The Russian banking system includes. The modern banking system of Russia, its structure and development

In the economy of any state, the banking system occupies one of the main roles. It acts as an intermediary during the movement of money and credit transactions between sellers and buyers, lenders and borrowers. Characteristics banking system RF will be discussed in this article.

What it is?

The system of banks in Russia is a set of financial intermediaries approved by law on money market engaged in banking activities.

The concept of the banking system of the Russian Federation can be understood as the interaction between the Central Bank, commercial banks and other credit and settlement organizations. This is stated in the Federal Law of December 2, 1990 "On banks and banking".

The banking system does not appear spontaneously. This is not just an association of financial institutions, it is a well-planned concept in which each type of bank has its own special role.

Kinds

Before analyzing the basis of the banking system of the Russian Federation, it should be noted that all world systems are divided into two types:

Centralized.
Market.

In the first case, there are only one or a few state-owned banks and many branches in the country. This can be called a state monopoly on this type of activity.

In the second case, there are many banks in the state, which differ from each other in the form of ownership, operations performed and other features. At the same time, the activities of financial organizations are strictly regulated by the law of the country. This type includes the banking system of the Russian Federation.

In addition, all banking systems are divided into one-tier and two-tier. In the first case, all banks in the system perform the same functions, including issuing ones. There is no clear hierarchy between financial institutions. This is characteristic of the historical stage of development.

Commercial banks in Russia

In the structure of the banking system of the Russian Federation, commercial banks are considered to be all financial institutions providing services to individuals and legal entities. Services mean:

issuance of any loans;
transactions with precious metals;
operations with foreign currency;
issue of bank cards;
Money transfers;
implementation of settlement and cash manipulations;
collection services;
conducting bank accounts;
performance bank guarantees;
work with deposits and payment of interest on them.

Commercial banks are engaged in activities aimed at attracting profits, in contrast to the Central Bank, whose main function is regulation. Commercial banks can be both private and public. According to the forms of ownership, they are divided into joint-stock, cooperative and joint.

There are several more classifications in the banking system of the Russian Federation:

by scale and volume of capital: large, medium and small;
by the nature of the operations performed: highly specialized and universal;
at the place of service: regional, all-Russian and international;
with foreign capital and without it;
with branches or without branches.

Play a special, "financially" role big banks. They usually have a large number of clients and a good amount of assets. These are organizations such as Sberbank, Alfa-Bank, VTB, Gazprombank, Raiffeisenbank and others.

Non-bank credit organizations (NCOs)

There are three types of such organizations:

RNKO - settlement non-banking credit organizations. They provide cash and settlement services to legal entities and individuals. In addition, these organizations can foreign exchange transactions. These include: clearing companies, clearing centers payment systems and settlement centers of currency and stock markets.
PNCOs are payment non-banking credit institutions. These include any payment systems: WebMoney, Qiwi, Unistream, as well as payment systems of telecom operators.
NDKO - non-bank deposit and credit organizations. This includes structures that can only raise money from legal entities, while they do not have the right to service and open bank accounts. As well as those organizations that work with individuals: microfinance structures, credit unions and cooperatives.

Important! Non-bank organizations that attract deposits do not participate in the deposit insurance system, so that clients who decide to keep their savings in them take quite a risk. Non-banking institutions are also at risk of license revocation.

Types of banking services

Commercial banks produce a variety of products to help customers meet their needs. Let's analyze the main ones:

RKO. The most popular service and one of the main sources of income Money to the bank. Available to both legal entities and individuals.
Deposit. Through deposits, the bank attracts a large amount of borrowed funds. For clients, this service is financial instrument helping to save and increase free money. The depositor leaves money in the bank for certain period at a specified percentage. The bank uses the attracted money in financial transactions from which it makes a profit. Distinguish term deposits and demand deposits. Distinctive characteristics deposits is the term of the deposit, the interest rate, the possibility of prolongation, early withdrawal of funds.
Credit. This service is available to all clients. The loan can be used by both individuals and legal entities. Banks offer loan products on different conditions negotiated individually with each client. The most popular product is a long-term loan. This is a long-term loan provided upon the provision of a certain package of documents.
Plastic cards. This service is used by a large number of people. Banks offer debit and credit cards. With the help of them you can pay for purchases, services, make non-cash payments. The cardholder, as a rule, pays a commission to the bank for servicing the account.
Internet banking. Majority banking services you can do it without leaving your home, if you have the Internet and a connected service. Opportunities for operations carried out by different banks may vary. How bigger company, the more functionality is open to the client. The point is that the development software requires large capital investments.
Leasing. The essence of the service is that the bank leases a certain type of property for an agreed period, while retaining the right of ownership. The client receives the necessary property and pays the percentage specified in the contract.
Bank cells. This is a kind of safe, for the use of which the bank charges a certain commission. Financial companies guarantee their clients complete confidentiality. Banks do not check the property handed over to the cell. It is individual for each client. If funds are stored in the safe, no interest is charged on them, unlike deposits.
Operations with precious metals and securities.

