Economic resources. Their types and limitations

Under economic resources refers to all types of resources that are used in economic life, i.e. for the production of goods.

Therefore, they are often called production resources, factors of production, factors economic growth. The expenditure of resources in the production of goods is called costs (production costs). In their economic essence, resources are close to production goods, and therefore, in economic theory, speaking of economic goods, as a rule, they also mean economic resources (as when using the term "goods" they usually mean goods and services).

Types of economic resources

Economic resources include:

• labor resources(people with their ability to produce products), abbreviated as labor;
• capital - as in the form banking assets and valuable papers(financial capital), and in the form of production goods (real capital, physical capital);
• entrepreneurial resource (the ability of people to organize the production of products, that is, their entrepreneurial abilities), in short - entrepreneurship;
• knowledge necessary for economic life (they are discovered primarily by science, distributed mainly through information channels, assimilated mainly through education, implemented through innovations);
• natural resources (land, mineral, water, biological, agro-climatic, recreational), abbreviated as land.

More Aristotle(384-322 BC), and after him the European medieval scholastic thinkers considered labor one of the main economic resources. A similar approach was shared by the first economic school in the world - mercantilism. The French school of physiocrats (17th century) attributed special importance to land as an economic resource. Scot Adam Smith(1723-1790), who laid the foundation of economic theory, considered such economic resources as labor, land and capital, but the theory of the three factors of production was most clearly formulated by the French economist Jean-Baptiste Say(1767–1832). English economist Alfred Marshall suggested adding a fourth factor - entrepreneurial ability (calling it the term "organization"). At the present time, especially in economically developed countries Ah, knowledge comes first. Active implementation in economic life new knowledge (innovations), primarily through the efforts of entrepreneurs, has become feature modern economy.

Uneven availability of resources and their mobility

Economic resources are not only limited, but are also available unevenly across the territory both throughout the world and within countries. AT Arab countries The Persian Gulf is experiencing a labor shortage, while neighboring India and Pakistan are overabundant. In Russia, we observe a general abundance natural resources and a lack of financial capital, while in Moscow and the Moscow Region the opposite is true.

This is partly offset by resource mobility. They move both within countries and between countries. But the degree of their mobility is different. The least mobile natural resources, the mobility of some of them is close to zero (land is difficult to move from one place to another). The labor resources are more mobile, which can be seen from the internal and external migration of the labor force on a noticeable scale. Entrepreneurial abilities are even more mobile, although they usually do not move on their own, but along with labor resources and / or capital (this is due to the fact that managers and owners of capital are the bearers of entrepreneurial abilities first of all). The last two resources are the most mobile - capital (especially financial) and knowledge.

Complementarity and Substitution of Resources

Resources are complementary (complementary). For example, such a factor of production as knowledge is used when people strive to use natural resources more rationally. Labor resources are generally difficult to use if they do not have professional knowledge (qualifications). At the same time, knowledge (primarily technological) ensures an increase in the level of equipment use, i.e. real capital. Finally, they (especially managerial knowledge) allow entrepreneurs to organize the production of products in the most rational way.

At the same time, the complementarity (complementarity) of resources, as a rule, is limited by the fact that others can be applied to one resource only to a limited extent. Thus, if all labor resources are highly skilled, then who will perform low-skilled work, even if its role in modern economy decreases? Therefore, we can talk about full and partial complementarity of resources.

Resources are substitutable (interchangeable, substitutes, alternative). If a farmer needs to increase grain production, he can do it this way: hire more workers (increase the use of labor), or apply more fertilizer (increase capital), or improve the organization of labor on the farm (better use of entrepreneurial ability), or use new types of seeds. (apply new knowledge), or, finally, expand crop areas (use additional natural resources). The farmer has this choice because economic resources are substitutable.

