A special process of control, which consists of preparatory-organizational, technological and evaluation-final stages.
The preparatory and organizational stage includes: development of local internal regulatory documents for control, planning and programming of control, regulatory and reference and methodological support for control practice, technical support control works.
The technological stage involves the use of methods, forms and tools of control, with the help of which the results of control will be interpreted and systematized.
In the evaluation and final stage of on-farm control, the results of control are summarized and formalized, followed by their transfer to the management of the economic entity for making effective management decisions, and then monitoring their implementation, etc.
Consequently, the process of on-farm control in the meat processing industry is a system that functions using material, labor and intellectual values. Therefore, this process must be rationally organized, i.e. all elements of the system must be ordered, brought into a single whole, function interconnectedly, is in functional dependence. Thus, we can talk about the scientific organization of the process internal control at meat processing plants.
Limitation of the scientific organization of the process by the development and implementation of individual elements of the NOT,
in our opinion, it is not justified, since it does not contribute to the introduction of technical progress in the organization and methodology of internal control.
In today's conditions of doing business and developing the organization management system, the scientific organization of the internal control process should include the organization, management and maintenance of this process.
Thus, the scientific organization of on-farm control, labor and its payment in control activities consists in creating methodological and organizational prerequisites for the effectiveness of on-farm control in order not only to establish accounting and reporting data on a controlled object, but also to actively influence control on the adoption of objective, scientifically sound management decisions at meat processing enterprises to regulate the production process.
Literature
1. Logic and methodology of system research. Kyiv: Odessa: High school, 1977.
2. Ovsyannikov L.N. Audit and revision as methods financial control// Accountant's desktop auditor. 2000. No. 2.
3. Skobara V.V. Audit: Methodology and organizations., 1998.
4. Khorokhordin N.N. Methodology of internal audit in an organization // Auditorskie Vedomosti. 2006. No. 6.
5. Khoruzhy L.I., Bobkova E.V. Audit of production costs in agriculture // Auditorskie Vedomosti. 2006. No. 9.
THE ROLE OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE FORMATION OF RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC SECURITY STRATEGY
A.A. YAKOVLEV, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
08.00.05 - economics and management of the national economy Reviewer Doctor of Economics, Professor, Honored Economist of the Russian Federation A.E. SUGLOBOV
Annotation. A comprehensive assessment of the system is given externally. economic ties states in the formation of a general concept of economic security (on the example of Russia). Taking into account the fact that the formation of the modern system of world economic relations takes place within the framework of the “neoliberal” world economic order, the gradual democratization of the external economic sphere has allowed Western countries to restructure their national economies and take leading positions in the system. international relations. Comparison of macroeconomic indicators shows that Russia occupies a modest position
in the system of international exchange, which indicates the need to update individual elements of the economic security complex (foreign economic aspect).
Keywords: system of foreign economic relations, concept of economic security, democratization of the foreign economic sphere, macroeconomic indicators, international exchange system.
ROLE OF EXTERNAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN FORMING OF STRATEGY OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF RUSSIA
Candidate of science (economics), assistant professor (Moscow university of Ministry of internal affairs, Russia)
Abstract. In this article complex valuation of system of external economic relations of state in forming of general conception of economic security (concerning Russia) is taken. Because of the emerging of nowadays system of international economic relations in the channel of neoliberal world economic order, staged democratization of external economic sphere allowed to western states to revise their national economies and to occupy leading positions in the system of international relations. A comparison of macroeconomic indicators shows that Russia occupies low positions in the system of international exchange. Above says mentioned about actualization of some elements of complex of economic security (external economic aspect).
Key words: system of external economic relations, conception of economic security, democratization of external economic sphere, macroeconomic indicators, system of international exchange.
The modern phased transition of Russia to market system management is accompanied by an automatic increase in the country's involvement in the global economy. These processes are taking place in the context of liberalization externally economic activity and in conditions when the interdependence of states in absolutely all aspects of social relations is significantly increasing in the world. The corresponding changes are called globalization. Globalization is a very contradictory and complex complex that opens up a number of specific opportunities for a particular state. On the one hand, globalization as a kind of progressive process ensures achievements in the field of the latest technologies which, if they are freely exchanged through industrial cooperation and trade and oriented towards the satisfaction of the needs of citizens, can contribute to the progressive development of all mankind. However, on the other hand, globalization also has a number of negative trends, which are manifested, among other things, in the displacement of market mechanisms by non-market activities, which in some cases leads to gaining advantages of strong states over weak ones.
So, within the framework of globalization, the structures of national production, as well as finance, become more interdependent as a result of an increase in the number of foreign economic transactions. This interweaving of relationships can also lead to the emergence of a new system of international division of labor, in which the progressive development of national economic mechanisms becomes more dependent on the activities of economic entities of other states. The current level of global integration is significantly different
ranked, both by country and region, and by individual markets. At the same time, as arguments for industrial developed countries there are many more opportunities to benefit from participating in this process. Countries that are not leaders, which include Russia and other post-Soviet states, cannot compete with the leading participants in global integration and are forced to adapt to the globalization process on the rights of third parties.
The formation of the modern system of world economic relations takes place within the framework of the so-called neoliberal world economic order. At the same time, Russia and other CIS countries are being targeted by the world economic centers (North America, Western Europe, Southeast and East Asia) and international economic organizations: IMF, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), WTO, etc. The neoliberal model of globalization is built on a rigid monetarist basis. The spontaneous market mechanism is proclaimed as the main regulator of development, while national economic sovereignty and a significant part of the state's functions of regulating the economy are considered its founders - dying categories1.
A phased well-coordinated system of liberalization of the foreign economic sphere has allowed a number of Western countries to competently rebuild their national economic complexes and take leading positions in the system of world economic relations. In other countries, including Russia and other CIS states currently in transition, liberalization is actually promoted and promoted by the West at an accelerated pace (without taking into account national
ny features). As a result, the inclusion of these countries in the world economy is complex and contradictory and is usually accompanied by an intra-economic crisis.
Comparison of the main macroeconomic indicators gives convincing grounds to state that Russia (and other post-Soviet states) occupy insignificant positions in the modern world economy and are not the main participants in the international exchange system. Thus, the total share of the CIS countries in world exports of goods is about 2% (including Russia accounts for up to 1.5%). The share of Russia in world imports of goods is less than 1%. In world trade in services, these states occupy even more unstable positions. Russia is primarily involved in the cross-border movement of capital from the CIS countries, although its role in this area is also insignificant. These indicators testify to the extremely weak contribution of the CIS countries to the formation of the modern world economy. Without further discussion, it becomes clear why, with a population of about 300 million people, these states remain in the last positions in the hierarchy of the world economic system.
The modern globalization of the world economy has feature- relatively dynamic development of international trade. The approximate value of world exports now exceeds $7 trillion. USD. In the world market, the system of exchange occurs mainly in three groups of goods: finished products, minerals and agricultural products. The position of each country in world economic relations is characterized, among other things, by the share of its commodity exports. Taking into account the fact that Russia and the CIS countries are in different socio-economic conditions compared to the leaders of the world economy complex, the adaptation of existing national economic complexes to the common process of globalization of the world economy. Adaptation in this case means, first of all, the need for an objective increase in national competitiveness (so that Russia and other CIS countries can take an adequate place in the world community). At present, “to be competitive in the world community” for each country mainly means ensuring consumer and price characteristics of a product or service comparable to the world level, regardless of whether they are intended for a market: internal or external. Such adaptation helps to increase the economic security of the countries of the former USSR, including Russia, and strengthen their positions in the world economic system.
Foreign economic relations modern Russia make a significant contribution to the domestic economy
economic growth and largely determine the state and prospects of the domestic economy. Today, the main part of the products of the basic industries (liquid fuel, metal, chemical fertilizers, natural gas and timber) is sold on foreign markets, up to half of the consumer and more than a fifth of the investment domestic market is provided through imports.
With the current structure of domestic exports, Russia is unable to keep pace with the advanced world in the dynamics of commodity exchange. Even in the products of the chemical industry, Russia does not have a wide range, exporting mainly fertilizers. It all turns around negative consequences as for foreign trade, and the entire economy of the country:
F the bias in the domestic industry in favor of the industries for the extraction and primary processing of raw materials is increasing to the detriment of the manufacturing industries;
The terms of trade for Russia are deteriorating due to faster growth in world prices for finished products than for raw materials, while imported goods are paid for by a growing amount of (mostly non-renewable) fuel and raw materials;
Ф the rate of Russia's foreign trade exchange lags behind world indicators (the share of Russia in international trade decreased over the 1990s from 2.5 to 1.2%);
- the real threat to the Russian economy is growing as a result of its high vulnerability due to constant changes in the external economic situation and fluctuations in prices on the world oil market; actually the fate of Russian exports, federal budget and pace economic growth countries have become significantly dependent on a single export resource2.
The overall structure of Russian imports also differs significantly from the structure of imports of a number of developed and developing countries. In terms of imports of food and agricultural raw materials, Russia exceeds the share in imports major countries about 2 times. At the same time, due to food imports, Russia forms about half of the resources of the retail trade turnover of the food products sector. It can be noted that Russia's imports, if evaluated by the share of engineering products, are quite comparable with the estimated indicators of industrialized and developing countries. However, before the crisis of 1998, a significant part of the import of such products was not investment goods, but consumer durables (cars, household appliances, etc.). Thus, Russia and other countries of the former USSR will have to decide to what extent the state, focusing on the overall openness of the economy, can (and perhaps should) use a set of means
protectionism, protecting the domestic producer of both goods and services.
The current situation around Russia's foreign economic activity is characterized by the intensification of a number of new negative trends. The emphasis in the strategy of Western countries towards Russia is gradually shifting from the sphere of military-political confrontation to the economy. In cooperation with our country, one can clearly see the desire of Western partners to achieve unilateral advantages, curb Russia's economic development, covertly penetrate industries that are strategically important for ensuring the country's security, and eliminate competitive Russian producers from world markets3.
So, in the context of the globalization of the world economy, when global (global) markets (currency, material and raw materials, labor, food) are almost constantly being formed, the national economies of both Russia and other CIS countries have still not been able to develop a competent set of measures to protection of national-state interests (adequate to the current situation). Hence the many failures of these countries involved in the global market mechanism. Understanding the potential dangers associated with globalization and the need to adapt to the new conditions of internationalization of the economic sphere sets the task for Russia and other countries of the former USSR to develop a joint well-coordinated foreign economic strategy. Its implementation within the CIS can be the best response to the conditions of globalization, it will allow revealing and using the advantages of multilateral integration ties in order to adapt to the conditions of the global market mechanism with minimal losses.
