive enterprises are located in various regions of the country, however, the vast majority of production is concentrated in the old industrial regions of the European part with a high concentration of road transport. The main areas for the automotive industry are: central, Volga-Vyatsky, Volga. The role of the Moscow region is especially great, where ZIL, the Likinsky bus plant, plants for the production of bearings and components are located.
- Cars upper and middle class produce in Volga-Vyatka(Nizhny Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Ural (Izhevsk) regions; subcompact- in the Volga region (Tolyatti), minicars- in Serpukhov.
- Medium duty trucks - produce factories in the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions.
- -Small tonnage and heavy vehicles produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)
Network created bus factories in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volga-Vyatka (Pavlovo), Ural (Kurgan), North Caucasian (Krasnodar) regions.
In Engels operates trolleybus factory.
Specialized enterprises for motor production are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen, Zavolzhye.
The Russian tractor industry is one of the largest in the world. According to the features of placement, it resembles a car. Various types of tractors are produced not only for agriculture, but also for industry. The range of produced tractors in terms of power has sharply increased: from small garden tractors to several Horse power to powerful machines of several hundred horsepower. With the increase in the number of tractors for processing crops, the share of caterpillar tractors, which are used mainly for plowing, harvesting in agriculture and for industrial needs, has sharply decreased. This determines the specialization of enterprises and regions in the production of individual brands of tractors (by purpose, power, design). The changes that have taken place in the types of tractors produced, the improvement of their design, have increased the dependence of tractor plants on allied enterprises (foundries, rubber, electrical equipment, etc.). The most complex product of agricultural engineering enterprises is the production of combines. In combine construction, cooperative ties with allied enterprises have acquired great importance. 225 factories are involved in the production of the Niva combine.
Major changes have taken place in the location of the tractor industry in recent years. Originating in the main agricultural regions of the country (Volga-Volgograd, in the Urals-Chelyabinsk) to provide these regions with arable machines, the tractor industry was located near metallurgical bases. Tractors are intended not only for agricultural work, but also for industrial needs (on their basis, earth-moving machines - bulldozers, scrapers, etc.) are produced. Tractors and skidders are produced for other industries. For the needs of agriculture, the production of special types and modifications of tractors (except for tilled tractors - gardening, for working on steep slopes, on moist soils, in sugar beet fields), intended for use in different regions of the country, has been launched. This led to the specialization of tractor factories and a wide inter-regional exchange of manufactured products. Therefore, in subsequent years, new tractor factories sprang up both in the central industrial regions and in other European regions.
Tractor plants are located in St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk, Rubtsovsk. For the timber industry, the production of skidders was created in Petrozavodsk, industrial - in Cheboksary.
The production of grain harvesters is concentrated at the Rostselmash plant, as well as at the Taganrog and Krasnoyarsk plants, potato harvesters in Ryazan, flax harvesters in Bezhetsk (Tver region). Wheeled row-crop tractors are produced by factories in Vladimir and Lipetsk; caterpillar tilled - in Volgograd, Vladimir; industrial - in Barnaul, Chelyabinsk, Bryansk, Cheboksary.
machine tool industry- the technical base of all mechanical engineering. Metal consumption in it, as a rule, is small, most of the blanks and parts are produced at the enterprises themselves, cooperation with other plants is most often reduced to the supply of engines, molded products, and electrical equipment. For their placement big influence renders the labor intensity of products, the availability of qualified workers, engineering and technical personnel and designers. Industry enterprises are equipped with sophisticated equipment. The increase in the production of more modern machine tools - semi-automatic and automatic, milling, grinding, modular, precision, machine tools with program control, machine lines and, finally, automated workshops and factories - strengthened the role of large scientific and design centers in the location of machine tool building. The role of cooperative links has increased (unification of standard units in different types of machine tools, special electrical equipment, etc.). The narrow specialization of machine-tool enterprises predetermined the wide development of interregional ties: each of them provides most of the country's regions with its products.
At present, there are machine tool enterprises in many cities of the Central region, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Urals, and Western Siberia. The leading regions for the production of metal-cutting machine tools included Ural (30%), Central (28%), Volga (13%).
major centers machine tool industries are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, Saratov, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk.
Instrumentation concentrated in the Central District (Moscow), and also developed in Northwestern(St. Petersburg and Leningrad region) and the North Caucasian regions. The production of electronic equipment is concentrated in Moscow, Orel, Zelenograd, Smolensk, Penza.
Enterprises radio engineering industry, specializing in the production of radio receivers and televisions, were created in the Central (Moscow, Alexandrov), North-Western (St. Petersburg), Central Chernozemny (Voronezh) regions.
The most typical placement features for medium machine building are very clearly seen in the placement aviation industry. In this most complex branch of modern mechanical engineering, enterprises of almost all branches of heavy industry cooperate, and especially mechanical engineering itself, supplying a variety of structural materials from ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical materials, electrical, electronic and radio engineering equipment. Aviation industry enterprises are distinguished by an exceptionally high level of classification of engineering and technical personnel and workers. This led to the emergence and development of the aviation industry in large industrial centers, where, in addition to experienced personnel, there are research institutes and design bureaus in production. In such large industrial centers, as a rule, there are allied enterprises. Aircraft factories in individual cities specialize in the production of certain types of aircraft.
Modern passenger aircraft of international class are produced: in Moscow - Il-96-300, Il-114, Yak-42M; Smolensk - Yak-42; Voronezh - Il-86, Il-96-300; Kazan-IL-62; Ulyanovsk - Tu-204, An-124; Samara - Tu-154, An70; Saratov - Yak-42, Omsk - An-74; Novosibirsk - An-38. Helicopters are produced in Moscow and Kazan. Rocket and space industry(Moscow, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara, Primorsk, etc.) produces various types of orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites and orbital stations, and reusable spacecraft of the Buran type, combining the most modern, high technologies with a wide cross-industry complexity production. Our aerospace industry is one of the most advanced in the world.
Production of low-current equipment, precision machines , tools associated with stamping and precision casting of blanks, precision machining of parts, assembly of parts, assemblies and assemblies. The mass-flow organization of production prevails, in which highly qualified personnel are employed, and a large number of labor forces are used. Industry enterprises consume a relatively small amount of materials, but a wide range (ferrous, non-ferrous, noble, rare metals, various types of glass, plastics, etc.). The complexity and accuracy of the manufactured products makes very high demands on the culture of production, equipment equipment. Many enterprises in the industry (especially low-voltage - electrical, electronic and other equipment) are mainly engaged in the installation and assembly of parts and assemblies coming in the order of cooperation. Enterprises of this industry are located in areas with developed mechanical engineering, where there are research and development centers (Moscow, St. Petersburg).
One of the main tasks of the development of the machine-building complex is the radical reconstruction and accelerated growth of such industries as machine tool building, instrument making, and the electrical and electronic industries. Great importance is attached to the preservation of scientific and technical potential, the development and implementation of new technologies, the restoration of production in the engineering industries capable of producing competitive products. In order to successfully solve the tasks set, it is necessary to revive investment activity and state support for enterprises that focus on the production of high-tech products.
2.5. The place of Russia in the world production of engineering products
In terms of exports, mechanical engineering ranks second after the fuel and energy complex. This industry provides 15% of Russia's exports. But if we take Japan and Germany, then the export of their engineering is:
Table 3
Manufacture of engineering products in selected countries of the world
(early 90s).
Source: State Statistics Committee website www.gks.ru
At present, the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation is in a deep crisis, which could not but affect the export potential of the industry. The general decline in the export opportunities of mechanical engineering is caused by both external and internal factors. The former include the destruction of subject specialization within the framework of the former USSR, as well as a change in the ratio of producer prices for products from the raw materials and manufacturing industries.
Internal factors include low, compared with foreign counterparts, competitiveness of products, as well as unwillingness to be active in the field of market monitoring, marketing and maintenance of equipment in the field of operation.
At the same time, the range of mechanical engineering includes competitive types of equipment and machinery that are in demand in the domestic and foreign markets. Russia's exports are dominated by products of the defense industry and heavy energy and transport engineering.
Russian weapons have excellent combat qualities, low cost, and large stocks of surplus weapons allow Russia to deliver in record time. But despite this, the potential for Russian arms exports is limited. First of all, because the trade in weapons and military equipment is very much influenced by foreign policy factors that nullify the technical and other advantages of Russian weapons.
Despite the completion of the rearmament of the armies of the countries of the Near and Middle East, this region will remain the largest buyer of weapons until the end of the century. Orders from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the UAE naturally went to the United States, Great Britain and France, which ensure the safety of local regimes
Arms sales to Iran are being held back by US pressure on Russia. The threshold level of Russian deliveries to Tehran, which may be followed by complications, is limited to $350-400 million for "non-destabilizing" weapons systems. In the event of an attempt to supply Iran with tactical missiles, MiG-29 fighters of the latest modifications or modern systems air defense complications in Russian-American relations will follow immediately.
Russia has the ability to supply weapons to Syria, Algeria and Egypt, but the import potential of these countries is far from the capacious markets of Arabian importers.
More favorable prospects for increasing Russian arms exports to India and China. Russia annually exports $0.6-1 billion to each of them.
limited and European market. The former socialist countries are guided by the purchase of Western weapons, although economic reality forces them to maintain ties with Russia. In 1997 by at least three European countries appeared in the top ten buyers of Russian weapons - Finland, Cyprus and Hungary. In total, they received weapons worth $300-350 million, but supplies to Finland and Hungary were to pay off the debt. In recent years, there has been a dynamic growth in military purchases by Latin American countries. However, due to US opposition, Russia, at best, can bring the average annual volume of exports to this region to $300 million.
The export of heavy engineering is mainly due to power and metallurgical equipment. Activities to expand the geography and range of exports are carried out through working groups with many foreign countries: Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary, Cuba, China, Vietnam and many others. Mining equipment, railway locomotives, diesel engines are competitive in heavy, power and transport engineering, and the main power equipment for thermal and hydroelectric stations corresponds to the best world standards in terms of technical indicators.
