Human capital- a set of knowledge, abilities, skills used to meet the diverse needs of a person and society as a whole.
Human capital in a broad sense, it is an intensive productive factor of economic development, the development of society and the family, including the educated part labor resources, knowledge, tools for intellectual and managerial work, the environment and labor activity that ensure the effective and rational functioning of the human capital as a productive development factor.
Briefly: Human capital- this is intelligence, health, knowledge, high-quality and productive work and quality of life.
Human capital is the main factor in the formation and development of the innovation economy and knowledge economy as the next highest stage of development.
Use classification human capital :
- individual human capital.
- The human capital of the firm.
- national human capital.
In the national wealth, human capital in developed countries is from 70 to 80%. In Russia, about 50%.
Encyclopedic YouTube
1 / 5
✪ Lecture by Isak Frumin "Human Capital 2.0"
✪ Presentation "Human Capital 2.0"
✪ Human capital
✪ "Human Capital 2.0". Isak Froumin: how human capital is changing
✪ Human capital and social policy
Subtitles
Problems of human capital in the modern world
According to I. G. Shestakov, “In the modern global world, thanks to universal education and universal testing, we find ourselves in a situation where all precious human resources are brought to the surface, for general review, choice and plunder. It's not just about the brain drain, but about the gene pool as a whole. Under these conditions, Russia should think about the most important resource - human capital. If earlier Russia was represented by peasants, among whom nuggets were hidden - human capital, then at present there are almost no resources.
Background
Elements of the theory of human capital (HC) have existed since ancient times, when the first knowledge and the education system were formed.
In the scientific literature, the concept of human capital (Human Capital) appeared in the publications of the second half of the 20th century in the works of American economists Theodore Schultz and Gary Becker (1992). For creating the foundations of the theory of human capital (HC), they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics - Theodor Schultz in 1979, Gary Becker in 1992. He invested significant contribution in the creation of the theory of the Cheka and a native of the Minsk and Kharkov provinces of the Russian Empire - Simon (Semyon) Kuznets, who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1971.
The theory of human capital is based on the achievements of institutional theory, neoclassical theory, neo-Keynesianism and other particular economic theories. Its appearance was the response of economic and related sciences to the demand for real economy and life. There was a problem of in-depth understanding of the role of man and the accumulated results of his intellectual activity on the pace and quality of development of society and the economy. The impetus for the creation of the theory of human capital was the statistical data on the growth of the economies of the developed countries of the world, which exceeded calculations based on accounting classical factors growth. Analysis of the real processes of development and growth in modern conditions and led to the approval of human capital as the main productive and social factor of development modern economy and society.
T. Schultz, G. Becker, E. Denison, R. Solow, J. Kendrick, S. Kuznets, S. Fabrikant, I. Fisher, R. Lucas and other economists, sociologists and historians contributed to the development of the modern theory of human capital .
The concept of human capital is a natural development and generalization of the concepts of the human factor and human resource, however, HC is a broader economic category.
The economic category "human capital" was formed gradually, and at the first stage it was limited by the knowledge and ability of a person to work. Moreover, for a long time, human capital was considered only a social factor of development, that is, a costly factor, from the point of view of economic theory. It was believed that investments in upbringing, in education, are unproductive and costly. In the second half of the 20th century, the attitude towards human capital and education gradually changed dramatically.
Broad definition of human capital
The concept of human capital (Human Capital) appeared in the publications of the second half of the 20th century in the works of American economists Theodor Schulz "The Theory of Human Capital" (1960) and his follower Gary Becker "Human Capital: Theoretical and Empirical Analysis" (1964). For the development of the theory of human capital (HC) in 1992, G. Becker was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics. Simon (Semyon) Kuznets, a native of Russia, who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1971, made a significant contribution to the creation of the theory of Cheka.
The founders of the theory of human capital (HC) gave it a narrow definition, which has expanded over time and continues to expand, including all new components of HC. As a result, HC has become a complex intensive factor in the development of the modern economy - the knowledge economy.
Currently, on the basis of the theory and practice of human capital, a successful paradigm for the development of the United States and leading European countries is being formed and improved. Based on the theory of the Cheka, which was lagging behind, Sweden modernized its economy and returned its leadership position in the world economy in the 2000s. Finland, in a historically short period of time, has managed to move from a predominantly resource-based economy to an innovative economy. And to create their own competitive high technologies, without giving up the deepest processing of their main natural wealth - the forest. Managed to reach the first place in the world in terms of the competitiveness of the economy as a whole. Moreover, the Finns created their innovative technologies and products on the income from timber processing into goods with high added value.
All this took place not because the theory and practice of human capital realized a kind of magic wand, but because it became the answer of economic theory and practice to the challenges of the time, to the challenges of the innovative economy (knowledge economy) emerging in the second half of the 20th century and venture science. -technical business.
The development of science, the formation of the information society to the fore as components of a complex intensive development factor - human capital - have brought forward knowledge, education, health, the quality of life of the population and the leading specialists themselves, who determine the creativity and innovation of national economies.
In the context of the globalization of the world economy, in the conditions of free flow of any capital, including the Cheka, from country to country, from region to region, from city to city in the conditions of intense international competition, the accelerated development of high technologies.
And huge advantages in creating stable conditions for the growth of the quality of life, the creation and development of the knowledge economy, the information society, the development of civil society have countries with accumulated high-quality human capital. That is, countries with an educated, healthy and optimistic population, competitive world-class professionals in all types of economic activity, in education, science, management and other areas.
Understanding and choosing human capital as the main development factor literally dictates a systematic and integrated approach in developing a development concept or strategy and linking all other private strategies and programs with them. This dictate follows from the essence of the national Cheka as a multicomponent development factor. Moreover, this diktat emphasizes the living conditions, work and quality of the tools of specialists that determine the creativity and creative energy of the country.
The core of the Cheka, of course, was and still is a man, but now he is an educated, creative and enterprising person, with a high level of professionalism. Human capital itself determines in the modern economy the main share of the national wealth of countries, regions, municipalities and organizations. At the same time, the share of unskilled labor in the GDP of developed and developing countries, including Russia, is getting smaller, and technologically advanced countries it is already vanishingly small.
Therefore, the division of labor into unskilled labor and labor requiring education, special skills and knowledge is gradually losing its original meaning and economic content when defining human capital, which the founders of the human capital theory identified with educated people and their accumulated knowledge and experience. The concept of human capital as an economic category is constantly expanding along with the development of the global information community and the knowledge economy.
Human capital in a broad definition is an intensive productive factor in the development of the economy, society and family, including the educated part of the labor force, knowledge, tools for intellectual and managerial work, the environment and labor activity that ensure the effective and rational functioning of human capital as a productive development factor.
Briefly: Human capital is intelligence, health, knowledge, quality and productive labor and quality of life.
The composition of the human capital includes investments and returns from them in the tools of intellectual and managerial labor, as well as investments in the environment for the functioning of the human capital, ensuring its effectiveness.
Human capital is a complex and distributed intensive development factor. It, like blood vessels in a living organism, permeates the entire economy and society. And ensures their functioning and development. Or, on the contrary, it depresses with its low quality. Therefore, there are objective methodological difficulties with assessing its individual economic efficiency, its individual productivity, its individual contribution to GDP growth and to improving the quality of life. HC, through specialists and IT, contributes to the development and growth of the economy everywhere, in all types of economic and industrial activities.
Cheka contributes to improving the quality and productivity of labor in all types of life and life support. In all types of economic activity, management, educated professionals determine the productivity and efficiency of labor. And knowledge, high-quality work, qualifications of specialists play a decisive role in the effectiveness of the functioning and work of institutions and organizations of all forms and types.
The main drivers of HC development are competition, investment, and innovation.
The innovative sector of the economy, the creative part of the elite, society, and the state are sources of accumulation of high-quality human capital, which determines the direction and pace of development of the country, region, medical organizations, and organizations. On the other hand, the accumulated high-quality human capital underlies the innovation system and economy (IE).
The development processes of HC and IE constitute a single process of formation and development of the innovation-information society and its economy.
What is the difference between human capital and human potential? The human potential index of a country or region is calculated according to three indicators: GDP (or GRP), life expectancy and literacy of the population. That is, it is a narrower concept than the Cheka. The latter absorbs the concept of human potential as its enlarged component.
How is human capital different from labor resources? The labor force is directly people, educated and uneducated, who determine skilled and unskilled labor. Human capital is a much broader concept and includes, in addition to labor resources, accumulated investments (taking into account their depreciation) in education, science, health, security, quality of life, tools intellectual labor and in an environment that ensures the effective functioning of the Cheka.
Investments in the formation of an effective elite, including in the organization of competition, are among the most important investments in Cheka. It has been known since the time of the classics of science D. Toynbee and M. Weber that it is the elite of the people that determines the vector of the direction of its development. Forward, side or back.
An entrepreneurial resource is a creative resource, an intellectual resource for the development of the economy. Therefore, investment in an entrepreneurial resource is an investment in the development of human capital in terms of increasing its constructiveness, creativity and innovation. In particular, business angels are a necessary component of the HC.
Investments in institutional services are aimed at creating comfortable conditions for servicing the state. institutions of citizens, including doctors, teachers, scientists, engineers, that is, the core of the Cheka, which helps to improve the quality of their life and work.
With such an expansion of the economic category “human capital”, it comes out, as already noted, from the “flesh” of a person. People's brains do not work effectively with a poor quality of life, with low security, with an aggressive or oppressive environment for living and working.
The foundation on which innovative economies and information societies are created is the rule of law, the high quality of human capital, the high quality of life and an efficient industrial economy, which has smoothly transformed into a post-industrial or innovative economy.
National human capital includes social, political capital, national intellectual priorities, national competitive advantages and natural potential of the nation.
National human capital is measured by its value, calculated by various methods - by investment, by the discount method and others.
The national human capital makes up more than half of the national wealth of each of the developing countries and over 70-80% of the developed countries of the world.
Features of national human capital determined the historical development of world civilizations and countries of the world. National human capital in the XX and XXI centuries was and remains the main intensive factor in the development of the economy and society.
Estimates of the cost of national human capital of the countries of the world
The cost of national human capital of the countries of the world based on cost method appreciated by experts World Bank.
Estimates of the components of the human capital for the costs of the state, families, entrepreneurs and various funds were used. They make it possible to determine the current annual costs of society for the reproduction of human capital.
In the United States, the value of human capital at the end of the 20th century was $95 trillion, or 77% of the national wealth (NW), 26% of the global total value of human capital.
The value of the world human capital amounted to 365 trillion dollars or 66% of world wealth, 384% of the US level.
For China, these figures are: $ 25 trillion, 77% of the total NB, 7% of the world's total HC and 26% of the US level. For Brazil, respectively: $9 trillion; 74%, 2% and 9%. For India: 7 trillion; 58%, 2%; 7%.
For Russia, the figures are: $30 trillion; fifty %; eight %; 32%.
The G7 countries and the EEC accounted for 59% of the world's HC for the reference period, which is 78% of their national wealth.
Human capital in most countries exceeded half of the accumulated national wealth (with the exception of the OPEC countries). The HC percentage is significantly affected by the cost of natural resources. In particular, for Russia, the share of the cost of natural resources is relatively large.
The bulk of the world's human capital is concentrated in the developed countries of the world. This is due to the fact that investments in HC in these countries over the past half century have significantly outpaced investments in physical capital. In the United States, the ratio of "investment in people" and productive investment ( social spending for education, health care and social security as a percentage of productive investment) in 1970 was 194%, and in 1990 it was 318%.
There are certain difficulties in comparative evaluation the cost of the human capital of countries with different levels of development. The human capital of an underdeveloped country and a developed country has a significantly different productivity per unit of capital, as well as a very different quality (for example, a significantly different quality of education and health care). To assess the effectiveness of national human capital, factor analysis methods are used using country-specific international indices and indicators. At the same time, the values of the HC efficiency coefficient for different countries differ significantly, which is close to the differences in their labor productivity. The methodology for measuring national human capital is set out in the work.
The cost of Russian national human capital has been declining over the past 20 years due to low investment in it and the degradation of education, medicine, and science.
National human capital and historical development of countries and civilizations
The economic category "human capital" was formed gradually. And at the first stage, the composition of the Cheka included a small number of components - upbringing, education, knowledge, health. Moreover, for a long time, human capital was considered only a social factor of development, that is, a costly factor, from the point of view of the theory of economic growth. It was believed that investments in upbringing, in education, are unproductive and costly. In the second half of the 20th century, the attitude towards human capital and education gradually changed dramatically.
In reality, it was investments in education and science that in the past ensured the outstripping development of Western civilization - Europe and North America in comparison with China, India and other countries. Studies of the development of civilizations and countries in past centuries show that even then human capital was one of the main development factors that predetermined the success of some countries and the failure of others.