The world economic positions of any country, including Russia, are determined to a decisive extent by the international competitiveness of the national economy. In order to be considered competitive in foreign trade, it is necessary to ensure the optimal level of the system for protecting the interests of national producers, i.e. seek to create a complex of national economic security in the foreign trade sphere. Modern Russia has a significant industrial potential. However, most of its industries (mainly manufacturing) are not competitive enough. As a result, in the coming years it will also act in international trade as a supplier of raw materials and a consumer of finished products. The existing economic and foreign trade structures of Russia will not make it possible to ensure sustainable economic development and significantly strengthen its economic security, including in the foreign economic sphere.
The current model of Russia's participation in international trade, unfortunately, does not contribute to a radical restructuring of the entire structure of the country's foreign trade turnover, primarily the export direction, in the direction of increasing the share of engineering products and goods with a deeper degree of processing. Opportunities for stable economic growth and changes in the current position of Russia in world markets largely depend on how the competitiveness of the entire domestic industry will increase. And this can only be achieved if the country unequivocally turns to an innovative development model through the intensive use of scientific and technical potential, the full-scale development of high technologies and, accordingly, a significant restructuring of the structure of production and foreign economic relations.
Further following in the wake of inertial processes for Russia is fraught with a slowdown in economic growth, a constant lag behind other countries in the field of scientific and technological progress, a decrease in both the efficiency and the level of competitiveness of domestic production, and, consequently, the well-being of the entire population, which ultimately can lead to to the complete loss of the country's ability for independent development, its consolidation in the positions of a raw material appendage of other advanced countries. In order to ensure Russia's economic security in the global world, it will inevitably have to carry out perestroika in the near future strategically. economic mechanism and abandon the role of a source of resources in the complex of international economic relations. But this will require the development of a new foreign economic strategy focused on the consistent implementation of both existing and potential competitive opportunities on international markets.
1 Economic security of Russia: General course: Textbook / Ed. VC. Senchagov. 2nd ed. M.: Delo, 2005. S. 468.
2 Ibid. pp. 472-473.
3 Ibid. S. 474.
Literature
1. Bogomolov V.A. etc. Economic security: textbook. manual for students of universities studying in the specialties of economics and management / Ed. V.A. Bogomolov. 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: UNITY-DANA, 2010.
2. Legal basis for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation: Monograph / Yu.I. Avdeev, S.V. Alenkin, V.V. Aleshin and others]; Ed. prof. A.V. Opa left. M.: UNITI-DANA, 2004.
3. Economic security of Russia: General course: Textbook / Ed. VC. Senchagov. 2nd ed. M., 2005.
4. Economic and National Security: Textbook / Ed. L.P. Goncharenko. M., 2007.
ThesisThesis: content author of the dissertation research: Candidate of Economic Sciences, Borodovskaya, Marina Borisovna
Introduction.
Chapter 1 Foreign economic relations of Russia: the current stage.
1. Foreign economic relations as a factor in the country's economic development.
2. Foreign trade: development trend.
3. Capital migration (investment in Russia; capital flight from Russia).
4. The role of international economic organizations.
Chapter 2. National economic security: foreign economic parameters.
1. Foreign economic security as the most important component of economic security.
2. The main directions and indicators of ensuring Russia's foreign economic security.
3. Foreign economic sphere of Russia and ensuring financial security.
4. Relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security.
Thesis: introduction to economics, on the topic "Economic security of Russia in the field of foreign economic relations"
At present, Russia is on the way to the formation of a qualitatively new organization economic relations and connections, economic mechanisms and institutional structures. The inclusion of Russia in the global economic system is an objective process of the country's integration into the system of world economic relations, the need to "open" Western markets for domestic products and increase the competitiveness of our industry. It is the potential of this increase in the context of the lack of alternatives to the task of realizing comparative advantages Russian economy, the possibility of developing competitive industries of national specialization and this is the main benefit that Russia will receive from being included in world economic processes.
Following the transformation of the former socio-economic relations, there is an evolution of views on what constitutes the economy as a self-developing system, what tasks in the field of foreign economic relations and economic security should be solved by the state and by what means.
The current situation in the domestic economy determines the relevance of systematizing the preliminary results of Russia's economic development at the turn of the century, makes it possible to compare the place in the world economy that the country occupied earlier and occupies today, to assess the extent of Russia's involvement in world economic relations and the degree of its security.
In this regard, it is important to highlight four main areas that require the most attention in the study of economic security.
First, foreign trade and its impact on economic development countries. It has become almost universally recognized that foreign economic relations act as a powerful amplifier of development trends. In the context of an upswing, these ties reinforce the favorable market situation, stimulate technological progress in the country, lead to cost reductions and improve the quality of products, promote progressive changes in branch structure; during periods of recession and crisis - on the contrary, exacerbate economic difficulties.
Secondly, the migration of capital and the problem of financial security. Consideration of this problem allows us to talk about the causes, motives and consequences of capital flight, as well as to explore the quantity and quality of foreign investment, methods of attracting them and the reasons for their low volume.
Thirdly, the impact of participation in international economic organizations on the development of the country's economy. The economic relations of Russia with different regions of the world have their own specifics, especially today, due to changes both in Russia itself and in the outside world, as well as the fact that structural adaptation to the world economy of Russia takes place in much more difficult conditions than in Western European or East Asian states .
Fourth, the relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security. Modern facts show that even countries that are successfully developing and integrating with the world economy are at great risk, fully opening their economies to international capital flows. But this does not mean a call for isolation, but only for the optimal opening of the country's economy.
In the domestic economic literature Recently, issues related to foreign economic relations and economic security have been widely covered. It is traditional to consider individual aspects of these processes, while, however, the systematization of all issues into a single interconnected whole has not been achieved.
The problem of studying the foreign economic relations of Russia and issues of its economic security is presented in detail in the works on common problems world economy and security issues of domestic authors: Abakina JL, Anikina A., Vasilyeva N., Glazyev S. Gusakova N. Ilarionova A., Kireeva A., Oleinikova E., Olsevich Yu. Popov V. Porokhovsky A., Senchagova V. , Sidorovich A. Faminsky I. Cherkovets O. Yasin E. and others, as well as foreign authors: Lindert P., Pebro M. Sachs J., Fischer S. and others."
The official publications of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, publications in scientific journals, and the work of leading Russian and Western economists were used as the basis for analysis and systematization. The study used official documents of the Russian government, materials and statistics from the Customs Committee, the Bank of Russia and other departments of the country.
The subject of the research is the economic security of Russia in the field of foreign economic relations. At the same time, the object of research is specific phenomena that are highlighted for detailed study in this work: foreign trade and its impact on the economic development of the country; capital migration and the problem of financial security; the impact of participation in international economic organizations on the development of the Russian economy; the relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security.
The purpose of the study is to analyze and systematize the general trends in the functioning of foreign trade, capital migration and their impact on the economic security of the Russian Federation.
The implementation of the research goal involves the solution of the following tasks:
To study, generalize and systematize the main approaches to the problems of Russia's foreign economic relations and economic security, available in domestic and foreign literature;
Identify and analyze the main trends in the development of Russia's foreign trade and its impact on the country's economic security;
Establish the importance of financial security for countries with economies in transition;
Determine the role of international economic organizations in the development of the country's economy;
Explore the possibility of forming an open economy while maintaining the country's economic security.
The purpose and objectives of the study involve the use of the dialectical method, which allows us to systematize the problems of foreign economic relations and economic security not only at the moment, but also in development. At the same time, the paper provides an economic analysis of the country specifics of Russia in the conduct of foreign trade, capital migration and their relationship with economic security.
The theoretical basis of the research is fundamental works in the field of economic theory, monographs and articles by domestic and foreign scientists on methodological, theoretical and applied problems of foreign economic relations and economic security. For the purpose of comparative analysis, the work widely used legislative and regulations, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. decrees of the government of the Russian Federation, State Duma, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, Central Bank and other government bodies of the Russian Federation.
The information base of the work was the reference and statistical materials of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, materials of the periodical press, analytical reports.
The dissertation attempts to systematize various approaches to the development of economic security in the field of foreign economic relations.
The scientific novelty of the topic is as follows:
1. The main trends in the development of foreign trade and its impact on the country's economic security are identified, which allows us to speak about the importance of foreign economic relations in ensuring the country's security. A trend towards a gradual decrease in the share of raw materials and materials and an increase in the share of engineering products in Russia's exports has been determined.
2. The special importance of financial security for countries with economies in transition is established, a comparative analysis of the relationship between capital migration and financial security in transition economy Russia. Several main reasons for the low volume of foreign investment in the Russian economy are identified.
3. The role of international economic organizations in the development of the country's economy is analyzed and the significant impact of international organizations on the economic development of Russia and on its relations with different countries is proved. Priority country directions for Russia at the present stage are determined.
4. The inconsistency of opening the economy and strengthening its economic security, especially in countries with economies in transition, has been studied and theoretically substantiated.
The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation can be used in the educational process when reading courses World economy, International economic relations, as well as special courses on economic, financial and international security.
The main provisions of the work were reported at the scientific-practical conference New trends in political life and the economic security of Russia at the Faculty of Economics of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia and were published in the form of abstracts in the conference proceedings in 1998; at the Department of Economic Theory of the IPPK MGU, where two articles were also published in the collections Problems of the Transitional Economy - Issues Two and Three; at the department political economy Faculty of Economics, Moscow State University.
Conceptual approaches and conclusions of the study are reflected in publications on the topic of the dissertation, with a total volume of 1.5 pp.
The logic of the presentation of the material in the dissertation work is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. It allows through the prism of analysis of foreign economic relations and economic security to show their relationship. For this, four main areas were identified, which were analyzed in each of the chapters in accordance with their impact on foreign economic relations and the country's economic security. Special influence focuses on the problem of Russia's inclusion in world economic relations and the impact of this inclusion on the country's economic security.
The turn of the century, although somewhat formal, seems to be a very convenient occasion for summing up the preliminary results of Russia's economic development in the outgoing century, comparing the place in the world economy that the country occupied a century ago and occupies today, assessing the scale of truly enormous shifts that have occurred over the past century. this is the time to formulate the most important lessons.
