Influence of scientific and technological revolution on world economy. The modern world economy is changing significantly under the influence of
rapid development of science and technology. This manifests itself in three main directions: the acceleration of production rates, changes in the sectoral structure of the economy and shifts in the location of the economy.
Changes in the sectoral structure of the economy during the scientific and technological revolution are profound.
- First, the ratio between the production and non-production spheres has changed. The number of employees in the service sector is growing rapidly and has already reached 1/3 of all employees. At the same time, employment in the manufacturing sector is declining.
- Secondly, in the field material production the proportions between its branches are changing: the number of workers in industry and transport is stabilizing, it is declining in agriculture, and it is growing in trade.
- Thirdly, significant shifts are also taking place in the structure of each of the industries. In industry, employment in the extractive industry is decreasing and it is growing in the manufacturing industry. However, the role of the “avant-garde trio” of industries has been rapidly growing recently: mechanical engineering (in the period of the scientific and technological revolution it provides the economy with machines and mechanisms), electric power industry (without which there will be no machine) and the chemical industry (provides new materials for production). These three industries account for half of the total industrial production peace.
At the same time, the latest science-intensive industries come to the fore: microelectronics, instrumentation, robotic construction, the aerospace industry, and the chemistry of organic synthesis. At the same time, the importance of the old industries (ferrous metallurgy, textile and timber industry) is decreasing.
In agriculture, the number of people employed in crop production is decreasing and somewhat increasing in animal husbandry. A “green revolution” took place in crop production, which consisted in the introduction of highly productive plant varieties, mechanization of the economy and land reclamation. In animal husbandry, there was a transition of some types of production (poultry farms, complexes for breeding large cattle) on industrial technologies. In these industries, not only mechanization is introduced, but automation, i.e. control by means of machines and mechanisms.
In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the role of passenger and cargo transportation is increasing. The importance of the old modes of transport (river, sea, rail) is somewhat decreasing, and the role of the newest (air, road, pipeline, electronic) is increasing. The containerization of goods has greatly simplified transportation. However, the old modes of transport will also undergo significant changes. New vehicles appear: hovercraft and maglev trains, hydrofoils, nuclear-powered ships, etc. A research copy of the latest vehicle has been developed at the Kiev Aviant plant, which combines the best properties of a car and a helicopter. He was given the working name "aeroauto".
The scientific and technological revolution has changed the commodity structure of trade. Buying and selling on the rise finished goods, shrinking - raw materials and food. arose new form trade - technologies: licenses, patents, technical experience. The United States is the main seller of technology on the world market, and Japan is the buyer.
Significant shifts are taking place in the location of production: the role of some factors to which enterprises gravitate is decreasing, while others are increasing. Once a determining factor in raw materials, now it is of secondary importance. But the role of the transport factor is growing. The economy of highly developed countries now works mainly on imported raw materials, so economic objects are moving to the sea coasts.
The influence of such a factor as labor resources is also increasing. This is especially true for the location of labor-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries. The role is rising qualified personnel. When placing enterprises, the environmental factor is increasingly taken into account. Increasingly, "dirty" industries are being moved to areas with a lower population concentration. Highly developed countries are moving branches of their environmentally hazardous industries (in particular, non-ferrous metallurgy) to developing ones. Thus, we live in a period of scientific and technological revolution, which significantly affects all spheres of human activity.