In the machine tool industry, models of machines, equipment and tools are distinguished that meet the main criteria for competitiveness and can serve as a basis for expanding export deliveries to the world market and purchases in the domestic market. These include the left-hand turning module of the Alapaevsk plant, the drilling and milling machine of the Kuibyshev SPO, some high-complexity machines of the Klin machine-tool plant, the machining center of the Kolomna heavy machine tool plant, and diamond powder produced by JSC MPO of diamond tools Tomal.
Of the manufactured road construction equipment, the following are competitive: the DS-181 asphalt paver and the road roller of Raskat JSC, the truck-mounted crane of Avtokran JSC, the walking excavator of Uralmash JSC, and the hydraulic equipment of Pnevmostroymashina JSC.
Certain types of chemical and oil engineering products are of a high technical level, competitive and not inferior to foreign analogues. These are large-scale installations for the production of liquid and gaseous cryogenic products, capacitive equipment for the storage and transportation of liquid cryogenic products manufactured by Cryogenmash JSC, as well as products of Geliimash JSC. Over 50% of this equipment is exported.
The drilling rigs of JSC Uralmash, subway cars of JSC Metrovagonmash, the loading mine machine of the Krasnogorsk Machine-Building Plant, the main passenger diesel locomotive and diesel engines of the holding company Kolominsky Plant are competitive and do not concede to the world level.
Export of tractors is 20% of their production. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new markets to expand the sales of agricultural machines that correspond in their parameters to the world level. Among them are tractors of the Vladimirovsky, Lipetsk, Altai Tractor Plants, grain harvesters of the Krasnoyarsk Combine Plant, Don 1200 and Don 1500 of the Rostselmash Production Association, Volgar 5 feed chopper of the Syzranselmash plant, rake-tedders of the Sol- Iletskmash.
A number of products of the electrical industry and instrumentation in terms of technical level and basic parameters are also not inferior to analogues of foreign companies. These are turbo and hydro generators, transformers, large electrical machines, electric motors, cables. But the expansion of export deliveries of electrical and instrument-making products is held back due to the high saturation of foreign markets with it.
Machine-building enterprises individually are not able to ensure the comprehensive competitiveness of their products. Since the concept of the competitiveness of any product, and even more expensive and serving for a long period, includes not only prices and basic technical characteristics, but also many other parameters. A comprehensive assessment of the competitiveness of technology involves taking into account:
Product quality indicators - technical level, reliability, adaptation to local conditions, service level, maintainability, ergonomic characteristics, design, as well as the image of the manufacturer and seller. Often enterprises are not able to satisfy the totality of such requirements;
Price indicators - price, the possibility of purchasing on credit, the availability of discounts, state support for the production of expensive science-intensive products with long term cost recovery. Here we have to take into account that a Western manufacturer is often credited by its banks under the guarantees of Russian government structures. With an acute shortage of working capital and high taxes, our enterprises do not have such an opportunity;
Sales indicators - the presence of a dealer network and representative offices, market coverage. Such functions are available only to efficient industries;
Most enterprises cannot provide a set of necessary characteristics for the competitiveness of their products. But this is often not required, since in a market economy a large part of these characteristics is achieved by large strategic intermediaries. They are recognized to occupy the niche that was previously occupied by the state system of logistics. Therefore, the formation and support of such intermediaries can be considered one of the main elements of state policy in the field of increasing the competitiveness of engineering enterprises.
In 1996, imports exceeded exports by 177.3%. Moreover, the excess is observed both with the CIS countries (106.6) and with far abroad countries (210.7%). But on the whole, in 1996, there was a trend towards a decrease in the share of imports. This trend continued in 1997, and therefore positive shifts in the development of domestic engineering are possible. This is also confirmed by the indicators of the share of imports in the volume of sales on the Russian market of some of the most important types of engineering products.
MFEC experts state that the commodity structure foreign trade RF at the beginning of 1998 has not undergone cardinal changes. Exports were dominated by fuel and energy products, which accounted for more than 50% of all deliveries, as well as ferrous and non-ferrous metals (17%); in import - products mechanical engineering(35.3%), food and consumer goods.
Figure 2.
Foreign economic turnover of engineering products
for 1991-1999 (million dollars)
 |
Figure 3
Sources:
1. USA: economy, politics, ideology., 1998, No. 2, No. 9.
In industrialized countries, where crises and declines in production are repeated periodically, changes in the current situation affect the production of the latest high-tech products the least of all, which creates certain impulses for overcoming crisis situations. The mechanical engineering industry in Russia has recently been characterized by a diametrically opposite trend - an outstripping decline in the production of the most advanced technology. As a result, it is possible to completely lose the technological potential accumulated over previous years, although not of sufficient quality, but still of fundamental importance for the further functioning of the economy.
The collapse of the unified machine-building complex of the USSR into separate republican blocks sharply exacerbated the problems of Russian machine-building, since at the same time foreign economic relations in the field of trade in machinery and equipment broke up, which had been debugged for decades and due to which a certain balance was formed in saturating the branches of the national economy of Russia with modern technology. The structure of the final products of the domestic engineering industry at the turn of the last decades was characterized by "heaviness" and a high degree of militarization. The share of military equipment remained prohibitively high, while the output of consumer goods and especially equipment for the non-manufacturing sector lagged behind sharply. In the first half of the 1980s, the growth in the production of investment engineering products completely stopped, and in the second half a decline began, which turned into a landslide in the early 1990s.
The decrease in demand in consumer industries forced the mechanical engineering industry to adapt to the conditions for using its products, increasing the output of universal equipment and introducing primitive technologies. This will lead to the cessation of the production of science-intensive products, the further curtailment of machine-building production and, ultimately, to the attenuation of the investment process and the elimination of the basic sectors of the economy (except for raw materials, which have export potential).
The sharp decline in production at the beginning of the 1990s had less effect on the production of durable goods, the share of which was above average - mainly the car industry and the production of household appliances, with the most rapid growth in prices for them and high profitability of production. Thus, the main feature of the ongoing changes was the focus on the production of relatively prestigious products, while the conditions for the production of many others worsened, which was largely due to the patronizing customs policy of the state, for example, in relation to the automotive industry. Therefore, the relative well-being of some enterprises in this industry is temporary and in the context of a constant increase in production costs and growing competition from foreign manufacturers, a recession and periodic stoppages of production are inevitable. The position of mechanical engineering was also aggravated by the high level of concentration and monopoly of production. Among 2/3 enterprises, each produces more than 75% of products of a certain type, that is, in fact, it is its monopoly producer.
Distinctive feature The decline was the relative stability of the development of industries and sub-sectors that manufacture mobile equipment, while the output in industries that produce technological equipment fell. The reason lies in the higher liquidity of mobile equipment in relation to equipment that requires installation, the output of which began to exceed effective demand as a result of the overaccumulation of the fleet of this equipment from the consumer. This gave rise to serious financial and production problems, which led to the shutdown of a number of major enterprises. The main reason for this situation is a sharp drop in investment activity and a decrease in demand for machinery and equipment. Particularly decreased volume capital investments in the production of equipment for construction and in agricultural engineering.
Due to the considered unfavorable factors, the share of knowledge-intensive industries has decreased, while the share of the automotive industry has stabilized. The conditions for this stabilization are the containment of tariffs for energy carriers, products of the metallurgical and chemical complexes, rail transportation, and the prolongation of protectionist customs measures. The structure of the release itself should also undergo changes, since it does not yet meet modern requirements. The implementation of structural target programs is associated with significant investment costs and time. But the necessity, and most importantly, the success, of a comprehensive restructuring has been proven by the experience of GAZ JSC. The timely restructuring of production with the organization of the production of cars with a carrying capacity of one and a half tons and cars with diesel engines made it possible to increase production volumes. For example, for 10 months of 1997 the growth rate was 122.4% against the corresponding period of the previous year.
In the machine-tool industry of Russia today, production is more and more oriented towards effective demand. But on the part of the former main consumer - the state, it has sharply decreased, and business entities do not compensate for this reduction (especially for complex science-intensive products), preferring cheaper and simpler equipment, which entails a loss of orders, painful for the machine tool industry. The decline in the production of science-intensive types of equipment is here at a faster pace. The situation is aggravated by the outflow of highly qualified personnel, including from scientific and design and technological organizations. In fact, there was a threat of Russia losing its own machine tool industry. The development of non-core products for the machine tool industry in order to survive has become a mass practice. So, JSC "LSPO im. Sverdlov" (St. Petersburg) engaged in machine tools for processing logs, equipment for the coal industry; in addition, it produces a large amount of furniture fittings. Some revival of production in mechanical engineering had practically no effect on the increase in demand for technological equipment, since its fleet is currently used by less than half. Consequently, as production increases at consumer enterprises, the loading of existing equipment will initially increase, capital will accumulate, and only then the prospect of technical re-equipment, and therefore the acquisition of new equipment, may appear. Weak private and foreign investment, little non-public sector demand for technological equipment makes it necessary to implement state support enterprises in this industry. This is economically, and sometimes strategically, effective, especially in the case of import substitution. Thus, the funds allocated for this purpose made it possible to create production facilities for the production of linear rolling bearings under the license of the company "TNK" (Japan) at JSC "Lipetsk Machine Tool Plant". These units are the basis of Russian precision machine tool building, until now they were mainly imported from far abroad. The developed capacities for the production of synthetic diamonds at JSC Tomal make it possible to completely switch to the production of diamond tools based on Russian raw materials instead of importing them from Ukraine and Armenia, as well as to form an export potential in the amount of $10 million a year. These examples show the high efficiency of state support for priority areas of development of the machine tool industry.