Western civilization at a certain historical stage won the global historical competition with more ancient civilizations precisely due to the faster growth of human capital, including education, in the Middle Ages. At the end of the 18th century, Western Europe surpassed China (and India) by one and a half times in per capita GDP and twice in terms of literacy. The latter circumstance, multiplied by economic freedom and then democracy, became the main factor in the economic success of Europeans, as well as the United States and other Anglo-Saxon countries.
The influence of human capital on economic growth is also indicative on the example of Japan. In the land of the Rising Sun, which has pursued isolationist policies for centuries, the level of human capital has always been high, including education and life expectancy. In 1913, the average number of years of adult education in Japan was 5.4 years, in Italy 4.8, in the USA 8.3 years, and the average life expectancy was 51 years (roughly the same as in Europe and the USA). In Russia, these figures were equal: 1-1.2 years and 33-35 years. Therefore, Japan, in terms of the level of starting human capital, turned out to be ready in the 20th century to make a technological breakthrough and become one of the most advanced countries in the world.
Human capital is an independent complex intensive development factor, in fact, the foundation of GDP growth in combination with innovations and high technologies in modern conditions. The difference between this complex intensive factor and natural resources, classical labor and ordinary capital is the need for constant increased investment in it and the existence of a significant time lag in the return on these investment investments. In the developed countries of the world in the late 1990s, about 70% of all funds were invested in human capital, and only about 30% in physical capital. Moreover, the main share of investments in human capital in the advanced countries of the world is carried out by the state. And this is precisely one of its most important functions in terms of state regulation of the economy.
An analysis of the processes of changing the technological structures of the economy and types of societies shows that human capital, the cycles of its growth and development are the main factors in the generation of innovative waves of development and the cyclical development of the world economy and society.
With a low level and quality of human capital, investments in high-tech industries do not give returns. The relatively rapid success of the Finns, Irish, Japanese, Chinese (Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, China, etc.), Koreans, new European developed countries (Greece, Spain, Portugal) confirm the conclusion that the foundation for the formation of human capital is a high culture the bulk of the population of these countries.
Structure, type and methods for assessing the value of human capital
Structure
Once upon a time, upbringing, education and fundamental science were considered a costly burden for the economy. Then the understanding of their importance as factors in the development of the economy and society changed. Both education, and science, and mentality as components of human capital, and the Cheka itself as a whole, have become the main factor in the growth and development of the modern economy, the development of society and the improvement of the quality of life. The core of the Cheka, of course, was and remains a man. Human capital itself now determines the main share of the national wealth of countries, regions, municipalities and organizations.
With the development and complication of the concept and economic category "human capital", its structure became more complicated.
Human capital is formed primarily through investments in improving the level and quality of life of the population. Including - in upbringing, education, health, knowledge (science), entrepreneurial ability and climate, in Information Support labor, in the formation of an effective elite, in the security of citizens and business and economic freedom, as well as in culture, art and other components. The Cheka is also formed due to the influx from other countries. Or it decreases due to its outflow, which is observed so far in Russia. Cheka is not a simple number of people, workers of simple labor. Cheka is professionalism, knowledge, information service, health and optimism, law-abiding citizens, creativity and efficiency of the elite, etc.
Investments in the components of the human capital make up its structure: upbringing, education, health, science, personal security, entrepreneurial ability, investment in the training of the elite, tools for intellectual work, information services, etc.
Types of human capital
Human capital can be divided according to the degree of efficiency, as a productive factor, into negative HC (destructive) and positive (creative) HC. Between these extreme states and the components of the total human capital, there are intermediate states and components of the human capital in terms of efficiency.
This is a part of the accumulated human capital, which does not give any useful return on investment in it for society, the economy and hinders the growth of the quality of life of the population, the development of society and the individual. Not every investment in upbringing and education is useful and increases HC. An incorrigible criminal, a hired killer is an investment in them lost for society and family. A significant contribution to the accumulated negative HC is made by corrupt officials, criminals, drug addicts, and excessive drinkers. And just loafers, loafers and thieving people. And, on the contrary, a significant share of the positive part of the Cheka is made by workaholics, professionals, world-class specialists. The negative accumulated human capital is formed on the basis of the negative aspects of the nation's mentality, on the low culture of the population, including its market components (in particular, the ethics of work and entrepreneurship). Negative traditions contribute to it state structure and functioning state institutions on the basis of lack of freedom and underdevelopment of civil society, on the basis of investments in pseudo-education, pseudo-education and pseudo-knowledge, in pseudo-science and pseudo-culture. A particularly significant contribution to the negative accumulated human capital can be made by the active part of the nation - its elite, since it is she who determines the policy and strategy of the country's development, leads the nation along the path of either progress, or stagnation (stagnation) or even regression.
Negative human capital requires additional investment in HC to change the essence of knowledge and experience. To change the educational process, to change the innovation and investment potential, to change for the better the mentality of the population and improve its culture. In this case, additional investments are required to compensate for the negative capital accumulated in the past.
Inefficient investments in human capital - investments in inefficient projects or family expenses to improve the quality of human capital components associated with corruption, lack of professionalism, false or suboptimal development ideology, trouble in the family, etc. In fact, these are investments in the negative component of human capital. Inefficient investments, in particular, are: - investments in individuals incapable of learning and acquiring modern knowledge, which give zero or insignificant results; - inefficient and corrupt educational process; - into the system of knowledge, which is formed around a false core; - in false or ineffective R&D, projects, innovations.
The accumulated negative human capital begins to fully manifest itself during periods of bifurcations - in conditions of highly non-equilibrium states. In this case, there is a transition to another coordinate system (in particular, to another economic and political space), and the HC can change its sign and magnitude. In particular, during the transition of the country to another economic and political system, with a sharp transition to another, much higher technological level (for enterprises and industries). This means that the accumulated human capital, primarily in the form of accumulated mentality, experience and knowledge, as well as existing education, is not suitable for solving new tasks of a more complex level, tasks within a different development paradigm. And when moving to another coordinate system, to radically different requirements for the level and quality of human capital, the accumulated old human capital becomes negative, becomes a brake on development. And we need new additional investments in the Cheka for its modification and development.
An example of inefficient investments can be investments in the USSR in chemical warfare agents (CW). They were created almost twice as many as in the rest of the world. Billions of dollars have been spent. And almost as much money had to be spent on the destruction and disposal of OV as on their production in the past. Another close example is investment in the production of tanks in the USSR. They were also produced more than in the rest of the world. Military doctrine has changed, tanks now play a smaller role in it, and investment in them has given zero return. They are difficult to use for peaceful purposes and impossible to sell - outdated.
Let us explain once again the essence of the negativity of the unproductive component of human capital. It is determined by the fact that if a person is a carrier of knowledge that does not meet the modern requirements of science, engineering, technology, production, management, the social sphere, etc., then retraining him often requires much more money than training the corresponding employee with zero. Or an invitation from an outside worker. In other words, if the quality of labor is determined by pseudo-knowledge, then a fundamental change in this quality is more expensive than the formation of a qualitatively new labor on a modern educational basis and on the basis of other workers. In this regard, huge difficulties lie, in particular, in the way of creating a Russian innovation system and venture business. The main obstacle here is the negative components of human capital in terms of innovative entrepreneurial ability, mentality, experience and knowledge of Russians in this area. The same problems stand in the way of introducing innovations at Russian enterprises. So far, investments in this area do not give the proper return. The share of the negative component in the accumulated human capital and, accordingly, the effectiveness of investments in human capital in various countries world is very different. The effectiveness of investments in human capital is characterized by the conversion coefficients of investments in human capital at the country level and for the regions of the Russian Federation.
Positive human capital(creative or innovative) are defined as the accumulated human capital that provides a useful return on investment in it in the development and growth processes. In particular, from investments in improving and maintaining the quality of life of the population, in the growth of innovative potential and institutional capacity. In the development of the education system, the growth of knowledge, the development of science, the improvement of public health. To improve the quality and availability of information. Cheka is an inertial productive factor. Investments in it give a return only after a while. The value and quality of human capital depend primarily on the mentality, education, knowledge and health of the population. In a historically short period of time, one can get a significant return on investment in education, knowledge, health, but not in the mentality that has been formed over the centuries. At the same time, the mentality of the population can significantly reduce the transformation coefficients of investments in HC and even make investments in HC completely inefficient.
Passive human capital- human capital, which does not contribute to the country's development processes, to the innovative economy, aimed mainly at its own consumption of material goods.
The fact that human capital cannot be changed in a short time, especially with a significant amount of negative accumulated human capital, is, in fact, the main problem in the development of the Russian economy from the point of view of the theory of human capital development.
The most important component of human capital is labor, its quality and productivity. The quality of labor, in turn, is determined by the mentality of the population and the quality of life. Labor in Russia, unfortunately, has been and remains traditionally of low quality (that is, products Russian enterprises, with the exception of raw materials and primary products from it, is uncompetitive in world markets, productivity and labor intensity are low). The energy consumption of Russian products, depending on the industry, is two to three times higher than in countries with efficient industries. And labor productivity is several times lower than in developed countries. Low-productivity and low-quality labor significantly reduces the accumulated Russian HC and reduces its quality.
Methods for assessing the value of human capital
There are various methodological approaches to calculating the cost of human capital. J. Kendrick proposed a costly method for calculating the cost of human capital - based on statistical data, calculate the accumulation of investments in a person. This technique has proved to be convenient for the United States, where there are extensive and reliable statistical data. J. Kendrick included in investments in the Cheka the costs of the family and society for raising children until they reach working age and receive a certain specialty, for retraining, advanced training, health care, labor migration, etc. He also included investments in savings in housing, household durables, stocks of goods in families, research and development costs. As a result of the calculations, he obtained that human capital in the 1970s accounted for more than half of the accumulated national wealth of the United States (excluding public investment). Kedrick's method made it possible to estimate the accumulation of human capital in its full " replacement cost". But did not allow the calculation " net worth» human capital (minus its "wear and tear"). This method did not contain a methodology for separating from the total amount of costs a part of the costs used for the reproduction of human capital, for its real accumulation. In the work of J. Minser, the contribution of education and the duration of labor activity to human capital is assessed. On the basis of US statistics of the 1980s, Mincer obtained dependences of the effectiveness of the human capital on the number of years general education, training and age of the worker.
The FRASCAT methodology is based on detailed information in the United States on the costs of science since 1920. The methodology takes into account the time lag between the period of R&D and the period of their implementation in accumulated human capital as an increase in the stock of knowledge and experience. The average life of this type of capital was assumed to be 18 years. The calculation results were close to the results of other researchers. The calculation algorithm was as follows. 1. Total current spending on science (for basic research, applied research, OKR). 2. Accumulation for the period. 3. Changes in stocks. 4. Consumption for the current period. 5. Gross capital formation. 6. Net accumulation. International economic and financial institutions show constant interest in the problem of human capital. Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) back in the 1970s. prepared a document on the strategy for the further development of mankind, where the problem of the role and importance of the human factor in the global economic development. In this study, methods were created for calculating some components of the human capital: the average life expectancy of one generation, the duration of the active labor period, the net balance of the labor force, the family life cycle, etc. The cost of human capital included the cost of educating, training and training new workers, the cost of advanced training , the cost of lengthening the period of labor activity, losses due to diseases, mortality, etc.
A significant contribution to the development of the expansionary concept of national wealth (taking into account the contribution of the CHK) was made by the analysts of the World Bank, who published a series of papers substantiating this concept. The World Bank methodology summarizes the results and methods for assessing the human capital of other schools and authors. The WB methodology, in particular, takes into account the accumulated knowledge and other components of the human capital.
Sources of human capital are selected by grouping the costs for the relevant areas. These are science, education, culture and art, healthcare and information support.
These sources must be supplemented with the following: investments in the security of the population and entrepreneurs - ensure the accumulation of all other components of human capital, ensure the realization of the creative and professional potential of a person, ensure the maintenance and growth of the quality of life; investments in the training of the society's elite; investment in entrepreneurial capacity and entrepreneurial climate - public and private investment in small business and venture capital. Investments in creating conditions for maintaining and developing entrepreneurial ability ensure its implementation as an economic productive resource of the country; investment in raising children; investment in changing the mentality of the population in a positive direction is an investment in the culture of the population, which determines the effectiveness of human capital; investments in institutional services to the population - the country's institutions should contribute to the disclosure and implementation of the creative and professional abilities of the population, improve the quality of life of the population, especially in terms of reducing bureaucratic pressure on it; investments in knowledge associated with the invitation of specialists, creative people and other talented and highly professional people from other countries, which significantly increase human capital; investments in the development of economic freedom, including freedom of labor migration.
The results of calculating the human capital of Russia and the CIS countries based on the cost method using the algorithm of the World Bank specialists are given in the works. Estimates of the components of the human capital for the costs of the state, families, entrepreneurs and various funds were used. They make it possible to determine the current annual costs of society for the reproduction of Russian human capital. To assess the value of real savings, the authors of the work used the calculation of the “true savings” indicator according to the methodology of the World Bank specialists.
The human capital of most countries exceeds half of the accumulated national wealth (with the exception of the OPEC countries). This reflects high level development of these countries. The HC percentage is significantly affected by the cost of natural resources. In particular, for Russia, the share of the cost of natural resources is large.