However, reciprocity is rarely complete. For example, human resources cannot completely replace capital, otherwise workers will be left without equipment and inventory. Moreover, economic resources replace each other easily at first, and then more and more difficult. Thus, with an unchanged machine park, it is possible to increase the number of workers on the farm by obliging them to work in two shifts. But it will be very difficult to hire more workers and organize systematic work in three shifts, unless they sharply increase wages. Therefore, they speak of full and partial mutual substitution of resources.

The entrepreneur (organizer of production) and society as a whole work in conditions of limited economic resources. Therefore, firms, industries, countries are forced to constantly look for the most rational combination of them, using the uneven availability and mobility of resources, their complementarity and substitution. The search for this combination is called accommodation (allocation) of resources.

The concept of the resource market

In a market economy, each of the economic resources is a large resource market - the labor market, the capital market, etc., which, in turn, consists of many markets for a particular resource. For example, the labor market consists of markets for workers of different specialties - engineers, artists, economists. In turn, the market of economists consists of financiers, marketers, and so on.

In the most general senseresources- these are cash, values, stocks, opportunities, sources of funds, income. Usually highlightedeconomic resources- everything that is necessary for the production process.

It should be noted that along with the concept "resources of production" in economic literature the concept is often used as a synonym "factors of production".

Between them there is a common thing - that both resources and factors are the same natural and social forces with the help of which production is carried out. The difference lies in the fact that the resources include those natural and social forces that can be involved in production, and the factors include the resources actually involved in this process. Based on this, the concept of "resources" is broader than "factors of production".

See also:

Economic theory identifies two groups of economic resources - material and human. Material resources capital and land human — labor and entrepreneurial ability. Various combinations of these factors are used to produce a wide variety of goods and services.

concept "Earth" covers all natural resources: arable land, forests, mineral deposits, water and climate resources, etc.

Note. Historically, some states have large territories - Russia (17,075 thousand km 2), USA (9629 thousand km 2 ), China (9560 thousand km 2 ), while others are smaller - Andorra (467 km 2 ), Liechtenstein (160 km 2 ), San Marino (61 km 2), Monaco (2 km 2).

The land can be used for both agricultural (growing crops) and non-agricultural (construction of buildings, structures, roads) needs.

Note. The agricultural land of the planet covers 51 million km 2 . On average, there is 0.3 hectares of arable land per capita in the world. The size of arable land per capita is significantly differentiated by different countries. For example, in the United States per capita there is 0.67 hectares of arable land, and in Japan only 0.03 hectares.

In addition, various minerals are found in the bowels of the earth.

Note. Saudi Arabia has more than 25% of proven oil reserves, Russia has the world's largest proven natural gas reserves - about 40%, and the United States ranks first in the world in proven coal reserves - 26%.

concept "capital" — one of the main in the theory of the market economy. Considering capital as a factor of production, economists understand by it means of production created by people, including infrastructure (machinery, equipment, buildings, structures, transport, communications, etc.).

Capital — durable resource designed to produce more and services. The capital embodied in the means of production is called real capital . money capital , or capital in monetary form, represents . Money capital is used to purchase machinery, equipment and other means of production. Capital is the product of labor and is therefore limited.

concept "work" denote the physical and mental abilities of people used in the production of goods and services. Human Resources — This is the able-bodied population with the physical and mental abilities necessary for the implementation of production activities. Labor resources are represented by the population of working age.

Note. In Russia, the working age is considered: for men - 16-59 years (inclusive), for women - 16-54 years (inclusive). Working age limits vary by country. In some, the lower limit is 14-15 years, and in others, 18 years. The upper limit in many countries is 65 for all or 65 for men and 60-62 for women.

Obviously, labor resources separate country, and are also limited. Today, for industrialized countries and states with transition economy characterized by demographic aging of the population, when the number of able-bodied population only slightly exceeds the number of pensioners.