Thesis: conclusion on the topic "Economic theory", Borodovskaya, Marina Borisovna
Conclusion
Radical economic transformations, cardinal changes in the geopolitical position of Russia after the collapse of the USSR, the formation of a qualitatively new basis for the interaction of the domestic economy with the world economy, the implementation of a set of measures to bring the economy out of the crisis significantly increased the interconnection of the directions of economic security identified by the author in the field of foreign economic relations.
Inclusion in the world economic processes is a complex and lengthy process for every national economy, including the Russian one, but it corresponds to the leading trends in world development and national interests.
As production is internationalized, national economic security is increasingly linked to international economic security. This was clearly demonstrated not only by the financial crises spreading all over the world, regardless of the level of development of the economy of the country that is affected, but also by the military conflicts that have swept over the European and Asian continents over the past three years. It should be noted that hostilities are often a prerequisite for surges and falls in quotations on the stock and commodity exchanges of the leading countries of the world.
Behind the concept of internationalization of economic life today is the effective functioning of a multi-level global system of economic relations, uniting individual countries into a global complex, in which the degree of closeness of their economic interaction is in accordance with the level of economic progress they have achieved. The study of the patterns of formation of these ties and the prospects for their further development gives grounds to assert that the general trend of the world economy is the movement towards economic rapprochement and unification. individual countries into a single world economic complex.
As a result of the expansion of world economic relations, the total amount of resources that the country has is changing, their material form is being transformed, and the possibilities of borrowing knowledge are increasing.
It is necessary to develop a concept of economic security, which is based on the highest long-term national-state interests. In this regard, it is inextricably linked with ideas about the future of the country, about the socio-economic model that should be formed as a result of the ongoing changes and which acts as a social ideal.
When determining specific tools and mechanisms for ensuring economic security, it is necessary to take into account the threats to economic security formulated above, as well as to take into account the short-term or long-term nature of these threats, the possibility of preventing them in the present period and preventing them in the future, given that Russia is on the way to forming open economy, liberalization of foreign trade.
The paper presents an analysis of a number of current trends in the development of foreign economic relations and economic security. It should be emphasized that the analysis is based both on the work of Russian and foreign scientists who have been studying this problem for several years. as well as on the systematization of statistical data published by official Russian and foreign publications.
The current trends identified by the author indicate that. despite the predominance of fuel and raw materials in Russian export, which, of course, is a reflection of the real competitive advantages of the country in the international division of labor in the last decade. Russia began to enter the international market of goods and services with modern engineering products, finished products and, of course, highly qualified specialists in applied and theoretical fields.
When developing a promising externally economic policy import policy should be reformulated. The approach to imports should be differentiated depending on the national economic and social significance of a particular product; a decisive course is needed to develop import-substituting and vital important industries on goods that Russia can and should produce itself in sufficient quantities.
The supreme dog of the state and its key function is to ensure the stability of society, its self-preservation and development, and to repel possible threats to the country's security. In this case, anticipation of yet emerging dangers, and not passive following of events, is of decisive importance. In order to implement such an approach in practice, it is necessary to clearly define a system of indicators, or indicators of economic security. The development of a system of such indicators is one of the most important policy instruments for ensuring the country's economic security.
The problem of Russia's security in the foreign economic sphere is directly related to the success of solving the problems of financial stabilization and entering the trajectory of economic growth.
This is especially important during the transition period to market economy, characterized by weak protection of Russian producers from the expansion of imported goods into Russian market, discriminatory restrictions on exporting their own products, and flight Russian capital abroad.
One of the most important criteria for the economic security of countries with economies in transition is their financial security, which consists of such components as currency and credit security, which includes the entire range of currency and credit relations of the state with the outside world and its internal debt, between which a certain relationship can be traced; attraction of foreign investments, which, despite the unfavorable investment climate, the flow of Russian capital from the domestic economy, the low level of transport and telecommunications infrastructure and corruption, began to increase after the 1998 crisis; the outflow of capital abroad, the causes of which are diverse and affect both the basic foundations of the transition economy, the specifics of monetary and financial instruments for regulating foreign economic activity, and the psychology of the behavior of market entities. investors, their confidence in government policy, in the stability of the national currency, etc.
One of the main problems of countries with economies in transition is their particular financial instability during periods of global crises and cataclysms. as a result of which they suffer enormous financial losses. This can be prevented by using preventive measures to improve the economic, legal and political situation in the country. Otherwise, the aggravation of this problem, the delay in making the necessary decisions and documents can cause great harm to reforms in the country, undermine its economic security and independence.
Skillful and timely adoption of comprehensive measures on the above problems can help reduce the need to attract foreign capital, resolve non-payments, quickly repay foreign debt, revitalize the investment process and restructure the economy, expand the tax base and increase tax revenues to the budget.
The work analyzed the role of international organizations in the development of the country's economy. It should be noted that the economic relations of Russia with different regions of the world, of course, have their own specifics due to changes both in Russia itself and in the outside world.
By the end of the 20th century, several dozen economic integration groupings had emerged in the world. Thanks to these really and effectively functioning integration groupings, it can be assumed that in the near future world economic relations will be a set of macroeconomic groupings that use the advantages of economic integration in various combinations of types and forms.
The work identified several priority country and integration areas in Russia's foreign economic policy. Undoubtedly, one of the main directions is the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and integration groupings, including these countries - Asia Pacific, APEC, ASEAN. Interaction with these countries and groups allows Russia not only to improve the structure of exports (high technology, weapons, machinery and equipment), but also to act as an equal partner in relations, which by no means can be said about relations with the leading Western powers.
The next, no doubt important, area is the relationship within the CIS, where Russia acts not only as a partner, but also as a leader. The export structure, of course, includes not only raw materials, but also high technologies, weapons, machinery and equipment, and components.
Russia's participation in international economic integration groupings means agreement not only to adhere to certain world trade standards, but also to significant changes within the country: in its economy and economic policy, including legal support entrepreneurial activity, support of competition, protection of property rights in all its forms and manifestations.
The relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security is clearly manifested during periods of global crises, exacerbation of military conflicts and other global cataclysms. Due to the fact that the opening of the country implies the liberalization of its economic policy, free access for foreigners to the domestic market and domestic entrepreneurs to the world market, the mutual flow of capital, i.e. the removal of almost all previously existing restrictions, the question arises of the optimal opening of the country's economy in view of ensuring economic security as a guarantee of the country's independence, a condition for stability and the efficiency of society.
The main principle that governments should be guided by in finding a balance between economic liberalization and ensuring the stability of financial institutions can be formulated as follows: depending on the specific conditions in a given country, governments should have the moral right to postpone the lifting of restrictions (such as ceiling interest rates that force lenders to lend only to reliable borrowers or capital inflow/outflow controls that make it difficult for everyone to access cheap and seemingly bottomless sources external funding), if there are doubts about the ability to provide on-site supervision of financial institutions and their sustainability.
The laws of a market economy do not automatically ensure prosperity, including in the sphere of foreign economic relations. In addition, under the current conditions, the rapid liberalization of the foreign trade regime was not justified.
The implementation of measures aimed at improving foreign economic policy and economic security should take place in line with the implementation of an active structural and social policy, strengthening the activity of the state in the investment, financial, monetary sphere and continuing institutional reforms.
The ongoing economic policy should lead to the creation of the main elements of an effective financial infrastructure and ensuring the financial stability of the state on the basis of a balanced budget system and a set of monetary policy instruments that make it possible to guarantee protection from adverse external influences. The implementation of measures in the field of structural policy will give the Russian economy a new impetus, ensuring the accelerated development of industries with a new technological order, the active use of the results innovation activities, closer integration of Russia into the international system of division of labor. Purposeful and coordinated movement in all these areas will make it possible to maintain high rates of economic growth, consistently improve the living standards of the population, activate the country's intellectual potential, increase the degree of openness of the Russian economy, and create the necessary prerequisites for ensuring long-term economic stability of the state.
Thesis: Bibliography in Economics, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Borodovskaya, Marina Borisovna, Moscow
1. Monographs, reference books.
2. Avdokushin E. International economic relations M. 1996.2. Alternatives to the modernization of the Russian economy, ed. Buzgalina
3. A., Koganova A., Schultz P., M., 1997.
4. Babin E. Fundamentals of foreign economic policy, M., 1997.
5. Bogdanov I.Ya., Kalinin A.P., Rodionov Yu.N. Economic security of Russia: figures and facts (1992 1998), M., 1999.
6. Buglay V. Liventsev N. l International economic relations, M. 1996.
7. Buzgalin A. Transitional economy, M., 1994.
8. Vasilyeva N. Foreign investment and the Russian investment climate: problems and prospects, M. 1998.
9. Davidov O. Foreign trade: a time of change, M., 1996.
10. Druzik Ya. World economy at the end of the century, Minsk, 1997.10. Europe and Russia. Experience of economic transformations, ed. Kudrova
11. B. Shenaeva V. et al. M, 1996.11. Foreign investment in Russia. Current state and prospects, ed. Faminsky I., 1995.
12. Kireev A. International Economics, in 2 volumes, M., 1997.13. Course in transition economy, ed. Abakina L., M. 1992.14. Course of Economic Theory, ed. Sidorovich A., M., 1997.
13. Lebedeva S., Schlichter S. World economy. M., 1994.
14. Lindert P. Economics of world economic relations, M. 1992.17. International economic relations, ed. Khasbulatova R. M. 1991, v.1,2.18. International economic relations, ed. Rybakina V., M, 1997.
15. Metekina N. The world economy and its regulation, M., 1994.20. World Economy, ed. Lomakina V., M., 1995.21. World economy from 1945 to the present day per. from French, M., 1996.
16. Montes M., Popov V. Asian crisis or Dutch disease? MD 1999.
17. Nukhovich E., Smitienko B., Eskindarov M. World economy at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, M., 1995.
18. Olsevich Yu. Transformation of economic relations, M., 1994.
Melnikov Alexander Borisovich
Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Department of Economics and Foreign Trade, Kuban State Agrarian University [email protected]
Svitenko Mikhail Alexandrovich
graduate student. Kuban State Agrarian University [email protected]
Essence and
FEATURES OF ENSURING THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Alexander B. Mel'nikov
doctor of economics, professor,
Head of the Department of economics and foreign trade activities, Kuban State Agrarian University [email protected]
Mikhail A. Svitenko
graduate student.