It should be noted that the above methodology for assessing human capital by costs, which is quite correct for developed countries with efficient government systems and efficient economies gives a significant error for developing countries and countries with economies in transition. There are certain difficulties in the comparative assessment of the cost of HC in different countries. The human capital of an underdeveloped country and a developed country has a very different productivity per unit of capital, a very different level and quality.
The growing income gap between people with and without world-class higher education is pushing for this. According to 1990 data, Americans with elementary education had a total lifetime income of $756,000; . High pay for skilled and intellectual labor is one of the main incentives for obtaining knowledge in developed countries and the main factor in their development.
In turn, the high image of intellectual work, its great importance for the knowledge economy, generates powerful synergistic effects of strengthening the total intelligence of the country, industries, corporations, and ultimately, the total human capital of the country. Hence the huge advantages of the developed countries of the world and the problems for countries with catching up economies trying to join their ranks.
Human capital is the main factor in the formation of the "knowledge economy"
All these provisions are included in one form or another (often truncated and scholastic) both in the federal innovation strategy and in regional innovation strategies, programs and laws.
In essence, the understanding of what needs to be done to create a national IP from the point of view of the theory and experience of developed countries has matured at all levels of government (among those who write programs and strategies). However, the real progress in solving the problem is insignificant.
The creative core, the engine of IP and the economy is venture business. Venture business is by definition risky and highly profitable (if successful). And in this case, the participation of the state as a regulator and investor is generally accepted. Some of the risks are assumed by the state.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/
human capital investment russian
Introduction
Conclusion
List of sources used
Introduction
The concept of "human capital" is now becoming of great importance not only for theoretical economists, but also for individual business entities. The interest of economists in studying the potential of a person, his creative abilities, as well as the ways of their development is growing more and more. In recent decades, more and more importance has been attached to the accumulation of human capital. There was finally an understanding that human capital is, in fact, the most valuable type of capital in existence. The most basic ways of accumulating human capital are investing in health, as well as education.
The development of a post-industrial society (neo-economics), in which the priority intangible assets and information, radically changed the place and role of man. Human abilities and skills in social production come to the fore and, as a result, human capital today is an integral part of the production assets of any enterprise. Human capital is also unique in that it gives a significant economic effect not only to a particular company, but is also an invaluable asset for the whole country.
The relevance of the topic of this course work lies in the fact that the development of human capital and its effective use is, of course, a priority in many economically developed countries of the world. It is investments in human capital, as evidenced by numerous studies, that have the highest profitability. The development of human capital at the macro level contributes to the improvement of living standards, and also contributes to structural transformation and increase the efficiency of the national economy.
Thus, human capital plays a very important role in any economic system. important role, since in many respects it is due to its development that it is possible to significantly increase the competitiveness and efficiency of production, as well as the rate of economic growth. The transition to an innovative development path is not possible without the widespread involvement of highly developed human capital.
The purpose of this course work is to study the formation, measurement and effective use of human capital, as well as investment in it.
Based on the purpose of this work, it is necessary to solve a number of problems in this work:
1. Define the essence and meaning of the concept of "human capital".
2. Analyze the main historical milestones in the development of the theory of human capital.
3. Consider the classification of investments in human capital.
4. Determine the state of development of human capital in the Russian Federation, as well as abroad.
5. Identify the main problems of using human capital in the Russian Federation.
6. Consider the main methods for improving the efficiency of the use of human capital.
Object of work: theoretical foundations of the concept of human capital.
Subject of work: investment in human capital as a factor in long-term economic growth, both at the micro and macro levels.
Chapter 1. Theoretical basis human capital concepts
1.1 The essence and significance of human capital, its place in the economic system
In the past few decades, progressive public circles have firmly entrenched the view that the effectiveness of the development of economic systems modern states largely depends on the amount invested in human capital. Without investment in human capital, it is impossible to ensure its stable progressive development.
Speaking about the importance of investing significant amounts of funds in human capital, it is worth noting that, for example, in the United States, according to some estimates, the share of investment in human capital exceeds 15% of GDP. This figure exceeds the "net" gross investment of private capital in real sector, which speaks of the pronounced post-industrial nature of the most powerful world economies.
Thus, even if no special studies are carried out, it can be assumed with a high degree of certainty that the highest levels of investment in human capital are directly proportional to the level of development of the economic system.
Economists began to actively engage in the theory of human capital in the 19th century. Gradually, studies of the theory of human capital have become one of the most promising areas for the development of economic science.
Human capital, in a broad sense, is formed through investment in people. The latter are in the cost of education, as well as staff development, health care, search for information on prices and incomes, etc.
Thus, human capital is an assessment of the potential ability to generate income embodied in an individual. In its most general form, human capital consists of innate abilities and talents, education, and acquired skills.
The very concept of human capital was developed American economists, Nobel laureates T. Schultz and G. Becker. Scientists have proven that investment in human capital can bring the highest economic effect. Moreover, these investments, over time, increasingly determine the development of the economy, primarily in industrialized countries.
Human capital is characterized by a system of indicators reflecting the processes of population reproduction, their ability to meet needs under the prevailing conditions of life, taking into account the state of health, safety, and the state of the environment.
Quite often, human capital is compared with produced (acquired) resources. To a certain extent, human abilities that make it possible to receive high incomes are acquired, and by no means inherited from birth.
Human capital also includes indicators that characterize the comfort of life and the well-being of the population. Every year, huge amounts of money are spent on the reproduction of human capital, which includes the costs of the functioning of the education system, upbringing, health care and other factors that improve the quality of people's lives. Investments in human capital inevitably increase the productivity of social labor, and also contribute to an increase in the standard of living of the population.
It should be noted that such a major supranational financial organization as the World Bank Group prioritizes human capital, since the latter is deservedly considered a powerful factor in economic growth and the most important element of national wealth.
When evaluating this factor, a set of investments in various spheres of life support is determined, in particular, in the educational sphere, advanced training, improved living conditions, health, raising the standard of living of the population, as well as expanding the share of the middle class in it.
Human capital is characterized by the following features:
In modern conditions, it acts as the main social value, not to mention that it is the main factor in economic growth in a post-industrial society;
The formation of human capital requires significant costs from the whole society and the person himself;
In the form of abilities and skills, human capital is, so to speak, an asset, in other words, it can be accumulated;
Human capital is subject to wear and tear, can be amortized and economically change its value over time;
From physical capital, human capital, first of all, differs in the degree of liquidity;
It should be noted that human capital is inseparable from its direct carrier of a person, with his individual characteristics;
Regardless of the sources of formation (they can be both public and private), the effective use of human capital and, as a result, the receipt of income from it depends directly on the person himself.
In the economic literature, there are a number of very different approaches to the classification of human capital and its types.
It can be classified according to the elements of investment in human capital. For example, the following components of human capital are often distinguished: health capital, education capital, culture capital.
1.2 Formation of views on human capital and various interpretations of the concept
The formation of views on the human and its role in the economic system dates back to the 17th century, when the founder of classical English political economy, William Petty, was the first among economists who tried to estimate the monetary value of human productive properties. According to his approach, "the value of the bulk of people, like the land, is equal to twenty times the annual income that they bring." Thus, W. Petty estimated the value of the then population of England at about 520 million pounds, while the cost of each English resident was 80 pounds on average.
Petty noted that public wealth, in general, depends on the occupation of people, as well as on their ability to work. So, for example, W. Petty estimated an adult man 2 times more expensive than a child, but "in reality, a sailor is equal to three peasants."
In the twentieth century two Nobel Prizes in economics were awarded for the development of the theory of human capital to two scientists - T. Schultz in 1979, and also to G. Becker - in 1992.
Although the most significant contribution to the popularization of the theory of human capital was made by Schultz, the treatise of the economist G. Becker served as a classic in this area. Becker in his analysis relied on the notion of human behavior as expedient and rational, actively operating with such concepts as price, rarity, opportunity costs, etc. Among other things, scientists also touched upon the most diverse aspects of human life, including those that were traditionally the responsibility of non-economic disciplines. The model formulated in the works of the scientist served as the basis for subsequent research in this area.
Becker was the first to calculate the economic efficiency of education. For example, to determine income from higher education, the lifetime earnings of those who graduated from college were deducted from the lifetime earnings of those who did not dare to go beyond high school.
Along with direct costs, training costs (such as tuition fees, accommodation, etc.) include "lost earnings" as their main element. This is, in other words, the potential income that was missed by students during their studies. Forgone income essentially measures the value of students' time spent on learning, while being an opportunity cost. Having determined the return on investment in education in the form of a ratio of income to costs, Becker obtained a figure of 12-14% of profit per year.
The very concept of "human capital" has a wide variety of applications in economics, since many scientists have been able to successfully prove its high efficiency and expediency in it. The category "human capital" allows you to expand the understanding of such issues as, for example, the role of education in the process of social reproduction, income distribution, economic growth, family planning, migration, motivation, not only from a social, psychological and demographic point of view, but also allows you to explore them in the context of economic science.
Thus, since the category of "human capital" is very capacious and multifaceted, there is a huge number of works devoted to this particular theory. In all these works, in-depth studies were carried out, and, moreover, modern foreign and domestic literature is replete with a wide variety of very different interpretations. However, despite this fact, to this day it is difficult to come to any unity in terms. That is why in this paper we will consider only a few interpretations and definitions of the category "human capital".
Most often, under human capital, economists mean the totality of the production qualities of an employee. It is considered a classic definition of the Nobel laureate in economics Becker, according to which, human capital means the stock of skills, knowledge, and motivation that everyone has.
human capital, speaking plain language, represents the productive abilities of the individual, his knowledge and talents. So, for example, J. Ben-Porat considers human capital as a kind of fund, the main function of which is the production of labor services in social units of measurement. Wherein this fund"similar to any machine as a representative of material capital."
According to scientist D. Berg, "human capital is a stock of professional experience that has been accumulated by an employee." It represents value for potential income in the future."
The well-known economist M. Blah approaches this concept, taking as a basis the fact that human capital is inseparable from its carrier, which has unique individual characteristics. Based on this, the scientist argues that "human capital is the present value of past investments in the skills of people, but, in no case, is the value of people in themselves."
Thus, out of a huge variety of definitions of human capital, we have considered only a few, since even today there is no single exact definition of this concept. However, the principle of extended interpretation is immanent to most of these definitions, since human capital, in most cases, means not only realizable knowledge, skills and abilities, but also potential, both external and internal stimulation of the employee.
From all of the above, it follows that human capital is a very complex, multifaceted concept, and therefore, it is not possible to give any single most universal definition that reveals all its aspects.
Chapter 2. Investments in human capital
2.1 Essence, meaning and types of investment in human capital
In the most general form, investments in human capital are called any measures taken in order to increase labor productivity. In more detail, investments in human capital should include, first of all:
Costs associated with maintaining health;
Expenses aimed at obtaining education;
Costs associated with finding a job, as well as vocational training at work;
Costs associated with the birth and upbringing of children, migration, searching for information about earnings and prices.
Most economists around the world have identified three main types of investment in human capital:
Expenditure on education, which includes both general and specialized, formal and non-formal (self-education), as well as on-the-job training;
Health-related expenses, which include the cost of medical care, disease prevention, special meals, as well as the improvement of living conditions;
Mobility costs (associated with the migration of workers to places with more favorable conditions for productive work).
As mentioned earlier, the most important of all types of investment in human capital is considered to be the cost of education and health.
So the presence of education, whether general or special, in any case contributes to higher labor productivity, increases the stock and level of human knowledge, thereby increasing the quality and volume of human capital.
As for investments in higher education, they certainly contribute to the formation of highly qualified specialists. In this context, it is worth noting that it is precisely the highly qualified labor of which can provide greatest influence on the rate of economic growth.
According to the content, investments in education are usually classified into formal and informal. Formal investments are those associated with obtaining a secondary, specialized or higher education, obtaining a second education, continuing education courses, on-the-job training, master's studies, as well as postgraduate studies, doctoral studies, etc.
Non-formal education is connected with the self-education of a person. This usually includes reading various educational literature, self-improvement in various fields, arts, sports, etc.
Along with education, investments in health are the most important, since they help to reduce mortality and disease, as well as increase the duration of a person's working life, and, accordingly, in economic terms, the life of human capital.
Health is its natural capital, one part of which is inherited, and the other part is acquired as a result of investments both by the individual and society as a whole. Throughout a person's life, human capital (just like any other asset) wears out, and investing in health can significantly slow down this process.
Investments in human capital have a number of distinctive features that make them unique in their own way:
1. The effect of investments in human capital directly depends on the life expectancy of its owner (to be more precise, on the duration of the working period of his life). On the other hand, the sooner investments are made in a person, the sooner they will begin to bring returns.
2. Human capital, like any other type of capital, is subject to physical and moral deterioration, however, it has the ability to accumulate and can be multiplied.