A certain tendency towards stabilization has been outlined in the electrical industry and instrument making. In 1998, the production of electric motors, a number of cable products (power, city telephones) was increased. In order to expand sales markets and search for new consumers, electrical and instrument-making plants have begun to develop and manufacture products that are in demand, including those previously manufactured in the CIS countries (for example, explosion-proof electric motors, large electrical machines, cable products). This was also facilitated by the protectionist customs policy of the state, in which it is beneficial for the consumer to purchase these products from Russian enterprises. Within the framework of the federal innovation program for the creation of technical means for mandatory cash accounting additional capacities for the production of 300 thousand cash registers were introduced. An increase in their output contributes to an increase in tax revenues to the Russian budget, streamlining control over money circulation in the sphere of trade. Over the past four years, as a result of the insolvency of rural producers, the production of agricultural machinery has declined sharply, most factories use their production capacity by 10-15%. In the farms themselves, the fleet of agricultural machinery is noticeably reduced. In the context of a strong contraction in demand for agricultural machinery, it is now planned to take measures to accelerate the process of adapting enterprises to the market (structural restructuring of production, expanding the market for exporting equipment, creating trading houses at enterprises, holding fairs and exhibitions). To solve the problem of non-payments, barter transactions and offsets will be carried out at the enterprises of the industry, bills and state treasury bills will be used more widely. A particularly promising form of normalization of sales is the already practiced provision of the agro-industrial complex with machine-building products on the basis of long-term lease - leasing. At present, there is a tendency towards stabilization of production volumes for some types of heavy engineering products, and for others - an increase in output. This applies to the production of equipment for the ferrous metallurgy and mining industry: machines for continuous casting and sinter production, drilling rigs for the needs of the mining industry. Enterprises have become more active in finding solvent customers due to competition from foreign suppliers of similar equipment.
The situation in the power engineering industry has stabilized due to some increase in the production of steam turbines due to export deliveries of equipment, mainly to China, Iran and the countries of Eastern Europe. The production of diesel engines and diesel generators has stabilized at the 1995 level. At the same time, there has been a tendency to master the production of diesel engines under licenses from foreign companies, which makes it possible for the plants of this sub-sector to enter into competition in the world market.
In the wagon building sub-sector, production volumes are determined by the financial capabilities of the main customer - the Ministry of Railways Russian Federation. It is no secret that they are limited and do not allow a significant increase in the production of rolling stock, which is so necessary for Russian railways. As a result, the production of freight cars increased slightly. A change in the structure of production of passenger cars is expected. Thus, Tverskoy Wagon-Zavod JSC is increasing the production of passenger compartment cars that meet modern requirements for comfort and traffic safety. This creates the possibility to stop their import from Germany. The share of compartment cars in the total output of locomotive-hauled cars increased in 1996 by 39 percent. JSC "Demikhovskiy mashzavod" organized the production of electric train cars instead of those purchased in Latvia. The production capacity of up to 500 wagons per year introduced at this enterprise makes it possible to produce fully complete trains.
In the coming years, even with investment activity, one should not expect a significant increase in demand for construction and road equipment. Moreover, in building complex there is a fleet of construction equipment that was formed before 1995, which is now loaded by no more than half. However, the parameters for updating products have deteriorated. This phenomenon indicates that the industry is not adapting to new operating conditions due to changes in product quality. Over the past 3 years, the intensity of renewal has fallen by 40%, and the share of equipment being mastered for the first time has fallen by 2 times. The enterprises of this industry are able to replicate outdated equipment and technologies.
Summing up all of the above, it can be definitely stated that the state of development of the Russian machine-building complex is determined not just by demand, but by investment restrictions. It is they who hinder the restructuring of production, which should be based on improving the quality of products, and, consequently, increasing their competitiveness. Finally, it is necessary to give a generalized idea of the complex socio-economic situation that has developed in industry in recent years. It is due to the fact that the wave of non-payments, which has been growing in the last 2 years, has increased the share of unprofitable enterprises. The number of unemployed in this complex increased to a greater extent than in industry as a whole. The official statistics of recent years show that hidden unemployment (employment with part-time work or a week) in industry as a whole has decreased. A survey conducted at the end of last year by the St. Petersburg center "Trud-monitoring" showed that the proportion of workers in the engineering industry who are employed part-time or sent on vacation at the initiative of the administration has increased. Among those employed in machine-building enterprises, the need for secondary employment is growing. This was stated by 86.9% of the surveyed workers, and 84.6% said that they regularly have a month or more delay in paying wages.
A particularly difficult situation has developed in the defense complex, where the number of production personnel is declining even faster than in the engineering industry as a whole. Employment fell most noticeably in the electronics industry and in the production of special communications equipment. The backlog in wages also persists: in 1997. it was 78% of the industry average.
All this causes the outflow of highly qualified specialists from research organizations and design bureaus, including abroad. A particularly difficult situation has developed in those regions where military-industrial complex enterprises play the role of city-forming enterprises (Urals, Udmurtia, some regions of the Central Economic Region). It is necessary to take measures now to correct the selected market rate. If this is not done, then in the near future pessimistic moods and social tensions will increase, which will create a threat to further building a socially oriented market economy in Russia.
The purpose of this work was to study the problems and prospects for the development of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation. The following questions were considered during the study:
· Structure and value of a machine-building complex;
· Intra- and intersectoral relations;
· Characteristics of the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering in developed and developing countries of the world;
· Peculiarities of development and placement of enterprises of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation;
· Articles of export engineering;
· Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia.
The analysis carried out allows us to say that:
1. Mechanical engineering is the basic branch of the national economy of the country. On its basis, the technical re-equipment of the entire industry of the country is carried out.
2. The machine-building complex has close intra- and intersectoral ties with most branches of the country's national economy, especially with ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the timber and chemical industries. It should be noted that with the collapse of the USSR, intersectoral and cooperative ties were disrupted.
3. There are significant differences in the structure of developed and developing countries. Russia, together with the USA, Germany and Japan, is included in the group of countries with a complete range of products.
4. Mechanical engineering belongs to the sectors of "free placement", but at the same time, the location of enterprises is influenced by a number of factors: science intensity, metal intensity, labor intensity, proximity to the consumer.
5. Currently, the structure of engineering exports is dominated by products of the military-industrial complex and heavy engineering, which hinders the development of the engineering complex as a whole.
6. The Russian engineering industry is currently characterized by a decrease in the production of the most advanced technology. As a result, it is possible to completely lose the technological potential accumulated over previous years, which is of fundamental importance for the further functioning of the economy.
Summing up the study, we can conclude that the machine-building complex, which is of great importance for the further development of the Russian economy, is in a systemic crisis due to the collapse of the USSR and a change in the structure of the national economic complex of Russia. Carrying out a radical reform of the engineering industry will allow Russia to enter the world market with high-tech products and take an advantageous position on it. This will serve as a basis for stabilizing the economy and boosting Russian industry as a whole.
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This is an industry that includes: general engineering, specializing in the production of production equipment; transport engineering; electrical and electronic industry; instrumentation; production of military equipment and weapons and a number of other sub-sectors and industries (about 300). We see how many industries make up the machine-building complex, hence a large number of problems and tasks, which are discussed below.
One of the main tasks of mechanical engineering is the radical reconstruction and accelerated growth of such industries as machine tool building, instrument making, the electrical and electronic industry, and the production of computer technology, which will allow Russia to gain momentum to approach the world level of the economy.
Domestic mechanical engineering is inherent a range of problems which can be grouped according to their nature.
1. Problems associated with the development of the machine-building complex:
Low growth rates of leading industries, and in some cases a decline in production;
Downtime of many enterprises;
Low rates of renewal of equipment and manufactured products (for example, 60% of metalworking machines are over 10 years old).
2. The need for structural adjustment:
The main part of the products of Russian engineering has been of defense importance for a long time, in connection with which it became necessary to update and focus on the development of other industries;
The need for faster growth in such industries as machine tool building, instrument making, electrical and electronic industries.
3. Problems of improving the quality of manufactured machines:
Non-compliance of the vast majority of domestic equipment and machinery with international standards;
Low quality and reliability of manufactured products (products do not meet international standards, low reliability of manufactured machines, since Russia used to be focused on the domestic market.
Main directions development of the machine-building complex Russia in the conditions of transition to market relations You may need to do things like:
1. Stop the decline in production with a number of specific measures of a state nature:
Maintaining through government order at the proper level of production of such types of equipment that ensure the reproduction process of the country's economy;
Termination of the liberalization of prices for fuel and energy, as the main raw material for the machine-building complex;
The introduction of tax incentives for the machine-building complex, its investors, suppliers of metal, fuel, energy, components.
2. Raise the scientific level of substantiation of the location of the branches of the complex throughout the country.
3. Improve repair production in the following areas:
Formation of territorial intersectoral repair complexes, an extensive network of enterprises with detailed and subject specialization;
Expansion of corporate repair and maintenance by territorial service organizations.
Optimization of the location of enterprises of the machine-building complex throughout the country;
Using world experience in theory and practice on the development and placement of branches of the machine-building complex.
The machine-building complex includes more than twenty sub-sectors (metalworking industry, production of means of production, transport, defense products, as well as consumer goods) and, under certain conditions, should become a key factor influencing the effectiveness of the innovation scenario. MSK Mashinostroenie is designed to provide production equipment to key sectors of the economy and, first of all, manufacturing industries, and thereby determines the state of the production potential of the Russian Federation. Material consumption, energy intensity of the gross domestic product, labor productivity, industrial safety and the defense capability of the state depend on the level of development of mechanical engineering.
MSK should play a key role in ensuring the transfer of traditional sectors of the economy to a fundamentally new technological base, including through the deployment of globally oriented specialized industries, where the technological development of the machine tool industry plays a special role.
The spontaneous transition to the market at the end of the last century, of course, had a positive effect on the development of the extractive industries - as the most profitable, but had a detrimental effect on the manufacturing industries. First of all, mechanical engineering. The current share of mechanical engineering in the total volume of industrial production in the Russian Federation is about 20%, yielding at least 2 times the indicators of industrialized countries. And for the vast majority of positions in the world export of machinery, equipment and vehicles, the country's contribution is tenths and hundredths of a percent (a relative exception is energy equipment - about 2.5 percent).
Among the main problems of domestic engineering:
The presence of excess production capacity, as a rule, is obsolete, and, accordingly, extremely high costs for their maintenance.
Morally obsolete infrastructure production capacity.
Critical moral and physical deterioration of equipment and technologies.