Note. In 1950, there were 12 people aged 15-64 per pensioner. Today, the global average is 9, and is expected to decline to 4. If quantitatively, labor resources grow with population growth, then qualitatively, as education develops. In terms of the level of higher education, Russia is in fourth place in the world (after Israel, Norway and the USA). The adult literacy rate in Russia is 99.6% and is the highest in the world; secondary education has 95% population. For comparison: this indicator in Germany - the country with the highest level of education in the EU - 78%, in the UK - 76%, in Spain - 30%, in Portugal - less than 20%.

concept implies the ability to effectively use economic activity all other economic resources for profit and the willingness to bear for the results of their work.

Entrepreneurial ability (entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial potential, entrepreneurial resource) consists in the ability to organize and manage production, in the ability to navigate the market environment.

The importance of entrepreneurial ability for the economy is revealed through functions, which performs entrepreneur.

Firstly , the entrepreneur, having combined all other economic resources (land, capital, labor) and starting the production process, takes on a responsibility for its successful implementation and makes the main decisions in the course of the case.

Secondly , successful today is impossible without innovation. The entrepreneur is engaged in the development and implementation of innovations - new products, technologies, new information.

Thirdly , any entrepreneur risks. Entrepreneurship involves the development of new , making deals with new suppliers and customers, producing new goods and services, and using new technologies that no one is sure will work. Risk is an inevitable part of business activity. Entrepreneurial resource is a rare gift.

Note. Researchers at Harvard Medical Center have developed a test to identify a person's abilities in a variety of areas. They found that only 1% of people are gifted with "exceptional creativity," that is, outstanding achievements in the field of arts and entrepreneurial activity are available to them; ten% have “high creative potential; another 60% have "moderate or some" creativity; less than 30% of people do not show their creative activity at all or to a very small extent.

Introduction

Probably, we all had to walk along the windows more than once and look at the goods displayed on them with lust. If only we could buy them! Alas, it is impossible to get something for which there are no funds, just as it is impossible to embrace the immensity! This is an example of an economic problem: unlimited desires, very limited possibilities.

And although this problem can never be completely solved, as a result of "savings" we can get as much as possible, based on what we have. Thus, a housewife buys those goods that will bring little satisfaction within a limited family budget. The student tries to make the best use of his scholarship. A businessman makes those decisions that allow him to get maximum income on invested capital. Finally, the government is forced to plan its expenditures in order to achieve as much as possible, based on the allocated budget funds.

Economics deals with the problem of choice—i.e. such decisions that we are forced to make due to the insignificance of our resources compared to our desires. However, choosing one thing means giving up something else. Due to limited resources, having one thing means having to do without something else. To denote the best alternative, which we have to do without in order to get what we have chosen, there is the term opportunity cost.

Only a few goods are available in such large quantities that not a single person will give a penny for them. Such benefits are called "free". However, most goods are still "rare" - they can be obtained only by giving up something else. If we want to have them, we have to face economic problem, which is why they are also called economic benefits". Society also faces a choice of what to produce and in what quantities. Because Since the factors of production are limited, as the volume of production of some goods increases, the possibility of producing others decreases.

economic resource monetary credit financial

§ 1. Economic resources. Their types and limitations

Economic resources constitute the economic potential of society as the ability to ensure the highest possible level of production of goods and services.

Economic resources are divided into:

1. Material

2. Natural

3. Labor

4. Informational

5. Monetary

6. Financial.

Material resources include:

· Means of labor

· Objects of labor.

Among the means of labor, tools play a decisive role.

Objects of labor (materials undergoing processing) are divided into 2 types:

1st - substances that are first separated by labor from nature and converted into a product, for example, coal.

2nd - raw materials, or raw materials, substances that have been processed. A variety of material resources are secondary material resources - materials and products that, after initial use, can be reused in production as raw materials or products. The main sources of secondary material resources are production waste and product consumption.

Natural (natural) resources are part of the totality of the nature surrounding a person (its objects, processes, conditions), available for use by society in order to meet material and spiritual needs.

Natural resources include:

land,

water,

mineral,

resources of flora and fauna,

solar energy,

ebb and flow energy

internal heat.

