The main purpose of the economy is to create wealth that can satisfy the material needs of people.
The economy in a broad sense is usually understood as a system social production, i.e. the process of creating wealth human society for its normal existence and development.
Human life requires certain favorable terms.
concept good, widely used in Russian, has the same root with such words as: well-being, gratitude, well-being, favor, nobility, blessing. AT explanatory dictionary V. Dahl "good"- everything good, useful, serving our happiness.
Goodness is a necessary condition of life for a person. Every living being needs certain favorable external conditions. And a person is in need of food, clothing and other necessary conditions for life. But human need always appears in a certain socio-cultural form. For example, the need for food is equally necessary for a European, and an American, and a billionaire, and a beggar. But the socio-economic content of the need is not the same. With the change in social and economic situation of a person (individual, family, people), the content and structure of his needs change.
Such a humanized need is called a need. The need is the initial and most important category of the economy. Note that there are many interpretations of the concept of "need". In our opinion, the most accurate interpretation is given by the economic dictionary:
“Need is the need for something necessary to maintain the life of an individual, social group, society, an internal stimulus of activity.”
In reality, needs express the need for certain goods and conditions for a normal human life. Needs force people to create the necessary benefits and conditions for life, serve as the deepest motive for the activities of the individual, the company and society as a whole. On this basis, specific economic phenomena are formed, such as interests, motives, incentives, and other phenomena that take specific forms in various economic conditions.
It should be remembered that in order to characterize the well-being of society, it is necessary to use an indicator that, at least in a relative form, approximately gives a real idea of the completeness of the realization of the needs of not only an individual, but society as a whole.
Example. If we talk about the fact that, on average, each family in the country has a separate housing, then in quantitative terms, the problem of satisfying the need for this benefit for this family seems to be removed. And whether this housing meets this need in terms of quality - not everything is clear here.
Moreover, it should be borne in mind that any need can be satisfied by several benefits, and any economic good can be used to satisfy different needs. At the same time, one should not forget the efficiency factor (coefficient of performance) of using a good to satisfy needs and vice versa. For example, right amount A person can gain calories by consuming different foods. For example, one egg and a bucket of cabbage. But, as doctors say, it is better to eat one egg than a bucket of cabbage.
In the process of satisfying needs, new needs are formed in quantitative and qualitative terms. Needs are evolving the law of the rise of needs. The continuous increase or elevation of needs is confirmed by numerous facts from economic evolution humanity. In its development, man has gone through all stages - from the primitive consumption of natural resources to the rational development and use of natural, human and man-made resources.
Based on historical, cultural and national characteristics and traditions, people satisfy needs in different ways. This is the case even with the natural needs for food and clothing. For example, it is known from the Bible that John the Baptist had clothes made of camel hair and a leather belt, and his food was locusts and wild honey. Christians today dress and eat very differently. The ways of satisfying the same need were not always the same. So, the need for food is not always satisfied with the help of plates, spoons, knives, napkins - in Western Europe even in the 18th century. each member of the family took boiled meat from the common table with his hands and tore it into pieces.
In the past, nature served as the only storehouse of resources to meet human needs. Subsequently, thanks to the achievements of science and technology, people began to create products and materials with desired properties, putting themselves at the service of fundamentally new means of labor, sources of energy, transport and communications. Scientific and technological revolutions Thus, they created fundamentally new needs and ways to satisfy them.
Each individual has many needs. Since there are many individuals, there are many needs. There is a hierarchy of needs. In modern literature there are various classifications of human needs. So, A. Marshall in late XIX in. identified needs: primary (lower) and secondary (higher), urgent (urgent) and non-urgent, present, future, etc.
To primary, or inferior , needs include the vital needs of people for food, housing, clothing, and other material goods that cannot be eliminated, replaced, or even significantly reduced without prejudice and harm to human health and ability to work. But the satisfaction of primary needs should not be excessive, but reasonable.
Primary needs common to all human beings are what economists call irreplaceable, inelastic. In the industry, the primary needs also include the needs for buildings, structures, machines, means of transport, communications, information, without which modern conditions products and services are not available.