Kuban State Agricultural University [email protected]
Essence and features of
ENSURING THE FOREIGN TRADE SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Annotation. This article discusses theoretical approaches to determining the country's foreign economic security, reveals their essence and features of its provision in the context of globalization. The main key concepts that characterize the ability of the state to resist the impact of external economic negative factors, to maintain the independence of the national economy from outside influence in order to satisfy its interests are identified.
Key words: security, independence, globalization, interests, competitiveness, sustainability.
Abstract. This article discusses the theoretical approaches to the definition of external economic security of the country, reveals their essence and peculiarities of ensuring in the context of globalization. The basic key concepts that characterize the state "s ability to resist the impact of external economic negative factors; to save independence of the national economy from external influences in order to meet its own interests are detected.
Keywords: security, independence, globalization, interests, competitiveness and sustainability
In modern conditions, one of the main issues of the country's economic development is its economic security. Uneven socio-economic development, different level involvement in the international division of labor, the economic dominance of industrialized countries leads to a decrease in the level of protection of the states' own interests and creates the possibility of economic pressure from more powerful partners.
Therefore, the protection of the economic interests of the country is an important priority of economic policy for almost all countries of the world, including industrialized ones. The identification and analysis of risks and threats in the field of economic security, as well as the development of measures to eliminate them, has been given special attention in the world since the 40s of the XIX century.
In Russia, the definition of the concept of "economic security" was first given in 1996 during the formation of the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation, which characterizes
was defined as “... ensuring such development of the economy, which would create acceptable conditions for the life and development of the individual, socio-economic and military-political
the stability of society and the preservation of the integrity of the state, the successful resistance to the influence of internal and external threats.
Moreover, such a state is expected to be achieved through foreign economic orientation, that is, “. effective implementation of the advantages of the international division of labor, the sustainability of the country's development in the context of its equal integration into world economic relations, the prevention of Russia's critical dependence on foreign countries or their communities in vital issues of economic cooperation" .
The importance of the foreign economic activity of any state in modern conditions, as a factor in ensuring sustainable economic growth and its integration into the world economy as an integral economic structure, is determined by growing external challenges and threats.
At present, a common understanding of the concept of "foreign economic security" has not been developed, it is considered as an integral part of economic security, which, in
turn, the main element of national security of the country. The hierarchy of the national security of the state is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 - The structure of the national security of the state
The national security of the country includes:
Military (defense) security - protection of the independence, sovereignty, state and territorial integrity of the country;
Economic security - ensuring the stable development of the country's economy, protecting national interests, resistance to internal and external threats;
Socio-political security - ensuring a high standard of living for the people with the stability of government institutions;
Environmental safety - protection of life, health and living conditions of people and other types of safety. In addition, in each of the presented structural elements of national security, one can single out the foreign economic aspect, predetermined by the fact that in the context of globalization, almost any national interest carries a certain foreign economic content.
The scientific literature presents many approaches to the definition of the concept of "foreign economic security".
Fokin N.I. offers the following classification:
satellite approach. Foreign economic security is determined by the competitiveness of the national economy (energy, food, raw materials, migration, monetary, food, environmental security). This approach gives priority to strengthening external economic security to the market and proceeds from the fact that it depends only on external factors(conjuncture, resources, etc.).
Autonomous. Foreign economic security is defined as an independent, independent concept with its own content, which characterizes the security of the country's economy from external threats, as well as the ability to respond to foreign economic challenges. The autonomous approach gives priority to strengthening the external economic security of the state and proceeds from the fact that it depends not only on economic, but also political, social, environmental, cultural, innovative, and other processes taking place in the country.
Probabilistic. Combining both previous approaches according to the situation and characterizing foreign economic security as a combination of the influence of external and internal factors that ensures the sustainable development of the country and the protection of its economy from external threats. The situational approach makes it possible to define foreign economic security as the competitiveness of the national economy, which makes it possible to protect itself from emerging threats, respond to new challenges, and, on this basis, develop sustainably.
Such a classification characterizes the state of the national economy depending on external and internal factors, but does not take into account the interests of the real sector of the country's economy, to which Senchagov V.K. pays great attention.
He defines foreign economic security as the security of economic entities in the world market - “... for stability and civilization are “hidden” not in the prosperity of the speculative financial sector, but in the real production of goods, efficient work, employment of the population, satisfaction of its needs and safety of life” .
Thus, the reforms carried out in order to strengthen the country's foreign economic security should be focused on ensuring
vital national interests. As a result, the country's economy should acquire the ability to function in the expanded reproduction mode, the country should have sufficiently developed industries and industries that are vital for the functioning of the state, both in normal and extreme conditions, ensuring reproduction regardless of external influences.
The reforms should lead to a real and civilized entry into the world economic community, the creation of a rational structure of foreign trade that provides access for domestic goods of the processing industry to the foreign market, the maximum allowable level of satisfaction of domestic needs through imports (taking into account regional characteristics) .
Snimshchikova I.V. also pays attention to the real sector of the economy. Considering approaches to the definition of foreign economic security, she writes: “At present, the concept of foreign economic security can be considered in two ways.
Firstly, as the economic security of a new, supranational market in relation to the sovereign one, where the degree of integration processes, their cognition has reached such a level that all processes occurring in it directly or indirectly subordinate the sovereign processes of a single country to their influence.
As an example of a market of this type, we can cite the EU countries, with an indispensable indication that the uncoordinated activities of an individual state in such a system can become a source of threat.
Secondly, as economic security, which includes a set of national interests and a system of measures to protect them, associated with the implementation of the foreign economic policy of the state, integrated to one degree or another into the global market. The countries of this type include, first of all, China and India.
The currently existing concepts of external economic security used by the most developed countries, as a rule, belong to the first direction in the field of external economic security.
Stasev M.A. defines foreign economic security as follows: “... this is the provision of such a development of economic processes in the country, which would create the necessary (acceptable) conditions and resources for economic stability and development of society, maintaining the integrity and unity of all subsystems (including monetary, budgetary, credit, tax and monetary system), successfully confronting internal and external threats.
Gusakov V.G. characterizes foreign economic security as “... creating conditions for the entry of the national economy into the international
native division of labor and achieving a balance of economic interests in the foreign economic activity of national entities and foreign partners” .
One of the directions of foreign economic security V. G. Gusakov considers the attraction of foreign investment, which will allow the introduction and use of new technologies, increase the competitiveness of domestic products.
A number of authors - Zubkova M.L., Krylatykh E.N., Ivanova S.V., Goncharov V.D., Koteev S.V. considers foreign economic security in direct connection with foreign economic activity. However, the subjects of foreign economic activity in these works are generalized and are not singled out for analysis as carriers of the country's special interests. And foreign economic activity is considered by the authors as a set of organizational, economic, production and economic and commercial functions business entities oriented to the world market.
The list of possible definitions of the category "foreign economic security" can be continued, but in connection with the global changes taking place in our country and in the world in the field of international economic relations, mechanisms and institutions, methods for their implementation, there is a need to clarify and add the found definitions of the characteristics of external economic security .
As a result of the changes that have taken place, both within the country and in the world economy as a whole, some features of external economic security can be identified:
The offensive nature of challenges and threats;
Extraterritoriality of threats and objects of protection;
Strengthening the cognition of information and standardization of foreign economic processes;
Growth of the innovative component in commodity (goods-services) flows;
- "virtualization" financial flows, the growth of their isolation from real reproductive processes; - low transparency of sources of interest;
Increasing role of the state as a regulator of foreign economic relations;
Dynamic nature in the context of globalization, expressed in the essential transformation of foreign economic security as a functional system, caused by the objective need to constantly improve the latter and increase its role in the national security system.
Thus, it is possible to formulate the main key concepts of the category "foreign economic security":
- “interests” (national, state, public, individuals);
- "independence" (of the national economy from foreign markets, economic policy from outside influence);
- "competitiveness" (national
economy);
- "sustainability" (of the national economy, socio-economic development).
General of the above, the author proposes the following definition of foreign economic security - the ability of the state to withstand the impact of external economic negative factors and minimize the damage caused by them, to maintain the independence of the national economy from outside influence, based on the development of economic processes that would create the necessary conditions for increasing the competitiveness of the national economy and sustainable social economic development in order to satisfy their interests.
Literature:
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996 No. 608 "On the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)".
2. Goncharov V.D. Problems of competitiveness of the agro-food complex of the Russian Federation and factors of its increase / V.D. Goncharov, S. V. Ivanova and others // Encyclopedia Russian villages Moscow, 2008, 384 p.
3. Gusakov V.G. Food security, terms and concepts encycle. ref. [and etc.]. Minsk Belarus. science, 2008
4. Zubkova M.L. Assessment of the level of external economic security of the Murmansk region // Vestnik MSTU, vol. 14, no. 2, 2011, pp. 441-446.
5. Krylatykh E.N. Innovation and investment factors in the development and competitiveness of the meat and dairy complex of the Russian Federation / E.N. Krylatykh, K.G. Borodin, V.V. Rau, A.S. Strokov, E.M. Kelemetov, S.V. Koteev,
O.V. Artemenkov, S.V. Ivanova, V.D. Goncharov. Moscow: VIAPI im. A. A. Nikonova, 2010, 217 p.
6. Snimshchikova I.V. Some theoretical aspects of Russia's foreign economic security / I.V. Snimshchikova, E.M. Poppy // Society: Politics, Economics, Law (2012, No. 1).
7. Stasev M.A. Modern trends and analysis of changes in the level of Russia's foreign economic security // JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC REGULATION (Issues of economic regulation). Volume 2, No. 1. 2011
As for the foreign economic security of Russia, its provision, in our opinion, should be based on the following basic principles:
Protection of national economic interests and economic sovereignty;
The unity of the economic interests of individual subjects of foreign economic activity and the economic interests of the state;
Timeliness and adequacy of measures to eliminate and neutralize threats to national economic interests;
Equality of relations between the subjects of foreign economic activity;
Compliance with generally recognized norms and principles of international law in foreign economic activity;
Resolving trade disputes through consultations and negotiations;
Consistency and evolutionary openness of the national economy.
1. The Decree of the Russian President of April 29, 1996 N 608 "About the State strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation (Basic provision)”.
2. Goncharov V.D. Problems of competitiveness of the agrarian and food complex of the Russian Federation and factors of its increase / V.D. Goncharov,
S.V. Ivanov, et al. // Encyclopedia of the Russian villages. Moscow, 2008. 384 p.