Natural resources are divided into:

Virtually inexhaustible (solar, tidal, wind and geothermal)

Exhaustible (water, land, forest, mineral, animal and plant resources).

Exhaustible, in turn, are divided into:

Renewable (soil, water, forests, wildlife)

Non-renewable, which primarily include mineral deposits (oil, coal, gas, iron, copper, tin, mercury, aluminum and other ores).

In domestic economic literature, energy resources are sometimes singled out as an independent type of economic resources as a result of a selection from natural and material resources. Under energy resources refers to the totality of energy carriers used in national economy: coal, oil and oil products, natural gas, peat, hydro and electricity, as well as secondary energy resources (coke oven gas, etc.).

Labor resources - a part of the population with the necessary physical development, mental abilities, general educational and professional knowledge, practical experience for engaging in socially useful work. Labor resources are fundamentally different from all other types of economic resources. They are the determining and active factor of social production. The boundaries of the working-age population are established by law. The change in the number of labor resources is directly determined by the birth and death rates of the population, the duration of education, the ratio of the number of people entering the working age and moving into retirement age. Intellectual capital, which is the basis of new sectors of the economy with intensive use of knowledge, acquires a special role.

Information resources - a set of information stored in various documents, reports, massive data received and accumulated in the course of people's practical activities and used in social production and management. They are tangible renewable resources. AT modern society informational resources determine not only the economic, but also the political and military power of their owner.

The specificity of monetary and financial resources lies in the fact that they mediate the movement of other types of economic resources. Having a common economic basis, cash, credit and financial resources differ both in their essence and in their functional purpose.

Monetary (including foreign exchange) resources - the entire amount of funds denominated in national, as well as foreign convertible currency, and sources of their receipt for a particular period. They may be in cash and non-cash forms, satisfying operational or speculative demand, or acting in the form of savings and savings.

Credit resources are a set of funds at the disposal of the state, business entities and the population and used by them to provide in the form of loans on terms of repayment, urgency and payment. mediate economic relations between lender and borrower.

Financial resources - totality cash income, savings and receipts at the disposal of economic entities and the state in certain period and intended for the expansion of production, material incentives for workers, satisfaction of social and military needs, as well as the needs of government controlled. Financial resources are formed in the process of distribution and redistribution GDP value and part of the national wealth. They are material carriers financial relations Used in stock and non-stock forms. Part of the financial resources are military-financial resources, formed and used for the economic provision of military needs. The quantitative parameters and structure of military financial resources are reflected in the military budget (as part of federal budget) - military budgetary powers, appropriations and expenses.

Efficient use of society's resources is an axiom of sound management. In the context of reform Russian economy, solving problems of its stabilization and ensuring national security careful attitude to all types of resources, their rational use has become a pressing problem.

§ 2. The problem of choosing alternatives for the use of resources

The choice of ways to use limited resources is rational if it minimizes costs and maximizes beneficial effects. Only then will optimal functioning be ensured. economic system any level. The theory of optimality is the core of the development of economic theory and practice, although it is not limited to it. The criterion of optimality is the target welfare function, i.e. maximizing the satisfaction of needs.

Thus, in economic reality, constantly changing needs, different in quantity, quality and structure, are opposed by resources limited in quantity and variety (both natural and created by labor) necessary to meet the needs of the subject and the nation as a whole. That is why the nation can afford to produce only the necessary goods, and the essence of the theory of optimality is to find ways and methods to maximize the satisfaction of needs while minimizing the cost of resources.

To minimize the use of resources, it is necessary to decide: what to produce, for whom and how.

Solving the problem of "what to produce?" will show which of the mutually competing goods and in what quantity should be produced in national economy in order to meet both current needs and create conditions for meeting the needs of the future. The result of solving this problem is the characteristics sectoral structure national economy, which determine the structure of consumption.

