The population of Hungary and their main occupations. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Eastern Europe

Business card of the country

Hungary, the Hungarian Republic (Hungarian Magyar Köztarshasag), a state in the east-central part of Europe.

It borders with Slovakia (515 km) in the north, Ukraine (103 km) in the northeast, Romania (443 km) in the southeast, Serbia (151 km) and Croatia (329 km) in the south, Slovenia (102 km) - in the southwest and Austria (366 km) - in the west.

The capital of the country is Budapest.

The area of the territory is 93,030 km² (109th place in the world).

Area of rivers and lakes: 0.7%.

Population: 9,976,062 (84th in the world, July 2011, CIA).

Population density: 107.2 people / km².

GDP at parity purchasing power 203.9 billion US dollars (2008), GDP per capita - 20 5000 US dollars, GDP growth in the first half of 2008 was 2%.

HDI level - 0.874 (36th place) (2005). According to the level of socio-economic development, Hungary is classified as a country with economies in transition.

Currency: forint (HUF).

Official language: Hungarian.

Religion: Catholicism.

Administrative - territorial structure: unitary republic

The current economic situation

Hungary is a new post-socialist country in Central Europe with an economy in which the main market principles. Modern level economic and social development Hungary is considered by experts to be one of the highest among the countries of Central and South- of Eastern Europe. The Hungarian economy is largely oriented towards the European Union. This country has a fairly developed infrastructure and its economy has advanced far along the path of market reforms. Hungary leads in Eastern Europe in terms of foreign investment. the most important economic problem this country is inflation.

Hungary made the leap from a planned to a market economy. The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership and investment is widespread in Hungary. Strict government measures taken at the end of 2006 reduced the budget deficit from 9% of GDP in 2006 to 3.3% in 2008. But Hungary's inability to repay its short-term debt has spilled over into a global financial crisis at the end of 2008. The economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption led to an economic contraction of 6.7% in 2009. According to the results of the III quarter. GDP fell by 7.2%. Hungary is experiencing the global crisis harder than other new EU members. Since the banking system is mainly controlled by foreign financial and credit institutions, in order to stabilize it during the crisis, the Hungarian government in Oct. 2008 was forced to use loans from the IMF, IBRD and the EU (20 billion euros). According to some Hungarian experts, in the summer of 2009. Hungary has already passed the bottom point of the crisis recession and has begun to gradually emerge from it. In July, both industrial production and the country's exports saw a slowdown in decline, while a slight increase was registered in construction.

The market economy is based on solid foundations (price liberalization, privatization of state property, profound revolutionary changes in the ownership structure of the GDP, the formation of an open economy).

At the end of the 20th century, Hungary was very hot topic was the expansion of the European Union and the entry into it of the countries that signed the Associated Membership Agreement. On May 1, 2004, Hungary became a full member of the EU. Hungary has adopted common customs tariffs for member countries of this union and a common trade policy. Thus, Hungary, on the one hand, became a member of a single common internal market and a customs union, and on the other hand, became involved in the system of existing external trade relations European Union. Also, the adoption of common EU customs tariff rates led to a reduction in duties, since they were lower in the EU than in Hungary.

From this we can conclude that Hungary's income from the collection of customs duties has decreased significantly.

Foreign economic relations of Hungary play important role in the economic development of the country. This is due to the export-oriented model of economic growth.

Characteristics of the natural resource potential

Hungary is rich in groundwater, thermal and healing springs. Groundwater reserves are found almost throughout the country and are concentrated under its flat parts, lying at a depth of 500 - 1500 m. From the geological faults stretching from north to south in the middle part of the country, numerous large and small flows of mineral and medicinal thermal waters. The daily inflow of water from all sources reaches 70 million liters. Thanks to this, per capita, Hungary is the richest country in Europe with mineral and medicinal waters. The largest and most famous hydrotherapy resorts are located in the Balaton region, in Budapest, near Miskolc and in Alföld.

West of the Danube is Lake Balaton, the largest in Central Europe and the warmest in the region. Of the rivers, except for the Danube, the Tisza matters.

There are many manifestations of karst in the limestone mountains, especially in the North Borsod karst mountains, there are hot mineral springs.

The soil cover is very diverse (about 35 soil regions are distinguished with their own complex of soils). The dominant type is chestnut and podzolic soils, covering about 40% of the country's territory. About 25% of the area of Hungary is occupied by black soil. Various brown forest soils are also widespread. Almost 3/5 of the country's territory is occupied by arable land.

There used to be a lot of forests in the country. In our time, the vegetation has been greatly altered by man. Forests occupy 13.5% of the area, mainly on the slopes of the mountains above 300-400 m. In some mountainous areas, artificial forest plantations have been created. The vegetation of the lowlands belongs to the forest-steppe type, and on the Great Hungarian Lowland there are steppes known as “empty” or “pushta”. Relatively low elevations prevent the emergence of natural forest, which covers about 15 - 18% of the country's territory. Forest-steppes and steppes are almost everywhere replaced by cultivated vegetation.

The animal world is typical for Central Europe and, thanks to the intensive hunting economy, is rich. Main species: red deer, roe deer, wild boar, hare. Among birds, the most common are pheasant, gray partridge, wild duck, stork. Hungary has five national parks, one of which, Hortobágy, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Waterfowl live along the banks of rivers and lakes. A wide variety of freshwater fish species.

Hungary is located in the southern part of the temperate zone. The climate in this country is temperate continental, with the influence of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It is determined by the influence of westerly winds and the location of the country within the mountain range of the Carpathians. Mountains trap cold air masses from the north and northeast, so winters are mild, summers are long and hot. Spring is early, relatively rainy, with changeable weather. Autumn is long, warm, but fogs and rains are not uncommon. Snow rarely falls in winter: 2-5 times a year. The sun shines in Budapest for 2054 hours a year, of which 1526 hours fall between April and September. Precipitation on the plains falls from 900 mm per year in the southwest, and up to 450 mm per year in the northeast.

Hungary is not rich natural resources: deposits of bauxite, lignite, as well as already heavily depleted reserves of natural gas and oil are of industrial importance. Deposits of uranium and copper-polymetallic ores are not currently being developed. There are no large reserves of iron ore, coal or oil in the country, and the reserves of many other types of raw materials are rather limited. The main mineral deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous regions and are associated with alpine folding. Fuel and energy resources are represented in Hungary by deposits of coal, natural gas and oil. The quality and calorific value of coal are low. Of all the reserves, more than 60% is lignite, approximately 25% is brown, and only 15% is hard coal. A significant part of the fields suitable for development is characterized by unfavorable conditions: a very limited thickness of the layers, their oblique occurrence, and fragmentation. Therefore, in the coal industry, mining has recently been curtailed at small and even medium-sized low-profit mines, and at the same time, large deposits of brown coal and lignite are being developed in those places where their open-cast mining is possible. Coal reserves are concentrated in the mountains of Mechek. The coal deposited in the Komolo region is categorized as coking coal.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the development of the Alföld oil fields began in Hungary, which turned out to be one of the largest in the country and made it possible to maintain production at achieved level, and subsequently even slightly exceed it. Oil reserves are found mainly in the central and southern regions of the Alföld. The layers here are located one under the other. They are located at a depth of up to 3-4 thousand meters and are characterized by relatively low pressure.