Shortage of monetary resources (low credit and investment attractiveness enterprises) to implement strategic transformation programs.
Inefficient production cooperation of industrial enterprises.
shortage of qualified personnel.
According to statistics, up to 70% of equipment in the domestic engineering industry has an average age of 20 years or more. This means that the vast majority of fixed assets are obsolete not only morally, but also physically. In particular, in shipbuilding, the radio-electronic complex, and the helicopter industry, equipment wear exceeds 65%.
In their current state, Russian machine-building enterprises can produce high-tech competitive products only for relatively narrow segments of the world market. The current state of the industry does not meet the goals and objectives of increasing the long-term competitiveness of the economy and occupying stable market niches in the world markets for high technology products.
Taking into account the fact that mechanical engineering plays a leading role in the country's economy (as well as the property inherent in this industry complex to give impetus to innovative development almost all industries), an objective and urgent task is the immediate restructuring and innovative development of domestic engineering.
One of the main tasks of state support in the forecast period should be to overcome the import dependence of engineering products, which leads to the economic backwardness of all sectors of the economy.
Currently, the development of the machine-building complex is taking place against the background of the following positive trends:
consolidation of assets of manufacturers of machine-building products and the creation of large integrated structures in the fields of machine-building;
increase in the volume of state support for high-tech sectors of the economy (aircraft industry, shipbuilding, transport engineering, power engineering, etc.), as well as the development of industrial infrastructure.
Thus, domestic manufacturers of railway equipment are largely under the protection of the state, import positions and the presence of foreign companies in the domestic market are regulated. The strategy for the development of transport engineering in 2007-2010 and for the period up to 2015 implies the allocation of public funds for R&D. To ensure long-term planning of production development, it is planned to introduce the practice of long-term contracts between consumers and manufacturers for the supply of rolling stock and equipment.
At the same time, the negative trends in the development of the machine-building complex are:
aggressive pricing policy of large trans national companies entering the domestic market;
unfavorable macroeconomic environment, which affects the decrease in the profitability of products;
a high level of use of imported components in the production of products of certain branches of engineering.
It seems possible to distinguish two possible options for innovative and technological development of the sector:
"compensation of the previous technological gap", when Russian market consumption of engineering products may outpace world rates for some time due to the current lag;
“slowdown with the formation of a new backlog”, associated with insufficient implementation of new technologies due to various obstacles.
Taking into account the fact that mechanical engineering is called upon to play a leading role in the country's economy (as well as the property inherent in this industry complex to give impetus to the innovative development of almost all industries), an objective and urgent task is to immediately restructure and innovative development of domestic mechanical engineering. At the same time, it should be taken into account that, based on the current level of technological development and existing trends, it is absolutely unrealistic to achieve a simultaneous rise in all branches of domestic engineering and technological re-equipment of all key industries included in them.
Accordingly, the task of the state is to promote the development of domestic engineering based on the need to ensure national priorities scientific and technological development and the various roles played by the state in the implementation of various kinds of priorities. At the same time, even within the framework of any specific priority, fully ensure its implementation exclusively at the expense of domestic engineering, even in medium term does not seem possible . Therefore, we are talking about the choice, within the framework of a specific priority, of a limited list of key competencies necessary for its implementation and the development of appropriate machine-building industries to acquire these key competencies.
Based on this approach, the efforts of the state should be primarily focused on the technological development of key industries in those branches of engineering that are associated with solving the problem of achieving technological leadership in the field of rocket and space technology, civil aircraft engineering and nuclear energy, since in the implementation of these priorities the state plays a dominant role.
For Russia, the following can be identified as long-term goals for the development of the engineering sector (for the period up to 2025):
increase the share of own production using dual technologies to minimize risks and increase defense capability;
create new and develop existing joint ventures In Russian federation,
create new markets and new equipment and civilian production to reverse the trend of imports;
take a significant position in the global market as an exporter for a number of breakthrough technologies,
development of personnel potential of the machine-building complex.
The result of the implementation of a set of measures for the development of the industry should be the achievement by 2015 of the following goals:
increase in the domestic market of mechanical engineering up to 125-130 billion rubles (100 thousand units) per year;
increase in the production of machining equipment up to 90 billion rubles. (up to 75 thousand units) and tools - up to 30 billion rubles. in 2015 (in 2007 prices);
achieving a positive external economic balance in the machine-building industry;
Exports of engineering products in relation to the current level should double by 2015 and five times by 2020. - from 17.5 billion US dollars in 2006 to 92 billion US dollars in 2020 (about 18% of all exports).
Based on the calculation of the accumulated unmet internal need and real opportunities to stimulate the market, the goal is to reach by 2015 the annual volume of domestic consumption of 125-130 billion rubles (this is about 100 thousand units of machining equipment), taking into account domestic production and imports.
Among the main directions of technological development of the machine-building complex:
1. Technologies that reduce operating costs:
new technologies for processing materials with enhanced characteristics (specific hardness, longitudinal and transverse stiffness, etc.);
technologies that increase the energy and electrical efficiency of equipment, reduce the consumption of auxiliary materials;
technologies that increase reliability, maintainability, maintainability, allowing to reduce maintenance costs;
modularity, the ability to produce a wide range of batches, different products, different operations (universality).
2. ICT technologies for mechanical engineering:
combination of information technologies and traditional mechanical engineering with the receipt of "intelligent mechanical engineering", machine tools, instruments, equipment equipped with control and management tools;
network technologies, internetization of engineering products, complexes, integration into global networks.
For the industry "Production of machinery and equipment" the most important areas of technological development should be:
implementation of existing scientific and technical groundwork in such areas as power engineering, reactor building (transition to the production of fourth-generation reactors), etc.;
reduction of metal and energy consumption of products.
For the industry "Manufacture of electrical, electronic and optical equipment" the most important areas of technological development should be:
convergence with Western manufacturers, accompanied by a gradual expansion of the use of Russian parts, components and components;
transition to the production of a new generation of radio-electronic products, oriented to the demand of the Russian Armed Forces, including support for our own developments in the field of power and high-current electronics (magnetrons, microwave electronics, radar stations with a new generation of phased array, new intelligence, communications and control systems in real time, over-the-horizon radars, etc.).
Absolutely no alternative is the need for state support for those machine-building industries that are associated with the implementation of national priorities for scientific and technological development in the area of direct responsibility of the state, especially in the field of defense and security. Hence follows the priority task of developing those machine-building industries that can ensure the technological re-equipment of those defense industry enterprises that form technological chains involved in the implementation of the most promising areas for the development of HSVT.
In addition, as part of the implementation of national priorities related to the technological modernization of the economy in areas that are in demand by business, but at the same time within the sphere of state interests, the technological re-equipment of existing and the creation of new machine-building industries deserves priority attention, the products of which are necessary to solve the following tasks:
ensuring the effective functioning and development of the oil and gas complex;
energy and resource saving, energy efficient consumption;
development of transport infrastructure;
technological modernization of the agro-industrial complex.
As part of the implementation of the national priority associated with ensuring the transfer of traditional sectors of the economy to a fundamentally new technological base, including through the deployment of globally oriented specialized industries, the technological development of the machine tool industry plays a special role.
In the machine tool industry, there is a long decline in production (in 2004 it was 10% of the 1990 level), the rate of renewal of the production apparatus and innovative activity are extremely low. According to estimates, 90% of the machine park of the Russian industry is domestically produced, so the transition to imported equipment will require $ 14 billion in annual investments over 10 years. It is clear that a complete technical re-equipment of the machine-building complex of the Russian industry at the expense of imported equipment is impossible.
If we proceed from their simple reproduction, then in order to maintain the current level of machine-building production, the annual need of industry is at least 50 thousand units. new machining equipment. In 2006, only 30 percent of the projected minimum demand for industry was covered. According to existing forecasts, to ensure sustainable growth in mechanical engineering, it is necessary to supply about 700 thousand units of new machining equipment by 2015 to the amount of about 800 billion rubles.
The result of the implementation of a set of measures for the development of the machine-tool industry should be the achievement by 2015 of the following goals:
increase in the domestic market up to 125-130 billion rubles (100 thousand units) per year;
increase in the production of machining equipment up to 90 billion rubles. (up to 75 thousand units) and tools - up to 30 billion rubles. in 2015 (in 2007 prices);
reducing dependence on imports;
resolving issues of staffing enterprises that are typical for the entire industry;
an increase in the absolute volume of investments in the machine tool industry (up to 10 billion rubles in 2015, in 2007 prices), primarily due to an increase in the share of attracted funds. It is also expected to use financial instruments: leasing, concessional lending.
Within the framework of the implementation of the national priority associated with the development of transport infrastructure, a special place belongs to the development of transport engineering, which is due to the role that railway transport plays in Russia.
The strategy for the development of transport engineering in 2007-2010 and for the period up to 2015 implies the allocation of public funds for R&D. To ensure long-term planning of production development, it is planned to introduce the practice of long-term contracts between consumers and manufacturers for the supply of rolling stock and equipment. This will ensure full satisfaction of domestic demand for modern railway rolling stock and eliminate the shortage of railway equipment by 2015, as well as expand exports of transport engineering products. The provisions of the Strategy are consistent with the forecasts for the demand for rolling stock that underlie the “Strategy for the Development of Railway Transport until 2030” developed by the Ministry of Transport of Russia with the participation of Russian Railways.
In 2006, transport engineering enterprises exported more than 13% of the total production volume. It is planned that by 2015 China and India will actually become the largest consumers of transport engineering products. Thus, the industry should be faced with the task of not only remaining the dominant supplier in the CIS markets, which cannot be lost, but also becoming the main supplier of products and technologies for Asian markets, primarily the South-East region.
It is expected that the favorable situation in the industry will be ensured mainly due to the action of two main factors:
a sharp increase in demand, tk. as part of the investment program of RAO Russian Railways, a large-scale renewal of the rolling stock is planned;
high level of government support. Domestic manufacturers of railway equipment are largely under the protection of the state, import positions and the presence of foreign companies in the domestic market are regulated.