Solving the problem "for whom to produce?" takes into account the presence of social strata with different levels of income, which will be able to purchase manufactured goods. The result of this decision is social structure spheres of distribution and consumption.

The remaining problem is “how, how to produce?” - means that certainty is needed regarding the choice of technology for the quantity and quality of resources used in the production process.

The production of specific goods and services means the rejection of the production of other, alternative goods. Obtaining these benefits, the subject and the nation as a whole have to sacrifice for the sake of obtaining the selected benefits and services. In this situation economic entity evaluates the beneficial effect it receives from each alternative. His choice will indicate the alternative, the useful effect of the implementation of which will be maximum. Realizing the chosen option, the subject refuses other options, including the best one, among all unrealizable ones. The beneficial effect of the best of unrealized alternative opportunities is called the opportunity cost.

§ 3. The production possibilities curve

The use of resources in society can be represented by a production possibilities curve (transformation curve), reflecting the limited resources and the possibility of increasing the production of a chosen good only by reducing the production of other goods. On the example of the simplest model, in which the choice is made between two goods representing commodity groups, it can be seen that there are various alternative combinations of resource use that determine the structure of the characteristics of the national economy.

Each national economy has its own transformation curve, which reflects its production possibilities, and the entire history of its development is the history of constantly overcoming, removing the boundaries of production possibilities. However, each specific period, the available resources of the nation and the state of knowledge about the possibilities of their use set the objective boundaries for the expansion of production capabilities both in the economy as a whole and in a separate industry.

The nation overcomes the boundaries of production possibilities either as a result of innovations in engineering, technology, organization of production (which increases labor productivity), or through an increase in the resources used (discovery of new mineral deposits, involvement of additional labor in the production process, etc.).

If new equipment, technology and organization of production are distributed evenly throughout all branches of the national economy, then the possibilities for the production of consumer goods and means of production will increase in equal proportions. Such changes will be reflected by the ExEy transformation curve, which is located to the right of the original one. If innovation occurs predominantly in industries that produce commodities, then the expansion of the production possibility frontier will reflect the increase in production possibilities only on the abscissa. On the contrary, innovations that are carried out mainly in industries that produce means of production will reflect an increase in the capabilities of the nation along the ordinate (curve FxFy).

Different combinations of means of production and commodities, respectively, will require different combinations of factors of production necessary to create the selected competing goods. The choice of factors of production and their combination in a market economy is carried out taking into account market prices for resources. If there is an excess of labor resources and a shortage of means of production in the markets for factors of production, and therefore the prices of labor resources relative to the means of production are lower, then labor resources are bought. In the opposite situation, the means of production are acquired.

The market mechanism does not completely solve the problem of limited resources, it neutralizes it within its capabilities, firstly, by stimulating them. effective use and, secondly, through the transformation of needs into effective demand. It means that market economy focused not not on the satisfaction of needs, but on the satisfaction of solvent demand. In the process of production, society bears the costs associated with the creation of goods and services, and the results of these costs are the created benefits that satisfy social needs.

Conclusion

If a country wants to achieve the highest possible standard of living for its citizens, then attention should be paid to:

1) Placement of resources. Since resources can be used in several ways, one must carefully choose which one to choose, which one to send to agriculture, and which one to industrial production, dwelling on such a combination that will bring maximum satisfaction.

2) Full employment of resources. A country cannot produce such a combination of industrial and agricultural goods that would correspond to a point lying above the production possibilities curve (for example, point A). On the other hand, if the combination of goods produced is below the curve, i.e. closer to the origin, then the output will not be maximized, and some of the resources will be idle. Combinations of goods on the production possibilities curve correspond to the state full time all resources.

3) Quantitative growth of economic resources. Over time, the production possibilities curve shifts up and to the right - the country gets the opportunity to produce more both industrial and agricultural goods.