3. The return on human capital as it accumulates can rise to certain limit, which is limited by the upper limit of active working age. After exceeding this threshold, the efficiency of capital begins to decline sharply.
4. Far from any cost per person can be considered an investment in human capital. So, for example, any costs associated with criminal activity cannot be called investments in human capital, because they are harmful and inappropriate for society.
5. The types and nature of investments in human capital are determined by national, historical, as well as traditions and cultural characteristics.
6. Compared to investments in any other areas, investments in human capital are recognized as the most profitable both for the individual and for the whole society.
The main sources of investment in human capital can be:
State;
Non-state public organizations and funds;
Regions;
Enterprises;
Individuals (households);
Supranational organizations and foundations;
Educational institutions, etc.
Nowadays, the role, in this context, the role of the state is quite significant. So, for example, the state can resort to coercive, as well as incentive measures in this area.
Compulsory measures should, first of all, include formal education at the secondary school level, compulsory for all, mandatory medical preventive measures (medical examinations, vaccinations), etc. On the other hand, incentive measures should dominate.
The government has two of the most basic and effective ways used to change the amount of private investment in human capital made automatically through the market: it can affect the income of those involved in the creation of human capital (through the system tax incentives and subsidies), as well as being able to regulate the price of acquiring human capital. The most significant is the role of the state in such important areas of human capital formation - in the field of healthcare and education.
In the formation of human capital assets, the role of individual enterprises (companies, firms) is very significant, since the latter often act as the most efficient producers of this type of capital. This is due to the fact that firms have all the conditions under which training of personnel corresponding to current needs can be provided. In addition, enterprises have the most reliable information about the most promising areas for investing in education and training. However, there is one limitation: any firm will make this kind of investment only as long as they bring a net income.
Firms, when investing in human capital, seek to enhance the labor productivity of their employees by increasing their productivity, as well as to minimize the waste of working time, ultimately strengthening their competitiveness.
Among the main directions of investments of funds carried out by firms, dominated by:
Organization of professional training and retraining courses;
Payment of employees' expenses for treatment and preventive measures;
Construction of health and sports centers, preschool institutions, etc.
In the most developed countries, in-house training, in terms of the scale of its costs, is comparable to other sectors of training and retraining of personnel.
As a solid foundation for further development and continuous improvement of the individual's human capital is the accumulation of psycho-physiological and intellectual abilities of a person in the family. Investments in the development of children's human capital are among the most profitable, since they not only form the basis of their own development, but also serve as the basis for the formation of the total human capital of future generations. As a result of education and upbringing in families, the most diverse types of human capital are formed, personality is formed, basic psycho-physiological mental abilities are created.
In the developed countries of the West, the purposeful formation of human capital dates back to the 1960s. the last century. This process gradually began to act as an integral part of the state economic policy of most countries. Somewhere in the same years, a series of laws was adopted aimed at stimulating the activities of the state and economic entities focused on the development of human capital. In these legal acts a mechanism was established to encourage firms to invest in human capital through a system of tax incentives, loans on favorable terms, and attention was also paid to public promotion of the media.
In the theory of human capital, one of the key provisions is that its increase acts as one of the main determinants of economic growth and development. The subsequent evolution of this theory testified that human capital is the main driving force behind the development of production. It follows from this that any enterprise should pay Special attention on the process of forming human capital, which requires investments, and considerable ones, since human capital can be formed, first of all, through considerable investments in improving the quality and standard of living, its moral components, as well as intellectual activity.
So, it is well known that the investment of capital with the aim of making a profit in the future is nothing more than an investment. In relation to human capital, the definition will be narrower: "investments in human capital are resources that form and accumulate new knowledge, experience and information in the process of preparing and functioning of the workforce, that is, the ability to work."
Along with the growth of human needs, the growth of goods and services produced by the economic system inevitably follows. The qualitative and quantitative growth of production undoubtedly requires human development and improvement of production capabilities, in other words, the development of all elements of human capital. Further, the development of man, subsequently, will inevitably lead to the emergence of ever new needs (the objective law of the economy about the increase in needs). In the process of reproduction, investments are necessary for all, without exception, elements of human capital.
Thus, an increase in needs inevitably contributes to an increase in investment in human capital. However, on the other hand, one should not forget that the level of investment in human capital will also depend on their effectiveness. In other words, the more efficiently investments are used, the less they may be required and vice versa.
In order to better understand what exactly investment in human capital is, it is necessary to consider some basic approaches to the classification of this concept. Thus, the famous American economists S. Brew and C. McConnell singled out the following types of investments in human capital:
Expenses for education, which includes formal and non-formal, general and special, as well as on-the-job training;
Health care-related expenses, which consist mainly of expenses for disease prevention, medical care, dietary nutrition, housing improvement;
Mobility spending that allows people to migrate to places with relatively high productivity
Domestic economists A.I. Dobrynin, S.A. Dyatlov, as well as E.D. Tsyrenkova, summarizing the previous experience of economists in various areas, proposed in their work the following classification of types of investment in human capital (Fig. 1):
Rice. 1 - Classification of investments in human capital
There are a variety of opinions and views regarding the issue of the main components of human capital, since most scientists understand its composition and structure in different ways. However, most often the main elements of human capital are (Fig. 2):
health capital;
education capital;
· training capital in production;
· motivation of economic activity;
Possession of economically significant information;
migration capital.
Rice. 2 - Elements of human capital
If we analyze the above approaches to the classification of investments in human capital, as well as the components of human capital itself, we can come to the conclusion that each of the components of human capital requires certain investments.
The ability of a person to work productively, generating income and, thus, justifying the funds invested in him, puts human capital on a par with other basic forms of capital.
For human capital, as for any other, investments play a big role, since it is investments that are necessary for the development of all its constituent components.
On the other hand, we should not forget that investments in human capital are characterized by a number of specific features, since here we are talking about investing not in some objects, but in a living person. We can also conclude that it is investment that acts as the initial stage of both the individual turnover of human capital and the total turnover of total human capital. From this follows the importance of investment in human capital by any state. It is the latter that has priority in the most significant investments in the field of education, as well as health care.
2.2 Main approaches to the formation of human capital and methods of its assessment
In a modern post-industrial society, various organizations attach increasing importance to the intangible characteristics of their employees, which, in particular, include loyalty, sociability, willingness to take risks, etc. All these intangible characteristics, of course, require the definition of methods for their formal and reliable estimates. Modern promising, focused on dynamic and long-term development, companies, realizing the full value of the potential of such human qualities, transform their entire set into a very significant intangible asset - human capital.
The modernization of the world economy stimulated investment in the "quality" of workers as an "intangible" asset, which caused an "intellectual, creative revolution" in production.
As the term "human capital" enters the corporate lexicon, many firms are becoming more free to use this concept, but often do not make any attempt at all to measure or even manage this asset. As a result, it can be quite difficult to establish a causal relationship between the company's financial results obtained by the company and employees' thoughts.
In today's labor market, skilled professionals have enormous freedom to choose their employers. Among the main reasons why the most promising employees leave their company today is the lack of a sense of their relevance, as well as the lack of prospects for the fullest realization of their potential.
Thus, human capital management provides an opportunity to effectively apply the experience and knowledge of employees in practice in order to help them realize their full potential.
Most proponents of the concept of human capital management are convinced that if you objectively measure the breadth of influence that employees of a particular firm have on the financial results of an organization, then you can select, evaluate, manage and develop the capabilities of your employees in such a way as to transform their human quality in specific financial indicators. This approach, of course, involves the search for ways to objectively quantify what was previously considered intangible assets, while specialists who implement such methods noted that similar approaches have been used in the business environment for a long time.
On the other hand, many company executives, fully aware of the value and expediency of investing in people, deliberately refuse to invest in human capital development programs. This is due, first of all, to the difficulties of determining the return on such investments. Moreover, many analysts and executives insist that human capital precludes any quantification, arguing that once firms start trying to treat their employee valuation as a financial asset, they actually devalue their entire value.
This problem is explained, first of all, by the fact that the measurement of human capital, as a rule, is very subjective and inaccurate, however, nevertheless, the measurement process itself is extremely important. Moreover, an ultra-precise quantitative assessment is not presented, and, by and large, in our opinion, is not particularly needed. Organizations need to strive to gradually begin to identify the all-important link between human capital and a firm's financial performance—a link that standard accounting methods cannot identify.
Firms are well aware that this relationship may or may not manifest itself in any specific figures or indicators. That is why an objective assessment of human capital is so problematic. However, if you try to quantify this relationship, you can understand what each employee contributes to the firm, as well as how committed the employees are to their work, what they think of their company, and also how likely it is that they subsequently quit. Quite often, in the very process of assessing human capital, firms receive extremely important information about their management system, acquire information that is practically invaluable for their work.
Proponents of human capital theory strongly believe that human capital is the most valuable of all resources (much more valuable than, say, natural resources or equipment), not only for any individual firm, but also for the whole society. Thus, according to this opinion, it is human capital, and not factories, machine tools or inventory items, that today is the most important indicator of economic growth, competitiveness, as well as efficiency at both the micro and macro levels.
Like any complex economic category, human capital has qualitative and quantitative characteristics. In the context of the theory of human capital, not only the volume of investments in human capital can be assessed, but also its volume accumulated by an individual throughout life. At the same time, it is possible to calculate not only the value of the total amount of human capital for each individual, but also on a national scale.
Modern economic literature is literally replete with a variety of methods and approaches to assessing human capital. When determining the value of human capital, both natural and cost indicators are used.
As one of the most simple ways there is a method according to which temporary (natural) indicators are actively used, measurements of human capital, expressed in man-years of training. The essence of these indicators is that the more time was spent on the education of a person, the more likely the level of his education will be, and, consequently, the greater the amount of human capital will be at his disposal.
A fairly common method for measuring human capital is the principle of capitalization of future income, which is based on the position of the so-called "preference for goods over time". essence this method is that people tend to value a certain amount of money or a set of goods more in the present than a similar amount or set of goods in the future.
A person can be considered as a combination of one unit of simple labor, as well as a certain amount of human capital embodied in it. Thus, the remuneration for work received by each of the employees should also be considered as a combination market price its "flesh" and the rental income from the human capital invested in this "flesh".
Human capital as a component of property generates income that can be represented as a discounted wage that an employee receives during an economically active period of his life. Thus, the income received by an individual from the use of human capital can be expressed as a weighted average of annual earnings that are expected for the entire working period of life. This is the so-called "permanent" (continuous) income of an individual, which gives him human capital, which acts as a component of property.
For modern companies, a number of fundamental approaches can be proposed for assessing their human capital.
Methods for calculating the cost of a company's human capital:
1. Method for calculating direct personnel costs. The easiest way for company managers to calculate the total economic costs incurred by the company on its staff, including an estimate of the cost of staff salaries, related taxes, security and improvement of working conditions, training and skills development costs. The advantage of this method is its simplicity. Disadvantages - an incomplete assessment of the real value of human capital. Some of it may simply not be used in the enterprise.
2. Method of competitive assessment of the value of human capital. This method is based on the sum of the estimated costs and potential damage to the company if an employee leaves it:
Total personnel costs incurred by the leading competitor (taking into account comparable production capacities);
Individual bonuses for each employee of the company (received on the basis of qualified expert assessments) that a rival company could pay for his transfer to them;
Additional company costs required to find an equivalent replacement for an employee in the event of his transfer to another company, the cost of an independent search, recruiting agencies, press ads;
Economic damage that the company will suffer during the period of searching for a replacement, a decrease in the volume of products or services, the cost of training a new employee, deterioration in product quality when replacing an employee with a new one;
Loss of unique intellectual products, skills, potential that an employee will take with him to a competitor's company;
The possibility of losing a part of the market, increasing sales of a competitor and strengthening its influence on the market;
Changes in the systemic effects of synergy and emergence (increasing mutual influence and the emergence of qualitatively new properties) of members of the group in which the employee was located.
This method is more complicated, but it provides a much more efficient estimate of the true value of a firm's human capital.
3. The method of the prospective cost of human capital.
In addition to the competitive cost method, it takes into account the assessment of the dynamics of the cost of human capital in the future for 3, 5, 10 and 25 years. This assessment is primarily necessary for companies involved in the development of large and long-term projects, for example, conducting research in the field of creating innovations or building large high-tech facilities, since the cost of a number of employees changes unevenly, rising sharply when they achieve the most important results after a sufficiently long period of time and approaching them to obtain the expected final results, when the possible departure of part of the staff from the company is associated with large economic losses.