Loans, deposits and settlement and cash services are the most popular types of banking services.

banking infrastructure

All levels of the banking system of the Russian Federation cannot fully function without a well-functioning infrastructure. It may include:

Deposit insurance system. With its help, depositors do not have to worry about their savings stored in banking organizations. It also serves as an incentive for citizens to keep money in bank accounts. As a rule, not only deposits are insured, but also funds for debit cards, though not in all banks. Only DIA - Deposit Insurance Agencies can insure.
Independent settlement systems between corporate and private clients banking organizations as well as between the banks themselves. For example, SWIFT system.
Systems that help make payments with plastic cards: MasterCard, VISA, MIR, American Express and etc.
Organizations that audit all banking organizations, including the Central Bank.
Legal and advisory structures that help banks resolve issues that arise when interacting with customers.
Implementing organizations modern technologies to the banking system of the Russian Federation. Thanks to them, the security of ongoing operations is increased and the settlement processes are simplified.
Training centers conducting training and retraining of employees of banks and financial organizations.

banking legislation

This is another element of the Russian banking system. This includes all legislative acts regulating the work of financial institutions:

The Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Civil Code.
Banking Law No. 395-1 (adopted in 1990).
Law on the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 86-FZ (adopted in 2002).
Deposit Insurance Law No. 177-FZ (adopted in 2003).
National payment system No. 161-FZ (adopted in 2011).
Consumer Credit Law No. 353-FZ (adopted in 2013).

Functions of the banking system of the Russian Federation

The main functions can be distinguished:

Transformational. It consists in the fact that banks can change the terms and sizes money capital, as well as regulate financial risks by attracting funds from some entities and lending to others. This function can be performed as commercial banks and the Bank of Russia.
Money creation and regulation money supply. The central bank can influence the amount of money available to other banks for execution active operations. This is done by decreasing or increasing the interest rate. Thus, it turns out to effectively manage money, depending on changes in demand for them.
Ensuring the stability of banking and the money market. Financial activities are always associated with high risks. After all, banks exist only at the expense of borrowed funds. Therefore, the bankruptcy of any financial institution can affect the economic situation throughout the country.
Stabilization function of the banking system of the Russian Federation. This includes the adoption of bills that regulate the work of banks, as well as the creation of effective control and supervision of financial institutions.

Principles

The country's legislation enshrined the principles by which the banking sector should be organized. These include:

the principle of a two-level structure;
principle of universality of banks.

The first principle is implemented by clearly separating the functions of the Bank of Russia and other financial institutions. The Central Bank, being at the highest level, performs the function of supervision and regulation of the work of commercial banks, and also performs the function of settlements in the country. For the performance of these duties, he may carry out all the necessary Bank operations.

The Central Bank cannot carry out banking operations with legal entities that are not credit companies, and with individuals, except for the military and their employees. This means that at the legislative level it does not have the right to participate in the banking market, cannot issue loans and should not compete with commercial banks.

All other financial institutions form the second level of the system. They play the role of intermediaries in settlements, loans and investments, and cannot develop and implement monetary policy. In their work, they rely on adopted by the Bank Russian parameters: interest rates, inflation rates and others. They must also comply with all the necessary norms and requirements of the Central Bank. For example, capital level norms or a reserve requirement.

The second principle means that all banks operating on the territory of the Russian Federation have universal capabilities. This means that any commercial Bank can perform various types of banking operations, which are provided for by law and license. The legislation does not separate banks by types of operations performed.

Versatility helps lenders mitigate risk by expanding services. Thanks to this principle, the bank is able to comprehensively serve its customers and develop new services that take into account the needs of certain groups of the population.

We can say that the principle of universality satisfies the needs of the country's economy and creates favorable conditions for the development of the banking system.

The role of the banking system of the Russian Federation in the economy

The economy is now a complex system, each section of which is connected to the other and is important. The banking sector plays an important role here. She's on stage modern development economic relations ensures the normal operation of the entire economy of the country.

Today the banking system must:

Collect free money.
Make an issue.

AT modern world Banks play a huge role in the country's economy. With the help of this sphere, the formation and development of the economic and political power of the entire state is possible. It can be said that banks today are economic tool in the hands of the government. But, unfortunately, only the Bank of Russia is directly subordinate to the state, the rest of the banks can only listen to its recommendations.

Until recently, banking activity in our country was regulated by the policy of the CPSU. But after all the political transformations in Russia, many non-state banks appeared, the work of which is regulated economic laws, the Central Bank and imperfect legislation. But this does not stop the development of the banking system, now it is happening at a fast pace.

Despite the peculiarities of the banking system of the Russian Federation, Russian credit institutions occupy a strong place in domestic market capital, and also open their branches abroad. Of course, the expansion of the territorial boundaries on which our banks are located has a positive effect on the country's economy, but still, it is still far from the emergence of a full-fledged banking system.

The role of the banking sector in market economy very large. And all the changes that take place in it lead to economic change in the country. That is why great importance should be given to the proper organization of the banking system.

Current position

AT last years there is an active development of the banking system of the Russian Federation. Conditions for banking services have become more transparent, credit institutions tend to be open to customers. Constantly implemented Hi-tech: Internet banking, money transfers, various cards and much more. There are new offers for favorable conditions on lending.

Despite this, the Russian banking system lags noticeably behind other countries and does not meet the economic challenges facing the country. A huge number of people do not use banking services. According to statistics, about 25% of Russians have bank accounts. In developed countries, for comparison, every adult has them. Not many people use bank cards, while in other countries there are 1-2 cards for every inhabitant. The issue of introducing banking services in the regions is also acute.