List of used literature

1. Financial and credit encyclopedic dictionary, M.: publishing house "Finance and statistics", 2002.

2. Harvey J. Understanding the economy / Per. from English. ed. A.G. Gryaznova. M.: Finance, UNITI, 1997. – 484 p.

3. Economic theory: Textbook for universities Ed. prof. I.P. Nikolaeva. – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2002. – 510 p.

4. Ivashkovsky S.N. Microeconomics: Textbook - 3rd ed., Rev. – M.: Delo, 2002. – 416 p.

5. Pindyke Robert S., Rubenfield Daniel L. Microeconomics: Per. from English. M.: Delo, 2000. - 808 p.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FGBOU VPO

BRYANSK STATE

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

Department of Economics and Management

Abstract on the topic:

“Economic resources. The problem is their limitations. Opportunity Costs and the Production Possibility Curve”

Completed by: St. gr 14-IST

Zuev A.N.

Supervisor

Gavrilenko T.V.

Bryansk 2016

Introduction. 3

Economic resources and their types.. 4

Problems of limited resources. 7

Opportunity cost (opportunity cost) 10

Production Possibility Curve. 13

Conclusion. 16

List of used literature.. 17

Introduction

The issue of limited resources and benefits in modern world is one of the most relevant. It is known that the reserves of many natural resources are already in short supply, and the fact that some have been preserved in sufficiently large quantities does not mean their infinity. Satisfying the needs of society directly depends on the creation of goods, and goods, in turn, require an increasing amount of resources for their production. It is clear that with a constant increase in the population of the earth, the benefits and resources will be limited, they will not be enough to meet all needs. At present, it can already be seen that a huge amount of resources is spent on the production of goods. It is necessary to limit the use of resources, because in the future the problem of their scarcity may turn out to be insoluble and lead to fatal consequences.

The scientific literature touches on this topic, because it directly affects the further development of society. Some authors emphasize that the scarcity of resources and goods is relative, not absolute, that is, how long a resource is not exhausted is determined by how effectively it will be used by society. Others believe that resources are both absolutely limited and relatively limited. The opinion of the first authors seems to be more convincing, because modern technologies are being improved at a tremendous speed and allow already now to use, for example, waste-free production, that is, they help to save resources.

The subject of the work is the limited resources and benefits, and the object is the resources and benefits.

Economic resources and their types

Economic resources are all kinds of natural and human capabilities that are used for production in order to satisfy needs. Modern production creates countless different goods - services and products. Therefore, the amount of resources used must be as huge as the volume of production. In essence, economic resources, which are also called factors of production, are various goods that are used to produce other goods. All of them are combined into several large groups.

Economic resources and their types

1) Earth. This name unites all types of natural resources: fossils, land areas, forests, water, flora, fauna, climatic and recreational opportunities. Natural economic resources are involved in economic activity in different ways: - as the operational basis of production, they represent the immediate territory on which production facilities are located; - as sources of mineral resources, they are used in the mining industry; - as objects of production activity they are presented in agriculture. Land is a limited and practically irreplaceable resource, so it needs to be carefully treated by users and protected by the state. Due to the careless attitude to the land, more than six million hectares are annually withdrawn from agricultural circulation in the world. At this rate, in two and a half centuries, humanity risks losing all the lands suitable for Agriculture

2) Labor. This type of resources covers people who are engaged in production (economic) activities. Despite technological progress and automation, the role of labor in manufacturing process does not decrease at all. The reasons for this, firstly, are the complexity of the tasks that are solved in modern production to meet growing needs. Secondly, labor is becoming more and more intellectual, that is, mental efforts are growing. Thirdly, in many areas of activity there are high risks and responsibility - for example, in nuclear energy, air transportation, etc. Since people are the direct bearers of specific technical and organizational knowledge and skills, culture, it is now generally accepted that labor economic resources are not only labor, but the whole human capital, which reflects the level of development of workers.

3) Capital. To this species resources include the means of production (equipment, machinery, equipment, transport, buildings and structures) and financial opportunities(funds that banks and individuals manage, giving them for use in the form of loans and investments).