Natural gas deposits in Hungary are more significant. They are located approximately in the same areas as the oil fields. The largest reserves were found in the Alföld province.

The country's natural gas reserves are low in sulfur, which greatly facilitates its processing and use. However, the calorific value of the produced gas is very uneven: it varies depending on the field from 2.5 to 11 thousand kcal/m 3 . Recently discovered reserves contain a very high proportion of inert gases, some of which is also used. The only iron ore deposits in the country are located in the northeast, near the village of Rudobanya.

The reserves of manganese ore available in Hungary are the third largest in Europe. Deposits of manganese ores are located in the Bakon mountains, in the Urkut region, where 90-95% of them are mined.

Hungary has one of the most significant bauxite deposits in Europe. The main bauxite deposits are located in Dunantul, north of Balaton - in the mountains of Bakony and Vertesh. The largest deposits cover an area of several square kilometers, the thickness of the layers varies from 2 to 30 meters. Approximately 45% of them are of medium and high quality. Hungary ranks sixth in the world in bauxite mining.

There are small deposits of polymetallic ores containing tin, lead, and molybdenum in the Böržen, Matra and Zemplén mountains. The uranium ores discovered in Hungary are of great importance. Their deposits are discovered in the south of the country, near the city of Pecs. Uranium ore here lies at a depth of up to 1 thousand meters. These reserves are enough to provide nuclear power plants with a total capacity of about 400 MW with fuel.

Hungary is well provided with raw materials for production building materials. These are limestones, sand, building stone, kaolin, perlite, quartzites. At the same time, there are no other types of minerals in the country, there are no reserves of rocks containing potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, and used in the production of mineral fertilizers.

Summarizing the above, we can conclude that the country has a favorable geographical position, which contributes to its progressive economic development. The factors favoring the development of the country are a warm climate, good soil fertility, and the presence of hydrothermal springs.

Population geography

Vital movement (2011)

Table 1.

Population growth rate	-0.2% per year
Birth rate	9.60 births / 1000 people
Birth rate, boys	4.93 births / 1000 people
Fertility rate, girls	4.67 births / 1000 people
Death rate	12.7 deaths/1000 people
Migration rate	1.4 migrants per 1000 people
total fertility rate	1.40 children per woman
infant mortality rate	5.31 deaths/1000 live births
Infant mortality rate, boys	5.57 deaths/1000 live births
Infant mortality rate, girls	5.04 deaths/1000 live births
Population	9,976,062 people
Male population	4,751,788 people
Female population	5,224,274 people
Population density	107.2 people per km2
Urban population (2010)	68.0% of the total population
Urbanization rate (2010-2015)	0.3% per year
population rural population(2010)	32.0% of the total population
Population under 15	14.9% of the total population
Male population under 15	16.2% of the male population
Female population under 15	13.8% of the female population
Population aged 15 to 64	68.2% of the total population
Male population aged 15 to 64	70.7% of the male population
Female population aged 15 to 64	65.9% of the female population
Population over 65	16.9% of the total population
Male population over 65	13.1% of the male population
Female population over 65	20.3% of the female population
Average age of the population	40.2 years old
Average age of the male population	38.1 years old
Average age of the female population	42.8 years old

Demographic, ethnic and confessional situation

Hungary is considered a country of one nation. This can be explained by the fact that only 3% of the population have another mother tongue. In addition to the Hungarians, Germans, words, Croats, Serbs, Romanians, Slovenes, Gypsies, and Jews also live on the territory of this country. The Jewish community living on the territory of Hungary has 55 thousand people. and is the largest in Eastern Europe. According to the results of the 2001 census, 97% of the population recognized themselves as Hungarians. The Hungarian language has retained its originality and originality, despite the fact that for centuries it has been strongly influenced by the Turkic and Slavic languages.

In 2011, there is a natural decline in the population, which, in turn, is not compensated by the balance of migration.

There are also about 260 cult organizations and religious associations in the country. Their influence covers 74% of the population.

Based on these indicators, we can conclude that the dominant religion among Hungarians is Catholic.

Geographical features of population distribution

About 60% of all Hungarians live in cities.

Figure 1.3. - Accommodation of the urban population of Hungary.

The nature of rural settlement in separate parts countries is different. Dunantul and the Northern Middle Mountains are dominated by a dense network of relatively small and medium-sized villages. Many of them are similar to small towns: the nature of buildings, cobbled streets, sidewalks are not much different from urban ones.

In Alfeld one can observe a rare network of large and very large villages (along with many farms). The originality of the Alfeld network settlements lies in the abundance of farms. Their spread is due to the fact that part of the peasants, both wealthy and poor, gradually moved from huge villages closer to their land plots.

Employment

The slowdown in economic growth in Hungary, a wave of cuts in public sector(by 5%) led to a noticeable increase in unemployment: in 2007. there is the largest number of job seekers registered with the State Employment Service over the past 5 years.

By the beginning of 2008, the unemployment rate rose to a record high of 7.8% over the past 10 years and has a tendency to further growth. In the Hungarian labor market, demand has not been matched for many years, either territorially or professionally. Approximately half of job seekers have no professional training and only 25 thousand of them in 2007. took part in vocational training.

Unemployment jumped most noticeably in the backward regions of the country. Unemployment has also risen significantly among young people just starting out in the labor force.

Most of the people who left the labor market retired, in most cases early. Early mass retirement in a steadily aging society is Hungary's most

painful problem in the field of employment. According to the plans of the government of BP, by 2009. the lower limit for early retirement will be limited to the age of 59, and by 2013. - at the age of 60 (in Hungary, old-age pension is provided for women - at 60, for men - at 62).

Hungary has the lowest labor activity among the EU countries.

Most high income noted in the financial sector, where the average monthly salary in net terms amounted to 1130 dollars, which means a decrease of 4.5% compared to the level of 2006. This is followed by the chemical industry, energy, the state apparatus, military departments and Insurance companies. In terms of income of the employed population, the Central Region of Hungary is the leader. The last place in this indicator is occupied by the north-eastern backward regions of the country.