Secondary (higher) are formed on the basis of the intellectual spiritual activity of people. These include the needs of people in education, culture, art, music and other spiritual benefits. All people have secondary needs, but they are the product of historical conditions, education, upbringing. the highest level human development there is a need for intellectual creativity.
Some people have bad inclinations, for example, to the use of alcohol, drugs, etc. Many scientists believe that such unnatural and immoral activities are not inherent in human nature and therefore they cannot be normal human needs.
Urgent (urgent) needs. Urgent (urgent) needs include, for example, medicines, ambulance health care without the satisfaction of which the needy may die.
real needs are the needs of today.
Future needs are the needs of the future.
The most widespread was the theory of the needs of the American scientist Abraham Maslow (1908-1970). ("Maslow's pyramid"). According to this theory, all needs, according to the principle of hierarchy, are arranged in the following order from “lower” to “higher” (Fig. 1).
1 - physiological needs (food, drink, shelter, etc.);
2 - the needs of self-preservation (security);
3 - social needs (spiritual, love, tenderness);
4 - the need for respect, recognition, achievement of the goal;
5 - the need for self-affirmation (self-actualization).
Rice. one. Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow
According to Maslow, these groups of needs form a pyramid. These groups of needs are unequal in importance for a person. The author refers the first two groups to the needs of a lower order, each subsequent group is of a higher order with increasing importance for a person. It should be noted that as long as the needs of the lower order are not satisfied, the needs of the higher order do not act.
How needs arise, how they are formed, what is their content - these questions are called upon to answer philosophy, psychology and other social sciences. In economics, the boundlessness of human needs is of fundamental importance.
What does unlimited needs mean? This means that the totality of the needs of each person can never be completely satisfied. It is clear that certain desires can be satisfied, but only for a while. For example, the need for food. Even after a hearty meal, a person, after a while, will again experience hunger. Moreover, in the process of human development there is an expansion and complication of needs. The further humanity develops, the more complex the psychological world of the bulk of people becomes and the more diverse their needs. In this regard, it is impossible to fully and forever satisfy all human needs.
Diverse human needs require a variety of goods and services. The production of goods and services requires materials, equipment, raw materials, which we also need.
Topic 1. Subject and method of economic theory. Initial categories of economic theory.
The first theme helps to clearly present the role and significance of the economy as economic activity and science studying this real activity.
Basic concepts of the topic:
Economy - an economic system that ensures the satisfaction of the needs of people and society through the creation and use of the necessary vital goods.
Economics- social science that describes and analyzes how a society, with limited resources, distributes them in order to satisfy its needs.
Economic relations- certain connections and relations, which, regardless of the will and consciousness, people enter in the process of social production.
economic law- the most significant, stable, constantly recurring objective cause-and-effect relationships and interdependencies in economic phenomena and processes.
Organizational and economic relations- relations between people in the process of organizing production.
The subject of labor- everything that a person affects in the process of labor.
The productive forces of society means of production and people with certain skills and experience.
Production possibilities curve- curve reflecting possible combinations of production volumes various kinds products with full use of the resources of the country or enterprise.
Production- the process of human impact on the substance of nature in order to create material goods and services necessary for the development of society.
Work force- individual ability to work.
Resources- everything that is spent in the process of production of goods and services.
Socio-economic relations- relations between people about the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods.
Means of production- the totality of means and objects of labor.
Means of labor- things or complexes of things with the help of which a person processes objects of labor.
Cost of goods- labor costs for its production.
Technology- ways of human influence on the object of labor.
Product- a thing that has a certain value that can be seen and touched. It has value and use value.
Work- the expedient activity of people aimed at modifying the substances and forces of nature and adapting them to meet their needs.
Services- an intangible good that has a certain value; are of a commercial nature, are produced by doctors, lawyers, banks, financial companies and etc.
Factors of production- production resources; include natural, human resources, capital and enterprise organization.
1.1.Fundamental problems of the economy.
Exercise 1. For each of the concepts and definitions given here, choose the appropriate definition for it.
1. Fundamental questions of economics.
2. Microeconomics.
3. Macroeconomics.
4. Positive economy.
5. Normative economics.
6. Economic model.
7. Nominal values.
8. Real values.
Definitions
A. That part of economic theory that studies facts and the relationships between them.
B. Questions that need to be solved both by an individual producer and any economic system in conditions of limited resources: what to produce? how to produce? for whom to produce?