The reasons for the problems of the banking system of the Russian Federation include the following:

The Russian economy is supported by the oil industry, so the government does not pay enough attention to the growth of the banking sector. On the this moment the model of the system necessary for the country has not been created, and there are no conditions for its development. This negatively affects the organization of the banking system of the Russian Federation.
The system is unattractive for investors, and its capitalization is at a low level.
A small level of monetization of the country's economy, which also slows down the development of the system.
There is no state protection for commercial banks, and they are the center of the entire banking system.
The infrastructure is underdeveloped.
A large number of money flows past the banking system.

is a set of interrelated elements that includes the Central Bank, credit organizations consisting of commercial banks and other credit and settlement institutions, sometimes combined within holdings, as well as banking infrastructure and banking legislation. the federal law dated December 2, 1990 "On banks and banking activities" defines the concept of the banking system in the following way: the banking system of the Russian Federation includes the Bank of Russia, credit institutions, as well as branches and representative offices of foreign banks.

The banking system of the Russian Federation, its levels

Russian banking system has a two-level structure. The first level is represented by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The second level also includes non-bank credit organizations, as well as branches and representative offices of foreign banks.

The first level includes the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the type of functions and powers of which distinguish it from other banks. First of all, this is the establishment and methodological support of the rules for performing and accounting for banking operations, the issuance of cash (issue), the organization of payment turnover, the licensing of banking activities and the supervision of all credit institutions, the regulation of banks and other credit institutions through accounting, reserve policy and the establishment of mandatory economic standards for them. Thanks to his functional purpose The Central Bank of the Russian Federation occupies a special place in the banking system.

The second level of the banking system includes. These include: a bank and a non-bank credit institution, Russian banks with foreign capital or branches of foreign banks. The main purpose of credit organizations is to conduct banking operations for credit, cash and deposit services for customers and economic entities.

Rice. 1. Structure of the banking system Russian Federation

The composition of the basic elements of the banking system of the Russian Federation includes: credit institutions, banking infrastructure, banking legislation.

Credit organisation - this is entity which, in order to make a profit as the main goal of its activity, on the basis of a special permit (license) of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia) has the right to carry out banking operations, provided by law about banks.

Bank- a credit institution that has the exclusive right to carry out in aggregate the following banking operations: attraction of funds from individuals and legal entities to deposits, placement of these funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.

Non-bank credit organization(NCO) - a credit institution entitled to carry out certain banking operations. Permissible combinations of banking operations for non-bank credit institutions are established by the Bank of Russia. NCOs can carry out settlement, deposit, credit operations, as well as collection of cash, bills, payment and settlement documents.

Banking group - this is an association of credit institutions in which one (parent) credit institution directly or indirectly (through a third party) has a significant influence on decisions taken by the management bodies of another (other) credit institution.

Bank holding - an association of legal entities with the participation of credit institutions, in which a legal entity that is not a credit institution (the parent organization of a bank holding company) has the ability to directly or indirectly exercise a significant influence on decisions made by the management bodies of the credit institution.

The procedure for opening and operating branches and representative offices of foreign banks in the territory of the Russian Federation is regulated by special legislative acts. The Bank of Russia establishes restrictions on banking operations for branches and representative offices of foreign banks.

Russian banks are not isolated from the external environment. To perform their economic functions, they demand a number of important services that are provided by the banking infrastructure. The importance of banking infrastructure has been increasing in recent years. It is understood as a set of institutions that form the necessary conditions for the implementation of banking activities and contribute to the creation and delivery of banking services to their consumers. These include:

a deposit insurance system that guarantees the safety of citizens' deposits in banks within the framework of the norms established by law, which is carried out by the Deposit Insurance Agency (DIA), specially created by the state;
independent payment systems that assist in the implementation of settlements between organizations and banks, such as SWIFT, and payment transactions with plastic cards, such as VISA. MasterCard, American Express;
audit organizations providing an independent audit of the activities of both commercial banks and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and confirmation of their financial statements;
advisory and legal organizations those who help banks in developing their business, representing the interests of banks in interaction with customers and authorities;
organizations - providers of information technology solutions that develop and provide banks with modern banking technologies aimed at automating their business processes and achieving a high level of security;
educational organizations that train and retrain banking specialists, conduct various seminars and advanced training courses, without which, in the conditions of the complexity of modern banking, it is impossible to imagine the normal functioning of the bank.

The sources of the banking legislation of the Russian Federation are: the Constitution of the Russian Federation; international banking law and international treaties of the Russian Federation; solutions Constitutional Court RF; Civil Code (CC) of the Russian Federation: Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”; Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)”; by-laws legal acts(instructions, regulations, circulars, etc.).

The current state of the banking system of Russia

Banking system of the Russian Federation includes the Bank of Russia, credit institutions, as well as branches and representative offices of foreign banks.

The fourth stage of "foreign intervention" in the banking sector has begun in Russia. With the adoption in 1995 of the Federal Law No. 65-FZ "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the RSFSR "On the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia)"", it became possible to further develop the banking sector of Russia and the system of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation itself. The federal law fixed the independent status of the Bank of Russia and regulated in detail the relations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation with federal authorities state power. An essential point of the new banking law was the establishment of a ban on granting loans to the Government of the Russian Federation for financing federal budget, as well as for the purchase by the Bank of Russia of state valuable papers with them initial placement, with the exception of cases when it is provided for by the federal law on the budget (Article 22).

In early 1996, the Federal Law “On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the RSFSR “On Banks and Banking Activities in the RSFSR”” (No. 17-FZ of February 3, 1996) was adopted, which served as the next stage in the commercialization of the Russian banking system. This Federal Law introduced a distinction between a bank and a non-bank credit institution, and eliminated the restriction on the size of the share authorized capital, which may be owned by one founder. Previously (according to the law of December 2, 1990), such a share for one member of a credit institution was limited to 35%.