As published in January 2008 according to a survey conducted by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office in 2006. there were no significant changes in the structure of the balance of monetary incomes of the population: 70%, as before, accounted for labor income, 30% - for social benefits and subsidies.

The retirement age is 62.

We can conclude all of the above in this and the previous subparagraphs of this chapter: the demographic policy of the state should be aimed at rejuvenating the population, at reducing the death rate and increasing the birth rate. Young highly qualified specialists should be in demand on the labor market.

In general, the composition of the population of Hungary is dominated by one ethnic group - the Magyars, although quite a lot of people of other nationalities live in the country. Concerning religious composition, it is worth noting that the dominant religion among Hungarians is Catholic.

In 2011, there is a natural decline in the population, and immigration does not compensate for it, which is also associated with the search for work in other countries.

AT age composition The population is dominated by people of working age, while the number of elderly people and children is almost the same. Adding to this factor the average age of the population, it is worth stating the fact that the population of the country is quite old and continues to age.

As can be seen, there are certain differences in the distribution of the population by region; quite a lot of Hungarians live abroad. Quite active internal and external migration is observed, which contributes to economic growth countries. It is worth noting the rather high urbanization of the country, although in Hungary there is only one city with a population of more than one million people - Budapest. At the same time, there are areas with a fairly large proportion of the rural population.

Economic and geographical position of Hungary

The Republic of Hungary belongs to the inland states and is located in Central Europe.

From north to south, the country stretches for 268 km, and from west to east for 526 km. Occupying a central position, Hungary has a good transport "passability".

The state borders of the country pass along natural boundaries that do not create major obstacles to relations with other states.

Hungary's northern neighbor is Slovakia, and in the northeast is Ukraine, which today has become a hotbed of tension and a hot spot in Europe.

In the east, the country borders with Romania, the southern border falls on Serbia, in the southwest the border runs with Croatia, and the western border goes with Slovenia and Austria.

The border with Slovakia is the longest section of the border.

Railways cross Hungary from west to east and from north to south. The capital of the country is connected by rail with 25 European cities and 54 international trains arrive in the capital regularly.

In addition to railways, Budapest is connected by direct flights to all European capitals and other cities of the world. From anywhere in the world you can get to Hungary.

River transport develops from water transport, there is no sea transport for lack of access to the sea. High-speed hydrofoils ply the country's rivers. From Budapest through Bratislava you can get to Vienna.

well developed and public transport– trolleybus and bus routes are available in all cities of the country.

In 1999, Hungary joined NATO and sent its foreign policy to deepen participation in the pan-European and Euro-Atlantic integration processes. Its main priorities are active participation in the activities of the EU and NATO.

Their foreign economic relations with other countries, Hungary develops on the basis of an acute shortage of energy resources, a limited domestic market, a high quality workforce and a scientific and technical level.

AT national economy export-import activity plays an important role in the country, although its role in world trade is quite insignificant.

Hungary's foreign trade is focused on the EU countries, exports to them amount to 78%. Foreign trade partners in 2015 were:

Italy,
Poland,
Czech,
Germany,
Austria,
Slovakia,
France,
Romania,
Netherlands,
China.

The structure of exports was dominated by machinery and equipment, vehicles, manufacturing products, food products and products Agriculture.

The structure of imports is represented by machinery and equipment, manufacturing products, and energy carriers.

Remark 1

Thus, the economic and geographical position of Hungary is favorable. The country uses its central position in Europe and a well-developed transport system to develop its economy, while not having large reserves of mineral resources and placing its main bet on the openness of its economy.

Natural conditions of Hungary

The country is located on the Middle Danube Plain, which is a large tectonic depression surrounded by mountains.

From the western side, the spurs of the Alps approach, represented in Hungary by the Alpokalja upland, 500-800 m high.

To the north of Lake Balaton are the plateau-like Middle Hungarian Mountains, whose height is 400-700 m. The Carpathian massifs approach from the north and east, this is the highest part of the country, with heights up to 1000 m. Here is the highest point of the country in height - Mount Kekes (1015 m) .

In the mountainous region in the north, in the border area with Slovakia, there is the largest cave in Europe - Agtelek. The cave is of karst origin with underground lakes and the rivers Acheron and Styx. The labyrinth of passages is 24 km long, and some of the grottoes are simply inaccessible.

In general, the country's relief is represented by vast, slightly hilly plains, occupying 70% of the territory. The rest is a small hill, the height of which rises above sea level by 200-400 m.

The mountains account for less than 1% of the territory.

Hungary is located within the temperate continental climate, which is influenced by the air masses that form over the North Atlantic. In the summer and spring-autumn period, the influence of the Azores anticyclone increases and the role of Mediterranean air masses increases.

The impact of the anticyclone is manifested in the fact that hot weather begins from the end of April, rains fall during May-June, and autumn and spring are long and warm.

The average air temperature for the year is +9 ... +11 degrees. The temperature in July is +21, the winter is short and warm, the January temperature is -1 degree.

During the year, precipitation averages up to 600 mm, but they are unevenly distributed. In the west of the country, 900-1000 mm falls, and in the east (Alföld region) no more than 50 mm falls. Short-term droughts happen here.

Natural resources of Hungary

The bowels of the country do not have a variety and richness of mineral resources. The mineral resources of the country are associated with alpine folding, therefore they are located in mountainous and elevated areas.

From fuel resources there are oil, gas, coal. Their reserves are 9.0 billion tons. The quality of coal is low, the seams are thin and fragmented, so production at unprofitable mines is curtailed.

The main reserves of coal are located in the mountains of Mechek.

Hydrocarbon reserves are associated with intermountain troughs and are located in the deposits of the Jurassic and Cretaceous period. They exist in the foothills of the Byukk massif, but they have already been sufficiently developed. Larger oil fields were discovered southwest of Lake Balaton, but by our time, they are also almost exhausted.

The oil fields of the Alföld region allow to maintain production at the achieved level. Significant low sulfur gas deposits have been discovered in the same area.

In the northeast of the country, there are iron ore reserves with a low iron content, so their mining has been stopped.

Third place in Europe in terms of manganese reserves and a significant bauxite deposit, the reserves of which are estimated at 100 million tons. In terms of bauxite mining, Hungary ranks 6th in the world.

There are deposits of polymetallic ores containing molybdenum, tin, and lead.

Deposits of uranium ores have been discovered in the south, lying at a depth of 1000 m. In the depths of the country there are building materials - sand, limestone, perlite, quartzite, building stone.

Water resources are represented by the largest European river Danube. It flows through the territory of Hungary for 410 km. The tributaries of the Danube originate in the Alps or the Carpathians. There are many lakes in the country, the largest lake in Central Europe, Lake Balaton, is located on the territory of Hungary.

The lakes are used for fish farming.