4) Ability to entrepreneurship. These economic resources are separated from others in separate category and represent the ability to establish a profitable business and manage it effectively. Not every person has a natural ability to entrepreneurship, so not everyone can become successful businessmen. successful entrepreneurial activity, in addition to knowledge of production technologies, also implies a risk appetite, developed intuition, communication skills and persuasion.

5) Information. Information economic resources include knowledge about needs, opportunities, production and management technologies, prices, etc. In today's society, the following principle is fully implemented: whoever owns the information owns the world. Therefore it is called information society. are now of decisive importance Computer techologies, network systems of data accumulation and transmission.

The main property of economic resources is their limitation with the boundlessness of the need for them for the production of goods - goods and services. From this property follows the natural need for the effective use of economic resources to meet the needs of the population as fully as possible. In this case, it is necessary to constantly make decisions about the appropriate distribution of resources, that is, about their application in such a way as to get the maximum result from this.

Another property of economic resources is their complementarity. For example, to rationalize the use of natural resources, knowledge is used - an economic resource that, based on scientific and technical developments, makes complementarity more efficient and optimal. In turn, knowledge forms the basis of human resources and consists in specific knowledge, skills, and professional skills of employees.

Mobility economic resources is their ability to move between industries, regions, countries. With regard to each economic resource, the degree of mobility will be different and will depend on a variety of both objective and subjective factors. For example, an economic resource - land - will have minimal mobility, since it is impossible to change its geographical position. The greatest mobility is characterized by human resources that are able to move between national economies.

An important property of economic resources is their interchangeability, which consists in the ability to replace one economic resource with another.

For example, in order to increase production efficiency, one can use both entrepreneurial potential - to change production technology, and knowledge - to train employees so that they can more effectively perform their tasks. official duties. The ability to replace economic resources is limited and cannot be produced completely and totally. For example, capital cannot completely replace human resources. The initial replacement of resources can bring a positive result, but in the future, economic activity becomes significantly more complicated, and its efficiency may be reduced.

The main task of an economic entity is to constantly increase the degree of efficiency and rationality of the use of economic resources, for which their properties are involved - interchangeability, complementarity, mobility.

Within the framework of the national economy, the circulation of economic resources takes place in their respective markets (for example, the capital market, the labor market). Within these markets, there is also a certain segmentation (for example, the labor market consists of a segment of managers, economists, engineers).

Of great importance in the national economy are economic resources that determine the nature of its functioning, the pace, structure and scale of development. They are the basis for economic growth. In fact, this is a kind of goods that can be used to produce other goods. Economic resources are a type of resources necessary for the production of goods - goods and services.

There are the following types of economic resources:

• 1) entrepreneurial potential. This is the ability of the population to organize the production of goods in various forms;
• 2) knowledge. These are specific scientific and technical developments that allow organizing the production and consumption of goods at a higher level than the previous one;
• 3) natural resources. These are specific minerals, for example, land, subsoil, as well as the climatic and geographical position of the country; 4) human resources. This is a specific number of the country's population, distinguished by certain qualitative indicators - education, culture, professionalism. Together, human resources are the most important economic resource, since without it it is impossible to imagine the normal functioning of the national economy;
• 5) financial resources. This is the capital represented by specific in cash available in the national economy.

Natural resources are quite diverse in their composition and include land, energy, water, biological, forest, mineral, recreational, climatic resources. Their use is interconnected (for example, for the use of land resources, equipment is needed, and for its operation, mineral resources are needed - fuel).

Natural resources are divided into:

• 1) explored. They are already being mined;
• 2) reliable. Their existence is reliably known, but for various reasons their extraction is not carried out;
• 3) forecast. These are minerals that hypothetically should exist, but this is not known for certain.

According to experts, at the current rate of mining, their reserves will be exhausted in about 500 years. At the same time, the need for them in the economies is constantly increasing by an average of 10% annually. To improve the efficiency of the use of this resource, the development and implementation of resource-saving technologies is constantly underway.