B. Branch of economic theory dealing with the study of the economy as a whole. It analyzes the problems of economic growth, unemployment, inflation, poverty, etc.
D. A simplified description of the economy that expresses a functional relationship between two or more variables, and economic result this dependency.
D. Economic indicators expressed in constant prices.
E. Relative values showing how much or how many times the economic indicators of the period under consideration (moment of time) have changed compared to the base period (moment of time).
G. That part of economics that makes value judgments about whether economic decisions and economic policies are good or bad.
3. A branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals, individual households, individual firms, as well as situations that arise in individual markets and industries.
I. Economic indicators expressed in current prices.
Task 2. Which of the following statements are true and which are not?
1. The object of study of macroeconomics is the regulation of money circulation.
2. To say that the unemployment rate this month is 7.8% is to make a normative judgment about the macroeconomic concept.
3. The consequences of the monopolization of the economy are the object of study of microeconomics.
4. Fundamental economic problem is to determine the volume of products that need to be produced.
5. economic science deals with the study of methods, ways of using limited resources to best meet the needs of people.
6. Regulatory claims tend to be controversial.
7. Using economic models, it is possible to predict the future development of economic processes.
8. If prices do not change, the nominal values are equal to the real ones.
9. If the real wage index in 2010 compared to 2009 was 93.8%, this means that wage in 2010 compared to 2009 increased by 93.8%.
Task 3. Indicate which of the following statements is correct.
1. Economic theory studies: 1) the laws of economic development; 2) accounting; 3) economic policy of the state; 4) consumer behavior;
a) all statements are true;
b) 1) and 3) are true;
c) only 1 is true);
d) 1), 3) and 4) are true.
2. Which option includes fundamental economic questions?
a) Who produces, how it produces, what is consumed.
b) What is produced, how it is produced, by whom it is consumed
c) How it is produced, by whom it is produced, how it is consumed.
d) Who produces, what is consumed, by whom is consumed.
Task 4. Indicate which of the following statements are correct.
In the following cases we are talking about problems of microeconomics:
a) the company managed to use artificial raw materials instead of natural raw materials for production, and production costs decreased;
b) the snowfall and the onset of cold weather led to the death of coffee trees and an increase in coffee prices on world markets;
c) lowering the discount rate Central Bank made credit more accessible, and the economy began to recover;
d) the school principal could not make a decision: whether to spend the money allocated to the school to repair the canteen or to buy new equipment for the chemistry room;
e) an increase in energy prices caused new wave inflationary rise in prices;
and) economic crisis led to a drop in demand for furniture and an increase in unemployment among workers in furniture factories.
1.2. Boundless needs and limited resources. Production Possibility Curve.
Task 5. For each of the concepts and terms given here, select the appropriate definition for it.
1. Limited resources.
2. Economic benefits.
3. Free goods.
4. Factors of production.
5. Natural resources.
6. Capital.
8. Rational behavior.
9. Choice price.
10. Curve of production possibilities.
Definitions.
A. Funds necessary to meet the needs of people and available to society in a limited amount.
B. Natural resources that can be used in production and that are necessary for production economic benefits: land, water, forests, mineral deposits, etc.
B. Human behavior that involves maximizing the result for a given cost or minimizing the cost to achieve a given result.
D. Factor of production, which includes man-made means of production: machines, equipment, industrial buildings, tools, raw materials, semi-finished products, etc.
E. A situation where there are not enough resources to meet people's needs.
E. A graph showing those combinations of economic benefits that can be produced with available factors of production and a constant level of scientific and technological progress.
G. Resources used by people for production consumer goods and services and for the production of new resources. These include: labor, land and capital.
3. Factor of production, which includes people with their physical and mental abilities, which are used in the process of creating economic benefits.
I. What had to be sacrificed, making a choice, the best of the rejected options.
K. Goods that are available in unlimited quantities and are received by people for free.
Task 6. Read the following statements carefully and indicate which of them are true and which are false.
1. The problem of limited resources will be solved when people can fully realize the achievements of scientific and technological progress.