The country is rich in underground, thermal and healing springs. Underground waters are found throughout the flat territory, at a depth of 500 to 1500 m. Within Europe, Hungary is the country richest in mineral and medicinal waters.

A great diversity is characteristic of the soil cover, 35 soil regions with unique soils are distinguished. The most fertile are Hungarian chernozems with an average thickness of the humus horizon of 60-80 cm and a humus content of up to 7%.

Chestnut and podzolic soils dominate, occupying 40% of the territory.

Brown forest soils are also quite widespread.

Remark 2

Natural forests are preserved only in mountainous areas. From total area forests 76% are state-owned, 23% are cooperative and 1% is privately owned. The country is dominated by hardwoods.

Economic-geographical

characteristic

Essay on geography

Denis Kablov

1. Geographic location……………………………………………………. …………..one

Internal political structure………………………………………………………….1

Relief……………………………………………………………………………………………….1

· Climate………………………………………………………………………………………………2

2. Natural resources………………………………………………………………………………3

Water resources……………………………………………………………………………….3

Mineral resources………………………………………………………………………….4

3. Population………………………………………………………………………………………..6

4.Features of the economy………………………………………………………………………….7

Level of economic development……….……………………………………………...7

Characteristics of the industry……………………………………………………….7

Characteristics of agriculture …………………………………………………..8

· Tourism………………………………………………………………………………………………9

Geographical position.

Hungary is a state in central Europe. The capital city is Budapest.

In the north, Hungary borders on the Czech Republic and Slovakia (along the Danube River). In the east, it has a common border with Ukraine, as well as with Romania. In the south with Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, in the west with Austria.

The territory of the country is 93 thousand km 2, the population is 10.6 million people.

domestic political device

The internal political structure of Hungary is determined by the Constitution adopted on August 18, 1949, as amended later.

The Republic of Hungary is an independent democratic state, the supreme legislative body of which is the State Assembly (Parliament). Hungary is a presidential republic. The head of the republic is elected for a term of five years.

Various parties are active in the camp and public organizations. The Hungarian Democratic Forum is one of the largest and most widely supported parties. Among other parties, the Union of Free Democrats, the Independent Party of Smallholders, the Hungarian Socialist Party, the Union of Young Democrats, and the Christian Democratic Party stand out.

Administratively, Hungary is divided into regions. The capital of the state - Budapest - together with five other large cities (Miskolc, Debrecen, Gyor, Seyid, Pec) is under republican subordination. Budapest plays a special role in the life of the country. About 20% of the population is concentrated here, 40% of industrial products are produced, organs are located in the capital government controlled, majority educational institutions, theaters, museums.

Relief.

Hungary is located on the Middle Danube Plain. The country takes about

2/3 of the territory of this large tectonic depression, surrounded by mountains. Chains of mountain ranges protect it from the winds. In the west, the spurs of the Alps approach the borders of the republic. From the north and east it is bordered by massifs of the Carpathians.

The relief of the country determines the slightly hilly, vast plains of the basin of the middle reaches of the Danube, as well as its large tributaries, the Tisza and the Drava. The ancient floodplains of these rivers, covered with a thick layer of sandy and loess deposits, occupy about 70% of the territory of Hungary. Almost the rest of the country is in hilly areas and small elevations from 200 to 400 meters above sea level. Mountains make up less than 1% of the territory. The highest point in Hungary is Mount Kekes, 1015 m.

There are 2 large rivers in Hungary - the Danube (Hungarian tributaries are of Alpine origin), Tisza (flows from north to south and then south to the Balkans).

Climate.

The country is located in the southern part of the temperate zone. The climate here is temperate continental. It is influenced by air masses of various nature, which form over the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and also over the continental part of Eurasia.

At the end of spring, summer and autumn, the weather and climate role of the air masses of the Mediterranean increases significantly, which is associated with the increasing influence of the Azores anticyclone in the summer months. This explains the hot weather characteristic of Hungary, starting from the end of April, rainfall in May-June, as well as a long warm and mild autumn period.

The average annual air temperature is 9-11 degrees.

Summer in Hungary is almost always hot, the average temperature in July is 21 degrees. Winter is short and relatively warm. The average January temperature is minus 1 degree. Hungary is characterized by long and very warm spring and autumn.

On average, about 600 mm of precipitation falls on the territory of the country during the year. Precipitation is distributed unevenly over the territory. In the areas of Alföld, their number does not exceed 50 mm per year, and in the west, near the massifs of Bakony, Pilim and Matra, the amount of precipitation reaches 900-1000 mm. Short-term droughts often occur.

Natural resources.

Water resources.

Hungary is entirely located in the Danube basin, the second largest European river after the Volga. Its length is 2850 km. The length of the section of the channel flowing through the territory of Hungary is 410 km. Most of the country's rivers flow into the Danube, including the Tisza, of the total length of which is 960 km. almost 600 km. lies within the borders of Hungary. All these rivers originate in the Alps or the Carpathians.

The mountainous origin of the rivers determines the peculiarities of their regime. The Danube is characterized by two floods: spring - during the period of snow melting, and summer - during the melting of glaciers in the mountains. The decrease in the number of runoff falls on October-December. The amplitude of fluctuations in the water level in the rivers is significant, so the difference between the highest and lowest water levels observed in the Danube near Budapest reaches almost 9 meters. Significant areas along the Tisza were at risk of flooding. The hydroconstruction work carried out made it possible to regulate the flow of this river and exclude the possibility of its overflow, which ensured stable navigation.

In Hungary there is the largest lake in Central Europe - Balaton. Its surface area is 600 km2, its length is 78 km, and its width is 15 km. The lake and its surroundings have become a resort and tourist area of international importance.

There are quite a few small lakes in the country, especially in the area between the Tisza and the Danube. They are surrounded by recreation areas. The lakes are also used for fish farming. Hungary is very rich in groundwater, thermal and healing springs. Groundwater reserves are found almost throughout the country and are concentrated under its flat parts, occurring at a depth of 500 to 1500 m. The temperature of the water layers is from 30 to 80 degrees. Recently, underground sources are increasingly used to supply settlements with clean water.

From the geological faults stretching from north to south in the middle part of the country, numerous large and small streams of mineral and medicinal thermal waters make their way to the surface of the earth. The daily inflow of water from all sources reaches 70 million liters. Thanks to this, per capita, Hungary is the richest country in Europe with mineral and medicinal waters. The largest and most famous hydrotherapy resorts are located in the Balaton region, in Budapest, near Miskolc and in Alföld.

Mineral resources.

Hungary is not rich in minerals. There are no large reserves of iron ore, coal or oil in the country, and the reserves of many other types of raw materials are rather limited.

The main mineral deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous regions and are associated with alpine folding.