3. Gusakov V.G. Food security, terms and concepts: encyclo. reference book. Minsk: Belarusian Science, 2008.
4. Zubkova M.L. Assessment of the level of the external economic safety of the Murmansk region // Bulletin of MGTU. Vol. 14, No. 2, 2011. P. 441-446.
5. Krylatykh E.N. Innovative and investment factors of development and increase of competitiveness of a meat and dairy complex of the Russian Federation / E.N. Krylatykh, K.G. Borodin, V.V. Rau, A.S. Strokov, E.M. Kelemetov, S.V. Koteev, O.V. Artemenkov,
5. V. Ivanova, V.D. Goncharov. Moscow: VIAPI of A.A. Nikonov Press, 2010. 217 p.
6. Snimshchikova I. V. Some theoretical aspects of the external economic safety of Russia / I . V. Snimshchikova, E.M. Makovka // Society: Policy, Economy, and Right. 2012. No. 1.
7. Stasev M.A. Current trends and the analysis of changes of the level of the external economic safety of Russia // JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC REGULATION (Questions of regulation of economy). Vol. 2. No. 1. 2011.
8. Fokin N.I. Foreign economic security: concepts, experience, problems // Information and analytical bulletin No. 18 (216) "At the map of the Pacific", 2011
9. Economic security of Russia: General course: textbook; Ed. V. K. Senchagova, 2nd ed. M. : Delo, 2005. 896 p.
8 Fokin N.I. Foreign-economic safety: concepts, experience, problems // The information and analytical bulletin No. 18 (216) "At the map of the Pacific Ocean", 2011.
9. Economic security of Russia: General course: textbook; ed. by V.K. Senchagov. 2nd ed. M. : Business, 2005. 896 p.
480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Thesis - 480 rubles, shipping 10 minutes 24 hours a day, seven days a week and holidays
240 rub. | 75 UAH | $3.75 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Abstract - 240 rubles, delivery 1-3 hours, from 10-19 ( Moscow time), except Sunday
Soldatenkov Vitaly Viktorovich Foreign economic activity as a factor of economic security: Dis. ... cand. economy Sciences: 08.00.01: Yaroslavl, 2002 183 p. RSL OD, 61:03-8/401-4
Introduction
Chapter 1. Economic security in the country's national security system 9
1.1. Economic security of the country: essence and place in the national security system of the country 9
1.2. Foreign economic security of the country: concept, threats and ways to ensure 28
Chapter 2 Methodological foundations studies of the economic security of the region 50
2.1. Regional economic security as an element of the country's economic security 50
2.2. Economic security of the region: essence and indicators 59
Chapter 3 Activation of foreign economic activity in the context of ensuring the economic security of the region ...87
3.1. The institutional aspect of foreign economic activity in the context of ensuring the economic security of the region 87
3.2. Innovative aspect of foreign economic activity in the context of ensuring the economic security of the region 104
Conclusion 131
List of used abbreviations 140
List of references 141
Applications
Introduction to work
By the turn of the third millennium, Russia had lost its position as a superpower and faced the threat of being on the periphery of the emerging new world. The danger of ending up on the sidelines of the processes of globalization, the formation of an open community and a post-industrial, informational economy is becoming more and more real for Russia.
The level of competitiveness of the Russian Federation corresponds to 45th place out of 49 (International Institute for Management Development), country risk - 97th place (Evromoney), sovereign rating - 85 out of 87 (Standard and Poor's), level of economic freedom - 127 (Heritage Foundation, Wall Street Journal ), human development - 62 (UN), corruption - 84 out of 90 (Transperency International, March-April 2001) .
Since the 21st century will be a continuation of a period of profound changes, various kinds of social transformations, taking into account the security factor in the modernization of global, national and regional scales, the establishment of security as the first principle of the formation and implementation of foreign and domestic policies, designing and constructing international and domestic structures and relations.
The urgency of the problem is due to the important circumstance that it is possible to destroy the base for national interests easily and quickly, and to create a mechanism for their protection is a rather lengthy and complicated process. In a developed market economy, represented by the state, society has not only the guarantor of the principles of free enterprise, freedom of competition and the individual within national borders, but also the basis of economic security. Steady economic growth and raising the standard of living of the population are now at the center of the political, social and economic life of Russia. One of the important ways to solve this problem at the local level
nyh authorities - the implementation of regional advantages through foreign economic activity, tk. many of them the center cannot implement, because they are always specific and contradictory. The regions potentially have more opportunities for this. The intensive development of exports of science-intensive products is regarded as a catalyst for increasing aggregate demand in the economy, an additional impetus for economic growth in the country and a tool to increase competitiveness. At the same time, there will be an increase in the economic security of the region. The center eventually gets the effect on a higher level and on a larger scale.
Consideration of the regional aspect of security is due to the social division of labor, which is the separation of various types human activity into special production types and subspecies, assigned to individuals, industries, territories and countries, and acts as a condition for the development of the productive forces of society. At the same time, the social division of labor appears and develops in two main forms - territorial and sectoral.
Based on the foregoing, the relevance of a detailed assessment state of the art problems of economic security (ES) of the region and the region's foreign economic activity (FEA), identifying specific aspects that need to be deepened in theoretical analysis, studying the features of the formation and optimization of the region's foreign economic activity.
The problem of methodological and theoretical study of the relationship between economic security and foreign economic activity, determining the content of the category "economic security", characterization existing species security and the prospects for their development and application to the category of "foreign economic activity" requires the development of new principles in understanding this phenomenon based on a preliminary analysis of existing concepts and methods of theoretical knowledge of ES, their assessment from the standpoint of modern transformations of society.
The degree of knowledge of the problem. In its various aspects, the problem of security was touched upon in ancient philosophy, in the works of philosophers and economists of the 17th-18th centuries. (T. Hobbes, J. Locke, G.F.G. Hegel, W. Humboldt, A. Smith, D. Ricardo), and later in the writings of the socialists of the 19th century. (A. Saint-Simon, R. Owen, J.B. Fourier, P.J. Proudhon), economists of the XIX-XX centuries. K. Marx, A. Marshall, J.M. Keynes, M. Friedman and others.
The domestic economic school has traditionally paid great attention to the problem of security (military aspect). The works of L.I. Abalkin, A. Arkhipov, A. Gorodetsky, S. Glazyev, A. Illarionov, B. Mikhailov, E. Buchwald, N. Glovatskaya, S. Lazurenko, V. Senchagov, devoted to theoretical issues of economic security, as well as the works of B Milner, E. Oleinikov, I. Faminsky, M. Portnoy, A. Skopin and others, aimed at studying the applied aspects of this problem.
On the topic of foreign economic activity and the management of the regional economy, the works of A.G. Aganbegyan, A.N. Alisova, V.A. Burenina, L.B. Vardomsky, V.A. Vorotilov, A.G. Granberg, Yu.S. Dulytsikova, B.I. Efimova, S.N. Zakharov, G.I. Karkhina, L.B. Krasina, V.V. Kuznetsova, SB. Lavrova, N.N. Nekrasov, S.L. Savina, B.I. Sinetsky, N.B. Smorodinskaya, I.P. Faminsky and others, as well as foreign authors - V. Leontiev, J. Kornay, P. Lindert and others:
Studies on general foreign trade issues, in the works of V.A. Burenina, S.N. Zakharova, G.I. Karkhina, V.V. Kuznetsova, L.B. Krasina, B.I. Sinetsky, I.P. Faminsky and others;
The works of A.G. Granberg, L.B. Vardomsky, V.A. Vorotilov, Yu.S. Dulytsikova, N.N. Nekrasov and others.
At the same time, the range of works devoted to the regulation of foreign economic activity of the regions, in the conditions of the transition of the country's economy to new economic conditions, is much narrower, mainly articles and translated literature.
General theoretical questions problematic zoning of the territory of modern Russia and practical recommendations developed on their basis
The purpose of the dissertation research is to specify the socio-economic content of the region's ES in the modern economy, the theoretical substantiation of a new concept of the institutional and innovative mechanism for regulating the region's foreign economic activity to ensure the development of the region's economy in terms of ensuring ES.
The goal is specified in solving the following tasks:
Consideration and characterization of modern approaches to the disclosure of the essence and content of the concept of EB at macro- and mesolevels, developed in domestic and foreign theories and concepts;
Determination of objective trends and prospects for further development of factors affecting the ES of the country and region;
Identification of the features of the mechanism for regulating foreign economic activity in the region;
Justification of the institutional and innovative mechanism for regulating foreign economic activity on the example of the Yaroslavl region on the principles of EB.
The object of the study is the system of economic relations between the state and the region to ensure economic security.
The subject of the study is the impact of foreign economic activity on economic security, incl. and at the regional level.
The methodological basis of the work was the provisions of dialectical logic, systemic and integrated approaches. The following methods were used in the work: scientific abstraction, analysis, synthesis, modeling, grouping, comparison.
The theoretical base was formed by legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation regulating economic security, foreign economic activity and taxation, scientific monographs, dissertations, economic periodicals.
The information base of the work was the statistical data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, materials of scientific and practical conferences, publications in domestic and foreign periodicals, regulatory and reference information of government bodies.
The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
Additional arguments are given when highlighting an additional feature of the national ES - ensuring the country's competitiveness in the world economy, which made it possible to justify the need to identify the leading areas of ES: achieving the level of indicators of the developed countries of the world, focusing on high economic growth rates, creating an integrated system for preventing the emergence and elimination of threats;
The author's version of the system of indicators for assessing foreign economic security (VEB) is given and, in accordance with it, the rationale for the balanced use of protectionist measures to overcome threats in the field of VEB is given; considered the author's grouping of these measures in the short and long term;
The most important specific features of the region's ES are identified: the delimitation of powers in the field of security between governments of different levels, significant differences in the levels of economic development of the regions, raw material dominance in the export of regions. In accordance with them, the priority directions for achieving the region's ES are substantiated: diversification of the economy, parity participation of regions in the neutralization of crisis situations, prevention of autarkic tendencies, intensification of innovations;
Based on the use of the multiplier model of J. M. Keynes, the author's version of the modern model of the relationship between the region's exports and its ES is proposed. Segments of insufficient development of economic potential are identified, which contributes to the emergence of weak links in the ES system: ignoring the export opportunities of medium and small businesses, lack of financial resources, underdevelopment of the institutional environment when organizing interaction between federal and local authorities; The author has developed a variant of a comprehensive program for the transition within the region from a consumer-raw material model of foreign economic activity to an innovative production model in order to increase the ES of the region, the classification of indicators for measuring this program has been clarified, where, along with general indicators, groups of indicators of innovative result, innovative process, and innovative resources have been identified . Theoretical and practical significance of the work. The author compiled a summary table empirical research foreign scientists for the period 1978-96. with conclusions in support positive impact exports to the economic growth of the country. In addition, the main theoretical provisions and conclusions developed in the course of the dissertation research can be used in the process of further development of the modern concept of the mutual influence of the relations between economic security and foreign economic activity. The results of theoretical research can be implemented in teaching the course of economic theory, as well as in the development of special courses on contemporary issues relations of electronic economics, foreign economic activity, state regulation of the economy, innovation management and preparation of teaching aids. Also, it is possible to use certain provisions of the work in practice. government agencies management to improve the processes of attracting foreign investment, managing the innovative development of the region and the effective use of state property.