The areas of old development were formed in the 19th - early 20th centuries. In the era of the scientific and technological revolution, they are being reconstructed, but along with this, a new industrial, urban, transport construction and agricultural development. This is how areas of new development emerge. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the location of production and its structure are influenced by new equipment and technology. Thus, direct reduction and continuous casting of steel have led to new types of enterprises - mini-factories, automatic enterprises that focus on areas with a lack of labor resources. The general pattern of changes in the sectoral structure of the world economy is a consistent transition from a high share Agriculture, the mining industry in the manufacturing industries that create products based on high technology. The most important trend in the change in the GDP structure of the industrialized countries of the world in the second half of the 20th century was the transformation of the service sector (tertiary sector) into the predominant part of their economy. New industrial and post-socialist countries have approximately the same level economic development what is it in GDP indicators per capita, and in terms of the sectoral structure of the economy In these two groups of the region, a relatively high share of agriculture (6-10% of GDP) remains, which is gradually approaching the level of developed countries (2-4%) The share of industry in the GDP of both groups countries (25-40%) are affected by the level of post-industrial countries and even exceed it. This is due to the relatively low level of development of the service sector (45-55% of GDP). In the sectoral structure of GDP developing countries, the share of agriculture remains high (20-35%) The share of industry in the GDP of these regions is often small (10-25%) It is noticeably higher in the kr RAMS-exporters of mineral raw materials and fuel, while the share of manufacturing industry in them varies within 5 -15%. So, in the era of scientific and technological revolution in the sphere of material production (primary and secondary sectors of the economy), the proportions between industry and agriculture continue to change in favor of industry, and the leading place belongs. In the manufacturing industry of developed countries, there is also a process of shifting the center of gravity from material-intensive industries (metallurgy, chemical industry) to science-intensive (electronics, robotics, organic synthesis), a niche appears in production, new industrial states occupy, transferring traditional labor-intensive industries to developing, middle and lower levels. About 1.1 billion people are employed in world agriculture. people (about 40% of the economically active population of the world) developed countries, countries with transition economy, the new industrial states are dominated by commercial, predominantly intensive agriculture In other developing countries (except for new industrial industrial countries), a significant share of subsistence farming in the agro-industrial sector remains. Agriculture in almost all countries of the world consists of two large interrelated industries: crop production and animal husbandry, the ratio between which changes markedly under the influence of scientific and technological revolution. In highly developed countries, it has led to the preference of animal husbandry over crop production.
The impact of scientific and technological revolution on agriculture manifests itself in different ways. In the 20-30s. 20th century it was expressed in the tractorization of agriculture. In the 1940s-1950s. progress in agriculture was associated with breeding (bringing new varieties of cultivated plants) and chemicalization (the use of fertilizers and pesticides). In the 60s. in agriculture, the achievements of agricultural science were actively introduced, which was called "green revolution". Since the 80s biotechnology and computerization of agriculture are developing. This period, which has not yet ended, is called the “second green revolution”.
The "Green Revolution" is the active implementation of measures to intensify agricultural production, there is another definition according to which the "Green Revolution" is the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. It includes three components:
1) breeding of new varieties of agricultural crops (for example, early maturing or high-yielding crops);
2) expansion of irrigation (irrigation) and melioration (drainage), since new varieties can show their qualities with the appropriate amount of moisture in the soil;
3) wider use of modern technology, fertilizers and pesticides.
The most notable results of the Green Revolution were two. First, some developing countries began to satisfy their needs for grain through their own production, as yields increased by 2-3 times. Secondly, the demand for machinery and fertilizers has increased. However, the "green revolution" had a number of shortcomings. Chief among them is its limited nature. It has become widespread only in some countries - in Mexico, a number of countries in South and Southeast Asia. The "Green Revolution" affected only the lands belonging to the big owners and foreign companies, and changed almost nothing in the traditional consumer sector. It once again showed that the backwardness of agriculture in developing countries is due not only to natural, but also to socio-economic reasons.
SELF-CHECK AND SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS
1. What does the geography of agriculture study?
2. What is agriculture? What industries are included in it?
3. How is commercial agriculture different from consumer agriculture?
4. What are the main natural factors in the placement of agriculture?
5. What impact does scientific and technological progress have on the development of agriculture?
6. What industries are included in the structure of livestock and agriculture?
7. Which branches of agriculture - animal husbandry or farming - are predominant in developed and developing countries?
8. What is the agro-industrial complex?
TESTS
1. Complete the sentence: “Approximately 200 million tons of grain crops enter the world market every year. The main exporters of rice are...”:
b) Australia;
d) Thailand;
e) Pakistan; e) India; g) Russia; h) Argentina; i) Sweden.
2. Check which countries in the country groups below were the world's largest rice producers in the mid-1990s:
a) China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh;
b) India, China, Sri Lanka, Brazil;
c) China, Indonesia, Japan, Iran.
3. Agriculture in Southern Europe is dominated by:
a) crop production;
b) animal husbandry of the meat and dairy direction.
4. What is the share of those employed in agriculture in the USA, France, Canada, Japan, Australia:
a) from 2 to 5%;
b) from 5 to 10%;
c) from 10 to 15%.
5. The share of agro-industrial complex in world GDP is,%:
a) about 5;
6. Among these regions, most of the arable land accounts for:
a) Africa
in America;
d) Europe.
7. The first place in the production of grain per capita is occupied by:
b) Australia;
in Russia;
d) Canada;
e) Argentina.
8. The most important factor production in agriculture is:
b) capital;
d) climatic conditions.
9. Name the factors that had greatest influence on the development of agriculture at the end of the 20th century:
a) globalization world economy,
b) liberalization foreign trade,
c) the rapid development of the scientific and technological revolution,
d) transnationalization;
e) population growth.