Fuel and energy resources are represented in Hungary by deposits of coal, natural gas and oil. The total geological reserves of coal are currently estimated at almost 9 billion tons. The quality and calorific value of coal are low. Of all the reserves, more than 60% is lignite, approximately 25% is brown, and only 15% is hard coal. A significant part of the fields suitable for development is characterized by unfavorable conditions: a very limited thickness of the layers, their oblique occurrence, and fragmentation. Therefore, in the coal industry, mining has recently been curtailed at small and even medium-sized low-profit mines, and at the same time, large deposits of brown coal and lignite are being developed in those places where their open-cast mining is possible. Coal reserves are concentrated in the mountains of Mechek. The coal deposited in the Komolo region is categorized as coking coal.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the development of the Alfeld oil fields began in Hungary, which turned out to be one of the largest in the country and made it possible to maintain the production level at the achieved level, and subsequently even slightly exceed it. Oil reserves are found mainly in the central and southern regions of the Alföld. The layers here are located one under the other. They are located at a depth of up to 3-4 thousand meters and are characterized by relatively low pressure. Currently, the country is conducting exploration of predicted oil reserves at a depth of 6-9 thousand meters.

Natural gas deposits in Hungary are more significant. They are located approximately in the same areas as the oil fields. The largest reserves were found in the Alföld province. Over the past decade, more than ¾ of the hydrocarbon fuel resources explored here are gas.

The country's natural gas reserves are low in sulfur, which greatly facilitates its processing and use. However, the calorific value of the produced gas is very uneven: it varies depending on the field from 2.5 to 11 thousand kcal / m 3. The recently discovered reserves contain a high proportion of inert gases, some of which are also used.

The only iron ore deposits in the country are located in the northeast, near the village of Rudobanya. The average iron content in the ore here is less than 30%. Therefore, its extraction was constantly reduced, and in the second half of the 50s it was completely stopped.

The reserves of manganese ore available in Hungary are the third largest in Europe. Deposits of manganese ores are located in the Bakon mountains, in the Urkut region, where 90-95% of them are mined.

Hungary has one of the most significant bauxite deposits in Europe. The main bauxite deposits are located in Dunantul, north of Balaton - in the mountains of Bakony and Vertesh. The largest deposits cover an area of several square kilometers, the thickness of the layers varies from 2 to 30 meters. General stocks are estimated at more than 100 million tons. Approximately 45% of them are of medium and high quality. Hungary ranks sixth in the world in bauxite mining.

There are small deposits of polymetallic ores containing tin, lead, and molybdenum in the Böržen, Matra and Zemplén mountains.

The uranium ores discovered in Hungary are of great importance. Their deposits are discovered in the south of the country, near the city of Pecs. Uranium ore here lies at a depth of up to 1 thousand meters. These reserves are enough to provide nuclear power plants with a total capacity of about 400 MW with fuel.

Hungary is well endowed with raw materials for the production of building materials. These are limestones, sand, building stone, kaolin, perlite, quartzites. At the same time, there are no other types of minerals in the country, there are no reserves of rocks containing potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, and used in the production of mineral fertilizers.

Population.

The population of Hungary is 10.6 million people (1994 data). In Europe, the country ranks 14th in terms of the number of inhabitants. The average population density is 115 people per 1 km2.

The official language is Hungarian, belonging to the Ugric branch of the Finno-Ugric language family. It is spoken by 97% of the population. Germans and Slovaks make up the largest ethnic minorities. The southern Slavs (mainly Croats and Serbs) and Romanians have a smaller number. Believers are predominantly Catholics (64%) and Protestants (23%).

Until World War II, Hungary was an agrarian country. The share of the agricultural population was above 70%. Since the end of the 1940s, in the course of the development of industrialization, the proportion of rural residents has been decreasing more and more. It currently stands at about 40%. Approximately 1/5 of the country's population lives within the metropolitan area - Budapest. The largest city after Budapest - Miskolc - is almost 10 times smaller in terms of population. Major cities: Debrecen, Szeged, Pecs, Gyor, Szekesfekervar

In the 1990s, the death rate exceeded the birth rate, and thus the natural increase was negative. The population of Hungary is aging, almost 1/5 of the population is aged 60 and over. However, in the future, a favorable change in the demographic situation is predicted.

Features of the economy.

Hungary is an industrial-agrarian country. Share in national income(data of 1993) industry - 46.6%, agriculture and forestry - 17.7%, construction - 11.2%, transport and communications - 9%, trade, material technical supply, blanks-14%.

The level of economic development.

General level The economic development of Hungary is about 35-40% compared to the US and approximately corresponds to the level of such European countries as Portugal, Greece and Ireland.

In the system of the international division of labor, Hungary acts as a supplier of engineering products (mainly buses, parts and assemblies for them, portal and floating cranes, communications equipment, medical equipment), the chemical industry (including pharmaceuticals, plant protection products), agricultural and food products.

Characteristics of the industry.

The fuel and energy resources are dominated by coal, mainly brown coal, and lignites (14.3 million tons were mined in 1993 in the area of the cities of Tatabanya, Dorog, Shalgatarjan, Gyöngyös, Ozd, Miskolc); coal is mined in the Mecsek mountains. Bauxites (1.5 million tons), manganese ore, oil (2 million tons), gas (7.1 billion m3) are mined. Electricity production 32.5 billion kWh. (1993), mainly in thermal power plants.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (steel smelting 3.64 million tons - Ozd, Dunayvarsh, Diosgyor; aluminum - 27.8 thousand tons - Inota, Tatabanya).

The leading branch of the manufacturing industry is mechanical engineering, including:

Automotive industry (the Ikarus plant in Budapest and Szekesfehervar is Europe's largest bus manufacturer).

· Manufacture of locomotives, ships, cranes.

· Electrical and radio-electronic industry (including the production of communications, computers, medical equipment and devices (Budapest, Szekesfehervar)).

· Machine tool industry (Budapest, Miskolc, Esztergom).

· Manufacture of agricultural machinery and equipment for light and food industries.

In the chemical industry important place occupies the production of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, organic synthesis products, pharmaceuticals; the development of the rubber industry.

The food and flavor industry is significant: large meat and dairy and canning enterprises.

Of the branches of light industry, the most developed are sewing, leather and footwear, and knitwear.

Characteristics of agriculture.

The soils of Hungary are generally fertile and favorable for the development of agriculture, but vary greatly in composition and fertility. The dominant type is chestnut and podzolic soils, which cover 2/5 of the country's territory. They are distributed mainly in Dunantul, as well as in mountainous areas. In the west of Hungary, where there is more precipitation, there are predominantly podzolic and acidic soils. About 25% of the area of Hungary is occupied by black soil. These soils are common in a large part of the Alfeld. Hungarian chernozems are distinguished by a powerful humus horizon, a weak alkaline reaction, and high fertility.