Approbation of work. The most significant provisions of the study were reflected in 11 publications of the author with a total volume of 2.2 pp.
The volume and structure of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of abbreviations used and a list of references. The work contains 3 figures, 1 table and 17 applications. The list of used literature contains 204 titles, including 17 foreign ones.
Economic security of the country: essence and place in the national security system of the country
Before solving any problem, it seems appropriate to pose basic questions, the understanding of which allows us to understand the problem as a whole. Such questions in relation to the research topic are: a clear idea of what should be understood by the term "economic security" in relation to the changed internal and external conditions; what exactly are the signs of threats to economic security now and may be in the future; what is the place of state bodies in countering these threats; what are the mechanisms for protecting the economic interests of Russia and its constituent regions.
The most difficult polemical problem is the definition of the very concept of "economic security", on the basis of which the goals, tasks and functions of state structures that ensure the protection of Russia's economic interests can be formulated, criteria and indicators of the economic security of the state can be developed.
The concept of economic security (ES), despite its seeming simplicity and obviousness, and perhaps for this reason, is not a clearly defined area. In world practice, it is customary to distinguish four levels of ES: international, national, regional and the level of an individual firm. In a similar order, we consider all levels except for the last one, which is beyond the scope of the study.
Aspects of ensuring the international level of ES are of particular importance for the development of relations between industrialized and developing countries. Their analysis is devoted to the resolution of the UN General Assembly "International economic security" and the report of the UN Secretary General "The concept of international economic security"1. These documents list the main problems of the world economy, analyze the national and international threats to the ES of developing countries, and also emphasize that international economic security depends on the ES of all countries of the world and the safety of transport arteries from pirate attacks.
In industrialized countries, there is growing concern about maintaining the achieved high level of economic development, so it was there that a large number of studies on national economic security. The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry of Japan has prepared a document where ES is defined as "... the state of the economy in which it is protected, primarily by economic means, from serious threats to its security arising under the influence of international factors" . It is stated that in the early 1980s There were four main factors threatening the national economy. This is the provision of energy and mineral resources, food products, and the safety of maritime transport.
Most of the scientists who studied the structure of activities to ensure the country's ES defined the protection of the economy as a system, the elements of which, among other things, are state bodies, enterprises and citizens of the country. The tasks solved at each of these levels were also highlighted. In other works of Western experts, such phenomena and processes related to the country's ES, such as the disproportionate development of the economy, the degree of controllability of foreign economic relations, the ability to introduce technological innovations, are studied, and ES3 criteria are determined.
V. Senchagov notes that the concept of national security is broader than the concept of ES. It includes defense, environmental, energy and other aspects. Since the economy is one of the vital aspects of the activity of society, the state and the individual, the concept of national security will be deprived of any meaning without assessing the viability of the economy, its strength against possible internal and external threats. And further: “The lesson of the collapse of the USSR is that for a secure existence it is not enough to have a powerful army and a high-tech defense industry, many more components of the economy are needed: a developed sector consumer goods and services; internal socio-political stability and a reliable social base for reforms; sufficient defense potential, balanced with the overall potential of the economy”4.
The opinion of Abalkin L. coincides with the position on the narrower concept of ES, under the assumption that the concepts of national and state security coincide: “... economic security is organically included in the system state security together with its components such as ensuring the reliable defense of the country, maintaining social peace in society, protection from environmental disasters”5.
They are echoed by Gusakov N.P. and Zotova N.A.: “National security as a system includes security subsystems: military, economic, political, social, informational, scientific and technical, foreign economic”6.
As a result of a partial generalization of various opinions, the definition of the concept of national security is given as “... a system of views on ensuring the security of the individual, society and state in the Russian Federation from external and internal threats in all spheres of life ... in economic, domestic political, social, international, information, military, border, environmental and other areas. They are of a long-term nature and define the main goals, strategic and current tasks of the internal and foreign policy states"7. Also one of the central places in this normative act dedicated to solving economic problems.
Based on the above opinions and in accordance with the ideas of the author, some important features and essential ideas about the concept of national security follow: the importance and severity of national security problems increase at the turning points in the development of the country, its individual regions; the content of the concept of national security is influenced by national-state interests and the national idea; for all the mobility of the criteria and parameters of national security, their specificity for various countries, as a result, are connected with the general trends of the socio-economic progress of mankind; the concept of national security is much broader than the concept of ES, the latter is an integral part with an indefinite place. Adopted in 1996, the “State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation” defines the purpose and objects of the state strategy for the Russian economy, forms the criteria and parameters for the state of the economy that meets the requirements of the country's economy, describes the mechanisms and measures of economic policy aimed at ensuring the economy. Such attention to the problems of ES is explained, first of all, by the fact that the state of the economy is of paramount importance for the national security of the country.
Foreign economic security of the country: concept, threats and ways to ensure
The dominant trend in the restructuring of the regulation of foreign economic activity (FEA) in Russia since 1991 has been the liberalization of the norms governing the circulation of goods, services and capital between the national and world economies. Liberalization of foreign economic activity has become an integral part of the shock strategy economic reforms, having a contradictory effect on the economy and the process of its integration into the world economy.
The author agrees with the opinion of the authors of the report from the IVEI RAS that “foreign economic relations were a catalyst for economic transformations in Russia. They actively influence the formation of market structures and mechanisms in the country, contribute to the initial accumulation of capital, the creation of a competitive environment and the formation of market motivation in domestic business, introducing it to foreign entrepreneurial experience”2.
There is no doubt that WES, primarily foreign trade, act as a factor counteracting crisis phenomena in the domestic economy and, to a certain extent, reducing their severity. The expansion of imports of foodstuffs and consumer goods eliminated the previously existing deficit and expanded the product range in the domestic market. Due to the fact that Russia is structurally, technologically and managerially a weak link in the world economy, it could not in 1992-1997. take full advantage of the open economy. Foreign trade did not become a catalyst for economic growth, "it only partially compensated for the contraction of the domestic market" . Large-scale exports made it possible to prevent an even deeper decline in production than it actually is. According to VNIKI estimates, in the absence of foreign supplies, the volume of industrial production in the country could have decreased by 70% by 1998 compared to the actual 50%. Customs payments have become an important source of budget revenues (in 1996 - 1/3).
As a result, there have been noticeable changes in the nature of Russia's economic interaction with the outside world - the exchange of fuel and raw materials for finished products, mainly for consumer purposes, i.e. The WES of the country has acquired features characteristic of underdeveloped countries.
The group of drafters of the report believes that Russia, to a greater extent than before, has become dependent on foreign markets and the development of the conjuncture on them, trade and financial policy industrialized countries and international economic organizations. “The liberalized wind farms, absorbing the imbalance of supply and demand in the domestic market, did not have a transformative effect on domestic production ... However, mistakes and omissions made in the course of the policy of liberalization and formation state system foreign economic regulation (first of all, in the insufficient use of protective measures), predetermined the emergence of a number of serious difficulties and deformations in the very process of the country's foreign economic development. This was manifested, in particular, in a significant deterioration in the structure of exports and imports, in the deindustrialization of foreign trade exchange”30.
Inshakova E.I. states: “Thus, in terms of the number of quantitative and technical regulators of the import of products, Russian imports are the most liberalized in the world. Thus, the achieved openness of the Russian economy can be characterized as excessive. Such "openness" as a manifestation of the "shock" liberalization of foreign trade does not contribute to improving the efficiency of the economy, its competitiveness. On the contrary, it causes significant damage, exacerbates economic difficulties, undermines the country's economic security, weakens Russia's international positions, depriving it of the opportunity to adequately respond to the discriminatory measures of foreign partners.
The degree and nature of the involvement of the country's economy in the WEC is influenced by the nature and composition of the economic complex, including resource availability, the development of intra-industry specialization, production cooperation, the general level of economic development and competitiveness. Any inclusion in the WEC not only gives impetus to economic growth, but at the same time increases the dependence of the economy on the outside world, and in parallel, increases its influence in the world.
Zagashvili V. explains this statement as follows: “On the one hand, the more significant a country's share in world trade, in the export of capital, technical assistance, the more opportunities it has to influence other countries. But, on the other hand, the greater the share of foreign trade in relation to GNP, the stronger the penetration of foreign capital into the economy, the more the country is subject to outside influence.
Faminsky I. claims that: “Specific threats to the economic security of the country include a sharp drop in prices for exported goods or, conversely, a sharp increase in prices for imported goods. Such price jumps in conditions of a high degree of dependence on the external market are very dangerous for the state of the economy. It is dangerous to impose an embargo on trade with a country or group of countries that are important markets sales or suppliers of products for Russia. Such a high degree of dependence on supplies is unacceptable certain types products from one or a group of countries that would provide them with the opportunity to use this dependence for political pressure on Russia.
Therefore, the author considers the correct position of V. Zagashvili, according to which it is more rational to adhere to the diversification strategy: “The greater the diversification of foreign trade by countries and goods, the less opportunities to use it to exercise power. But the less exposure to external influences. At the same time, a high concentration of foreign trade by country and product increases both power and exposure to power. Concentration efficiency can be enhanced by a structural factor. At the same time, the country supplies its partner with goods for which it has a monopoly of the producer and the demand for which is inelastic, and imports from him goods for which it has a monopsony and the demand for which is elastic in it. However, one must bear in mind the slowing effect that such specialization has on the course of economic development. Hence the need to balance between diversification for the sake of independence and concentration for the sake of efficiency”34.