Limitations and risks:
The market dominance of a large consumer (RAO Russian Railways) makes railway engineering enterprises highly dependent on its pricing policy and purchase plans themselves. The effect of this factor will weaken gradually, as independent carriers develop.
Excessive state protection of domestic railway engineering enterprises has a destimulating effect on technical progress in the industry. As a result, the products of domestic manufacturers lag behind imported products in many respects, and in the event of a decrease in the level of state support, they may turn out to be uncompetitive. Technological lag is observed, first of all, in terms of modern electric locomotive construction, as well as high-speed locomotives and cars, as well as in terms of efficiency and operating costs of rolling stock.
Lack of production capacity. The low rate of renewal of the rolling stock at RAO RZD in the 1990s and the beginning of their modernization in the 2000s led to the fact that at present the level of production capacity utilization exceeds 80%. In the future, with the predicted growth rates of demand, domestic producers will not be able to fully satisfy it.
For the near future, as part of the implementation of the Strategy for the Development of Transport Engineering until 2010, the following areas of technological modernization of railway transport have been adopted as priorities for implementation:
development and production of a family of single- and dual-system electric locomotives with brushless traction motors;
development and production of a family of hybrid shunting diesel locomotives with highly efficient energy storage devices;
development and putting into production of diesel locomotive engines with improved efficiency and environmental safety;
development and production of a high-tech component base in transport engineering: power converters, cassette bearings, high-temperature cables.
Among the key tasks of the automotive industry is to maintain positions in the domestic passenger car market in the future (including through industrial assembly) and accelerate the development of localization of the production of foreign cars in Russia. On the one hand, already in the medium term, cheap cars made in China and the CIS countries (including the rapidly growing production of passenger cars in Ukraine) will enter the Russian market. On the other hand, in developed countries, the penetration of high technologies (ICT, the use of nanomaterials, etc.) into the automotive industry will lead to the emergence of new consumer properties, some of which may become a de facto standard (the use of ICT in traffic management, reducing fuel consumption) or de jure (compliance with environmental requirements).
In the truck market, there is an opportunity to strengthen its position in the markets of off-road trucks with a payload capacity of 5-8 tons, which are in demand for regions with difficult natural and climatic operating conditions, as well as for defense purposes in a number of countries.
The main technological directions for the development of the automotive industry in the future:
localization of the production of components according to the technologies used by the world's leading manufacturers, which ensures a slowdown in the dynamics of imports of cars (and, in part, trucks) and an increase in car exports;
adaptation to tougher environmental requirements;
expanding the use of new technologies and technological solutions, including in the production of trucks - the use of new materials (carbon fiber, light metals, kevlar, nanomaterials), information and communication technologies, including global positioning systems, traffic dispatching, etc.
According to expert estimates, the industry must go through 2 stages of modernization:
5-7 years, until 2015 - meeting the current demand through the technologies of the previous generation, the purchase of traditional equipment, tools, components, mainly imported;
until 2025 (subject to the implementation of an innovative development scenario and the development of products with improved quality parameters) the development of new Russian technologies and equipment with an import substitution trend.
According to estimates, the cost of MSC production in comparable prices in 2007 will increase from 4924 billion rubles. in 2007 to:
1. For the energy and raw materials scenario: in terms of taking into account the "full" impact of technological modernization - 9623 billion rubles. in 2025
2. For the innovation scenario: taking into account the "full" impact of technological modernization - 14,805 billion rubles. in 2025
MSC production volumes in 2007 prices, under the innovation scenario with an assessment of the "full" impact of technological modernization for the period 2010-2025. will increase by 3.3 times. The level of production of MSK products under the innovation scenario in 2025 is almost 1.55 times higher than in the base case without taking into account technological modernization.
Possible forks in the technological development of the sector may arise, first of all, due to the lack of “state attention” to the prospects for the development of the sector. It should be noted that so far "private money" practically does not work in mechanical engineering. Companies in the sector, for the most part state form property from the sphere of the military-industrial complex, are mainly forced to develop at their own expense in the face of fierce industry competition. As a result, a low level of investment, as well as a high depreciation of production assets, are accompanied by a decrease in the volume of production of competitive products.
Separately, it is worth noting the solution of the problems of technological and state security associated with the use of dual-use technologies. Most of the machining equipment included in the lists of dual-use technologies is not produced in our country or is seriously inferior in terms of its characteristics to foreign analogues. Thus, the Russian defense and civil engineering industry will be under the threat of losing access to advanced equipment and technologies well controlled by Western states.
Assessing the probability of achieving the set goals, taking into account the existing starting conditions and trends, it seems possible to conclude that with appropriate funding for scientific developments in the field of new equipment, the prospects for the development of the Russian engineering sector, aimed at meeting the growing domestic demand, are quite favorable. In particular, traditional and new products of heavy engineering may be dominated by Russian manufacturers; in a number of other engineering industries, if not import substitution, then a significant weakening of dependence on imports is possible.
A special role is played by the high level of state support (primarily in railway engineering and the automotive industry).
On the contrary, the possibility of offering Russian technologies, engineering products and services on the world market should be assessed as limited.
Especially for the portal "Perspectives"
Vladimir Kondratiev
Kondratiev Vladimir Borisovich - Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Center for Industrial and Investment Studies of the Institute of World Economy and international relations RAS
Mechanical engineering leads among other industries in the use of high technology. It is generally considered a less knowledge-intensive sector compared to innovative industries such as ICT or pharmaceuticals. However, it is mechanical engineering that plays a key role in the dissemination of advanced machines, equipment and production processes in other sectors of the economy. A large part of bio- and nanotechnologies, the production of modern materials, micro- and photoelectronics is largely dependent on innovations in mechanical engineering.
From about the 1970s, mechanical engineering began to lead among other industries in the development and use of high technologies. While producing machines, equipment and components for them, this industry also has close ties with the service sector, especially with its segments such as the installation of processing systems, repair and Maintenance and even financial operations. All this contributes not only to increasing productivity, but also to reducing production costs.
Approximately one third of engineering products are supplied as intermediate goods to other segments of the industry, such as electronic engineering, automotive, medical equipment, tools, etc. There is, for example, a whole group of industries that specialize in the automotive industry and produce components needed for the operation of transport equipment.
Most of the engineering products are classified as investment goods necessary for making capital investments in a wide range of sectors of the economy. Separate sub-sectors of mechanical engineering provide investment goods to industries such as textile, pulp and paper, mining, as well as construction and agriculture. Some of these industries (textile, pulp and paper, etc.) are subject to fairly deep investment cycles, which creates significant problems for the development of engineering. Some suppliers of investment goods provide several sectors of the economy at once, which reduces the threat of a reduction in production; these include, for example, enterprises producing handling equipment - cranes and conveyors.
Mechanical engineering is subject to fluctuations in economic conditions to a much greater extent than other sectors of the economy. It strongly depends on the investment activity of companies that buy machinery and equipment. This one-way dependence constantly exposes engineering to cyclical changes in demand. As a result, mechanical engineering finds itself at the center of the process of alternating crises and economic upswings.
An idea of the general structure of this diversified industry with numerous sub-sectors and its changes is given in Figs. 1 and 2.
Rice. 1. Sectoral structure of mechanical engineering in 1995 - 2000,%
Rice. 2. Sectoral structure of mechanical engineering in 2008 - 2012, %
As can be seen from the presented figures, the largest segments of the engineering industry are the production of turbines and motors, the production of handling equipment and equipment for ventilation and air conditioning. At the same time, over the past 10-15 years, the importance of ventilation and air conditioning equipment (from 5 to 8%), material handling equipment (from 7 to 9%) and the production of turbines and motors (from 10 to 11%) has increased.
Mechanical engineering is usually classified as an industry with a medium-high level of science intensity. At the same time, they are based on the fact that the share of R&D costs is about 2% of the cost of production and has remained at this level for more than ten years. Compared to other innovative industries such as ICT or pharmaceuticals, this figure appears to be relatively low. Moreover, the technologies used in mechanical engineering are often rated as “mature” .
Such a point of view does not take into account the "providing" nature of mechanical engineering. The industry is key to the spread of advanced machinery, equipment and production processes to other sectors of the economy. Most of bio- and nanotechnologies, the production of modern materials, micro- and photoelectronics - everything that ensures competitiveness - largely depends on innovations in mechanical engineering.
Here it is necessary to take into account the following. Innovative products are produced using machines and equipment supplied by the mechanical engineering industry, which requires close interaction between machine manufacturers and consumer industries. New production technologies are developed by companies based on key “enabling” technologies in cooperation with equipment manufacturers and suppliers of necessary materials. Occupying in this case the upper segments of value chains, mechanical engineering provides production know-how to customers located on the lower floors of such chains. At the same time, the widespread use of these know-how in the economy requires machine-building enterprises that develop specific solutions for certain industries or even specific companies.
The largest world centers of mechanical engineering are currently the European Union, China, the USA and Japan (Table 1).
Table 1. World mechanical engineering centers, 2012
Source: Eurostat, national statistical bureau, Ifo Institute.
The European Union is still the world's largest center of mechanical engineering in terms of total gross output. However, China is on its heels, which over the past 10 years has become one of the leaders, and even ranked first in the world in terms of conventionally pure products produced. In the same period, the average annual growth rate of machine-building output in the EU amounted to only 1.1%, while in the USA and Japan there was even a drop (by 1.1 and 3.1%, respectively). If employment in the industry in 2000-2012 decreased in developed countries (in the USA - by 2.6% per year, in Japan - by 3.3%, in the EU - by 1.5% per year), while in China it grew annually by 5.8%, reaching 6 million people and thus twice the employment rate in the EU countries. This reflected the general process of the transfer of machine-building capacities from the West to the East. The reason is that unit labor costs in China are two times lower than in Japan, three times lower than in the US, and almost five times lower than in the European Union.
The competitive positions of European countries in the field of mechanical engineering are also weakened by a relatively lower labor productivity indicator, which is 54 thousand dollars (in the USA - 91 thousand dollars, in Japan - 97 thousand dollars). This can be explained by the heterogeneous nature of the economies of the EU countries. However, even in Germany, the leading country in Western Europe, labor productivity in mechanical engineering is only $70,000.