As part of agricultural land (6.5 million hectares - 75% of the country's territory): arable land - 77%, meadows and pastures - 19%.

In the structure of agricultural production, the share of crop and livestock production is approximately equal.

62.6% of the sown area is occupied by cereals and grain legumes, 13% by technical crops, 2.9% by vegetables, and 19.1% by fodder.

Main food crops (collection in million tons 1993):

Wheat - 6.6

Corn 6.8

Technical (sugar beet, sunflower) - 4.1

Fruit growing, viticulture, vegetable growing - have received their development, mainly in the interfluve of the Danube and Tisza and along the coast of Lake Balaton.

In animal husbandry, pig and poultry breeding are the most developed. Hungary is a major exporter of chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys.

Tourism.

Tourism is an important source foreign exchange. About 30 million people visit Hungary every year. The needs of growing foreign tourism caused the implementation of a long-term plan for the development of a network of hotels and campsites. One of the most attractive places for tourists is Budapest, one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The pride of Budapest is the beautiful architectural monuments of the Middle Ages, 18-19 centuries. The magnificent parliament building built at the beginning of this century has become a symbol of Budapest. The collections of the Budapest museums are world famous. On the territory of the Hungarian capital there are 123 hot healing springs, where baths, Turkish baths, pools, and hydropathic baths are located.

One of the biggest attractions in Hungary is Lake Balaton. There are many sanatoriums, rest houses, hotels, restaurants on Balaton.

To the north of Balaton is the "capital" of the mountainous region of Bakony - the city of Veszprem, famous for its baroque architectural ensembles.

Among the most visited cities is Eger, famous for the heroic defense of its fortress from the invasion of the 150,000th Turkish army in 1552.

The pride of western and northwestern Hungary is distinguished by a wealth of architectural monuments: Gyor, Sopron, Köszeg, Szombathely, on the territory of which there was once the capital of the Roman province of Upper Pannonia-Savaria.

Hungary is a country in the center of Europe, with a huge cultural population, with rich history, interesting not only for its natural conditions, but also for the people living in it.

Bibliography.

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Introduction…………………………………………………………………..3

Chapter 1. The economic and geographical position of Hungary…………... 4
Chapter 2. Natural Conditions and Resources………………………………. eight
Chapter 3. Population of Hungary………………………………………………14
Chapter 4 general characteristics economy of the country…………………..17
4.1. Industry…………………………………………………..17
4.2. Agriculture ………………………………………………..18
Chapter 5. Transport and communication………………………………………………..20
Chapter 6. Foreign economic relations…………………………………24
Conclusion………………………………………………………………….26

List of sources used ………………………………………….28

Introduction.

Hungary is a country where one of the most beautiful capitals of the world is located - Budapest, the "pearl of the Danube", the central panorama of which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Here, despite the whirlwinds of history, destructive for the people and their culture, many masterpieces have still been preserved that are worth getting acquainted with. Two-thousand-year-old monuments of the Roman Empire coexist with buildings from the time of the Turkish yoke, Romanesque churches in Jaka, Lebenszentmiklos and Pannonhalm and proudly impregnable medieval fortresses in Eger, Sümega and Siklos.

Chapter 1. Economic and geographical position of Hungary

Neighborhood in relation to economically developed countries is typical. As can be seen from Annex 1, the country is bounded by Slovakia (515 km) in the north, Ukraine (103 km) and Romania (443 km) in the east, Slovenia (102 km), Croatia (329 km), Serbia and Macedonia (151 km) in the south and Austria (366 km) in the west. There is no coastline.

The size of the territory is relatively small, good transport “passability”. The borders pass mainly along such natural boundaries that do not create significant obstacles for transport links. The main industrial regions have developed along a chain of medium-high mountains stretching from the southwest to the northeast, where the main mineral deposits are concentrated. The industrial area around the small mountain range Mecsek with its deposits of coal and uranium ores also stands out. In the system of territorial planning in Hungary, the following main economic and geographical regions are distinguished - Central (Budapest and its immediate surroundings), North-West (Northern Carpathian region), North and South Dunantul, North and South Alferd. The contours of these economic-geographic regions largely coincide with the boundaries of administrative regions. Budapest is the main industrial center of the country, many large industrial facilities are located here.

Physical location

Territory: total: 93,028 sq. km (Country ranking in the world: 109), land: 89,608 sq. km,

water: 3 420 sq. km (1% of the area of the whole of Europe)

Land borders: Total length: 2,185 km

inland position. Hungary is located in Central Europe, in the Carpathian Basin. The greatest distance from north to south of the country is 268 km, from east to west - 526 km. 50% of the country's territory is lowland: the Great Lowland (45,000 sq. km) and the Little Lowland, which are located along the northwestern border of the country.

The main rivers are the Danube (the Hungarian section of the river is 417 km) and the Tisza (958 km), they cross the country from north to south. The area between the Danube and the Tisza is also lowland, while the Transdanubian region, located west of the Danube, is hilly (36,000 sq. km), in the middle of which is the largest lake in Central Europe - Balaton (598 sq. km). The mountainous region crosses the country diagonally from west to east: to the west of the Danube are the Transdanubian Middle Mountains with a height of 400-700 m: the Keszthely Mountains, Bakony, Vertes, Gereche, Pilish, Visegrad Mountains, in the east of the Danube, the Northern Middle Mountains - 500-700 meters high 1000 m: Böržen, Cerhat, Matra, Bükk and the Zemplen Mountains.

Political and geographical position

In October 1918 a revolution took place in Hungary. Hungary became an independent state (November 16 proclaimed a republic). On March 21, 1919, it was proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic, after the fall of which (August 1, 1919) the dictatorship of Horthy was established in the country (1920-44). The post-war borders of Hungary were determined by the Trianon Peace Treaty of 1920. In World War II, Hungary took the side of Germany. In September 1944 the Soviet Army entered the territory of Hungary. On December 22, 1944, the Provisional National Government was formed in Debrecen, which on December 28, 1944 declared war on Germany; On April 4, 1945, the Soviet Army completed the liberation of Hungary. The provisional national government carried out a number of transformations (agrarian reform, etc.). On February 1, 1946, Hungary was proclaimed a republic. The Paris Peace Treaty of 1947 established the modern borders of Hungary. In August 1949, the Hungarian People's Republic (HPR) was created. Industry, banks, transport were nationalized, and a land reform was carried out. The policy of the one-party regime of the Communist Party caused widespread public discontent, which resulted in a popular uprising in October 1956 demanding democratic freedoms. It was brutally suppressed by the Soviet armed forces (the introduction of which into Hungary was a gross intervention of the USSR), and the government of I. Nagy, which announced its withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact, was arrested. In subsequent years, the country's leadership, headed by J. Kadar, tried to strengthen the position of the ruling Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, carrying out ideological liberalization and economic reform. In 1989, the constitution adopted in 1949 was changed and Hungary was proclaimed a democratic constitutional state. In the parliamentary elections in 1990, power passed to the opposition parties; the elections in May 1994 were won by the Hungarian Socialist Party (founded in 1989).