4. Estimation of the value of human capital based on tests in the business environment. This estimate can be obtained based on two approaches:
Based on the specific results obtained by the employee, based on the profit that he brought to the company, or on the increase in its assets, including intellectual ones. This assessment is widely used in business, as it is the most simple. But at the same time it is the most rigid and often erroneous. According to one of the leading Russian businessmen, if a manager fails business once, he loses 50% of his image, if the second time - he completely loses his reputation. However, many top managers of the world's leading corporations do not fit into the framework of this approach, who repeatedly failed, but rose again and created an even more effective business. In addition, in many cases, the failure of a business can be caused by a completely unpredictable global crisis or an accidental big swing conjuncture. As a result, a manager will be "written off" who has great potential, talent and prospects, but who has become a victim of the action of two major crises. However, one cannot ignore the fact that the assessment is based on the final result, and not on the abundance of diplomas, reviews, opinions, connections (which is most typical for Russian conditions) is the most accurate and correct approach. Therefore, a different approach is proposed, based on a concept that allows you to get an assessment based on the final results, but, figuratively speaking, with a "human attitude to human capital": which it brought to the company, or by increasing its assets, including intellectual ones.
Looking at the countries of the world, it is estimated that the largest amount of human capital is located in the United States and is approximately three-fourths of the entire national wealth of the United States. Investments in the human factor have become main reason confident economic development of the United States at the end of the twentieth century.
When investing financial resources in human capital, the management of the enterprise has a number of questions related to the effectiveness of investments:
Will the invested funds pay off (what are the types of effects from investing in human capital);
In what terms can you expect a result from the investment;
How much money will need to be invested?
What are the possible investment options;
How to assess the feasibility of investing in the development of human capital.
Fitz-enz Yak, in his research, divided income by the number of employees as a simple calculation of the return on investment in human capital. This was the first indicator to appear in the Human Resource Performance Report. He also proposed a return on investment in human capital.
Return on investment in human capital = [Profit - (Expenses - [Salaries + Benefits])]:Salaries + Benefits (1)
One of the indicators of the economic efficiency of human capital is the level of intellectuality of production (or the qualification capacity of production). It is calculated as the ratio of the education fund (intellectual capital) to the gross national product and shows how much monetary units accumulated in educational fund, accounts for each value unit of output:
CI = FO / GNP (2)
where GNP - gross national product;
FO - monetary value general education fund.
Vaganyan O.G. offers the following methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of investments in intellectual capital commercial organizations. Due to the fact that the interaction of individual elements of intellectual capital is non-linear, only the integral efficiency of investments is evaluated. In this case, the general approach to the assessment will be as follows. Two values are correlated: X (the difference between the organization's capitalization and the replacement price of its real assets, minus liabilities) and Y (investment in intangible assets). The coefficient of efficiency of investment in intellectual capital is calculated as the ratio of the difference between the value of X at the beginning and end of the period and the value of investment Y during this period. In this case, all values are taken in a discounted form, taking into account inflation. As a result, the coefficient of efficiency of investments in the intellectual capital of commercial organizations is obtained, i.e. the following formula is calculated:
Z = X2-X1 / Y (3)
Z - investment efficiency ratio;
X2 - the value of intellectual capital at the end of the period;
X1 - the value of intellectual capital at the beginning of the period;
Y - investment in the intellectual capital of the organization.
To calculate the value of Y, it is recommended to take into account the following components: the cost of research and development (research and development); the cost of education, advanced training, improving the health of workers, social investment; costs for information technology, information, technical and software, on the formation and development of the brand; to create a corporate portal, website; for marketing; for the acquisition, distribution, storage of information; for the development of distribution; on the development of corporate culture; for the acquisition of know-how, patents, and other types of intellectual property.
G. Psacharopoulos provides data on the dynamics of social return on investment in education in terms of per capita incomes of countries. In most of the poorest developing countries with low per capita income, the social return on primary education is 23%, secondary education 15%, and tertiary education 11%. In the most developed countries of the world with a high level of income, the social return of primary education is 14%, secondary - 10%, higher - 8%.
2.3 Investments in human capital as a factor in the long-term economic growth of an enterprise
Since all firms buy the same equipment from the same vendors, the technologies that can give a firm a competitive edge lie not in unique equipment that competitors cannot afford, but in the minds of the firm's employees who know how to use that equipment in a particular or more specific way. in an intense way. When an employee of the firm leaves, the unique ideas and technologies of the firm automatically pass along with this employee to the new entrepreneur. If we consider human capital from the standpoint of costs, then it can be defined as long-term financial investments in the company's employees.
The company gets the opportunity to use the business qualities of the employee for their own purposes. Per given use the employee is remunerated. So, for an employee, this is an increase in the level of income, satisfaction from work, improvement of working conditions, growth of self-esteem, improvement in the quality of life. For the employer, this is an increase in productivity, a reduction in lost working hours and an increase in production efficiency, which ultimately contributes to an increase in the competitiveness of the company. For the state, this is an increase in the well-being of citizens, growth gross income, increasing the economic activity of citizens.
In the national wealth, human capital in developed countries is from 70 to 80%. In Russia - about 50%.
The bulk of the world's human capital is concentrated in the developed countries of the world. This is due to the fact that investment in human capital over the past half century in these countries has significantly outpaced investment in physical capital. Home hallmark Russia is that the majority of the country's citizens live close to the level of biological survival, they can not afford to buy books or go to theaters. Many are not able to spend money on maintaining their own health, except for the forced spending on medicine.
It should be borne in mind that with qualified management, the maximum amount of return on investment in human capital is almost three times higher than the return on investment in technology. Human capital is the most valuable resource of modern society, more important than natural resources or accumulated wealth.
The basis of any business is people. Human capital is the main factor in increasing the competitiveness of the company. In this regard, investment in human capital is an integral element of the successful development of the enterprise.
It is fair to say that investments in human capital also include part of the expenditures on fundamental and applied scientific developments, as well as on innovation, since as a result of the development of science, not only new intellectual products are created, on the basis of which new technologies then appear, but also there is a transformation of the participants in this process into carriers of new knowledge and qualities. In neoeconomics, science turns into a kind of generator of human capital.
At the same time, the main forms of activity, including school education, on-the-job training, health promotion and information enrichment, are investment activities that develop human capital. Thus, investing in a person as an investment of resources and financial resources is a pre-production stage in the formation of human capital, and all types of activities that contribute to its accumulation are already a direct process of its production, i.e. the next stage within the more general process of turnover of human capital. The final stage will be its productive consumption (use).
It should be noted that, regardless of the subject of investment in a person, investments in him can be made by society, and individual firms, and educational institutions, and individuals, and the owner of human capital himself. It is assumed that they all act as rational investors, i.e. choose to invest their limited resources in human capital only when they expect a return that exceeds the costs incurred.
Conclusion
Many factors influence the socio-economic situation of the country. Nevertheless, the decisive role in modern conditions is assigned to human capital.
We can say that the last one and a half - two decades of management science have passed under two banners: "innovations" and "human resources". This time can be characterized by the complication of the external organizational environment, the sharp increase in the pace of its change and the tightening of competition in world markets. All this required a search for hidden reserves and new ways to improve efficiency. Of all the organizational resources, it is the "human resource" or "human potential" that has become the resource that hides the greatest reserves for improving the efficiency of the functioning of a modern organization. The "human factor" has come to be regarded as an object of investment no less, and perhaps even more important, than plants, equipment, technologies, etc.
Various definitions of the concept of "human capital" in the scientific literature can be reduced to the following: it is a set of knowledge, experience, health, external and internal data, motivations and social ties that affect the level of a person's earnings.
The process of research and qualitative improvement of human resources, level of training, health, level of education by representatives of the theory of human capital begins in the second half of the 20th century.
Human capital is the main value of society and the main factor in the economic development of the state. He is inseparable from man. The formation of human capital requires material and physical costs from society, during which it has the ability to accumulate and form a certain reserve. However, the reserves of human capital are depletable, they can physically and morally wear out. The use of human capital, timely investments in it, aimed at generating income in the future, have a certain social effect in society.
Human capital, today, is an intensive factor in the development of not only the economy, but also the entire socio-political system and, first of all, society, family, the person himself, knowledge, labor resources, science, education. It is human capital that determines and ensures the effective functioning and level of their development, security and improvement of the quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to actively intervene by the state and take measures on its part aimed at developing and improving the efficiency of the use and formation of human capital.
Similar Documents
The essence of human capital, types and features, place and importance in the economic system. Approaches to the formation of human capital in a modern enterprise, assessment methodology. Types of investments in human capital and analysis of their effectiveness.
term paper, added 05/29/2010
Determination of the essence and object structure of human capital. Historical review and evolution of approaches to the concept of the social factor, methods of its assessment. Qualitative aspects of the state and methods of assessing human capital in the Republic of Belarus.
term paper, added 11/29/2010
The concept and directions of development of human resources: planning, formation, evaluation. The essence and types of human capital. Technology of personnel development, the main functions of labor motivation. Analysis of the features of investment in human capital.
test, added 12/09/2015
The study of the essence and stages of development of human capital, as one of the main resources of the economy. The process of building social human capital that encourages investment and increases productivity per worker.
test, added 06/18/2014
Essence and concept, the main content and the emergence of the theory of human capital. Patterns of the process of personnel management of the organization. Trends and further prospects for the development of human capital in Russia, the methods and techniques used.
term paper, added 11/05/2015
Human capital is part of the cost of production. Monetary or physical expression of costs. Analysis operating system cost estimates. The impact of costs on a person, his development, improvement, on the level of efficiency of investments in production.
abstract, added 12/21/2008
Theoretical aspects human capital. Analysis of factors and models of economic growth, taking into account human capital. general characteristics mechanism of influence of extensive and intensive increase in human capital on economic growth.
test, added 10/06/2010
Features of the production of educational services in the field of education. Competitive advantages of economic systems due to the level of education of human capital. The state and strategic priorities of the development of the education system in Ukraine.
term paper, added 09/28/2013
Human capital in an organization. Domestic, international experience in human capital management. Forms, ways, methods to improve the efficiency of human capital management in an organization. Selection and professional development of human capital.
thesis, added 11/16/2010
The essence of human capital. Characteristics of the financial and economic activity of the enterprise OJSC "Neftekamskshina". Evaluation of in-house training. Ways to improve human capital management based on the concept of "knowledge management".
1) Unlike physical capital, human capital is not transferred, it is directly related to the person - its carrier. The owner of human capital in a free society can only be the person himself.
2) This form of capital may also depreciate in a special way if, for example, its owner falls ill, and completely disappears at the death of the owner. This makes investing in human capital much riskier than investing in physical capital.
3) The impossibility of “transferring” it is also associated with the inherent dependence of human capital on the desires of its owner. Based on their tastes, life values or preferences, a person can use the capital contained in it with varying degrees of productivity. The productivity of the amount of human capital available (if it can be measured at all) will vary depending on the propensity of the individual to use it. In reality, there may be a large discrepancy between the stock of human capital that the population has and its amount used in the labor market.
4) The size of investment in human capital is very difficult, if not impossible, to estimate. Unlike physical capital, the value of which can be calculated directly, human capital is estimated indirectly - by the value of future income. How to estimate these future returns and, accordingly, calculate the real cost of investing in human capital is a serious empirical problem. It is also difficult, almost impossible, to determine the exact amount of human capital.
5) Unlike physical capital, which is usually invested only for the development of production, funds invested in human capital can be partially used unproductively. Thus, the cost of it cannot be fully attributed to investments. For example, most students studying history, fine arts and literature do this not only and not so much in order to increase the productivity of their work. All this makes it difficult to calculate the cost and return on investment in human capital.
Features of human capital can be represented in Figure 10.2
Figure 10.2 - Features of human capital
The similarities and differences between human and physical capital can be summarized in a table
Table 10.1 - Similarities and differences between human and physical capital
Types of human capital presented in table 10.2
Table 10.2 - Types of human capital
| Type of human capital | Characteristic |
| biological capital | The value level of physical abilities to perform labor operations, the level of public health. Physical strength, endurance, performance, immunity to disease, a long period of employment. It consists of two parts: one part is hereditary, the other is acquired |
| Labor capital | Knowledge, professional ability of a person to perform a specific job. The more difficult the work, the higher the requirements for qualifications, skills and experience of the employee |
| intellectual capital | Products of creative activity, inventions, utility models used for a long time can serve as a source of income. |
| Organizational and entrepreneurial capital | Ability to develop fruitful business ideas, entrepreneurial spirit, determination, organizational talent, possession of trade secrets |
| Cultural and moral capital | It is important both for the individual himself and for any company and society as a whole. Everyone is interested in the formation and enhancement of human capital; spend resources both on maintaining health, and on the development of culture, and on promoting entrepreneurship |
The most important component of human capital is labor, its quality and productivity. The quality of labor, in turn, is determined by the mentality of the population and the quality of life.
Human capital according to the degree of efficiency, as a productive factor, can be divided negative (destructive) and positive (creative) human capital. Between these extreme states and the components of total human capital, there are states and components of capital that are intermediate in efficiency.