In mid-2002, the Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)” (No. 86-FZ) was adopted, which increased the transparency of the activities of the Central Bank by strengthening state control. For these purposes, the National Banking Council was created - a collegial body of the Bank of Russia responsible for external control over its activities without the right to interfere in operational activities bank (art. 12).

Currently in Russia de jure there is a two-tier banking system, but after the adoption of the Federal Law "On Agricultural Cooperation" (1995) and the Federal Law "On Credit Consumer Cooperatives" (2001), the country's banking system de facto began to acquire certain features of a three-level model:

I level(upper) with assets of 15,482.6 billion rubles. — The Central Bank of the Russian Federation and its structural units(central office, main inspection credit histories, 22 departments and 3 main departments, 1 MSTU of the Bank of Russia, 58 main departments, 20 national banks and 630 cash settlement centers);

II level(intermediate) with assets of 28,691.9 billion rubles. — universal commercial banks entitled to conduct banking operations (1,015 banks, including 228 credit institutions with foreign participation) and 51 non-bank credit institutions;

III level(lower) with assets of about 30 billion rubles. - credit (consumer and agricultural) cooperation of Russia, which currently has 680 thousand shareholders.

The Bank of Russia, de jure, not being a public authority, at the same time, in terms of its legal powers, reflected in its goals (protecting and ensuring the stability of the ruble, developing and strengthening the banking system, ensuring the efficient and uninterrupted functioning of the payment system) and functions (issuing cash and refinancing of credit institutions, establishment of rules for settlements and banking operations, organization currency regulation and control (supervision) over the activities of credit institutions and banking groups, etc.), de facto refers to state bodies, since the implementation of its goals and functions involves the use of state coercion measures (Table 1).

Table 1. Balance sheet of the Bank of Russia for 2006-2009, billion rubles

Granted the right to manage the country's gold and foreign exchange reserves (international reserve assets of the Russian Federation), which as of January 1, 2010 amounted to $440.6 billion, an increase of 5.7 times compared to January 1, 2004 ($76.9 billion) . At the same time, only 5% in the structure of gold reserves was given to monetary gold, which was accounted for at current quotations of the Bank of Russia. The largest segment Russian assets as of June 30, 2009 was placed in securities of foreign issuers with a maturity of less than 1 year (87.1%), then - in the form foreign currency deposits and account balances (7.7%), as well as in reverse repo transactions with a term of up to 6 months (5.2%).

The onset of the global financial crisis and the implementation by the Bank of Russia in connection with it of a policy of gradual devaluation of the ruble since October 2008 led to the fact that Russia's gold reserves as of May 1, 2009 amounted to $383.9 billion, i.e. over 8 months, they decreased by $212.7 billion, or by 35.7% of their maximum level ($596.6 billion).

Analysis of performance indicators of the Russian banking sector for 2006-2009. testifies to the rapid development of the banking sector in 2006-2007. In a global financial crisis Growth rates have slowed down somewhat, but still remain fairly stable. By growth rate total assets, as well as loans and other funds provided to non-financial organizations and individuals, the Russian banking sector is one of the fastest growing markets in the world (Table 2).

Table 2. Macroeconomic performance indicators of the banking sector of the Russian Federation for 2006-2009

However, behind the positive dynamics macroeconomic indicators Russian banking sector (total assets and own funds, loans and other placed funds provided to resident non-financial organizations and resident individuals) the most serious problems were hidden, which, under the conditions of the global financial crisis, had a negative impact not only on the activities of most of the country's credit institutions, but also on the Russian economy as a whole.

Microfinance credit organizations

After in the 1930s. microfinance organizations of credit cooperation and mutual credit were liquidated in the country, interest in institutions of this kind in Russia began to arise again only in the second half of the 1990s. First of all, it was manifested by Russian citizens, whose access to bank lending was limited. Thus, in 2008, the share of economically active citizens who did not have full access to financial services in Russia was about 50%.

As a result, such credit institutions of civil society appeared in the country, such as consumer credit cooperatives of citizens (CCC), consumer credit cooperatives with the participation of legal entities (CCC), consumer societies (PA) and agricultural consumer credit cooperatives (ACCC), the total loan portfolio which, in 2009, amounted to about 30 billion rubles, was formed mainly due to voluntary savings of shareholders.

The activity of credit cooperatives is currently not subject to prudential supervision by the Bank of Russia and is regulated by a number of legislative acts that define the requirements for the organization and activities of credit cooperatives. On March 4, 2010, the Government of the Russian Federation, by Decree No. 123, entrusted Rosfinmonitoring with control over consumer credit cooperatives of citizens, thereby transferring licensing and control over the activities of these financial intermediaries to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

Agricultural CPCs carry out their activities in accordance with the Law on Agricultural Cooperation. At the same time, its members must necessarily participate in economic activity cooperative. Besides. The law establishes restrictions on the number of members of the ACCC who are not agricultural producers (their share should not exceed 20% of the total number of members of the cooperative).

SO, conducting savings and loan operations with their shareholders, along with the traditional activities of consumer cooperation (purchasing, trade and purchasing, marketing, supply, etc.) carry out their activities in accordance with the Law "On consumer cooperation (consumer societies, their unions) in the Russian Federations” and have no upper limits on the number and composition of their members. As a rule, they are created on a territorial basis.