2. At the same time, people's needs for various countries are the same.
3. The problem of choice exists only for manufacturers.
4. The wool used in the shawl knitting factory is capital.
5. Mandarins grown on a plantation can be considered as a factor of production.
6. Money is the most important resource needed in the production of economic goods.
7. Dividends are income received by the owner of labor from those who use it.
8. Interest is a return on capital.
Task 7. Find which of the following statements is correct.
1. The problem of limitation arises because:
a) when countries trade with each other, customs barriers are established to prevent the import of cheap goods;
b) there are always not enough resources to meet unlimited needs;
c) profits are not high enough to motivate producers to expand production;
d) sellers hold onto goods to raise prices.
2. Find an option that lists all three factors of production:
a) conveyor finished products in stock, sea water;
b) coal, steelmaker, money;
c) doctor, x-ray machine, medicines;
d) accountant, computer, earth.
3. Factors of production include:
a) money in the bank teller's safe;
b) conveyor line;
c) labor force;
d) the time spent on the production of goods;
e) uranium ore deposit.
Task 8. The country produces two types of goods: computers and toasters. Production options can be represented by a table:
| Options | Toasters (thousand pieces) | Computers (thousand pieces) |
| BUT | ||
| B | ||
| AT | ||
| G | ||
| D |
1) Plot the country's production possibilities curve with toasters on the vertical axis and computers on the horizontal axis. What is the shape of the production possibilities curve? Why?
2) Mark which of the following production options is possible, impossible, inefficient:
a) 80 thousand toasters and 20 thousand computers;
b) 50 thousand toasters and 22 thousand computers;
c) 20 thousand toasters and 35 thousand computers;
d) 60 thousand toasters and 30 thousand computers.
3) How will the position of the production possibilities curve change if:
a) the skill level of workers in both sectors will increase;
b) the number of people employed in the production of computers will increase due to the attraction of foreign workers;
c) modernized equipment will be used in the production of toasters;
d) a dictatorial regime will come to power in the country, which will prohibit the use of new technologies in the production of computers and toasters.
4) What is the opportunity cost of increasing the production of computers: from 20 thousand to 30 thousand pieces; from 10 thousand to 40 thousand pieces; from 30 thousand to 40 thousand pieces?
Similar information.
Municipal budgetary educational institution "Secondary school No. 8 of Krasnoarmeysk"
Task cards
on the topic "The Evolution of Capitalism"
Prepared by a teacher of history and social studies
Polyakova Tatyana Ivanovna
Card number 1.
For each of the above concepts and terms, select the appropriate definition.
Limited resources.
factors of production.
Capital.
Work.
economic benefits.
Free goods.
Earth.
Microeconomics.
Macroeconomics.
Competition.
A. Rivalry between producers of goods and services for markets for products and for income.
B. A branch of economic theory that studies the economy as a whole. It analyzes the problems of economic growth, poverty, inflation, and so on.
B. The branch of economics that makes value judgments about economic decisions and economic policy.
D. A branch of economic theory that studies the behavior of individual households, individual firms, as well as situations that arise in individual markets and industries.
E. Funds necessary to meet the needs of people and available to society in a limited amount.
E. Natural resources that can be used in production and are necessary for the production of economic goods.
G. Human behavior that implies the maximum result for given results or the minimization of costs while achieving a given result.
3. Factor of production, which includes man-made means of production.
I. A situation where there are not enough resources to meet people's needs.
K. Resources that people use to produce goods and services.
K. Factor of production, including people with their physical and mental abilities, which are used in the process of creating economic benefits.
M. Goods available in unlimited quantities and received by people for free.
N. What had to be sacrificed, making a choice, the best of the rejected options.
Card number 2.
Choose a definition for each term.
Economy.
factors of production.
Products.
Market.
Entrepreneur.
Limitation.
Services.
Alternative cost.
profitability motive.
Mixed economy.
economic model.