V. Senchagov, for example, noted that when substantiating the state economic policy, “... one should take into account the limits of system stability developed by the state strategy of economic security, qualitative and quantitative characteristics under which entry into the global international system does not violate national interests, but, on the contrary, strengthens the competitive position of domestic producers”35.
Foreign economic security (VEB), having qualitative and quantitative characteristics, includes a system of categories and concepts included in the sphere of the country's foreign economic interaction with the rest of the world, as well as the area of their interaction with categories and concepts of domestic economics. This finds its concrete expression in the correlation of the courses of the country's economic and foreign economic policy.
This approach allows us to agree with the definition given by Gusakov N.P. and Zotova N.A.: “VEB is an opportunity to implement a consistent strategy of the country's foreign economic course based on fundamental forecasting of the development of world markets, demand and supply abroad of domestic products; high competitiveness of the national economy, achieved with the help of a system of protectionist measures, which are combined with the consistent liberalization of the economic activities of economic entities”36.
Regional economic security as an element of the country's economic security
The specific conditions of the Russian reforms have introduced great inconsistency into the issue of society's assessment of the role and functions of the state in the modern economy. In the scientific community, two diametrically different approaches have emerged and continue to exist. The first from the standpoint of the laissez-faire principle, which implies a decisive role in economic relations of individual entrepreneurial interest as the main engine of development and the principle of minimization government intervention into the economy. Another approach is based on the opinion that the laissez-faire principle is not adequate to the interconnections of modern economic systems, since it ignores the problem of significant uncertainty of information about competitors and the external environment and does not imply the presence of a factor of huge transaction costs in the market environment and, ultimately, leads the macrosystem to economic crisis which has to be overcome with a targeted policy.
From point of view institutional theory the formation of the state means the formation of non-personalized rules and contractual relations. P. Heine notes that “the state can be regarded as an instrument that serves to reduce transaction costs through the use of coercion”1.
Only market mechanisms without state intervention cannot ensure the flow of socio-economic processes in line with development. As J. Sapir noted, “the transition to the market cannot be left to the market itself. It is absurd to try to take advantage of an institution that does not yet exist.
The degree and necessity of state intervention as a regulator of socio-economic processes extends to those areas that are not of interest to business or where, without a single coordinator, the process of achieving results is seriously complicated or impossible. Finding and distributing resources among consumers in order to achieve public good becomes the concern of the state. For effective development and smoothing out various deviations in the economy, the state is obliged to regulate the antimonopoly and anti-crisis development of business.
The author acknowledges the correctness of J. Wolfensohn's statement: “Of course, development based on the dominant role of the state has failed. But a similar result will be the result of development without a state. .. History insistently repeats that good government is not a luxury, but a vital necessity. Without an effective state, sustainable development, both economic and social, is impossible”3.
Although the way of production has changed dramatically in Russia since 1992 and the pace of transformation is still high, the transition process is far from over. The study of any new forms and relations of reality should be based on an understanding of the specifics of the transitional economy. We share the point of view of Radaev V.V. about the functioning of the transitional economy as an "extra-systemic" one, the regularity of which is a specific instability. In a normal system, it signals the need for actions aimed at ensuring its equilibrium state. In a transitional economy, instability must remain constant in order to eventually ensure a “gradual transition to another economic system”4.
Under the transitional economy, a number of economists understand such a management system in which elements of the industrial and post-industrial economies are combined, intertwined and opposed, with a gradual increase in the share and role of the latter with the following main features:
Painful change of technological and economic modes of production, socio-political upheavals, confrontation of economic structures cause a crisis state of the economic system, a drop in growth rates or an economic recession, instability financial and credit system, the decline in the efficiency of reproduction and the fall in the standard of living of significant segments of the population;
Increasing instability of the economy, an increase in the frequency and amplitude of fluctuations in the economic situation lead to social conflicts of varying severity;
The acceleration of the globalization of the world economy causes chaos in the WEC, which leads to synchronization of the shocks of the national economy and the world market5.
Thus, the transitional economy, which is being formed as a product of the contradiction between inertia and qualitative transformations in the system of socio-economic relations, is characterized by instability and instability. Transformational processes significantly weaken the "immunity" against external and internal threats.
In the transitional period, the management of the ES, in our opinion, should be focused on maintaining an adequate standard of living for the population, ensuring the socio-political security of society, maintaining the constitutional order of the Russian Federation and forming a stable system of national interests. The management of the country's regional security is carried out through federal regional policy.
The variety of natural and climatic conditions, different production and economic potential, the huge size of the territory of the Russian Federation with a relatively small population ten times less in density than in neighboring states causes the unevenness of their NER, the presence in Russia of depressive, crisis and economically backward regions. These factors dictate the need for a strong regional policy both on the part of the federal center and the authorities of the subjects of the Federation. In my opinion, the opinion of Balabina L. and Kruglov V. seems to be correct, who believe that “On the one hand, this pushes for the provision of relatively greater economic independence to the regions, and on the other hand, it imperatively requires, in the name of maintaining the territorial unity of the country, a much greater concentration of political powers at the center"6.
A single internal market operates on the territory of the country, representing a set of regional economies, each acting as an integral economic mechanism, which is a relatively independent subsystem of the country's national economy. At the same time, the region as part of the system is in relation to it in a certain dependence, which is due to the complex nature of the development of the economy.
The institutional aspect of foreign economic activity in the context of ensuring the economic security of the region
Before considering the problem of activation of foreign economic activity in the region, it seems appropriate to raise a number of questions, the understanding of which allows us to understand the problem as a whole. Such issues are a clear idea of what should be understood by the term institutional and innovative aspects of foreign economic activity; what is the place of state bodies in these conditions; what are the mechanisms for realizing the interests of the region.
We understand the institutional aspect of foreign economic activity in the region as a system of interaction between mechanisms for stimulating and regulating export, import, investment and other forms of foreign economic activity at the mesolevel.
Iskrenko E.V. believes that underestimation of the role of foreign economic activity leads to insufficient use of regional resources, to a drop in economic growth rates and, as a result, to a decrease in the effect of regional socio-economic policy. He believes that “an important component of the latter should be the region’s foreign economic activity in the form of a system of measures to determine the mode of regulation of the wind farm, optimize the region’s participation in the MRT and aim to realize the advantages of this region, to protect the domestic market from competition of foreign goods in order to solve the problems of geographical balance of foreign economic operations "one.
The author considers it appropriate to use the term "foreign economic complex of the region" (FEC), which was previously used mainly in relation to the national economic level as a whole. In the context of the implementation of an independent WEP by the subjects of the Federation, it makes sense to define this concept.
Iskrenko E.V. offers the following interpretation of the EQR: “The latter is a part of the production and economic sector (sphere) of the region in the form of a set of economic entities (enterprises, organizations) that systematically produce and sell export resources of all types, consume imported goods (services) or carry out other types of foreign economic activity . In structural and functional terms, the foreign economic complex of the region consists of two relatively independent, but closely interacting parts: 1) the production and economic activities of economic entities whose products are exported in whole or in part, this also includes those economic units that act as consumers of imports ( directly and indirectly); 2) foreign economic relations proper, through which the deliveries of products of national labor to foreign consumers are realized, as well as the necessary products manufactured abroad are received”2.
According to the author, this definition, despite its completeness, has some vagueness and offers its own interpretation of the EQR as a set of interacting economic entities of various sectors of the region in the development of R&D, production, transportation, marketing and servicing of export-import flows of goods, works, services. The structure of the FER has its own specifics: it is formed under the influence of the concept and program of foreign economic activity of the country and the region, the presence of certain factors for the development of the relevant sectors of the complex, historical conditions, and established cooperation ties.
The specificity of the current stage of the EQR is due to the need to establish a direct, long-term connection between production and foreign economic activity, transforming it into a dynamic balanced production and commercial system by increasing the export potential of the region and intensifying participation in the foreign economic activity.
The growth of independence of the governing bodies of the subject of the Federation, being a characteristic feature of the regionalization of the mechanism of foreign economic activity, also implies an increase in their economic responsibility, which makes it necessary to strengthen the coordinating and controlling functions of regional authorities that affect the effectiveness of foreign economic activity. As an evaluation criterion for the final results of the functioning of the ECR, indicators of the effectiveness of the socio-economic development of the region can serve.
An objective consequence of the globalization of world economic relations is that the closed Russian economy will inevitably be forced to activate the WPP. In our opinion, one of essential funds contributing to the growth of regional export potential, an increase in foreign exchange earnings as a base for budget revenues at different levels, is the creation of motivational incentives for foreign economic activity in relation to the characteristics of the region based on the products of high technology industries.
The development of international economic relations should not be an end in itself. This is only a means of solving the internal problems of the region. It seems reasonable to see the main goal of the functioning of the ECR in the maximum implementation of the existing regional potential for foreign economic activity in the interests of sustainable and balanced socio-economic development of the Yaroslavl region and smoothing out territorial disproportions (see 2.2.).
The Yaroslavl region is an active foreign trade partner. Foreign trade turnover in 2000 increased by 83.9% compared to 1999 (see Appendix 10)3. During the same period, exports increased by 138.6%, while imports decreased by 20.9%. In the commodity structure of exports, 86.8% accounted for the products of the fuel and energy complex. A significant share in the structure of export deliveries was occupied by products of the machine-building and petrochemical complex, respectively 4.5% and 4.2%. The increase in exports is associated with an increase in world prices for oil products, carbon, timber, waste and scrap of ferrous metals and other goods. The decrease in imports is associated with a decrease purchasing power the population, as well as with a change in the effective demand of enterprises for imported raw materials and equipment. In addition, over the same period, world prices for meat, grain, sunflower oil, canned vegetables, raw tobacco, ferrous metals, pipes made of ferrous metals and some other goods increased.
Foreign economic activity as a special area of economic relations has specific management and regulation mechanisms. The functions of management and regulation in the field of foreign economic activity, including risk management, are performed by participants in foreign economic activity and government institutions. Economic risk management as a way to ensure foreign economic security should be based on a modern scientific and methodological base, the foundations of which were comprehensively disclosed in the previous sections of this work.
In the structure of this knowledge, the question of the features and essence of the concept of "security of foreign economic activity" occupies a key place. In the most generalized form, this information can be presented as follows.