CCGTs are created in accordance with the Law “On Credit Consumer Cooperatives of Citizens” on the basis of any community of citizens, common place of residence, work activity, professional affiliation, etc. For them, the upper limit of the number of members (founders) is set - no more than 2,000.

CCPs that do not have special legal regulation operate on the basis of general norms Art. 116 Civil Code RF and have no upper limits on the number and composition of their members.

AT modern Russia the main organizers of credit institutions of civil society at present are the credit unions Russia, the National Union of Non-Commercial Organizations, the Union of Rural Credit Cooperatives and the Fund for the Development of Rural Credit Cooperatives. They were created to promote the development of credit cooperation as the most important direction in reforming the financial and credit mechanism. Agriculture, systems of mutual financing of non-profit organizations, as well as the provision of services in the field of accounting, taxation, organization (management) of activities, advisory and educational programs.

Every kind credit institution- KKKG, KPK, PO or SKPK - built in a strict hierarchical sequence, which is a three-level organizational structure the following form:

I level (primary link) - credit cooperative. Currently, there are 760 KKGs, 350 SKPKs, 400 POs and KPKs operating in Russia in 75 regions of the country. The total number of shareholders is about 680,000, the volume of loans granted is 30.0 billion rubles;

II level (middle) - regional associations KKKG, KPK, PO or SKPK created in 34 regions of the Russian Federation. The main goal of their activities is to promote the development of the lower level of the credit cooperation system;

III level (upper) - such structures as the League of Credit Unions of Russia, the National Union of Non-Commercial Organizations, the Union of Rural Credit Cooperatives, the Rural Credit Cooperation Development Fund and the Interregional Agricultural Credit Consumer Cooperative (MSCCP) "People's Credit".

League of Credit Unions of Russia(organized in 1994) is a voluntary association of credit consumer cooperatives citizens and other non-profit mutual financial assistance organizations and their associations. As of January 1, 2008, the League included 238 cooperatives, including 46 as independent cooperatives and 192 as associates (through 12 regional associations and 2 infrastructure organizations). At the same time, cooperatives and their associations included in the League included: 238 departments (branches), 366,954 shareholders, 1,466 employees with a total balance sheet currency of 6,480 million rubles.

National Union of Nonprofit Organizations was established in 2001 with the aim of creating and developing a system of mutual financing of non-profit organizations, as well as providing them with services in the field of accounting, taxation and organization (management) of activities. The system of the National Union includes more than 160 cooperatives, uniting more than 200 thousand shareholders and controlling more than 3 billion rubles.

Rural Credit Cooperation Development Fund(FRS K K) (founded in 1997) - non-state non-profit organization, whose activities are related to the development of a multi-level system of CCM in Russia by providing cooperatives financial assistance, advisory and educational services. As of 01.01.2008, the equity capital of the Federal Grid Company was 320.4 million rubles, and the size of the loan portfolio was 276.6 million rubles. At the same time, for the entire period of activity (including 2008), loans in the amount of 2.1 billion rubles were provided through the FGCCM, which were intended for 14 thousand peasant (farmer) households, personal subsidiary farms and other small and medium forms of agribusiness.

Union of Rural Credit Cooperatives(established in 1997) is a non-governmental non-profit organization whose activities are related to promoting the development of rural credit cooperation as the most important direction in reforming the financial and credit mechanism of agriculture. At present, the SSK Union coordinates the activities of 220 credit cooperatives and credit unions from 50 regions of Russia.

Non-governmental non-profit organization MSCC "People's Credit" (founded in 2004) is engaged in attracting financial resources into the system of rural credit cooperation, reducing financial risks in the activities regional systems credit cooperation through the creation of guarantee, insurance and reserve funds, as well as the provision of advisory and informational and methodological assistance to members of the ISCC.

The main shareholders of MSCC "People's Credit" are 17 regional cooperatives of the 2nd level and 4 associated organizations (Fund for the Development of Rural Credit Cooperation, a branch of the non-profit corporation ACDI / OCA, the Non-profit Foundation for the Promotion of Small Business Development "German Fund for Support of Small Business" and financial company"Oikocrcdit", the Netherlands). As of July 1, 2009, 264 loans for a total of 188.1 million rubles were issued from the MCCCP Narodny Kredit, the cooperative's own funds amounted to 24.2 million rubles, and the loan portfolio - 70.9 million rubles.

The banking system of Russia in the context of the global financial crisis

The first signs of a financial crisis in the Russian banking system began to be observed in August 2007. Thus, over the seven months of 2007, the volume of refinancing of commercial banks increased 350 times. A year later (August-September 2008) its further growth led to a massive failure by banks to fulfill their obligations under repo transactions. Already the first manifestations of the crisis in Russia showed that the main mechanism of its development differs from that observed in developed countries. In Russia, the inevitability of the development of a systemic crisis was predetermined by the prevailing in the 2000s. mechanisms for financing banks and enterprises, money supply, pricing in the financial market. The Bank of Russia issued ruble funds for accumulation foreign exchange in official reserves. The reduction in export earnings of Russian exporters as a result of the fall in world oil prices led to a relative contraction of the money supply. Rising interest rates in the global financial market and limiting lending to borrowers from developing countries led to an increase in the cost of borrowing for the largest Russian banks. This caused the collapse of the Russian interbank credit market.