Although China still lags behind other world centers of mechanical engineering in terms of labor productivity (50% of the EU level), the annual growth rate of this indicator in 2000-2012. amounted to more than 10%, while in the EU - 1.5%, the US - 0.8%, and in Japan there was a decline. In terms of the current level of labor productivity in mechanical engineering, China is comparable to countries such as Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, where labor costs are significantly higher than in China. In addition, these countries pay more attention to absolute output volumes than to investments in R&D, design and marketing. These circumstances give China significant competitive advantages.
The strengthening of China's position as a leading machine-building power was also expressed in a sharp increase in its share in world trade in the products of this industry. In just 12 years, this figure increased from 3% in 2000 to 13% in 2012. The share of the United States in world trade over the same period decreased from 25 to 17%, and Japan - from 21 to 16%. And only the position of the European Union remained strong enough: in the late 2000s it accounted for 37% of global trade in engineering products, which is three percentage points higher than the level of 2000.
Germany
Germany is one of the leading countries in the world and the largest power in Western Europe in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering (Table 2).
Table 2. The share of the European Union countries in the development of mechanical engineering,%
Source:Eurostat, IFO Institute.
It is noteworthy that, in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering, Germany is almost two times ahead of Italy, which follows it, although the share of Germany in European mechanical engineering has decreased over the past decades (from 42% in the 1990s to 38% in 2012).
In Germany itself, machine-building enterprises are concentrated in North Rhine-Westphalia, a traditional region of heavy engineering, in Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. After the reunification of Germany, Saxony also joined this regional group.
Mechanical engineering occupies a leading position in the country's economy: it accounts for 13% of the total production of the manufacturing industry (on average for the EU countries - 9%). German mechanical engineering is known for its wide variety of products. At the same time, specialization has increased here over the past 15 years. The top 10 sub-sectors of engineering in 1995 accounted for 48% of the industry's products, and in 2012 - already 63%. The share of machine tool building increased from 3 to 6%. The bearing industry developed at a faster rate, the share of which increased from 5.6% to 8%. Both sub-sectors have close downward links with investment sectors, and above all with the automotive industry, which constitutes a powerful pan-European industrial cluster. The importance of these sub-sectors of mechanical engineering in Germany is significantly higher than the average for the EU (where we have 4% for the machine tool industry and 6% for the bearing industry).
Power engineering remains another important sector. Its share in the total production of the industry in the mid-2000s reached 17% in Germany. Later, this figure dropped to 14%. Such volatility is explained by the peculiarity of contracts for the production of large turbines for power plants, the implementation of which has a long time lag. Germany, with major manufacturers such as Siemens, occupies a significant segment of the global turbine market.
Companies in the country are provided with very favorable conditions for research and development, production of critical technical components. Infrastructure created in Germany, including tax incentives, recognized by EU experts as "best practice". However, engineering companies are facing problems of structural shifts and high wages. Traditionally, this industry has emphasized domestic production within a single corporation. In the 1990s, the situation began to change. Many companies have become global players with production sites in the most important overseas markets.
The long process of industry consolidation was accompanied in Germany by active mergers and acquisitions. This led to the cessation of the activities of a number of large corporations. For example, Mannesmann Corporation was taken over in 1999 by the British telecommunications company Vodafone. The corporation's subsidiaries such as Mannesmann Rexroth (manufacturer of hydraulic equipment) and Demag Cranes were sold. After some time, both of these companies became part of Siemens. And even later, Rexroth was acquired by Bosch, and Demag Cranes in 2002 came under the control of the American engineering company Terex.
In the 1990s, financial investors began to actively invest in the engineering industry, thus contributing to the process of consolidation. Small companies with their complementary production programs were forced to join the big ones. industrial groups to provide complete solutions for major customers such as MAG Powertrain and Schleifring Group.
The German engineering industry is characterized by close ties between companies along the entire value chain. This feature is based not only on long-term and reliable cooperation, but also on the exchange of technologies, as well as quality standards. This contributed to maintaining stable cooperation even in the era of total globalization. Large companies are showing great interest in supporting their national suppliers.
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have become part of the value chains of German engineering companies. German companies have been actively investing in this region. Much attention is paid to relations with other countries and regions. This allows, on the one hand, to use lower labor costs for efficient final assembly of equipment in Germany itself, and on the other hand, to organize production and final assembly in important regional markets in order to quickly access German equipment there.
In 2012, in terms of gross engineering output ($220 billion), the United States was third in the world after the European Union and China. However, in the last decade, American engineering has grown at a relatively low rate - less than 1.5% per year. As a result, the volume of conditionally net production in 2012 at constant prices was 17% lower than in 2000, and the number of people employed in the industry decreased over the years from 1.5 million to 1.1 million people.
At the same time, the level of labor productivity in the American engineering industry remains one of the highest in the world, amounting to $91,000, which is almost 70% higher than the Western European figure. At present, about 60% of the engineering products produced in the USA are directed to the domestic market. Exports are growing faster than imports. In 2012, the positive balance in trade in engineering products amounted to $13 billion (in 2000, $5 billion). The main export destinations are NAFTA countries, Canada and Mexico. Traditionally, American engineering products occupy strong positions in the countries of South America. In recent years, Asian countries, especially China, have become an important market.
Mechanical engineering in the United States is a highly science-intensive industry. It accounts for up to 20% of all US R&D and 17% of the number of scientists and engineers. At the same time, there is a growing deficit in trade in science-intensive products. Thus, in 2008, for the first time in history, more than half of US patents were granted to companies from other countries. In this regard, the government is making efforts to stimulate the development of science-intensive technologies. Attention is paid, in particular, to the use of small high-capacity batteries, modern composite materials, bioengineering and alternative energy sources; reducing the time for the development and implementation of advanced materials in production; investment in a new generation of robotics; development of innovative production processes and materials to reduce energy costs.
Japan
The total volume of engineering production in Japan in 2012 amounted to 152 billion dollars. This is the fourth largest in the world. The industry employs approximately 700 thousand people. In 2000 - 2012 mechanical engineering in Japan developed at a relatively slow pace, as a result of which the production of conditionally net products at constant prices decreased by 30% compared to 2000, and the number of employees decreased by 200 thousand people. The country has achieved the highest level of labor productivity in mechanical engineering - 97 thousand dollars, which is 80% higher than the Western European level. Japan is the largest exporter of engineering products after the USA. As for imports, in recent years it has been growing at a fairly rapid pace - by 2% per year. However, most of it was the products of Japanese companies that moved their production to countries with lower costs. Historically, the products of foreign companies have occupied a small share of the domestic market in Japan. The country has one of the largest positive balances in international trade in engineering products: about $65 billion.
Japan is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world: gross expenditure on R&D to GNP is 3.3% (third place in the world after Finland and Sweden). However, after almost 20 years of economic stagnation, the government was forced to develop and adopt in 2010.” new strategy growth”, aimed at wider use of technological and educational innovations in the economy. Eight major directions for further development were identified: 1) life science; 2) information technology; 3) environment; 4) nanotechnologies and materials; 5) energy; 6) production technologies; 7) social infrastructure; 8) deep sea and space technologies.
China
Until the end of the last century, most Chinese engineering companies were state enterprises, as a rule, lagging behind in technological and managerial terms from their international competitors. In many sectors, China did not have its own intellectual property rights, and domestic demand satisfied mainly through imports. The Chinese government adopted a strategy of importing the most advanced equipment to improve the efficiency of its own production, organizing joint ventures in which foreigners had only a minority stake.
In the first decade of this century, due to foreign investment, enough skilled labor was trained to dramatically improve the management of companies. The government began to pursue a policy of "market in exchange for technology", shifting the focus from importing cars to importing capital. Many foreign companies bought shares in Chinese companies.
Dimensions and growth rates Chinese market created favorable conditions for the development of large companies that could better use the economies of scale of production than their foreign competitors. Thus, in the production of port cranes, the Shanghai company Zhenhua Heavy Industry has become a world leader, ahead of the German Demag Cranes and the Finnish Kone.
In recent years, the investment activity of Chinese companies abroad has increased. They began to buy foreign companies in high-tech sectors of the economy. According to the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, machinery industry accounts for 17% of Chinese foreign direct investment in developed countries and 20% in developing countries. Introduction to Chinese straight lines foreign investment, invested in high-tech industries, gives table. 3.
Table 3. The most important projects with the participation of Chinese direct investment in knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy
|
Acquired company or joint venture |
Products |
Transaction type |
Chinese company-buyer |
|
|
Mitsubishi (Japan) "Wartsila" (Finland) |
Marine diesel engines |
"China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation" |
||
|
KSB (Germany) |
Pumps, pipeline fittings | |||
|
"Duerkopp-Adler" (Germany) |
absorption |
ShangGong Group |
||
|
"Topcut-bullmer" (Germany) |
Light industry equipment |
absorption |
"New Jack Sewing Machine" |
|
|
FACC AG (Austria) |
CFRP |
absorption |
"Xi'an Aircraft Industry" |
|
|
ELKEM (Norway) |
Composite materials |
absorption |
Blue Star Group |
AndWithtPart-time: An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering: Study on the Competitiveness of the EU Mechanical Engineering Industry, Munich 2012.
Chinese investment in the production of light industry equipment is a natural continuation of the process of industry consolidation that has been going on for more than twenty years. The driving motive of purchases foreign companies in this area is the desire to acquire the latest technology and famous brands.
The purchase of FACC and ELKEM represents an attempt by Chinese companies to enter the upper segments of the value chains. The Austrian FACC AG has a strong international position in the production of composite carbon fiber used in the aerospace industry. Norwegian ELKEM is a well-known manufacturer of substances based on silicone and carbon alloys used in the electronics industry and metallurgy (for the production of materials with predetermined properties).
Over the past decade, China's mechanical engineering has developed at an exceptionally high pace. In 2012, the total production amounted to 480 billion dollars, and the country became the world leader in terms of value added production. At constant prices, the average annual growth rate was 20%. The labor force growth rate in the industry amounted to 6% per year during the same period, and the number of employees more than doubled, reaching 6 million people. This trend contrasts sharply with the situation in the US, Japan and the EU, where there have been job cuts. Global financial crisis practically did not affect the Chinese engineering industry.