A. Visible and tangible objects that provide some value.
B. A place where sellers and buyers meet.
B. Encourages enterprises to produce things that are in demand.
D. Used to explain and predict economic events.
D. A way of organizing society that answers the questions WHAT, HOW, WHO.
E. Invisible and intangible objects of value.
G. The economic system in most democratic countries.
Z. One who takes risks for the sake of profit.
I. Lack of resources to meet the needs of all people.
K. The science of how to use limited resources to meet the needs and desires of people.
M. Something that must be sacrificed in order to receive a product or service.
L. Land, labor capital.
Card number 3.
Read the following statements and indicate which ones are true and which are false. Justify your choice.
The problem of limited resources will be solved when people can fully realize the achievements of scientific and technological progress.
Interest is a return on capital.
At the same time, the needs of people in different countries are the same.
Mandarins grown on plantations can be considered as a factor of production.
The object of macroeconomics is the regulation of money circulation.
To say that the unemployment rate this month is 7.8% is to make a normative judgment about a macroeconomic concept.
In countries with market economy planning is not allowed.
List of used literature.
Begeneeva T.P. Pourochnye developments in social science. M. "Wako". 2008.
Bogolyubov L.N., Lazebnikova A.Yu., Smirnova N.M. Social science. Textbook for educational institutions. M. "Enlightenment". 2011.
Kravchenko A.I. Social science. Textbook for grade 10 educational institutions. M. "Russian Word". 2010.
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Economic theory (practice)
Topic 1. "Subject, structure and functions of economic theory"
1. Select and justify the most complete and correct definition of the subject of economic theory:
a) Economics is the study of activities involving the production and exchange of goods.
b) Economics studies the variables whose behavior affects the state National economy(prices, production, employment, etc.).
c) Economics is the study of how society uses the limited resources needed to produce various goods in order to satisfy the needs of its members.
d) Economics studies money, banking system, capital.
Show what connection exists between these definitions of the subject matter of economic theory.
2. Why does society need economic theory? Doesn't engineering provide precise answers to all or most of the specific questions involved in solving practical tasks(when building a house on suburban area you are guided by knowledge of the construction business, not economics)?
3. By the titles of scientific works, determine which section of economic theory they represent: microeconomics or macroeconomics:
a) Edwin J. Dollan, Colin D. Campbell, Rosemary J. Campbell, Money, Banking, and Monetary Policy.
b) A. Pigou, "The Economic Theory of Welfare".
c) “Prices and pricing in a market economy”.
d) Klass Eklund, "Efficient Economics".
4. What does the concept of "microeconomics" include, and what does the concept of "macroeconomics" include:
a) inflation;
b) employment of the able-bodied population;
c) the laws of money circulation;
d) the dollar exchange rate in exchange offices;
e) principles of taxation;
f) the level of prices in Moscow retail markets;
and) the state budget 2000;
h) economic program government for a certain period?
5. What would you attribute to microeconomics and what to macroeconomics:
a) hidden unemployment at Russian enterprises, price index in 1993,
b) the volume of gross national product(GNP) for 1992,
c) the price of oil in January 1993, innovative activity firms, the price of metal (rolled products) in Chelyabinsk in March 1993?
6. When we say that the needs of people are increasing, what do we mean by this: quantitative changes in needs, qualitative changes, or both?
7. If each person received the amount of money they wanted, would this mean that the problem of scarcity ceased to exist?
8. Is it possible to believe that the pursuit of profit is a manifestation of pure egoism and harms society, its morality?
Test "True - False"
1. Soviet economy is a grandiose scientific experiment.
2. Economics is not a science and therefore it cannot be used in the management of the national economy.
3. An economic theory is correct when it is supported by politics.
4. The limited resources of mankind are absolute due to the limited nature of the globe.
5. Unlimited material needs are caused by limited resources.
6. The law of limited resources is the law of the rarity of minerals, which nature unevenly distributed over the territories and countries of the world.
7. The main goal of studying economic theory is to succeed in entrepreneurial activity.
8. Market forecast valuable papers, is carried out on the basis of an analysis of the relationship between solar activity and the location of celestial bodies, on the one hand, and the movement of the securities rate, on the other, is risky due to logical vulnerability.
9. Economics, being not an exact science, cannot use scientific methods of analysis.
10. Compared to the natural sciences, economics is more hands-on and less based on a fundamental theoretical framework.
11. The problem of limited resources will be solved when people can fully realize the achievements of scientific and technological progress.