Dependence of the Russian financial market and enterprises on external funding illustrated by statistics. Yes, as of October 1, 2008. external debt of Russian banks and corporations (non-participation in capital) amounted to $497.8 billion. 9 billion dollars, corporate sector - 299.0 billion dollars). Departure of international investors from the Russian market (in 2008 net outflow private capital from Russia amounted to 130.8 billion dollars, in 2009 it exceeded 50 billion dollars) is associated with the beginning of a liquidity crisis in the country's banking sector.

Let us list the problems that are typical for the banking sector of modern Russia and indicate that the institutional formation of a market-type banking system has not been completed in our country.

1. Currently in the Russian Federation there is big number literally dwarf banks both in terms of volume equity, as well as total assets. As of December 1, 2009, the 200 largest banks (in total, there were 1,131 banks in the register of Russian credit institutions, and 1,015 operating banks) controlled over 94.0% of the total assets and approximately 90.0% of the equity capital of Russian banks. At the same time, the top five banks accounted for 45% of all own funds, about 48.0% of total assets and 50% of all loans, deposits and other placed funds, and the share of only one Sberbank (SB) of Russia in the structure balance sheet operations of all credit institutions operating in Russia account for 25% of assets, 20% of equity, 30% of loans to legal entities and individuals, 25% of funds raised from legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, and 50% of funds raised from individuals. The scale of the activities of the Security Council of Russia is evidenced by the state of the increase in turnover on accounts accounting his financial transactions(form 101) for December 2008:

for active operations:

correspondent account balances opened with the Bank of Russia increased by 64 billion rubles;
balances on correspondent accounts opened by the Russian Security Council in non-resident banks increased by 67 billion rubles;
debited from the accounts of SB branches located in the Russian Federation to 2717 billion rubles more than received;
loans and deposits placed with non-resident banks increased by 143 billion rubles;
loans provided to non-state commercial organizations increased by 122 billion rubles;
loans to individuals increased by 9 billion rubles;
arrears of non-state commercial organizations on loans decreased by 2 billion rubles;
overdue debt of individuals on issued loans increased by 2 billion rubles;

for passive operations:

the balances of the accounts of non-resident banks in the SB increased by 4 billion rubles;
the balances on the accounts of resident banks in the SB increased by 6 billion rubles;
funds (loans, deposits) were debited from the SB correspondent account in favor of resident banks for 39 billion rubles;
SB received an interbank loan from non-resident banks for 6 billion rubles;
overdue debt of individuals on issued loans increased by 2 billion rubles;
funds (including deposits) of non-state commercial organizations increased by 176 billion rubles;
funds (including deposits) of individuals increased by RUB 162 billion

2. Density banking service in Russia as of December 2009, the average was slightly more than 28 outlets per 100,000 population. This is comparable to the density of banking services in countries of Eastern Europe. However, if in Europe banking divisions are almost evenly distributed across the territory, in Russia, on the contrary, it is extremely uneven. Thus, as of 01.01.2010, about 50% of all operating credit institutions were operating in Moscow. They concentrated 86.6% of total assets, 57.9% of all deposits of legal entities and individuals and other funds raised, and about 35% of loans and other placed funds provided to legal entities and individuals and individual entrepreneurs.

3. The undercapitalization of Russian banks did not allow them to adequately finance the largest Russian enterprises, and the irrational policy of the Bank of Russia of high interest rates in the absence of capital restrictions (cancelled since mid-2006) led to an uncontrolled growth of external Russian debt. Thus, the external debt of the banking and corporate sectors as of September 1, 2009 amounted to about 33.5% of Russia's GDP. In the context of the rapid devaluation of the ruble, a significant part of Russian borrowers will face the problem of servicing their external debt.

4. Monetary policy is not intended to stimulate the economic growth and improve the well-being of the population. She is basically out of touch with her needs. Russian economy and is so controversial that it does not allow economic entities to make economically sound decisions. Thus, theoretically carried out in the pre-crisis period, the policy of strengthening the ruble should have contributed to the modernization of Russian enterprises. But in conditions of high inflation and ongoing interest rate policy modernization of production was limited and fragmented. During the crisis period, the policy of "smooth" devaluation of the ruble, along with the policy of high interest rates, puts an end to plans technical re-equipment production and, moreover, leads to curtailment business activity in the Russian economy. Industrial decline and at the same time significant expansion money supply form firm expectations of further depreciation among business entities and households Russian currency and the beginning of a new round of dollarization of the Russian economy.

5. The activities of banks as conductors of monetary policy are aimed solely at compliance with formalized standards, the requirement to comply with which is often selective. In the context of the development of the crisis, Russian banks, as independent commercial organizations pursuing their own interests, limit their activities in all segments of the financial market, except for the foreign exchange, and transform their ruble liabilities into foreign exchange assets. Funds allocated to banks by the state, attracted in the form of loans from the Bank of Russia, deposits of legal entities and individuals, are not directed to finance economic entities, but are thrown into currency market. As a result, financial anti-crisis measures increase devaluation pressure and do not allow overcoming the crisis in the economy. The reduction of ruble liquidity generates a contraction of the domestic aggregate demand further exacerbating the economic crisis.