Although labor productivity in China's engineering industry is still significantly lower than in developed countries (about 50% of the EU level), its growth rate in 2000-2012 was more than 12% per year, and the absolute figure increased from 8 thousand to 26 thousand dollars.
At present, Chinese engineering is focused mainly on the needs of the domestic market, where 85% of the industry's gross output is directed. The share of imports in domestic consumption is only 15%. This figure is much lower than in Japan, the EU and the US, where the share of imported machinery and equipment reaches 38%. Moreover, the value of imports is decreasing all the time: in 2000, its share was 36%. Between 2000 and 2012, China's exports of machinery and equipment grew at a much faster rate than imports, reducing the deficit in trade in engineering products from $70 billion to $5 billion.
The technological and professional qualifications of Chinese engineering companies are constantly improving. In some areas they are already at the level of Japanese and European companies. Chinese firms have not only learned to copy existing products, but also develop their own machines and equipment. They are becoming more and more ambitious, increasingly entering the global market. In 2006, Chinese companies acquired 20 companies from developed countries, in 2007 - already 33, in 2008 - 38, in 2010 - 50 companies.
Coming foreign investors to China is still welcome, but restrictions on their ability to buy a controlling stake in Chinese companies are getting tighter. The Chinese government is focusing on technology transfer rather than importing machinery and capital. However, in the coming years, the country will still depend on components, machine tools and special-purpose equipment produced outside of its borders. In this regard, in 2010, import duties were canceled on certain types of machinery and equipment, such as turbines, compressors, metalworking equipment, construction equipment and agricultural machinery.
In March 2011, China adopted the 12th five-year plan (for 2011‒2015), the main goal of which was to create a new economic model for the country's development. The essence of this model is the transition from investment to capital assets to technological improvement, innovation and consumption as the main drivers of growth. In addition, energy conservation and the use of environmentally efficient technologies should contribute to sustainable growth.
For mechanical engineering, the following goals set in the five-year plan are of particular importance: reducing the energy intensity of GNP by 16%; reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by 17%; increase in the share of alternative fuels from 8.3 to 11.4%; reduction of water consumption in production processes by 30%.
In addition, China has identified seven strategic emerging industries as targets for industrial policy and investment: 1) biotechnology; 2) new energy sources; 3) production of equipment of a high technical level; 4) energy saving and environmental protection; 5) environmentally friendly vehicles; 6) new materials; 7) the next generation of information technology. By 2015, these industries should account for up to 8% of the country's GNP.
Such a development concept will allow Chinese enterprises to compete in the global market in high-tech industries with high added value. The ultimate goal is to form complete production chains, from basic development to the commercial use of products.
The development of the seven strategic sectors is closely related to innovation. The basis of research and development of Chinese national companies should be internal innovation. National spending on R&D, according to the plan, will reach 2.2% of GNP by 2015 (in 2007 they were 1.7%), and the number of patents - 3.3 per 10 thousand people. The challenge for Chinese industrial policy is to shift from "made in China" to "designed in China", which means moving up the value chains. The specific industrial goals of such a strategy, which also affects mechanical engineering, include:
removal from production of excess capacities that are technologically obsolete or pollute the environment;
optimization of the industrial structure in order to achieve maximum efficiency along the entire value chain;
stimulating industrial consolidation, mergers and acquisitions (in industries such as the automotive industry, pharmaceuticals, etc.) to form national champions;
improving labor-intensive industries and stimulating the export of machinery and equipment, as well as high-tech products.
Chinese R&D is tightly tied to the national industrial policy, which is aimed not only at catching up and reaching the level of developed countries in technology and advanced products.
Russia
On the global market, Russia acts as a net importer of engineering products. The volume of sectoral imports is 15 billion dollars, exports - only 2 billion dollars. In 2000-2008. (before the crisis) import growth rates reached 25% per year. Russia's main trading partner is the countries of the European Union, which account for up to 90% of machine-building imports.
The Russian machine tool industry is in a particularly difficult situation. The level of production of machine tools fell in Russia from 70 thousand pieces in 1991 to 3 thousand in 2012, that is, more than 20 times. The physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets, primarily metalworking equipment, reaches 70%. But the Soviet machine tool industry at one time was at the world level: from 1984 to 1990, 45 thousand units of machine tools and forging and pressing equipment were exported to Germany alone.
If until the early 1990s the USA, the USSR, the FRG and Japan were the leaders in the machine tool industry, then by 2012 China became the undisputed leader in the production of machine tools, followed (by a wide margin) by Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea and Taiwan. True, Japan, Germany and Italy excel in the production of the most complex and precise machines. The United States dropped to 7th place in the world, and Russia to 21st. (China has become a leader in the import of machine tools: it surpasses all other countries in their consumption.)
The machine-tool industry in Moscow was especially hard hit, where the new owners closed almost all factories and scientific institutes, which are now replaced by warehouses, office or shopping centers.
The sharp decline in the machine-tool industry forced some of the largest machine-building plants to develop machine-tool building on their own base. After the adoption of the program for the technical re-equipment of defense industry enterprises, the cost of metal-cutting equipment in Russia increased from $1.2 billion in 2010 to $1.3 billion in 2011. These amounts are enough to supply approximately 30 thousand units. not the most modern equipment. Even if we assume that the fleet of machine tools in Russia is 900 thousand units, at such a rate of renewal, it will take about 30 years for a complete modernization. This means that real technical re-equipment of our industry is still a long way off.
Manufacture of engines and turbines
This sector produces machines and equipment that generate and use mechanical energy. The most important products are internal combustion engines (ICE) for the automotive industry, ships, locomotives and mobile construction vehicles. Water, steam and gas propulsion systems and turbines are used to generate electricity. The application of wind energy has become a particularly important segment for this engineering sector in the last decade.
Most of the products of this sub-sector of mechanical engineering are supplied to other manufacturers of investment goods, which use them in construction, agriculture and shipbuilding. There are major ICE manufacturers, such as Germany's Deutz and America's Cummins, who sell their engines to other engineering companies.
Most internal combustion engines are serial products and are produced in large volumes. Global players occupy vast market segments here. Only very large diesel engines, which are installed on ships or used to generate electricity, are produced (like turbines) in a single copy or in small series.
Unlike a number of other engineering sectors, the production of turbines and engines is concentrated in a few large companies. The cost advantage is achieved through large-scale series production. With regard to the production of single copies or small batches, the size of such products also suggests large enterprises. This, as a rule, is a project business that requires special advanced technologies and significant financial resources. The sector receives a boost to innovation from consumers' desire for energy efficiency and minimization of environmental impact.
The sector's most technologically important product group is large gas turbines for power generation. Only a limited number of manufacturers in Western Europe and the USA have the necessary knowledge in the production of such turbines. For the steam turbine product group, the situation is somewhat different, although here, too, appropriate know-how and financial capabilities are needed. Companies from China and Brazil are successfully developing in this market niche. Although their products are still inferior to the products of well-known global suppliers from developed countries in terms of energy efficiency, for many markets such a lag is not critical.
The mergers and acquisitions process is most visible in the engine industry. Thus, the American Caterpillar bought the German company MWM, which produces automobile engines for a number of well-known international corporations, such as Volkswagen, Chevrolet, Nissan and Ford, as well as the American company EMD, which specializes in the production of engines for locomotives. . German "Daimler AG" and British "Rolls-Royce" have jointly acquired the German concern "Tognum", which produces diesel engines for ships, industry and energy. The Italian Lombardini, one of the largest manufacturers of serial diesel engines from 10 to 100 kW for the agricultural sector, was bought by the American Kohler Group, an industrial corporation specializing in the production of engines.
Components for the production of engines and turbines are supplied by specialized metalworking companies. Among the most important are cylinder heads, pistons, forged connecting rods, etc. Some engine manufacturers prefer to make these parts themselves.
The long-term outlook for turbine manufacturers looks quite positive. The global demand for energy is growing steadily, while the demand for expanding power generation capacity is growing even faster. Most of the investment will go to conventional energy generation as well as renewable energy production.
The market for heavy machinery and portable equipment depends on the economic development of various sectors of the economy, such as mining, forestry, agribusiness, construction, etc. Growth prospects for these sectors are regional in nature and are most favorable in developing countries.
In the market for infrastructure projects (such as the construction of pipelines), compressor stations operating using small turbines or internal combustion engines are widely used. In large volumes, the production of low-power engines is reaching the global level. Companies such as Germany's Stihl, Japan's Yanmar and Sweden's Husqvarna sell their equipment worldwide.
Machine tool industry
The machine tool industry plays a strategic role in increasing the competitiveness of the entire economy. The products of this sub-sector are investment goods intended for industries that also produce capital goods. The most important consumers of machine tool products are:
manufacturers of machinery and equipment; electrical industry;
manufacturers of transport equipment, automobiles, ships, locomotives and aircraft;
manufacturers of equipment for the generation and transmission of electricity, conventional and nuclear power plants, as well as stations for the generation of wind, solar, hydro and geothermal energy;
manufacturers of tools, medical equipment, household appliances, optics, jewelry and watches, the defense industry, etc.
Particularly important is the automotive industry, which has been growing at a high rate for two decades, providing a stable demand for machine tool products. Additional demand has arisen due to the development of electric vehicles. The aviation industry is an important generator of innovation. Machine tool products are widely used in non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy and metalworking.
The machine tool industry accounts for approximately 5% of all engineering products. Over the past 10-15 years, the sub-sector has been growing at a rate significantly higher than the average for the industry. Outsourcing and specialization processes were intensively developed here, as a result of which labor productivity increased faster than in other segments of mechanical engineering.
Historically, the machine tool industry has been a medium-sized enterprise, often family-owned, that specializes in certain market segments. In Spain, machine-tool cooperatives are highly developed. These include, in particular, such large firms as Donobat and Mondragon.