Human resources in our country are limited. In spite of high level unemployment, there is a shortage of human resources that differ in certain qualitative characteristics - professional and qualification level. There is an acute shortage of employees of certain qualifications and professions, which significantly slows down the development of the national economy.

The main property of economic resources is their limitedness while the need for them is boundless for the production of goods - goods and services. From this property follows the natural need for the effective use of economic resources to meet the needs of the population as fully as possible. In this case, it is necessary to constantly make decisions about the appropriate distribution of resources, that is, about their application in such a way as to get the maximum result from this. Another property of economic resources is their complementarity. For example, knowledge is used to rationalize the use of natural resources - an economic resource that, based on scientific and technological developments, makes complementarity more efficient and optimal. In turn, knowledge forms the basis of human resources and consists in specific knowledge, skills, and professional skills of employees.

The mobility of economic resources consists in their ability to move between industries, regions, countries.

With regard to each economic resource, the degree of mobility will be different and will depend on a variety of both objective and subjective factors.

For example, an economic resource - land - will have minimal mobility, since it is impossible to change its geographical position.

The greatest mobility is characterized by human resources that are able to move between national economies. An important property of economic resources is their interchangeability, which consists in the ability to replace one economic resource with another. For example, in order to increase production efficiency, one can use both entrepreneurial potential - to change production technology, and knowledge - to train employees so that they can more effectively perform their job duties. The ability to replace economic resources is limited and cannot be produced completely and totally.

For example, capital cannot completely replace human resources. The initial replacement of resources can bring a positive result, but in the future, economic activity becomes significantly more complicated, and its efficiency may be reduced.

The main task of an economic entity is to constantly increase the degree of efficiency and rationality of the use of economic resources, for which their properties are involved - interchangeability, complementarity, mobility. Within the framework of the national economy, the circulation of economic resources takes place in their respective markets (for example, the capital market, the labor market). Within these markets, there is also a certain segmentation (for example, the labor market consists of a segment of managers, economists, engineers).

National wealth is part of the total economic potential of the national economy

The main constituent element of the total economic potential of the national economy is national wealth. Its volume largely determines the scale and rate of economic growth, which makes it relevant to evaluate it as one of the indicators of the functioning of the national economy. National wealth is the total amount of economic resources and material values necessary for the normal production of goods - goods and services.

National wealth consists of the following main elements:

• 1) non-reproductive element. This is a set of resources that cannot be reproduced and are exhaustible, such as minerals, monuments of culture and art;
• 2) a reproductive element. This is a set of resources, the volume of which can be increased in the course of economic activity, for example, non-productive and productive assets;
• 3) intangible element. These are resources that do not have a material manifestation, for example, the intellectual potential of the country, the quality of life of the population, scientific and technical potential;
• 4) the volume of property obligations to other countries.

The volume of national wealth allows:

• 1) determine the volume of benefits - goods and services that are in the national economy at a certain time interval;
• 2) determine the total cost of natural resource potential, since the rate of economic growth directly depends on it;
• 3) to carry out a comprehensive accounting of the intangible resources of the national economy.

When evaluating the real volume of national wealth, only those of its components are taken into account, the value of which can be reliably determined - based on specific economic practice. Therefore, a total assessment of the real volume of national wealth is not common in the economic practice of the countries of the world, since this is associated with significant costs.

In domestic practice economic analysis assessment of national wealth at the state level was not carried out. Related data are presented only in terms of estimates of non-financial and production assets, household property. Due to the lack of a generally accepted methodology for assessing national wealth, the elements of Russia's national wealth State Committee statistics were not calculated.

In practice, elements of the System of National Accounts (SNA) are used to calculate national wealth. This allows you to determine its approximate volume, but it does not require serious material and financial costs. For this, such a component of the SNA as a set of institutional units by sector is used.