Hungary is one of the most prosperous nations in Eastern Europe, although the Gross National Product (GNP) per capita is still noticeably lower than that of its Western European neighbors. Traditionally, the country was oriented towards the West.

In 1999 Hungary joined NATO.

So, we can say that Hungary occupies a favorable position among other European countries, which makes its economy prosperous and promising.

Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources.

Hungary is an industrial-agrarian country. Share in GDP industry 32.0%, agriculture and forestry 4.3%. Among European CMEA member countries, Hungary occupies one of the first places in terms of the main economic indicators. According to experts, the overall level of economic development in Hungary is about 35-40% compared to the United States and approximately corresponds to the level of such European countries as Portugal, Greece and Ireland. Coal production is 14.3 million tons, bauxite 1.5 million tons, oil, natural gas, iron and manganese ores. Hungary has large reserves of alumina, as well as other metals such as iron, gallium, molybdenum, copper, zinc, gold, and manganese. Coal is the main energy resource in Hungary. Extensive oil and gas fields. Uranium ore reserves provide an important resource for nuclear power. Coal is the main mineral in Hungary, and the country is a world producer of alumina. The share of energy and water supply is 8.9%, mainly at thermal power plants. After the decline of the con. 1990s production is stabilizing in metallurgy and in the light industry, which operates almost exclusively on tolling raw materials, ferrous and non-ferrous (27.8 thousand tons of aluminum in 1993) metallurgy. Mechanical engineering: including car building (Ikarus plants), locomotive building, shipbuilding, agriculture, production of communications, computers, medical equipment. Chemical industry: organic synthesis products, mineral fertilizers, pharmaceutical products. Light industry: (textile, footwear) and food industry.

Chapter 2. Natural Conditions and Resources

Relief Hungary is located on the Middle Danube Plain. The country occupies about 2/3 of the territory of this large tectonic depression surrounded by mountains. Chains of mountain ranges protect it from the winds. In the west, the spurs of the Alps approach the borders of the republic. From the north and east it is bordered by massifs of the Carpathians.

There are 2 large rivers in Hungary - the Danube (Hungarian tributaries are of Alpine origin), Tisza (flows from north to south and then south to the Balkans).

The country is located in the southern part of the temperate zone. The climate here is temperate continental. It is influenced by air masses of various nature that form over the North Atlantic,

Mediterranean, as well as over the continental part of Eurasia.

At the end of spring, summer and autumn, the weather and climate role of the air masses of the Mediterranean increases significantly, which is associated with the increasing influence of the Azores anticyclone in the summer months. This explains the hot weather typical for Hungary, starting from the end of April, rainfall in May-June, as well as a long warm and mild autumn period.

The average annual air temperature is 9-11 degrees.

Summer in Hungary is almost always hot, the average temperature in July is 21 degrees.

Winter is short and relatively warm. The average January temperature is minus 1 degree. Hungary is characterized by long and very warm spring and autumn.

On average, about 600 mm of precipitation falls on the territory of the country during the year. Precipitation is distributed unevenly over the territory. In the areas of Alföld, their number does not exceed 50 mm per year, and in the west, near the massifs of Bakony, Pilim and Matra, the amount of precipitation reaches 900-1000 mm. Short-term droughts often occur.

Natural resources.

Water resources Hungary is entirely located in the Danube basin, the second largest European river after the Volga. Its length is 2850 km. The length of the section of the channel flowing through the territory of Hungary is 410 km. Most of the country's rivers flow into the Danube, including the Tisza, of the total length of which is 960 km. Almost 600 km. lies within the borders of Hungary. All these rivers originate in the Alps or the Carpathians.

The mountainous origin of the rivers determines the peculiarities of their regime. The Danube is characterized by two floods: spring - during the period of snow melting, and summer - during the melting of glaciers in the mountains. The decrease in the number of runoff occurs in October-December. The amplitude of fluctuations in the water level in the rivers is significant, so the difference between the highest and lowest water levels observed in the Danube near Budapest reaches almost 9 meters. Significant areas along the Tisza were at risk of flooding. The hydroconstruction work carried out made it possible to regulate the flow of this river and exclude the possibility of its overflow, which ensured stable navigation.

In Hungary there is the largest lake in Central Europe - Balaton. Its surface area is 600 km2, its length is 78 km, and its width is 15 km. The lake and its surroundings have become a resort and tourist area of international importance.

Mineral resources.

Hungary is not rich in minerals. There are no large reserves of iron ore, coal or oil in the country, and the reserves of many other types of raw materials are rather limited.

The main mineral deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous regions and are associated with alpine folding.

Therefore, in the coal industry, mining has recently been curtailed at small and even medium-sized low-profit mines, and at the same time, large deposits of brown coal and lignite are being developed in those places where their open-cast mining is possible. Coal reserves are concentrated in the mountains of Mechek. The coal deposited in the Komolo region is categorized as coking coal.

3. Chapter 3. Population of Hungary………………………………………………14
4. Chapter 4. General characteristics of the economy of the country…………………..17
5.4.1. Industry……………………………………………………..17
6.4.2. Agriculture ………………………………………………..18
7. Chapter 5. Transport and communication……………………………………………..20
8. Chapter 6. Foreign economic relations…………………………………24
9. Conclusion……………………………………………………….……….26
Annex 1………………………………………………………………………27
List of sources used ………………………………………….28

Business card of the country

Hungary, the Hungarian Republic (Hungarian Magyar Köztarshasag), a state in the east-central part of Europe.

The capital of the country is Budapest.

The area of the territory is 93,030 km² (109th place in the world).

Area of rivers and lakes: 0.7%.

Population: 9,976,062 (84th in the world, July 2011, CIA).

Population density: 107.2 people / km².

The volume of GDP at purchasing power parity is 203.9 billion US dollars (2008), the volume of GDP per capita is 20,5000 US dollars, GDP growth in the first half of 2008 was 2%.

HDI level - 0.874 (36th place) (2005). According to the level of socio-economic development, Hungary is classified as a country with economies in transition.

Currency: forint (HUF).

Official language: Hungarian.

Religion: Catholicism.