Negative human capital- this is a part of the accumulated human capital, which does not give any useful return on investment in it for society, the economy and hinders the growth of the quality of life of the population, the development of society and the individual. Not every investment in upbringing and education is useful and increases HC. An incorrigible criminal, a hired killer is an investment in them lost for society and family. A significant contribution to the accumulated negative HC is made by corrupt officials, criminals, drug addicts, and excessive drinkers. And just loafers, loafers and thieving people. And, on the contrary, a significant share of the positive part of the Cheka is made by workaholics, professionals, world-class specialists. The negative accumulated human capital is formed on the basis of the negative aspects of the nation's mentality, on the low culture of the population, including its market components (in particular, the ethics of work and entrepreneurship). Contribute to it are the negative traditions of the state structure and the functioning of state institutions on the basis of lack of freedom and underdevelopment of civil society, on the basis of investments in pseudo-education, pseudo-education and pseudo-knowledge, in pseudo-science and pseudo-culture. A particularly significant contribution to the negative accumulated human capital can be made by the active part of the nation - its elite, since it is she who determines the policy and strategy of the country's development, leads the nation along the path of either progress, or stagnation (stagnation) or even regression. Negative human capital requires additional investment in human capital to change the essence of knowledge and experience. To change the educational process, to change the innovation and investment potential, to change for the better the mentality of the population and improve its culture. In this case, additional investments are required to compensate for the negative capital accumulated in the past.
Positive human capital(creative or innovative) are defined as the accumulated human capital that provides a useful return on investment in it in the development and growth processes. In particular, from investments in improving and maintaining the quality of life of the population, in the growth of innovative potential and institutional capacity. In the development of the education system, the growth of knowledge, the development of science, the improvement of public health. To improve the quality and availability of information. Cheka is an inertial productive factor. Investments in it give a return only after a while. The value and quality of human capital depend primarily on the mentality, education, knowledge and health of the population. In a historically short period of time, one can get a significant return on investment in education, knowledge, health, but not in the mentality that has been formed over the centuries. At the same time, the mentality of the population can significantly reduce the transformation coefficients of investments in HC and even make investments in HC completely inefficient.
Passive human capital- human capital, which does not contribute to the country's development processes, to the innovative economy, aimed mainly at its own consumption of material goods.
The elements of human capital are shown in Figure 10.3
emergence theories of human capital was due to the need for a deeper understanding of the action of factors of production, in particular the nature of the unusually high share of changes in total output, not explained by the quantitative increase in the factors of production used - labor and capital, as well as the need to offer a universal interpretation of the phenomenon of income inequality.
The economic approach to human behavior has gained ground thanks to two Nobel laureates- T. Schultz and G. Becker. The concept was introduced into scientific circulation "human capital" as a set of qualities, skills, abilities and knowledge of a person used by him for production (for income) or consumer purposes. This capital is called human because it is embodied in the personality of man; it is capital because it is either a source of future income, or future consumption, or both.
Human capital, like physical capital, is a durable good, but it can become morally obsolete, physically wear out, and it can become morally obsolete even before its physical wear and tear occurs, its value can rise and fall depending on changes in the supply of complementary (mutually complementary) production factors and in the demand for their joint products.
The difference between human capital and physical capital is inseparability from the carrier. The carrier of human capital itself cannot be the subject of a sale, according to at least, in modern society. It can only be rented, ie. engage in work under an employment contract.
The following types of human capital.
Total human capital- this is knowledge and skills, regardless of where they were obtained, they can be used in other jobs.
Specific human capital - it is knowledge and skills that have value where they are acquired.
The production of general human capital is provided by the system of formal education, including general and special education, which improves the quality, increases the level and stock of human knowledge. Specific human capital is formed by spending on training to train workers directly at the workplace.
Human capital can be positive or negative.
Positive human capital defined as accumulated human capital that provides a useful return on investment.
Negative human capital The portion of accumulated human capital that does not provide any useful return on investment.
The accumulation of human capital depends on the human potential available in a given society. To evaluate it, the currently widely used human development index(HDI), which characterizes different aspects of the development of society. The HDI of a country or region reflects the three leading factors of life: income, longevity, education.
Theory of human capital
The theory of human capital is based on the achievements of institutional theory, neoclassical theory, neo-Keynesianism and other economic theories that recognize the fact that people are the same capital for society as machines. The theory of human capital states that where the quality and quantity of human capital are higher, financial and physical capitals are respectively concentrated. And where low-quality human capital has been formed over the centuries, even a large amount of it will not help.
A special role in the development of the theory of human capital belongs to the American scientist, Nobel Prize winner G. Becker, whose contribution is to strengthen its theoretical justification from the standpoint of micro economic analysis and a significant expansion of the possibilities of its practical application.
History reference
Gary Becker was born in 1930 in Potstown (Pennsylvania). After graduating from Princeton University in 1951, he worked at Princeton and Columbia Universities. He received his doctorate in Chicago in 1955. After 1969, he was a professor at the University of Chicago and a member of the Hoover Institution for Revolution, War and Peace at Stanford University. As a professor of economics and sociology at the University of Chicago, in 1992. Becker was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for "extending the scope of microeconomic analysis to a range of aspects of human behavior and interaction, including non-market behavior."
G. Becker became the founder of a whole family of new sections of economic theory - the economics of discrimination, the theory of human capital, the economics of crime, the economics of the household, etc. Becker's research in the field of economic analysis of the family was called the "new theory of consumption" ( new theory of consumption).
G. Becker developed the microeconomic foundations of the theory of human capital in his fundamental work in 1962. Human Capital. The model formulated in it became the basis for all subsequent research in this area. Any worker in Becker's view can be considered as a combination of one unit of simple labor and a certain amount of "human capital" embodied in it, respectively. wage(income) - as a combination of the market price of one hundred simple labor and income from investments invested in a person.
The total of direct monetary costs for education and income lost during the time spent on education is investment in human capital. Becker substantiated the possibility of calculating the profitability of such investments both from the standpoint of an individual and society as a whole, considering this process by analogy with the rates of return on capital.
To assess the economic efficiency of education for the employee himself, additional income from higher education is determined in the following way: from the income of those who graduated from college, the income of workers with secondary general education was deducted. Education is profitable for the worker if the difference between the additional income and the real cost of the costs is positive.
Thus, the rates of return act as a regulator of the distribution of investments between various types and levels of education. High rates of return indicate underinvestment, low rates indicate overinvestment.
The American scientist, Nobel laureate T. Schultz1, studying the problems of economic recovery after the war, came to the conclusion that the speed of recovery in different countries was associated with the health and education of the population. Schultz proved that human capital has the necessary features of a productive nature, is able to accumulate and reproduce. Education makes people more productive, and good health care keeps the investment in education and the opportunity to produce.
T. Schultz and G. Becker are credited with popularizing the idea of human capital, their efforts gave impetus to numerous studies and initiated vigorous activity to motivate investments in vocational and technical education by international financial institutions.
Human capital
Human capital- a set of knowledge, abilities, skills used to meet the diverse needs of a person and society as a whole. The term was first used by Theodor Schultz, and his follower, Gary Becker, developed this idea by substantiating the effectiveness of investments in human capital and formulating an economic approach to human behavior.
Human capital in a broad sense, it is an intensive productive factor of economic development, the development of society and the family, including the educated part of the labor force, knowledge, the tools of intellectual and managerial work, the environment and labor activity that ensure the effective and rational functioning of human capital as a productive development factor.
Briefly: Human capital- this is intelligence, health, knowledge, quality and productive work and quality of life.
Human capital is the main factor in the formation and development of the innovation economy and the knowledge economy as the next highest stage of development.
One of the conditions for the development and improvement of the quality of human capital is a high index of economic freedom.
Use the classification of human capital:
- individual human capital.
- The human capital of the firm.
- national human capital.
In the national wealth, human capital in developed countries is from 70 to 80%. In Russia, about 50%.
Background
Elements of the theory of human capital (HC) have existed since ancient times, when the first knowledge and the education system were formed.
In the scientific literature, the concept of human capital (Human Capital) appeared in the publications of the second half of the 20th century in the works of American economists Theodor Schultz and Gary Becker (1992). For creating the foundations of the theory of human capital (HC), they were awarded the Nobel Prizes in Economics - Theodor Schultz in 1979, Gary Becker in 1992. Simon (Semyon) Kuznets, a native of Russia, who received the Nobel Prize, made a significant contribution to the creation of the theory of human capital (HC). in economics for 1971
The theory of human capital is based on the achievements of institutional theory, neoclassical theory, neo-Keynesianism and other particular economic theories. Its appearance was the response of economic and related sciences to the demand for real economy and life. There was a problem of in-depth understanding of the role of man and the accumulated results of his intellectual activity on the pace and quality of development of society and the economy. The impetus for the creation of the theory of human capital was the statistical data on the growth of the economies of the developed countries of the world, which exceeded the calculations based on the classical growth factors. An analysis of the real processes of development and growth in modern conditions has led to the establishment of human capital as the main productive and social factor in the development of the modern economy and society.
T. Schultz, G. Becker, E. Denison, R. Solow, J. Kendrick, S. Kuznets, S. Fabrikant, I. Fisher, R. Lucas and other economists, sociologists and historians contributed to the development of the modern theory of human capital .
The concept of human capital is a natural development and generalization of the concepts of the human factor and human resource, however, human capital is a broader economic category.
The economic category "human capital" was formed gradually, and at the first stage it was limited by the knowledge and ability of a person to work. Moreover, for a long time, human capital was considered only a social factor of development, that is, a costly factor, from the point of view of economic theory. It was believed that investments in upbringing, in education, are unproductive and costly. In the second half of the 20th century, the attitude towards human capital and education gradually changed dramatically.
Broad definition of human capital
The concept of human capital (Human Capital) appeared in the publications of the second half of the 20th century in the works of American economists Theodor Schultz and Gary Becker (1992). For creating the foundations of the theory of human capital (HC), they were awarded the Nobel Prizes in Economics - Theodor Schultz in 1979, Gary Becker in 1992. Simon (Semyon) Kuznets, a native of Russia, who received the Nobel Prize, made a significant contribution to the creation of the theory of human capital (HC). in economics for 1971
The founders of the theory of human capital (HC) gave it a narrow definition, which has expanded over time and continues to expand, including all new components of HC. As a result, HC has become a complex intensive factor in the development of the modern economy - the knowledge economy.
Currently, on the basis of the theory and practice of human capital, a successful paradigm for the development of the United States and leading European countries is being formed and improved. Based on the theory of the Cheka, which was lagging behind, Sweden modernized its economy and returned its leadership position in the world economy in the 2000s. Finland, in a historically short period of time, has managed to move from a predominantly resource-based economy to an innovative economy. And to create their own competitive high technologies, without giving up the deepest processing of their main natural wealth - the forest. Managed to reach the first place in the world in terms of the competitiveness of the economy as a whole. Moreover, the Finns created their innovative technologies and products on the income from timber processing into goods with high added value.
All this took place not because the theory and practice of human capital realized a kind of magic wand, but because it became the answer of economic theory and practice to the challenges of the time, to the challenges of the innovative economy (knowledge economy) emerging in the second half of the 20th century and venture science. -technical business.
The development of science, the formation of the information society to the fore as components of a complex intensive development factor - human capital - have brought forward knowledge, education, health, the quality of life of the population and the leading specialists themselves, who determine the creativity and innovation of national economies.
In the context of the globalization of the world economy, in the conditions of free flow of any capital, including the Cheka, from country to country, from region to region, from city to city in the conditions of intense international competition, the accelerated development of high technologies.
And huge advantages in creating stable conditions for the growth of the quality of life, the creation and development of the knowledge economy, the information society, the development of civil society have countries with accumulated high-quality human capital. That is, countries with an educated, healthy and optimistic population, competitive world-class professionals in all types of economic activity, in education, science, management and other areas.
Understanding and choosing human capital as the main development factor literally dictates a systematic and integrated approach in developing a development concept or strategy and linking all other private strategies and programs with them. This dictate follows from the essence of the national Cheka as a multicomponent development factor. Moreover, this diktat emphasizes the conditions of life, work and the quality of the tools of specialists that determine the creativity and creative energy of the country.
The core of the Cheka, of course, was and remains a man, but now he is an educated, creative and enterprising person, with a high level of professionalism. Human capital itself determines in the modern economy the main share of the national wealth of countries, regions, municipalities and organizations. At the same time, the share of unskilled labor in the GDP of developed and developing countries, including Russia, is getting smaller, and in technologically advanced countries it is already vanishingly small.
Therefore, the division of labor into unskilled labor and labor requiring education, special skills and knowledge is gradually losing its original meaning and economic content when defining human capital, which the founders of the human capital theory identified with educated people and their accumulated knowledge and experience. The concept of human capital as an economic category is constantly expanding along with the development of the global information community and the knowledge economy.
Human capital in a broad definition is an intensive productive factor in the development of the economy, society and family, including the educated part of the labor force, knowledge, tools for intellectual and managerial work, the environment and labor activity that ensure the effective and rational functioning of human capital as a productive development factor.
Briefly: Human capital is intelligence, health, knowledge, quality and productive labor and quality of life.
The composition of the human capital includes investments and returns from them in the tools of intellectual and managerial labor, as well as investments in the environment for the functioning of the human capital, ensuring its effectiveness.