6. Investments attracted domestically in the pre-crisis period were not used productively, but were directed to financial speculation, which led to several bubbles, including national market valuable papers. Russian market securities in the pre-crisis period were distinguished by several features: low market capacity (only a small part of the securities of the most attractive issuers were in free circulation); a limited number of investors, among which large foreign and national institutional investors prevailed; widespread insider trading, which allowed investors to manipulate exchange rate fluctuations; decentralized market infrastructure. The high investment rating of Russia attracted foreign investment, and the narrowness of supply, along with the indicated features of the market, led to a rapid “warming up” of the Russian stock market. Before the crisis in May 2008, its capitalization was 1.6 trillion dollars, having increased over the past 3 years by more than 3 times. At that time, investors in a number of cases purchased foam paper at clearly inflated pence. So, in terms of relationship full cost companies to share revenue Russian company Severstal-Auto was placed 15-20% more expensive than the shares of such global auto giants as Honda, Nissan, Toyota, etc., and in terms of such an indicator as the ratio of capitalization to net profit, the shares of the Russian tire company Amtel were placed 2-2.5 times higher than the shares of the world leaders in the industry - Michelin and Bridgestone.

As a result of the largely isolated and largely segmental functioning of the banking system and real sector in national economy increased structural disproportions. Therefore, for the Russian economy, the way out current crisis will be extremely complex and will require the adoption of non-standard solutions.

Financial and legislative structure of the Central Bank, credit and settlement institutions, microfinance organizations, infrastructure and legislative norms in banking.

The banking infrastructure includes settlement systems between various banks, deposit insurance system, payment systems for settlements on bank cards, as well as audit organizations, consulting companies, providers of processing technologies and firms specializing in educational services in the banking sector.

The foundations of the banking system are laid down in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the country. Additional documents— laws on banks, on the Central Bank of Russia, on the national payment system, on deposit insurance, on consumer credit, as well as other regulations.

If we consider the banking system according to the gradation by levels, then at the first and most high level the Central Bank will be located, and on the second - all other elements.

The first level of the banking system of the Russian Federation

The Central Bank is the main regulator and supervisory authority in the banking sector. It is he who monopoly establishes the rules for the implementation of any financial transactions for all participants in the country's banking system.

The prerogative of the Central Bank is also:

issue of funds;
issuance of licenses for banking activities;
management of the payment and settlement system in the state;
the establishment of certain economic norms for credit institutions in the country;
ensuring a stable state of the ruble and financial state system generally.

The second level of the banking system of the Russian Federation

The lowest level of the system is all banking and non-bank organizations providing services for financial services clients and other subjects of economic relations in Russia. That is, this includes Russian commercial banks, microfinance companies, as well as representative offices of foreign credit institutions and their branches.

Banks

Banks, in turn, can work both independently and as part of banking associations and holdings. Their activity is regulated at the legislative level. The commercial orientation of the work of banks does not exclude their division into private and public. The latter do not necessarily belong entirely to the state - half of the state assets plus one share is enough for this.

According to the form of ownership, banks are divided into joint-stock, cooperative and joint. According to the volume of assets - large, medium and small. According to the internal structure - into branchless and with a large number of branches. According to the operations carried out - into specialized and universal.

Separately isolated systemically significant banks- the largest in terms of assets and clients, and the most influencing the economy of the state. Currently there are 4 on this list state bank, 4 private without foreign capital and 3 private traders with foreign capital.

Schemes of work and permitted types financial activities for representative offices of foreign banks are enshrined in the relevant legislative acts. The Bank of Russia has the authority to impose restrictions on the conduct of banking operations by foreign banks.

NGOs

Non-bank credit organizations can only carry out certain types of financial transactions that are established by the Central Bank of Russia. Usually these are credit settlement operations, as well as collection of bills and cash. NPOs are prohibited from conducting cash transactions, as well as from establishing branches. Non-bank institutions are not included in the system compulsory insurance deposits.

The banking system is one of the main structures in the economy of any state. The main function of the banking system is mediation in the movement of funds and loans between sellers and buyers, lenders and borrowers.

The banking system is one of the main structures in the economy of any developed state. It is designed to meet the growing needs modern society in banking services and products.

The banking system is a collection of national banks and other credit institutions included in the economy of the state. main function The banking system as a whole is an intermediary in the movement of funds and loans between sellers and buyers, lenders and borrowers.

The elements of the banking system are:

the central bank, which implements the issuing and monetary policy of the state;
commercial banks producing various operations and services;
various credit and settlement centers.

The banking system has a hierarchical structure headed by the central bank. At the lower level are commercial banks, which are divided into universal and specialized (banks consumer credit, as well as mortgage, savings, investment, industry, in-house), as well as non-banking financial institutions (Insurance companies, investment companies and funds pension funds, trust companies, pawnshops, etc.).

Such a system is commonly called a two-tier one; it has become widespread in economically developed countries. In most countries, the central (issuing) bank is state-owned. But, if the state owns the central bank partially, for example, in Japan - 55%, Belgium - 50%, or is not the formal owner of the bank, as in the USA, Switzerland, Italy - the central bank is still endowed with functions government agency and has a monopoly right to issue (put into circulation) banknotes.

The central bank stores state gold and foreign exchange reserves, it serves the state budget and takes part in the management of public debt. The Central Bank is the main instrument in the state policy in the field of regulation of the monetary sphere and foreign exchange relations.

Due to the special role of the central bank, the government is interested in its reliability. It should be noted that the central bank, regardless of the ownership of the capital, is legally independent. The bank manager is not part of the government. Such independence of the central bank is necessary to carry out all the necessary functions. For example, it is very important when it is necessary to limit the government's ability to use bank resources to cover a budget deficit.