12. At the same time, the needs of people in different countries are the same.
13. The problem of choice exists only for manufacturers.
14. The wool used in the factory for knitting scarves is capital.
15. Money is the most important resource needed in the production of economic goods.
16. Dividends are income received by the owner of labor from those who use it.
Bibliography
Lesson 23
28.10.2013 18339 0Goals: acquaint with economic entity trade and exchange, to characterize the modern forms of manifestation of capitalism; develop the ability to work with educational text; develop economic thinking in students.
Lesson type: combined.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
(The teacher names the topic of the lesson.)
Determine the content of the training material. ( Evolution - gradual development, which means in what forms capitalism was originally born, how they changed, what are its modern forms; what caused the change in these forms.)
We will consider the following questions:
1. Exchange and trade.
2. Historical types of economy.
3. Factors of influence on the phase of commercial capitalism.
4. Forms of modern capitalism.
II. Checking homework
Let's do some test tasks.
Runtime 10 minutes.
Test 1
1. Non-price competition provides for ...
a) an increase in product quality;
b) price reduction;
c) discounts, premiums;
d) giveaways.
2. In every economic system, the fundamental questions of “what, how and for whom to produce” are resolved at the micro and macro levels. Which of the proposed questions can be solved at the microeconomic level?
a) how to reach the level of full employment;
b) what and how much to produce;
c) how to get rid of inflation;
d) how to stimulate economic growth.
3. Set the correspondence between the characteristics of economic systems and their types.
a) when countries trade with each other, customs barriers are established to prevent the import of cheap goods;
b) there are always not enough resources to meet unlimited needs;
c) profits are not high enough to motivate producers to expand production;
d) sellers hold onto goods to raise prices.
5. The alternative cost of keeping money in a banker's safe...
a) is equal to zero, since money is not a factor of production;
b) grows if the interest on deposits in banks grows;
c) falls if the interest on bank deposits increases;
d) falls if the interest on loans rises.
6. Price competition involves...
b) additional guarantees;
c) price reduction;
d) product quality.
7. In a market economy, in contrast to the command-administrative economy, the manufacturer characterizes ...
a) economic conduct of business;
b) economic independence;
c) observance of work ethics;
d) the desire to improve skills.
8. The economic systems that exist in society are distinguished by a sign ...
a) the volume of investments in the economy;
b) the way in which scarce resources are distributed;
c) quantity money supply in circulation;
d) the level of qualification of workers.
9. Match the example economic activity and economic system.
10. The opportunity cost of a good is measured...
a) the cost of resources for the production of this product;
b) the amount of money spent on the production of this product;
c) the quantity of another commodity that had to be abandoned in order to produce another commodity.
Test 2
1. Economics as a science studies ...
a) the historical aspect of the development of society;
b) legal laws;
c) the development of science and technology;
d) various aspects economic relations of people.
2. A necessary sign of a market economy is ...
a) free pricing;
b) use of resource-saving technologies;
c) high quality products;
G) foreign economic activity states.
3. Are the following statements correct?
A. Manufacturers' competition does not affect the quality of goods.
B. Competition influences the setting of market prices.
a) only A is true;
b) only B is true;
c) both A and B are true;
d) both statements are wrong.
5. Which of the above characteristics does not apply to a market economy?
a) competition;
b) central planning;
c) private property;
d) freedom of enterprise.
6. Problems of "what, how and for whom to produce" can be relevant ...
a) only to a planned-directive economy;
b) only to a market economy;
c) only to a backward economy;
d) to any society, regardless of its socio-economic and political organization.
7. the main problem economics is...
b) resources are unlimited;
d) only in underdeveloped countries there are deficit problems.
8. In the state of Ecoland, economic benefits have been produced since time immemorial in the old-fashioned way, the profession is determined at birth. In this state...
a) the traditional economy;
b) market economy;
c) command economy;
d) mixed economy.
9. The state in a command-administrative economy...
a) legalizes dominance single form property;
b) provides the economic independence of the manufacturer;
c) develop laws restricting the activities of monopolies.
10. If all human and material resources are involved in production, then increase the volume of production of some product ...
a) it is possible only at private enterprises, and not at state ones;
b) only in conditions of rising prices;
c) impossible under any circumstances;
d) it is possible if the production of some other products is reduced.