10. The most significant successes in the development of the world agro-industrial complex in the second half of the XX - early XXI centuries have been achieved mainly through:
a) favorable natural conditions;
b) favorable conditions in the world commodity markets;
c) the comprehensive impact of scientific and technological progress;
d) strengthening the role of developing countries in world agriculture;
e) mass measures for watering arid lands.
ABOUT TOPICS
1. Assessment of indicators of development of agriculture and agro-industrial complex different countries peace.
2. Features of the geography of world commercial agriculture.
3. Features of the geography of the world consumer agriculture.
4. Population as a factor in the location of world agriculture.
5. Scientific and technological progress as a factor in the development of world agriculture.
6. Structure and location of world agriculture.
7. Structure and location of the world animal husbandry.
8. Dynamics and structure of world agricultural production (on the example of one of the types of livestock and crop production).
Bautin V.M., Lazovsky V.V., Chaika V.P. Self-development of rural areas - an important component of the country's food security: Methodology for building a system. Moscow: Rosinforagro, 2004.
Zinchenko A.P., Nazarenko V.I., Shaykin V.V. etc. Agrarian policy. M.: Kolos, 2004.
Korolev Yu.B. etc. Management in the agro-industrial complex. M.: Kolos, 2003.
Revenko L.S. The world food market in the era of the "gene" revolution. M. : Economics, 2002.
Serova E., Zvyagintsev D. World agri-food system: textbook. allowance. M.: GU HSE, 2004.
Shaykin V.V., Akhmetov R.G., Kovalenko N.Ya. Agricultural markets. M.: Kolos, 2001.
Export competition: selected issues and the empirical evidence. FAO Trade Policy Technical Notes on issues related to the WTO negotiations on agriculture. no. 4. Rome: FAO, 2005.
Van Tongeren F. Macroeconomic implications of agricultural trade policy/ ESA Working Paper. Rome: FAO, 2005.
INTERNET RESOURCES
Of great importance for a correct understanding of the processes observed in public life, has an analysis of the modern scientific and technological revolution.
affects the entire structure of production and the person himself. The main features of the scientific and technological revolution:- this is a qualitative transformation, the transformation of science into a productive force and a corresponding radical change in the material and technical base social production, its form and content, character, .
- versatility - covers almost all industries National economy and affects all spheres of human activity;
- rapid development of science and technology;
- a change in the role of a person in the production process - in the process of the scientific and technological revolution, the requirements for the level of qualification increase, the share of mental labor increases.
The modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the following changes in the sphere of production:
Firstly, the conditions, nature and content of labor are changing due to the introduction of the achievements of science into production. Machine-automated labor is replacing the former types of labor. The introduction of automatic machines significantly increases labor productivity, removing from production restrictions in speed, accuracy, continuity, etc., associated with the psychophysiological properties of a person. This changes the place of man in production. A new type of connection "man-technique" is emerging, which does not limit the development of either man or technology. In the conditions of automated production, machines produce machines.
Secondly, new types of energy are beginning to be used - nuclear, sea ebb, earth's interior. There is a qualitative change in the use of electromagnetic and solar energy.
Thirdly natural materials are replaced by artificial ones. Plastics and PVC products are widely used.
Fourth production technology is changing. For example, the mechanical effect on the object of labor is replaced by a physical and chemical effect. In this case, magnetic-impulse phenomena, ultrasound, super frequencies, electro-hydraulic effect, different kinds radiation, etc.
Modern technology is characterized by the fact that cyclic technological processes are increasingly being replaced by continuous flow processes.
New technological methods also impose new requirements on the tools of labor (increased accuracy, reliability, the ability to self-regulate), on the objects of labor (exactly specified quality, a clear mode of supply, etc.), on working conditions (strictly specified requirements for illumination, temperature regime in the premises, their cleanliness, etc.).
Fifth, the nature of control changes. The use of automated control systems changes the place of a person in the system of management and production control.
At sixth, the system of generation, storage and transmission of information is changing. The use of computers significantly accelerates the processes associated with the development and use of information, improves the methods of making and evaluating decisions.
Seventh, the requirements for professional training of personnel are changing. The rapid change in the means of production poses the problem of constant professional development, raising the level of qualifications. A person is required to have professional mobility and more high level morality. The number of intelligentsia is growing, the requirements for its professional training are increasing.
Eighth, a transition is made from extensive to intensive development of production.