Security of foreign economic activity, acting simultaneously as a phenomenon public life and as a structural element of foreign economic relations, by its internal nature and place in the complex of concepts of security, it has the following most important features and characteristics:
- - the term "safety of foreign economic activity" is interpreted in its generally accepted understanding - as the state of protection of the vital interests of Russian foreign trade participants and mechanisms of the process of foreign economic activity from a complex of threats and risks;
- - the state of security is achieved in the course of security management using a special system of measures, developed and implemented both by the specific security objects themselves and by their related stakeholders;
- - set of risks and threats of foreign economic activity represents a combination of threatening factors of external and internal nature;
- - foreign trade security management should include a full range of operations: creating the necessary resource base, monitoring and diagnosing the situation, current and strategic planning of goals and measures to ensure the security of foreign economic activity, practical implementation a set of measures;
- - subjects of management the security of foreign economic activity are both direct participants in foreign economic activity (legal entities and individuals engaged in foreign economic activity), and state (as well as municipal) and public institutions designed to ensure the security of foreign economic activity as an essential element of the economic and national security of Russia;
- - in the management of the security of foreign economic activity are most important three vectors of coordination: 1) consistency of measures to ensure the security of foreign economic activity at the level of economic entities - participants in foreign economic activity and state measures in the field of security of foreign economic activity; 2) consistency of interests of participants in foreign economic activity and public interests in ensuring the safety of foreign economic activity; 3) consistency of state economic measures in the field of foreign economic activity and state foreign policy.
As a final provision, in which the features of the concept of foreign economic security are maximally generalized, the following definition can be proposed: “The security of foreign economic activity should be understood as such protection of the vital interests of foreign economic activity participants and the very mechanisms of foreign economic activity from economic and other risks, which simultaneously ensures the national security of Russia.” The presence of a clearly formulated definition contributes to an unambiguous understanding of the goals and objectives of activities to ensure the security of foreign economic activity.
The participation of the state in the development of foreign economic activity, as indicated in the state program for the development of foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation, is to create favorable conditions for its development at the national and interstate levels. At the same time, the tasks of ensuring the security of foreign economic activity are also being solved. At the national level, the state provides support and regulation of foreign economic activity, and at the international level it organizes cooperation with foreign countries, participates in integration associations, international organizations and forums. Among the most responsible tasks state regulation FEA refers to ensuring security in the field of FEA. At the same time, the security of foreign economic activity is one of the most significant elements of Russia's economic security. The state, represented by the institutions of power at the federal level and the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, creates the basic prerequisites and conditions for the security of foreign economic activity.
FEA participants are, as noted in Federal Law No. 183-F3 "On Export Control", business entities - legal entities and individuals engaged in the international exchange of goods, information, services, results of intellectual activity (or rights to them). FEA participants at the micro level perform the functions of managing foreign economic operations, including risk management in order to ensure the security of their activities.
Thus, the process of ensuring the security of foreign economic activity is a complex multi-level set of operations to counter the risks and threats that arise at the micro, meso and macro levels. If we take into account the role of supranational mechanisms for regulating foreign economic activity, then it should be recognized that the security of foreign economic activity is also ensured at the mega level.
At each level of ensuring the security of foreign economic activity, there are specific process subjects and specific sets of measures are used to protect against risks and threats. At the same time, all levels of ensuring the security of foreign economic activity are closely interconnected and interdependent. The interests of the subjects and objects of ensuring the security of foreign economic activity at different levels may coincide, be in conflict, or be neutral relative to each other. This circumstance further complicates the mechanisms for ensuring the security of foreign economic activity. Of this complex of interacting multidirectional vectors of forces, only one of its segments, represented by the institutions of power at the federal level and the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, will be considered here.
State power in its structure is divided, as you know, into three branches - legislative, executive and judicial. The composition of the authorities that regulate foreign economic activity and ensure security in the field of foreign economic activity is the same. At the federal level, the legislative power is represented by the Federal Assembly, the executive - by the Government, ministries and departments. Corresponding power structures are available in each subject of the Russian Federation.
There is a clear division of powers in the field of regulation of foreign economic activity between the federal institutions of power and the power structures of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the federal level, decisions are made in key areas of managing the development and ensuring the security of foreign economic activity. These include:
- - formation of the state foreign economic strategy, policy;
- - development and control over the implementation of programs for the development of foreign economic activity;
- - establishment of principles for the implementation of foreign economic activity and the choice of instruments for regulating foreign economic activity;
- - establishing the procedure for monitoring (statistical reporting) of the main numerical indicators of foreign economic activity;
organization of the distribution and control of the efficiency of the use of resources allocated to support participants in foreign economic activity; creation of insurance and mortgage funds in the field of foreign economic activity;
- - conclusion of international treaties and agreements on issues of economic relations;
- - establishment of mandatory requirements and safety criteria for the life and health of citizens, property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property, environment, life and health of animals and plants when importing goods into the Russian Federation and the rules for controlling them, protection of the economic sovereignty and economic interests of the Russian Federation and Russian persons.
Each of these areas includes, as a mandatory aspect of foreign economic activity management, an assessment of possible risks and the formation of measures to neutralize them. At the same time, it is important to ensure the coordination and coherence of the actions of different departments in order to increase their efficiency and avoid duplication of functions. A promising way to solve these problems may be the use of controlling as a tool for information and analytical support of the risk management process of foreign economic activity.
The institutions of power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation carry out the management of foreign economic activity within the framework of their powers in accordance with the legally established procedure. The tasks they solve include: development and implementation of programs for the development of foreign economic activity within the territory of their regions; control and coordination of activities of foreign economic activity participants; implementation of measures to support participants in foreign economic activity; conclusion of agreements in the field of foreign economic activity within their competence, etc.
The principal features of the management of foreign economic activity in the regions are as follows: all actions are only within the framework of the provisions and requirements of regulatory legal acts of the federal level; possibility and necessity of accounting real conditions on the ground, which allows optimizing the decisions made by the authorities on the regulation of foreign economic activity; the possibility of coordination of actions and cooperation of activities in the field of foreign economic activity with other subjects of the Russian Federation, up to the organization of integrated structures in order to increase the efficiency of foreign economic activity; an increased level of foreign economic activity risks for regions with unfavorable geoclimatic conditions, weak economies and infrastructure.
The most significant powers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field established by federal legislation are: the conclusion of agreements on foreign economic activity with subjects of foreign states and the opening of representative offices in foreign states; formation and implementation of regional foreign economic activity programs; creation of insurance and pledge funds in the field of foreign economic activity on the territory of a subject of the Russian Federation.
A number of powers in the field of foreign economic activity are vested in local governments, the scope of which is established by Russian legislation.
In addition to the above, the authorities are divided into two groups according to their role in the management of foreign economic activity - those with general powers and those with special competencies on certain issues of regulating foreign economic activity. At the federal level, the first group includes the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly, and the Government. The second group is represented by Vnesheconombank, the Federal Customs Service, and others.
All institutions of power in ensuring the security of foreign economic activity should be based on general principles state regulation of foreign economic activity, formulated in the federal law No. 164-FZ of December 8, 2003 "On the basics of state regulation of foreign trade activities" (with subsequent amendments and additions). The most important principles of state regulation of foreign economic activity include:
Protection of the rights and legitimate interests of foreign economic activity participants, producers and consumers of goods and services;
equality and non-discrimination of participants in foreign economic activity;
- - reciprocity in relation to other states and ensuring the fulfillment of obligations under international treaties;
- - measures of state regulation of foreign economic activity should not be more burdensome for participants in foreign economic activity than is required to effectively achieve the goals of this regulation;
- - the system of measures of state regulation of foreign economic activity must meet the requirement of unity, validity, objectivity, publicity;
- - ensuring the security of the state, not causing damage to the Russian economy and foreign economic activity participants.
This set of principles is designed to guarantee the unity and consistency, efficiency and safety of the entire system of state regulation of foreign economic activity. These principles must be observed when using each group of measures of state regulation of foreign economic activity, among which the most significant are measures: financial, currency, credit, customs and tariff, non-tariff, export control, certification of goods.
The question of the specific powers and responsibilities of the main institutions of power in terms of regulating foreign economic activity and countering possible risks and threats in the field of foreign economic activity deserves the most detailed consideration.
There is a clear statutory division of powers in the field of VED between different institutions of power.
Most general fundamentals state regulation of foreign economic activity are determined by the strategy and state policy in this area of economic relations. In the federal law "On the fundamentals of state regulation of foreign trade activities" dated 08.12.2003 (with subsequent amendments) No. 164-FZ. In Art. 5 federal law No. 164-FZ defines the goal of Russia's trade policy - the creation of favorable conditions for Russian exporters, importers, producers and consumers of goods and services. It is also indicated that this policy is based on generally recognized principles and norms of international law and Russia's obligations under its international treaties. The same law establishes that the main directions of the trade policy of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution, are determined by the President.
Government Decree No. 330 dated April 15, 2014 approved Government program"Development of foreign economic activity". This program was amended by Government Decree No. 369 dated April 4, 2017. The terms of the program implementation are 01/01/2013 - 12/31/2019.
As stated in the Program passport, its goal is to strengthen its position in the global economy and increase the contribution of the foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation to socio-economic development of the country. The goals of the state policy in the field of foreign economic activity are achieved through the implementation of a set of measures, including " ensuring national and international economic security”.
Among the expected results of the implementation of the Program are: a consistent increase in exports of non-commodity goods, a significant increase in Russia's position in the World Bank rating in terms of "International Trade", obtaining significant positive effects for national economy in the context of solving problems of modernization and innovative development. The scientific and methodological correctness of the Program is confirmed by the definition of the essence of the concept of “foreign economic activity” presented in it: “the totality of foreign trade, production, investment, monetary, scientific, technical and other economic relations of the Russian Federation with foreign states, which enter into economic entities - residents and non-residents".
The program for the development of foreign economic activity includes six subprograms:
- 1. Implementation of priority areas of foreign economic activity in the process of international economic cooperation.
- 2. Formation of the Eurasian Economic Union.
- 3. Creation national system support for the development of foreign economic activity.
- 4. Improving the system of state regulation of foreign economic activity.
- 5. Improving customs activities.
- 6. Ensuring the development of a system of checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation for the implementation of foreign economic activity.
The Program has defined specific values of target indicators for each year of the Program period. For example, the World Bank's International Trade rating is planned to be raised from an unworthy Russia of 174 in 2015 to a modest 100 by 2019.