Test 3
1. The main problem of the economy is that ...
a) human desires are limited;
b) resources are unlimited;
c) people must always make choices when using limited resources;
d) only underdeveloped countries have a deficit problem.
2. When economists talk about the need to save, they mean...
6 Lesson developments in social studies
a) creating savings;
b) extracting the maximum profit from what is available;
c) the study of economics;
d) the need to spend as little as possible.
3. Opportunity cost is the cost of a good or service measured by...
a) price index;
b) inflation;
c) the price of the purchased goods;
d) what must be sacrificed in order to acquire a product or service.
4. Limitation is a problem that...
a) exists only in poor countries;
b) only poor people have it;
c) all people and societies have it;
d) never occurs in rich people.
5. Life on the edge living wage more typical of...
a) market economy;
b) traditional economy;
c) centralized economy;
d) the economies of highly developed countries.
6. The production possibilities curve illustrates...
a) the impact of scarcity and opportunity cost on society;
b) the advantages of producing one good instead of another;
c) change in the price of various products;
d) the opportunity cost of producing either one or the other good.
7. Payment for the use of capital or profit from its use is called ...
a) rent;
b) salary;
c) percentage;
d) profit.
8. People and businesses influence production...
a) in a market economy;
b) in the traditional economy;
c) in a centralized economy;
d) in all economic systems.
9. About 100 years ago, a famous economist proposed a theory that links unemployment to sunspots. This theory is...
a) opportunity cost in action;
b) the production possibility curve;
c) factors of production;
d) economic model.
10. Fairyland S. produces fishing rods and fishing line. All people have jobs and factories are running at full capacity. If the ruler of this country wants to produce more rods, what advice would you give him?
a) reduce the production of fishing line;
b) increase the production of fishing line;
c) give an order to produce more fishing rods;
d) under no circumstances increase the production of fishing rods.
Evaluation criteria:
For each incorrect answer, the score is reduced by 1 point. Answers:
Test 1: 1 a, 2 b, 3 BABAB, 4 b, 5 b, 6 c, 7 b, 8 b, 9 BABAB, 10 V. Test 2: 1b, 2d, 3c, 4c, 5b, 6d, 7c, 8a, 9a, 10d.
Test 3: 1 c, 2 b, 3 d, 4 c, 5 b, 6 d, 7 c, 8 a, 9 d, 10 d.
At this time, several students complete the task on the cards.
Card 1
For each of the above concepts and terms, select the appropriate definition.
1. Limited resources.
2. Factors of production.
3. Capital.
4. Labor.
5. Economic benefits.
6. Free goods.
7. Earth.
8. Microeconomics.
9. Macroeconomics.
10. Competition.
A. Rivalry between producers of goods and services for markets for products and for income.
B. A branch of economic theory that studies the economy as a whole. It analyzes the problems of economic growth, poverty, inflation, etc.
B. A branch of economics that makes value judgments about economic decisions and economic policies.
D. A branch of economic theory that studies the behavior of individual households, individual firms, as well as situations that arise in individual markets and industries.
E. Funds necessary to meet the needs of people and available to society in a limited amount.
E. Natural resources that can be used in production and that are necessary for the production of economic goods: land, water, forests, natural resource deposits, etc.
G. Human behavior that implies the maximum result for given results or the minimization of costs while achieving a given result.
3. Factor of production, which includes man-made means of production: machine tools, equipment, industrial buildings, tools, raw materials, semi-finished products, etc.
I. A situation where there are not enough resources to meet people's needs.
K. Resources that people use to produce goods and services.
J.I. Factor of production, which includes people with their physical and mental abilities, which are used in the process of creating economic benefits.
M. Goods available in unlimited quantities and received by people for free.
H. What had to be sacrificed by making a choice, the best of the rejected options.
Correct answer:1 3.2 I, 3 F, 4 K, 5 D, 6 JI, 7 D, 8 C, 9 B, 10 A.
Card 2
Read the following statements and indicate which ones are true and which are false. Justify your choice.
I. The problem of limited resources will be solved when people can fully realize the achievements of scientific and technological progress.