But central bank independence is still relative: economic policy The state requires a clear coordination of all its elements, so the long-term policy of the central bank is determined by the priorities of the government course in the economy. As a rule, it is through the central bank that the bulk of all settlements are made, and the central bank establishes the rules for these settlements, which are mandatory for all organizations, enterprises and the population.

In relation to other elements of the system, the central bank is the “bank of banks”: it keeps available funds and required reserves of commercial banks, as well as other structures, issues loans to them, is at the head national system offsets monetary obligations. The Central Bank sets limits and standards for the activities of other banks, determines official rate on loans.

Commercial banks are the main link credit system. They belong to the category of financial intermediaries. Most banking transactions are carried out through them.

Commercial banks are engaged in lending to trade and industry enterprises, carry out their mutual settlements, accept deposits. Banks attract free cash, savings of individuals and provide them for temporary use to other economic agents, and thus contribute to a significant increase in production efficiency.

In addition to banks, the elements of the lower level of the banking system are specialized financial institutions, already listed above ( investment funds, insurance companies, etc.). Unlike banks, such institutions do not provide a full range of banking services, their activities are limited to certain functions.

The legal bases and principles of their functioning are determined by the central bank. The legislation of most states provides for the functioning of foreign banks within the country.

In some countries, their activities are not limited, for example, in France. Other countries set certain limits for their transactions, for example, Russia, Canada. Such a structure of the banking system is typical for most countries with developed economies, such as the United States, Japan, and Western European countries.

However, according to the development of the constituent elements of the system different countries have significant differences and features. The uniqueness of the systems is due to the conditions of historical development, national traditions, the level of economic development, the method of regulation monetary circulation and other factors.

For example, we can take two highly developed neighboring countries North America - USA and Canada. Despite the close proximity of the location, the organization of their banking systems uses directly opposite approaches. While there are approximately 12,000 banks in the United States, there are only six in Canada, but they have branches and subsidiaries throughout the country.

But, in the end, it is not the number of banks as such that is important, but the quantitative characteristics of the banking system - the total number of banking institutions, including branches, departments, agencies that serve organizations, enterprises and the population.

In Russia, the banking system is two-tier. At the head of the system is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, at the second level - commercial banks, as well as various financial and credit institutions. In addition, the banking system of the Russian Federation includes branches and representative offices of foreign banks, banking groups and holdings. The Bank of Russia, being a legal entity, in tax authorities not registered. It carries out expenses at the expense of its income, however, profit is not the purpose of the activity of this bank, it is the body regulating the economy in the country and performs the functions of foreign economic activity.

Commercial and specialized banks, located at the second level of the banking system, provide comprehensive settlement and credit services to their customers or specialize in certain types of services. Banks of Russia are not called upon to answer for the obligations of banks and, conversely, the state is not liable for the obligations of banks.

It should be noted that in the conditions of modern society, the banking system is constantly developing and changing, its structure is becoming more complicated. This is due to the development of financial and commodity markets, the emergence of new tools and methods of customer service, new types of financial and credit institutions.

The essence of the banking system of the Russian Federation, its levels

Definition 1

Russian banking system is a set of interrelated elements, including the Central Bank (Bank of Russia) and various financial and credit organizations (commercial banks and other credit and settlement institutions), often combined into holdings, as well as banking legislation and banking infrastructure.

Thus, in Russia the banking system is two-tier. Its upper level is represented by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the lower one - by various credit institutions (banks and non-bank credit institutions), as well as by representative offices of foreign banks.

Credit organisation is a legal entity whose main purpose is to make a profit on the money market and the capital market. Credit institutions can carry out their activities on the basis of a license issued by the Mega-Regulator - the Bank of Russia (the Central Bank of the country) and have the right to carry out banking operations provided for by the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activity".

Bank is a credit institution with the exclusive right to carry out the following operations:

attracting funds from legal entities and individuals into deposits
placement of attracted funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on the terms of payment, repayment, urgency
opening and maintaining accounts of legal entities and individuals, etc.

Non-bank credit institution (NCO) is a credit institution that has the right to carry out certain banking operations (the list of which is approved by the Bank of Russia). In general, non-banking financial and credit institutions can carry out credit, deposit and settlement operations, as well as collect cash, bills of exchange, settlement and payment documents, etc.

banking group is an association of credit institutions in which one of the credit institutions has a significant influence on the decisions made by the management bodies of other organizations that are part of the group.

Bank holding is a corporation or bank that owns a share of the share capital of one or more credit institutions, which is sufficient to exercise control over them.

Basic elements of the banking system of the Russian Federation:

banking infrastructure
credit organizations
regulatory framework.

banking infrastructure

In order for banks to effectively perform their economic functions, they need to provide a number of important services that banks can provide. banking infrastructure. It should be noted that in recent years the importance of banking infrastructure has only increased.

Definition 2

Under banking infrastructure refers to a set of institutions that create the necessary conditions for the effective functioning of the banking system and the implementation of banking activities, as well as facilitating the creation and delivery of banking services to end users.

The main institutions of the banking infrastructure include, first of all:

independent payment systems that facilitate the efficient implementation of settlements between banks and organizations (for example, the SWIFT system) and payment transactions with plastic cards(MasterCard, VISA, UnionPay, etc.)
deposit insurance system
audit firms
legal and consulting firms that help banking institutions in the development of their business, which can also represent the interests of credit institutions in interaction with authorities and consumers of financial services
organizations-suppliers of software and other technological solutions
educational organizations that train banking specialists, improve their skills, organize various courses and seminars, etc.