Development of engineering and technology in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution
In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, the development of technology and technology occurs in two ways:
- evolutionary;
- revolutionary.
evolutionary path consists in the constant improvement of technology and technology, as well as in magnification power productivity of machinery and equipment, in growth load capacity Vehicle etc. Thus, in the early 1950s, the largest offshore tanker could hold 50,000 tons of oil. In the 1970s, supertankers with a carrying capacity of 500,000 tons or more began to be produced.
revolutionary path is the main through the development of engineering and technology in the era of the scientific and technological revolution and consists in the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology. The revolutionary path is the main path for the development of engineering and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
Manufacturing process automation
Technology in the period of the scientific and technological revolution enters a new stage of its development - automation stage.
The transformation of science into a direct productive force and production automation- this is the most important characteristics of the scientific and technological revolution. They change the relationship between man and technology. Science plays the role of a generator of new ideas, and technology acts as their material embodiment.
Scientists divide the process of production automation into a number of stages:- The first is characterized by the spread of semi-automatic mechanics. The worker supplements the technological process with intellectual and physical strength (loading, unloading machines).
- The second stage is characterized by the appearance of machine tools with program control based on computer equipment of the production process.
- The third stage is connected with the complex automation of production. This stage is characterized by automated workshops and automatic plants.
- The fourth stage is the period of completed automation economic complex becoming a self-regulating system.
The foregoing indicates that the scientific and technological revolution is expressed in qualitative transformation of the life support system of people.
The scientific and technological revolution transforms not only the sphere of production, but also changes the environment, life, settlement and other areas of public life.
Characteristic features of the course of the scientific and technological revolution:- First, the scientific and technological revolution is accompanied by the concentration of capital. This is explained by the fact that technical re-equipment businesses require concentration financial resources and significant costs.
- Secondly, the process of the scientific and technological revolution is accompanied by a deepening division of labor. Thirdly, the growth of the economic power of firms leads to an increase in their influence on political power.
The implementation of the scientific and technological revolution has some Negative consequences in the form of increasing social inequality, increasing pressure on the natural environment, increasing the destructiveness of wars, reducing social health, etc.
One of the most important social tasks is the implementation of the need to maximize the positive consequences of the scientific and technological revolution and reduce the volume of its negative consequences.
Terms and concepts
Natural resources
Exhaustible / inexhaustible resources
Economically active population
Unemployment
Migration
Questions and tasks for independent work
1. What is the classification natural resources?
2. How are natural resources distributed in the world economy?
3. Are there problems in the use of natural resources in the 21st century?
4. What factors cause unemployment among the active part of the able-bodied population?
5. What role does adult literacy play in developing countries' economic potential?
Chapter 4. Sectoral structure of the world economy. Scientific, technical and innovative potential of the world economy
Structural shifts in the world economy are understood as changes in the relationship between the main areas, sectors and branches of the economy in the creation of the gross product.
As world practice shows, the key factor in the ongoing structural shifts is the scientific and technological revolution (STR), which is characteristic of every stage of the development of the world economy.
Scientific and technological revolution is understood as a qualitative leap in the development of productive forces. For the world economy of the 20th century, especially its second half, the features of the scientific and technological revolution consisted in the transition to automated systems production and management based on computerization, the use of fundamentally new technologies.
characteristic feature modern stage STD is the rapid development of the rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICT), i.e. development of the information economy.
ICT actually eliminates the problems of space and time, rapidly increasing the amount of information transmitted over any distance. Moreover, ICT in combination with interactive multimedia software and the development of computer networks form dynamically developing information and communication technological complexes (systems).
Modern information and communication technology systems significantly reduce transaction costs, positively affect the growth of labor productivity not only in the industries included in ICT, but also in the industries that produce them.
The widespread use of ICT contributes to the internationalization of transactions for goods and services, intra-company business processes and, in general, the globalization of the world economy.
In the modern world economy, taking into account the foregoing, there are changes in the ratio between the material and non-material spheres of production in favor of the latter, primarily due to an increase in the share of services (the so-called tertiary sector of the economy). In particular, at present, the service sector accounts for more than 2/3 world GDP, almost 70% of the total volume foreign investment in the world and about ¼ of world exports of goods and services.
As for material production, there is a combination of two trends - deindustrialization and reindustrialization.
Deindustrialization manifests itself in a relative reduction in the share of industry in the economies of developed countries, primarily due to a decrease in the share of the extractive industry and some traditional manufacturing industries.
reindustrialization is manifested in the rapid development of new science-intensive industries and the modernization of traditional industries on a new technological basis.
However, the trend that is actively manifesting in the world economy in the 2000s is post-industrialization.