2. Interest is a return on capital.
3. At the same time, the needs of people in different countries are the same.
4. Mandarins grown on plantations can be considered as a factor of production.
5. The object of macroeconomics is the regulation of money circulation.
6. To say that the unemployment rate this month is 7.8% is to make a normative judgment about the macroeconomic concept.
7. In countries with market economies, planning is unacceptable.
Correct statements 2,4, 5. The remaining statements are erroneous.
Card 3
Choose a definition for each term.
1. Economy.
2. Economic system.
3. Factors of production.
4. Goods.
5. Market.
6. Entrepreneur.
7. Limited.
8. Services.
9. Opportunity cost.
10. Profitability motive.
11. Mixed economy.
12. Economic model.
A. Visible and tangible items of value.
B. A place where sellers and buyers meet.
B. Encourages businesses to produce things that are in demand.
D. Used to explain and predict economic events.
E. A way of organizing society that answers the questions What, How, Who.
E. Invisible and intangible objects of value.
G. The economic system in most democratic countries.
3. Someone who takes risks for profit.
I. Lack of resources to meet the needs of all people.
K. The science of how to use limited resources to meet the needs and desires of people.
M. Something that must be sacrificed in order to receive a product or service.
J.I. Land, labor, capital.
Answers: 1 K, 2 D, 3 L, 4 A, 5 B, 6 3, 7 I, 8 E, 9 M, 10 C, 11 F, 12 D.
Oral responses:
1. Types of economic system.
2. Factors of production.
III. Learning new material
1. Exchange and trade
Read the text of Kravchenko's textbook on p. 73.
Name the common and different in exchange and trade.
So,
1. The exchange compensates for the shortage of necessary things for both exchanging parties.
2. Trading is for profit.
3. Equal to equal is exchanged; sell what is in demand.
4. Exchange and trade - the first two phases of the development of capitalism.
2. Historical types of economy
In primitive society, the economy was initially appropriating, and after the Neolithic revolution it became productive. But for a long time the economy was natural, , i.e., everything that was produced on the farm was consumed within it. Natural exchange dominated, when the surplus of one product was exchanged for the necessary product.
As the complexity of production, the expansion of the names of manufactured products, there was a need for an intermediary. The role of an intermediary-equivalent was played by goods that were in high demand in a given area or were extremely rare. For example, the ancestors of the Udmurt people, who lived on the Vyatka River, had squirrel skins - “horses” as such an equivalent. In the modern Udmurt language, money is called "kondon".
Gradually the exchange takes monetary form. And the role of the equivalent passed to precious metals. At the same time, a social group is formed that has become an intermediary in the exchange - merchants. In Kievan Rus they were called "guests". Cities became centers of trade. In any country, they arose primarily at the crossroads of trade routes or at places of crossing water barriers.
Read the textbook on p. 74-77.
What is the economic and political significance of trade in human history? (Cities became centers of crafts and trade, written legislation appeared, the third estate was formed, the foundation was laid for the development of industry, colonial trade was a higher stage in the development of the institute of trade, wholesale trade.)
Merchant capitalism formed a sufficient basis for the development of industrial capitalism. Commodity production appears: money is invested in the production of goods for profit.
3. Factors of influence on the phase of commercial capitalism
Read the textbook on p. 78.
On what factors does the duration of the commercial capitalism phase depend?
Give examples from the history of Russia and foreign countries.
(In conclusion, the teacher explains what a product is and what
properties the product has.)
Product - This is a thing or service intended not for own consumption, but for sale. A commodity has two properties: value and use value.
Price - is the amount of socially necessary time spent on the production of a good or service.Use value- this is the need, the usefulness of the thing.
By what property do we compare a product when we say that one product is more expensive than the second, and why by this property?(By value, because it is a quantitative characteristic and can be compared. Use value - this concept is largely subjective, that is, for an individual, the usefulness of a thing is determined by his preferences.)
4. Forms of modern capitalism
Read the textbook on p. 80. Write down the modern forms of capitalism.
IV. Consolidation of the studied material
Discussion of questions 4, 6, 7, p. 80-81.
Homework
Textbook Kravchenko: § 10, workshop.