Human capital is a complex and distributed intensive development factor. It, like blood vessels in a living organism, permeates the entire economy and society. And ensures their functioning and development. Or, on the contrary, it depresses with its low quality. Therefore, there are objective methodological difficulties with assessing its individual economic efficiency, its individual productivity, its individual contribution to GDP growth and to improving the quality of life. HC, through specialists and IT, contributes to the development and growth of the economy everywhere, in all types of economic and industrial activities.
Cheka contributes to improving the quality and productivity of labor in all types of life and life support. In all types of economic activity, management, educated professionals determine the productivity and efficiency of labor. And knowledge, high-quality work, qualifications of specialists play a decisive role in the effectiveness of the functioning and work of institutions and organizations of all forms and types.
The main drivers of HC development are competition, investment, and innovation.
The innovative sector of the economy, the creative part of the elite, society, and the state are sources of accumulation of high-quality human capital, which determines the direction and pace of development of the country, region, medical organizations, and organizations. On the other hand, the accumulated high-quality human capital underlies the innovation system and economy (IE).
The development processes of HC and IE constitute a single process of formation and development of the innovation-information society and its economy.
What is the difference between human capital and human potential? The human potential index of a country or region is calculated according to three indicators: GDP (or GRP), life expectancy and literacy of the population. That is, it is a narrower concept than the Cheka. The latter absorbs the concept of human potential as its enlarged component.
How is human capital different from labor resources? The labor force is directly people, educated and uneducated, who determine skilled and unskilled labor. Human capital is a much broader concept and includes, in addition to labor resources, accumulated investments (taking into account their depreciation) in education, science, health, security, quality of life, in the tools of intellectual labor and in the environment that ensures the effective functioning of the human capital.
Investments in the formation of an effective elite, including in the organization of competition, are among the most important investments in Cheka. It has been known since the time of the classics of science D. Toynbee and M. Weber that it is the elite of the people that determines the vector of the direction of its development. Forward, side or back.
An entrepreneurial resource is a creative resource, an intellectual resource for the development of the economy. Therefore, investment in an entrepreneurial resource is an investment in the development of human capital in terms of increasing its constructiveness, creativity and innovation. In particular, business angels are a necessary component of the HC.
Investments in institutional services are aimed at creating comfortable conditions for servicing the state. institutions of citizens, including doctors, teachers, scientists, engineers, that is, the core of the Cheka, which helps to improve the quality of their life and work.
With such an expansion of the economic category “human capital”, it comes out, as already noted, from the “flesh” of a person. People's brains do not work effectively with a poor quality of life, with low security, with an aggressive or oppressive environment for living and working.
The foundation on which innovative economies and information societies are created is the rule of law, the high quality of human capital, the high quality of life and an efficient industrial economy, which has smoothly transformed into a post-industrial or innovative economy.
National human capital includes social, political capital, national intellectual priorities, national competitive advantages and the natural potential of the nation.
National human capital is measured by its value, calculated by various methods - by investment, by the discount method and others.
The national human capital makes up more than half of the national wealth of each of the developing countries and over 70-80% of the developed countries of the world.
Features of national human capital determined the historical development of world civilizations and countries of the world. National human capital in the 20th and 21st centuries has been and remains the main intensive factor in the development of the economy and society.
Estimates of the cost of national human capital of the countries of the world
The cost of the national human capital of the countries of the world on the basis of the cost method was estimated by the specialists of the World Bank.
Estimates of the components of the human capital for the costs of the state, families, entrepreneurs and various funds were used. They make it possible to determine the current annual costs of society for the reproduction of human capital.
In the United States, the value of human capital at the end of the 20th century was $95 trillion, or 77% of the national wealth (NW), 26% of the global total value of human capital.
The value of the world human capital amounted to 365 trillion dollars or 66% of world wealth, 384% of the US level.
For China, these figures are: $ 25 trillion, 77% of the total NB, 7% of the world's total HC and 26% of the US level. For Brazil, respectively: $9 trillion; 74%, 2% and 9%. For India: 7 trillion; 58%, 2%; 7%.
For Russia, the figures are: $30 trillion; fifty %; eight %; 32%.
To the share of the G7 countries and the EEC for billing period accounted for 59% of the world Cheka, which is 78% of their national wealth.
Human capital in most countries exceeded half of the accumulated national wealth (with the exception of the OPEC countries). The HC percentage is significantly affected by the cost of natural resources. In particular, for Russia, the share of the cost of natural resources is relatively large.
The bulk of the world's human capital is concentrated in the developed countries of the world. This is due to the fact that investments in HC in these countries over the past half century have significantly outpaced investments in physical capital. In the United States, the ratio of "investment in people" and productive investment (social spending on education, health care and social security as a % of productive investment) in 1970 was 194%, and in 1990 318%.
There are certain difficulties in the comparative assessment of the cost of HC in countries with different levels of development. The human capital of an underdeveloped country and a developed country has a significantly different productivity per unit of capital, as well as a very different quality (for example, a significantly different quality of education and health care). To assess the effectiveness of national human capital, factor analysis methods are used using country-specific international indices and indicators. At the same time, the values of the HC efficiency coefficient for different countries differ significantly, which is close to the differences in their labor productivity. The methodology for measuring national human capital is set out in the work.
The cost of Russian national human capital has been declining over the past 20 years due to low investment in it and the degradation of education, medicine, and science.
National human capital and historical development of countries and civilizations
The economic category "human capital" was formed gradually. And at the first stage, the composition of the Cheka included a small number of components - upbringing, education, knowledge, health. Moreover, for a long time, human capital was considered only a social factor of development, that is, a costly factor, from the point of view of the theory of economic growth. It was believed that investments in upbringing, in education, are unproductive and costly. In the second half of the 20th century, the attitude towards human capital and education gradually changed dramatically.
In reality, it was investments in education and science that in the past ensured the outstripping development of Western civilization - Europe and North America in comparison with China, India and other countries. Studies of the development of civilizations and countries in past centuries show that even then human capital was one of the main development factors that predetermined the success of some countries and the failure of others.
Western civilization at a certain historical stage won the global historical competition with more ancient civilizations precisely due to the faster growth of human capital, including education, in the Middle Ages. At the end of the 18th century, Western Europe surpassed China (and India) by one and a half times in per capita GDP and twice in terms of literacy. The latter circumstance, multiplied by economic freedom and then democracy, became the main factor in the economic success of Europeans, as well as the United States and other Anglo-Saxon countries.
The influence of human capital on economic growth is also indicative on the example of Japan. In the land of the Rising Sun, which has pursued isolationist policies for centuries, the level of human capital has always been high, including education and life expectancy. In 1913, the average number of years of adult education in Japan was 5.4 years, in Italy 4.8, in the USA 8.3 years, and the average life expectancy was 51 years (roughly the same as in Europe and the USA). In Russia, these figures were equal: 1-1.2 years and 33-35 years. Therefore, Japan, in terms of the level of starting human capital, turned out to be ready in the 20th century to make a technological breakthrough and become one of the most advanced countries in the world.
Human capital is an independent complex intensive development factor, in fact, the foundation of GDP growth in combination with innovations and high technologies in modern conditions. The difference between this complex intensive factor and natural resources, classical labor and ordinary capital is the need for constant increased investment in it and the existence of a significant time lag in the return on these investments. In the developed countries of the world in the late 1990s, about 70% of all funds were invested in human capital, and only about 30% in physical capital. Moreover, the main share of investments in human capital in the advanced countries of the world is carried out by the state. And this is precisely one of its most important functions in terms of state regulation of the economy.
An analysis of the processes of changing the technological structures of the economy and types of societies shows that human capital, the cycles of its growth and development are the main factors in the generation of innovative waves of development and the cyclical development of the world economy and society.
With a low level and quality of human capital, investments in high-tech industries do not give returns. The relatively rapid success of the Finns, Irish, Japanese, Chinese (Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, China, etc.), Koreans, new European developed countries (Greece, Spain, Portugal) confirm the conclusion that the foundation for the formation of human capital is a high culture the bulk of the population of these countries.
Structure, type and methods for assessing the value of human capital
Structure
Once upon a time, upbringing, education and fundamental science were considered a costly burden for the economy. Then the understanding of their importance as factors in the development of the economy and society changed. Both education, and science, and mentality as components of human capital, and the Cheka itself as a whole, have become the main factor in the growth and development of the modern economy, the development of society and the improvement of the quality of life. The core of the Cheka, of course, was and remains a man. Human capital itself now determines the main share of the national wealth of countries, regions, municipalities and organizations.
With the development and complication of the concept and economic category "human capital", its structure became more complicated.
Human capital is formed primarily through investments in improving the level and quality of life of the population. Including - in upbringing, education, health, knowledge (science), entrepreneurial ability and climate, in the information support of labor, in the formation of an effective elite, in the security of citizens and business and economic freedom, as well as in culture, art and other components. The Cheka is also formed due to the influx from other countries. Or it decreases due to its outflow, which is observed so far in Russia. Cheka is not a simple number of people, workers of simple labor. Cheka is professionalism, knowledge, information service, health and optimism, law-abiding citizens, creativity and efficiency of the elite, etc.
Investments in the components of the human capital make up its structure: upbringing, education, health, science, personal security, entrepreneurial ability, investment in the training of the elite, tools for intellectual work, information services, etc.
Types of human capital
According to the degree of efficiency as a productive factor, human capital can be divided into negative human capital (destructive) and positive human capital (creative). Between these extreme states and the components of the total human capital, there are intermediate states and components of the human capital in terms of efficiency.
This is a part of the accumulated human capital, which does not give any useful return on investment in it for society, the economy and hinders the growth of the quality of life of the population, the development of society and the individual. Not every investment in upbringing and education is useful and increases HC. An incorrigible criminal, a hired killer is an investment in them lost for society and family. A significant contribution to the accumulated negative HC is made by corrupt officials, criminals, drug addicts, and excessive drinkers. And just loafers, loafers and thieving people. And, on the contrary, a significant share of the positive part of the Cheka is made by workaholics, professionals, world-class specialists. The negative accumulated human capital is formed on the basis of the negative aspects of the nation's mentality, on the low culture of the population, including its market components (in particular, the ethics of work and entrepreneurship). Contribute to it are the negative traditions of the state structure and the functioning of state institutions on the basis of lack of freedom and underdevelopment of civil society, on the basis of investments in pseudo-education, pseudo-education and pseudo-knowledge, in pseudo-science and pseudo-culture. A particularly significant contribution to the negative accumulated human capital can be made by the active part of the nation - its elite, since it is she who determines the policy and strategy of the country's development, leads the nation along the path of either progress, or stagnation (stagnation) or even regression.
Negative human capital requires additional investment in HC to change the essence of knowledge and experience. To change the educational process, to change the innovation and investment potential, to change for the better the mentality of the population and improve its culture. In this case, additional investments are required to compensate for the negative capital accumulated in the past.
Inefficient investments in human capital - investments in inefficient projects or family expenses to improve the quality of human capital components associated with corruption, lack of professionalism, false or suboptimal development ideology, trouble in the family, etc. In fact, these are investments in the negative component of human capital. Inefficient investments, in particular, are: - investments in individuals incapable of learning and acquiring modern knowledge, which give zero or insignificant results; - in an inefficient and corrupt educational process; - into the system of knowledge, which is formed around a false core; - in false or ineffective R&D, projects, innovations.
The accumulated negative human capital begins to fully manifest itself during periods of bifurcations - in conditions of highly non-equilibrium states. In this case, there is a transition to another coordinate system (in particular, to another economic and political space), and the HC can change its sign and magnitude. In particular, during the transition of the country to another economic and political system, with a sharp transition to another, much higher technological level (for enterprises and industries). This means that the accumulated human capital, primarily in the form of accumulated mentality, experience and knowledge, as well as existing education, is not suitable for solving new tasks of a more complex level, tasks within a different development paradigm. And when moving to another coordinate system, to radically different requirements for the level and quality of human capital, the accumulated old human capital becomes negative, becomes a brake on development. And we need new additional investments in the Cheka for its modification and development.
An example of inefficient investments can be investments in the USSR in chemical warfare agents (CW). They were created almost twice as many as in the rest of the world. Billions of dollars have been spent. And almost as much money had to be spent on the destruction and disposal of OV as on their production in the past. Another close example is investment in the production of tanks in the USSR. They were also produced more than in the rest of the world. Military doctrine has changed, tanks now play a smaller role in it, and investment in them has given zero return. They are difficult to use for peaceful purposes and impossible to sell - outdated.
Let us explain once again the essence of the negativity of the unproductive component of human capital. It is determined by the fact that if a person is a carrier of knowledge that does not meet the modern requirements of science, engineering, technology, production, management, the social sphere, etc., then retraining him often requires much more money than training the corresponding employee with zero. Or an invitation from an outside worker. In other words, if the quality of labor is determined by pseudo-knowledge, then a fundamental change in this quality is more expensive than the formation of a qualitatively new labor on a modern educational basis and on the basis of other workers. In this regard, huge difficulties lie, in particular, in the way of creating a Russian innovation system and venture business. The main obstacle here is the negative components of human capital in terms of innovative entrepreneurial ability, mentality, experience and knowledge of Russians in this area. The same problems stand in the way of introducing innovations at Russian enterprises. So far, investments in this area do not give the proper return. The share of the negative component in the accumulated human capital and, accordingly, the effectiveness of investment in human capital in different countries of the world varies greatly. The effectiveness of investments in human capital is characterized by the conversion coefficients of investments in human capital at the country level and for the regions of the Russian Federation.