Under post-industrialization means the transition from industrial society to the post-industrial one, the development of which is based on the information economy and a fundamentally new technological order (TS).
Technological order is a large complex of technological aggregates connected to each other by the same type of technological chains, which form the technological basis of the economy. According to scientists, the period of TU dominance in the global economy is approximately 40-60 years, but as scientific and technological progress accelerates, this period is gradually decreasing.
Each TR forms its core, i.e. set of technologically related industries. And the technological innovations that are involved in the creation of the core are called key factors.
Industries playing essential role in the distribution of the new technical specifications, are its supporting branches.
In the literature, throughout the history of mankind, scientists identify five successively replacing each other TR (Scheme 1). The fifth TU has been developed since the end of the 20th century. and, according to scientists, will last the first two decades of the XXI century.
A key factor in modern technological development is the development of microelectronics and software, which, according to scientists, are approaching the limit of their growth. Signs of its final phase are sharp fluctuations energy prices, education, the collapse of financial bubbles (90s of the last century) and the current global financial crisis.
The restructuring of the economy begins on the basis of the sixth TS, which will dominate over the next few decades.
Each stage in the technological development of mankind corresponded to interrelated characteristics, the analysis of which shows that each new TS is based on the achievements of the previous one, and continuity is characteristic of world technological development (Table 14). This means that, without a strong technological base of the previous order, it is difficult to make a breakthrough in the conditions of the new technical conditions, and with each successive “missed” period, the technological backwardness of states is growing. According to scientists, for Russia the “missing” period is the fifth TU.
Table 14 - The main characteristics of TU
| Characteristics TU | TU number | ||||
| Technological leaders | France, Belgium, UK | Germany, USA, France, Belgium, UK | Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany, USA, France, Belgium, UK | Japan, USA, Western Europe | Japan, USA |
| TU core | Iron processing, textile industry, textile machinery, iron smelting, water engine, canal construction | Coal and machine-tool industry, ferrous metallurgy, steam engine, railway construction, transport, machine-steam building | Steel production and rolling, inorganic chemistry, power lines, electrical engineering, heavy engineering | Production of durable goods, organic chemistry and synthetic materials, production and processing of oil, non-ferrous metallurgy, automotive and tractor construction | Computing and fiber-optic technology, electronic industry, software, telecommunications, robotics, gas production and processing, information services |
| key factor | Textile machines | Steam engine, machine tools | Electric motor, steel | Internal combustion engine, petrochemistry | Micro electronic components |
| The emerging core of a new way of life | Mechanical engineering, steam engines | Heavy engineering, inorganic chemistry, steel, electric power industry | Organic chemistry, oil production and processing, road construction, non-ferrous metallurgy | Aviation industry, pipeline construction, radar, gas production and processing | Nanotechnology and molecular biology |
According to scientists, the challenge for Russia lies in the fact that as a result of the latest world scientific and technological trends in the most developed countries and among new global players, a reproduction link of the economy based on the latest technological base will be formed. According to available estimates, this will happen no later than 2020. The strategic significance of this event is determined by the fact that countries that claim a significant role in global technological development processes and at the same time do not have time to form a production system based on new order technologies will soon face with a real danger of becoming technological outsiders, doomed to follow the path of technological borrowing.
As noted above, if the fifth TU is based on the use of microelectronics achievements in controlling physical processes at the micron level, then in the sixth TU the development will be based on the use of nanotechnologies that operate at the level of one billionth of a meter. The key areas for the development of the sixth TU will be the following:
Biotechnologies based on discoveries in the field of molecular biology and genetic engineering;
Nanotechnology;
Artificial intelligence systems;
Integrated high speed transport systems;
Global information networks.
The main trends in world technological development until 2020, according to Academician S. Glazyev, will be the following:
· development of nuclear power engineering of increased safety and thermonuclear power engineering;
technology achievement alternative energy economically acceptable parameters (use of wind and solar energy, hydrogen energy);
· transition from microelectronics to nano- and optoelectronics;
introduction of materials with predetermined properties, incl. compositional;
formation of global infocommunication networks;
· the use of biotechnologies that will change not only the agricultural sector, but will also become the basis for the development of high-tech methods for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases;
· changes in the methods and means of environmental protection activities, which will reduce the technogenic impact on the biosphere.
In connection with the latest global economic trends, such a process as the convergence of technologies (their convergence and mutual influence) stands out, which in 20-30 years can lead to results that significantly exceed the sum of the effects of each individual invention. And it is this trend that is usually called the new technological revolution.
As world practice testifies, all changing technologies, first of all, are manifested in the development of the industry of the world economy.