In the 1990s, a process of intensive consolidation and international mergers and acquisitions began, which changed the structure of the industry. The acquired companies became suppliers of certain technologies and complex processing systems, such as the German MAG Powertrain and the Schleifring Group. The Italian multinational group Comau, which produces equipment for industrial automation and robotics, has bought a number of enterprises in Germany, France, Spain, Romania and Sweden. At present, it has 15 machine tool factories in 13 countries and 3 research centers. The products of this group are used by almost all the largest automobile companies in Europe, America and Asia.
The merger of Georg Fischer and AGIEGCharmilles resulted in the formation of a French-Swedish group specialized in the production of precision tools and special machining equipment. The German "StarragHeckert AG" was formed as a large holding that absorbed a number of machine tool companies in different countries of the European Union.
In recent years, Asian countries have become more and more active suppliers of components for the machine tool industry, which are pushing out competitors from developed countries, offering more low prices for your products.
In the field of instrumentation and high-tech equipment, Germany's Siemens and Japan's Fanuc (one of the world's largest manufacturers of industrial robots) are important global players. Taiwan and South Korea specialize in the production of electronics, touch devices and mechanical parts.
Long-term demand for machine tool products is ensured by the high rates of development of the main consuming industries. In addition, the movement of machining systems towards a higher level of precision (meso-micro and nanomachining) to serve the needs of the electronics, computer and biotechnology industries opens up new markets and opportunities for the machine tool industry, as well as a shift towards the use of renewable energy sources (wind, solar , geothermal, etc.).
Another technology capable of influencing the development of the machine tool industry is CFRP - polymer composite materials reinforced with carbon fiber, which are widely used in aircraft construction (and in the near future will be used in the automotive industry).
In 2000, Western Europe accounted for 40 to 50% of world demand for machine tool products, and Asian countries for about 25%. Since then, this ratio has changed radically. By 2012, Europe's share had dropped to 25%, while Asia accounted for two-thirds of global demand. Experts predict a deepening of this trend. Demand will grow rapidly in Russia, India, as well as Brazil and other Latin American countries. Promising regions are Turkey and North Africa. Developed countries, including the US and Japan, will continue to lose their positions.
China's machine tool industry stands out in size. However, here the emphasis is still on the production of equipment of an average level of quality and accuracy. It is supplied to enterprises located at the lower levels of value chains. The Chinese government is making great efforts to improve its machine tool industry, constantly increasing R&D spending. The import of machine tools into the country is limited only to those types that cannot be produced in China. For Chinese companies seeking to invest in complex systems of equipment supplied from abroad, access to financial sources. Foreign exporters note a marked deterioration in business conditions compared to previous years, when the import of modern equipment was encouraged by the Chinese authorities to improve the technical level of manufacturing industries. Similar trends are observed in Brazil and Argentina.
Handling equipment
There are four market segment for the products of this sub-sector of mechanical engineering. The first includes equipment for lifting and transporting materials in the mining industry, such as large conveyor belts for moving coal and other minerals. The second is elevators, hoists and passenger transporters, for example, for airports. The third segment is warehouse and transport equipment for processing enterprises. The fourth is lifting and transport equipment for the service sector and warehousing.
Companies in this sub-sector also exercise control over material flows and stocks, which forms a modern “intralogistics” system, which refers to the integration of various types of material handling equipment into a single material flow management system at the enterprise.
An important consumer of handling equipment is the service sector, primarily trade. Warehouse equipment, electric cars, forklifts and loading and unloading platforms are supplied here. In addition to the design of warehouses and the supply of equipment, this sub-sector of mechanical engineering offers special software for such work.
Handling equipment accounts for about 9% of all machine building products (in 1995 it was 7%, which means the accelerated development of this segment of the industry).
For industries such as mining or ports, heavy equipment is produced. The global leader in this market is the Finnish company Kone, successfully operating in 100 countries; it specializes in the production of elevators, cranes, escalators for residential buildings, offices and intra-factory transport. In its field, Kone competes with Otis ( subsidiary American UTC) and German "Thyssen-Krupp".
The sub-sector has seen a noticeable process of consolidation in the last decade. At the epicenter of this process was the German company Linde. In 2006, Linde, Still and OM brands merged to form KION, a holding company specializing in hydraulic material handling equipment.
Companies producing material handling equipment for the mining industry and ports need to supply large-sized parts and components. Traditionally, these elements were produced at the main factories. However, in recent decades there have been noticeable shifts, primarily related to supplies from Asian countries. In the 1990s, the manufacture of many components was moved to Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. As costs rose in these countries, production began to move to Romania and Bulgaria, and in recent years to Belarus and Ukraine. However, the production of high-tech components continues to be in-house.
For companies that have become component manufacturers, software plays an essential role in making the right logistics decisions. Most of this software is produced by parent companies, but the development of some modules is outsourced from Western Europe to the Baltic countries and Bulgaria. Indian companies also act as subcontractors.
The main sales markets for material handling machinery are Asian countries: they account for up to 40% of world sales, while the share of Western Europe was only 28% (Table 4).
Table 4 Regional structure sales of handling equipment in 2012, %
Source: An introduction to mechanical Engineering: Study on the competitiveness of the EU Mechanical Engineering Industry.
Demand growth prospects in Asia are much better than in Europe as many countries, such as India, follow the lead of Chinese industrialization and become increasingly important markets for material handling equipment. The consumption of such equipment is growing rapidly in South American countries, especially in Brazil: the share of this region for 2000-2012 grew three times. Sales are growing even faster in Turkey, which has become the second Eastern European sales market after Russia.
Refrigeration and air conditioning equipment
Most of the products of this sub-sector of mechanical engineering are consumed in housing and office construction, as well as in industrial premises. Specialized subcontractors supply air conditioning systems for the automotive and transport engineering industries. Another area of application relates to room cleaning equipment in the integrated circuit and chip manufacturing industries, where high air purity is required.
In the last decade, this segment of mechanical engineering has developed rapidly, and its share in the total volume of mechanical engineering products has increased from 5 to 8%. A long-term factor has been the growing need to improve working conditions in offices and workplaces. industrial enterprises. Another factor is the need for higher standards of comfort in living spaces.
The sub-sector needs a wide range of intermediate components such as fans, filters, pipes, faucets, pressure gauges, control equipment, etc. Most of these products are supplied by European companies. Electronic components and touch devices are produced in Asian countries. American companies have a strong position in the production of control systems. Thus, Honeywell and Johnson Controls have occupied large market segments in Western Europe, opening their production and research centers there. Many components, such as piping, are produced locally.
Prospects for the development of mechanical engineering
In the medium term, according to experts' forecasts, the positions of developing countries, especially China, will strengthen in the global engineering industry (Table 5). The total volume of manufactured machine-building products will increase from $530 billion in 2010 to $930 billion by 2025, which corresponds to an annual growth of 3.8%.
Table 5. Forecast of the output of conditionally net products of mechanical engineering, billion dollars
|
2000. |
2005. |
2012. |
2015. |
2020. |
2025. |
|
|
Brazil | ||||||
Source
It is noteworthy that Russia will continue to lag behind all the leading countries of the world in terms of total output of machine-building products, and from the BRICS countries in terms of growth rates (Table 6).
Table 6. Average annual growth rates of engineering products, %
|
2000-2005 |
2005-2012 |
2012-2015 |
2015-2020 |
2020-2025 |
|
|
Brazil | |||||
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, Goldman Sacks.
Thus, China will actually become the undisputed sole leader of the global market.
Notes:
European Industry in a Changing World. Commission of the European Communities (2009).
C. Wanner. Stille Riesen. manufacturing now. Stuttgart. 2010.
VR China. Maschinren and Anlagenbau. Germany Trade and Invest. Coeln 2010.
The 12th Five-Year Plan: China" Economic Transition, Economist Corporate Network. Shanghai. 2011.
Standard goods, changes in the characteristics of which are determined solely by the manufacturer and not by the consumer. (Author's note.)
Machine-building complex - a set of industries that produce a variety of machines and mechanisms. The machine-building complex includes more than 70. This is, first of all, electrical engineering and instrument making, machine tool building and tool industry, and construction and road engineering.
Engineering production has a number of features that affect its location.
First, specialization (concentration of an enterprise on the production of one or several types of products) and cooperation (a form of organization of production in which several enterprises participate in the production of finished products) are widely developed. For example, an automobile plant produces one type of product - cars, and receives parts and components from other enterprises, the number of which can be significant. Therefore, many are located in areas where the network is well developed - Central,. Thus, the transport factor is the most important for the placement of mechanical engineering.
Enterprises in the most progressive and complex industries (electronics, radio engineering) are guided by the science-intensive factor and are located where there is a developed scientific base (Moscow, Novosibirsk, etc.).
The military-strategic factor determines the location of enterprises producing defense products. They are remote from the borders, many are located in the so-called "closed" cities (Sarov, Novouralsk, Snezhinsk, etc.), or located near military bases.
The production of many types of machines requires large expenditures of human labor, highly skilled workers. Especially labor-intensive - instrument making, machine tool building. They tend to areas with a high concentration of population - Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan.
Metal consumption determines the location of heavy engineering enterprises, whose products require a lot of metal (production of power, metallurgical equipment). Such enterprises are guided either by a large metallurgical base, for example - -, Siberia - Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk. Or for imported raw materials, for example - St. Petersburg.
Many types of machines are needed everywhere, and some (for example, flax harvesters, tractors for timber removal) are needed only in certain regions. At the same time, such machines are difficult, which means that it is more profitable to produce them where there is a need for them - the consumer factor.
Mechanical engineering is developed in all regions of the country, but its specialization is different.
Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of material production; it provides other branches with machines and mechanisms, thereby ensuring progress in the country's economy as a whole.
But at the moment, Russian engineering is in a state of crisis, developing at a low pace, it cannot ensure the progress of other industries. There is a lag in the civilian sector of mechanical engineering, low rates of equipment renewal, and it is impossible to create competitive equipment using outdated equipment.
Promising areas in is - the development of science-intensive industries, the production of high-quality consumer goods, demonopolization and the establishment of new economic relationships.