Positive human capital(creative or innovative) are defined as the accumulated human capital that provides a useful return on investment in it in the development and growth processes. In particular, from investments in improving and maintaining the quality of life of the population, in the growth of innovative potential and institutional capacity. In the development of the education system, the growth of knowledge, the development of science, the improvement of public health. To improve the quality and availability of information. Cheka is an inertial productive factor. Investments in it give a return only after a while. The value and quality of human capital depend primarily on the mentality, education, knowledge and health of the population. In a historically short period of time, one can get a significant return on investment in education, knowledge, health, but not in the mentality that has been formed over the centuries. At the same time, the mentality of the population can significantly reduce the transformation coefficients of investments in HC and even make investments in HC completely inefficient.
Passive human capital- human capital, which does not contribute to the country's development processes, to the innovative economy, aimed mainly at its own consumption of material goods.
The fact that human capital cannot be changed in a short time, especially with a significant amount of negative accumulated human capital, is, in fact, the main problem in the development of the Russian economy from the point of view of the theory of human capital development.
The most important component of human capital is labor, its quality and productivity. The quality of labor, in turn, is determined by the mentality of the population and the quality of life. Labor in Russia, unfortunately, has traditionally been and remains of low quality (that is, the products of Russian enterprises, with the exception of raw materials and primary products from it, are uncompetitive in world markets, productivity and labor intensity are low). The energy consumption of Russian products is two to three times higher, depending on the industry, than in countries with efficient production. And labor productivity is several times lower than in developed countries. Low-productivity and low-quality labor significantly reduces the accumulated Russian HC and reduces its quality.
Methods for assessing the value of human capital
There are various methodological approaches to calculating the cost of human capital. J. Kendrick proposed a costly method for calculating the cost of human capital - based on statistical data, calculate the accumulation of investments in a person. This technique has proved to be convenient for the United States, where there are extensive and reliable statistical data. J. Kendrick included in investments in the Cheka the costs of the family and society for raising children until they reach working age and receive a certain specialty, for retraining, advanced training, health care, labor migration, etc. He also included investments in housing, household durables, stocks of goods in households, expenditures on research and development. As a result of the calculations, he obtained that human capital in the 1970s was more than half of the accumulated national wealth of the United States (excluding public investment). The Kedrick method made it possible to evaluate the accumulation of human capital at its full "replacement cost". But it did not give the opportunity to calculate the "net value" of human capital (minus its "wear and tear"). This method did not contain a methodology for separating from the total amount of costs a part of the costs used for the reproduction of human capital, for its real accumulation. In the work of J. Mincer, the contribution of education and duration of labor activity to human capital is assessed. On the basis of the US statistics of the 1980s, Mincer obtained dependences of the effectiveness of the human capital on the number of years of general education, vocational training, and the age of the worker.
The FRASCAT methodology is based on detailed information in the United States on the costs of science since 1920. The methodology takes into account the time lag between the period of R&D and the period of their implementation in accumulated human capital as an increase in the stock of knowledge and experience. The average life of this type of capital was assumed to be 18 years. The calculation results turned out to be close to the results of other researchers. The calculation algorithm was as follows. 1. Total current spending on science (for basic research, applied research, R&D). 2. Accumulation for the period. 3. Changes in stocks. 4. Consumption for the current period. 5. Gross capital formation. 6. Net accumulation. International economic and financial institutions show constant interest in the problem of human capital. Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) back in the 1970s. prepared a document on the strategy for the further development of mankind, where the problem of the role and importance of the human factor in global economic development was raised. In this study, methods were created for calculating some components of the human capital: the average life expectancy of one generation, the duration of the active working period, the net balance of the labor force, the family life cycle, etc. The cost of human capital included the cost of educating, training and training new workers, the cost of advanced training , the cost of lengthening the period of labor activity, losses due to diseases, mortality, etc.
A significant contribution to the development of the expansion concept of national wealth (taking into account the contribution of the CHK) was made by the World Bank analysts, who published a series of papers substantiating this concept. The World Bank methodology summarizes the results and methods for assessing the human capital of other schools and authors. The WB methodology, in particular, takes into account the accumulated knowledge and other components of the human capital.
Sources of human capital are selected by grouping the costs for the relevant areas. These are science, education, culture and art, healthcare and information support.
These sources must be supplemented with the following: investments in the security of the population and entrepreneurs - ensure the accumulation of all other components of human capital, ensure the realization of the creative and professional potential of a person, ensure the maintenance and growth of the quality of life; investments in the training of the society's elite; investment in entrepreneurial capacity and entrepreneurial climate - public and private investment in small business and venture capital. Investments in creating conditions for maintaining and developing entrepreneurial ability ensure its implementation as an economic productive resource of the country; investment in raising children; investment in changing the mentality of the population in a positive direction is an investment in the culture of the population, which determines the effectiveness of human capital; investments in institutional services to the population - the country's institutions should contribute to the disclosure and implementation of the creative and professional abilities of the population, improve the quality of life of the population, especially in terms of reducing bureaucratic pressure on it; investments in knowledge associated with the invitation of specialists, creative people and other talented and highly professional people from other countries, which significantly increase human capital; investments in the development of economic freedom, including freedom of labor migration.
The results of calculations of the human capital of Russia and the CIS countries based on the cost method using the algorithm of the World Bank specialists are given in the works. Estimates of the components of the human capital for the costs of the state, families, entrepreneurs and various funds were used. They make it possible to determine the current annual costs of society for the reproduction of Russian human capital. To assess the value of real savings, the authors of the work used the calculation of the “true savings” indicator according to the methodology of the World Bank specialists.
The human capital of most countries exceeds half of the accumulated national wealth (with the exception of the OPEC countries). This reflects the high level of development of these countries. The HC percentage is significantly affected by the cost of natural resources. In particular, for Russia, the share of the cost of natural resources is large.
It should be noted that the above methodology for assessing human capital by costs, which is quite correct for developed countries with efficient state systems and efficient economies, gives a significant error for developing countries and countries with economies in transition. There are certain difficulties in the comparative assessment of the cost of HC in different countries. The human capital of an underdeveloped country and a developed country has a very different productivity per unit of capital, a very different level and quality.
The growing income gap between people with and without world-class higher education is pushing for this. According to 1990 data, Americans with elementary education had a total lifetime income of $756,000; . High pay for skilled and intellectual labor is one of the main incentives for obtaining knowledge in developed countries and the main factor in their development.
In turn, the high image of intellectual work, its great importance for the knowledge economy, generates powerful synergistic effects of strengthening the total intelligence of the country, industries, corporations, and ultimately, the total human capital of the country. Hence the huge advantages of the developed countries of the world and the problems for countries with catching up economies trying to join their ranks.
Modern methods for measuring the cost and quality of human capital are given in the works.
An analysis of modern methods for measuring human capital shows that the most accurate methods for measuring it are by its share in national wealth or in GDP, as an intensive productive factor.
Human capital is the main factor in the formation of the "knowledge economy"
All these provisions are included in one form or another (often truncated and scholastic) both in the federal innovation strategy and in regional innovation strategies, programs and laws.
In essence, the understanding of what needs to be done to create a national IP from the point of view of the theory and experience of developed countries has matured at all levels of government (among those who write programs and strategies). However, the real progress in solving the problem is insignificant.
The creative core, the engine of IP and the economy is venture business. Venture business is by definition risky and highly profitable (if successful). And in this case, the participation of the state as a regulator and investor is generally accepted. Some of the risks are assumed by the state. Venture business is aimed at the implementation of major, sometimes breakthrough innovations, innovations coming from fundamental science. Therefore, the participation of the state in it on the basis of public-private partnership is necessary and useful.
Venturers - specialists, managers and business angels - people are especially highly professional, gifted, requiring, accordingly, comfortable conditions for life and work, and high income. Venture capitalists - specialists and entrepreneurs - are in short supply all over the world. In the context of the globalization of the world economy and open borders, business angels and other venture capitalists "fly" to where it is more convenient and profitable for them.
World experience has shown that at an early stage of creating a venture business, highly professional venture capitalists can only be nurtured and formed on the basis of an effective venture school, for example, in Silicon Valley, as Israel and Singapore did. This way of establishing a venture business, in one form or another, was used by all countries in which IE and venture business have already been created. The foundation on which innovative economies and information societies are created is the rule of law, the high quality of human capital, the high quality of life and an efficient industrial economy, which has smoothly transformed into a post-industrial or innovative economy.
Venture business is of particular importance in the process of creating an efficient and competitive economy. High technologies allow a country with a “catching up” economy to approach the developed countries of the world in terms of per capita income in the foreseeable future. The mission of generators of high technologies and innovative products is carried out by the venture technology and scientific and technical business.
The accumulated experience of the functioning of the Russian Venture Company, the implementation of the "FTP Electronic Russia(2002-2010)" and other private programs for the development of high technologies and the introduction of innovations, according to the estimates of the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev, independent experts and analysts, showed that their activities have not yet led to any significant positive results. Venture business and innovation activities in Russia and in Voronezh, in particular, are not yet economically beneficial for entrepreneurs and the state. Favorable environment and conditions have not been created for this activity.
The tasks of creating a national innovation system and an innovative sector of the economy, technological modernization of the economy, development of science and high technologies were set in all federal and regional development strategies and programs. There are no shifts yet. Dmitry Medvedev at a meeting on May 15, 2009 on the issues of modernization and technological development of the economy said on this occasion:
“The main problem is that, despite the correct program settings, there are no significant changes in the technological level of our economy. And this is especially evident during the global financial and economic crisis. So far, neither the small firms that we have tried and are trying to create, nor technoparks, nor various kinds of technology transfer centers, all kinds of new forms that we are trying to use, nor the Russian Venture Company, nor technology-innovative special economic zones have shown any serious results. All this basically, I must admit frankly, exists only on paper.
Why is this happening? The answer, in principle, is not complicated. Corruption and criminalization of the economy and society reduce the effectiveness of the constructive components of human capital. Reduce the efficiency of labor, economy, business and the state.
Innovation in a market economy is a consequence of free competition in the markets. In the absence of a source of innovation generation - competition - there are no innovations themselves or they are of a random nature. The desire and need to make a big profit pushes the private owner to do something special, useful, which competitors do not have, so that his product is more attractive and sells better. Economic freedom, competitive markets, the rule of law and private property - these are the factors that automatically generate innovation, demand for it, investment in an innovative product and pave the way between an idea and an innovative product. outside market economy with free competitive markets, it is impossible a priori to create an innovative economy and self-sustaining generation of innovations and innovative products. This was proved by the experience of the USSR and other socialist countries in this area.
A feature of the innovative economy, venture business and the information society is the fact that favorable conditions for venture business, high quality of life should be fulfilled in relation to the developed countries of the world in the context of globalization and open borders and economies. Ventureists, as especially highly professional specialists, work where they are more comfortable, and favorable and competitive conditions have been created for business. It was not possible to create such conditions in the USSR. And so he lost the scientific and technological competition. The current conditions are less favorable for this than they were in the USSR. The remnants of the former science and education, as well as other components of the innovation system, do not correspond to the level of the knowledge economy. Therefore, Russian business angels prefer to invest in foreign technology parks, for example, in India. In Russia, the profit on venture projects is noticeably lower, and the risks are very high. Including criminal risk.
The main reasons for the slowdown in scientific, technical and innovation activity in Russia are the low quality of human capital and an unfavorable, oppressive environment for innovation activity. The quality of all components of Russian human capital has declined: education, science, the security of citizens and business, the elite, and specialists. And for venture business and innovative economy it would be necessary first to build a solid foundation.
Notes
- Ilya Konstantinov. Human capital and strategy of national projects
- Nesterov L., Ashirova G. National wealth and human capital. // VE, 2003, No. 2.
- Korchagin Yu. A. The broad concept of human capital. - Voronezh: TsIRE, 2009.
- SHULGINA EV DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN POTENTIAL. Moscow Business School, Moscow, Russia
- Shultz T. Human Capital in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. - N.Y., 1968, vol. 6.
- Becker, Gary S. human capital. - N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1964.
- Kendrick J. The total capital of the United States and its functioning. - M.: Progress, 1976
- Korchagin Yu. A. Investment strategy. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2006 ISBN 5-222-08440-X
- Korchagin Yu. A. Russian human capital: a factor of development or degradation? - Voronezh: TSIRE, 2005.
- Fischer S., Dornbusch R., Schmalenzi R. Economic theory. - M., Unity, 2002.
- The Economics of Resources and the Resources of Economics (1974).