Administrative - territorial structure: unitary republic

The current economic situation

Hungary is a new post-socialist country in Central Europe with an economy in which the basic market principles have already been established. Experts consider the current level of economic and social development of Hungary to be one of the highest among the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. The Hungarian economy is largely oriented towards the European Union. This country has a fairly developed infrastructure and its economy has advanced far along the path of market reforms. Hungary leads in Eastern Europe in terms of foreign investment. The most important economic problem of this country is inflation.

Hungary made the leap from a planned to a market economy. The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership and investment is widespread in Hungary. Strict government measures taken at the end of 2006 reduced the budget deficit from 9% of GDP in 2006 to 3.3% in 2008. But Hungary's inability to repay its short-term debt spilled over into the global financial crisis in late 2008. The economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption led to an economic contraction of 6.7% in 2009. According to the results of the III quarter. GDP fell by 7.2%. Hungary is experiencing the global crisis harder than other new EU members. Since the banking system is mainly controlled by foreign financial and credit institutions, in order to stabilize it during the crisis, the Hungarian government in Oct. 2008 was forced to use loans from the IMF, IBRD and the EU (20 billion euros). According to some Hungarian experts, in the summer of 2009. Hungary has already passed the bottom point of the crisis recession and has begun to gradually emerge from it. In July, both industrial production and the country's exports saw a slowdown in decline, while a slight increase was registered in construction.

The market economy is based on solid foundations (price liberalization, privatization state property, profound revolutionary changes in the ownership structure of the GDP, the formation of an open economy).

At the end of the 20th century, a very topical issue for Hungary was the expansion of the European Union and the entry into it of the countries that signed the Associated Membership Treaty. On May 1, 2004, Hungary became a full member of the EU. Hungary has adopted common customs tariffs for member countries of this union and a common trade policy. Thus, Hungary, on the one hand, became a member of a single common internal market and a customs union, and, on the other hand, became involved in the system of existing external trade relations of the European Union. Also, the adoption of common EU customs tariff rates led to a reduction in duties, since they were lower in the EU than in Hungary.

From this we can conclude that Hungary's income from the collection of customs duties has decreased significantly.

Hungary's foreign economic relations play an important role in the economic development of the country. This is due to the export-oriented model of economic growth.

Characteristics of the natural resource potential

West of the Danube is Lake Balaton, the largest in Central Europe and the warmest in the region. Of the rivers, except for the Danube, the Tisza matters.

There are many manifestations of karst in the limestone mountains, especially in the North Borsod karst mountains, there are hot mineral springs.

Hungary is not rich in natural resources: deposits of bauxite, lignite, as well as already heavily depleted reserves of natural gas and oil are of industrial importance. Deposits of uranium and copper-polymetallic ores are not currently being developed. There are no large reserves of iron ore, coal or oil in the country, and the reserves of many other types of raw materials are rather limited. The main mineral deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous regions and are associated with alpine folding. Fuel and energy resources are represented in Hungary by deposits of coal, natural gas and oil. The quality and calorific value of coal are low. Of all the reserves, more than 60% is lignite, approximately 25% is brown, and only 15% is hard coal. A significant part of the fields suitable for development is characterized by unfavorable conditions: a very limited thickness of the layers, their oblique occurrence, and fragmentation. Therefore, in the coal industry, mining has recently been curtailed at small and even medium-sized low-profit mines, and at the same time, large deposits of brown coal and lignite are being developed in those places where their open-cast mining is possible. Coal reserves are concentrated in the mountains of Mechek. The coal deposited in the Komolo region is categorized as coking coal.

Natural gas deposits in Hungary are more significant. They are located approximately in the same areas as the oil fields. The largest reserves were found in the Alföld province.

The reserves of manganese ore available in Hungary are the third largest in Europe. Deposits of manganese ores are located in the Bakon mountains, in the Urkut region, where 90-95% of them are mined.

Hungary is well endowed with raw materials for the production of building materials. These are limestones, sand, building stone, kaolin, perlite, quartzites. At the same time, there are no other types of minerals in the country, there are no reserves of rocks containing potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, and used in the production of mineral fertilizers.

Population geography

Vital movement (2011)

Table 1.

Population growth rate	-0.2% per year
Birth rate	9.60 births / 1000 people
Birth rate, boys	4.93 births / 1000 people
Fertility rate, girls	4.67 births / 1000 people
Death rate	12.7 deaths/1000 people
Migration rate	1.4 migrants per 1000 people
total fertility rate	1.40 children per woman
infant mortality rate	5.31 deaths/1000 live births
Infant mortality rate, boys	5.57 deaths/1000 live births
Infant mortality rate, girls	5.04 deaths/1000 live births
Population	9,976,062 people
Male population	4,751,788 people
Female population	5,224,274 people
Population density	107.2 people per km2
Urban population (2010)	68.0% of the total population
Urbanization rate (2010-2015)	0.3% per year
Rural population (2010)	32.0% of the total population
Population under 15	14.9% of the total population
Male population under 15	16.2% of the male population
Female population under 15	13.8% of the female population
Population aged 15 to 64	68.2% of the total population
Male population aged 15 to 64	70.7% of the male population
Female population aged 15 to 64	65.9% of the female population
Population over 65	16.9% of the total population
Male population over 65	13.1% of the male population
Female population over 65	20.3% of the female population
Average age of the population	40.2 years old
Average age of the male population	38.1 years old
Average age of the female population	42.8 years old

Demographic, ethnic and confessional situation

In 2011, there is a natural decline in the population, which, in turn, is not compensated by the balance of migration.

There are also about 260 cult organizations and religious associations in the country. Their influence covers 74% of the population.

Based on these indicators, we can conclude that the dominant religion among Hungarians is Catholic.

Geographical features of population distribution

About 60% of all Hungarians live in cities.

Figure 1.3. - Accommodation of the urban population of Hungary.

The nature of rural settlement in individual parts of the country is different. Dunantul and the Northern Middle Mountains are dominated by a dense network of relatively small and medium-sized villages. Many of them are similar to small towns: the nature of buildings, cobbled streets, sidewalks are not much different from urban ones.

In Alfeld one can observe a rare network of large and very large villages (along with many farms). The originality of the Alfeld network of settlements lies in the abundance of farms. Their spread is due to the fact that part of the peasants, both wealthy and poor, gradually moved from huge villages closer to their land plots.

Employment

The slowdown in economic growth in Hungary, a wave of cuts in the public sector (by 5%) led to a noticeable increase in unemployment: in 2007. there is the largest number of job seekers registered with the State Employment Service over the past 5 years.

Unemployment jumped most noticeably in the backward regions of the country. Unemployment has also risen significantly among young people just starting out in the labor force.

Most of the people who left the labor market retired, in most cases early. Early mass retirement in a steadily aging society is Hungary's most

Hungary has the lowest labor activity among the EU countries.

The highest incomes are noted in the financial sector, where the average monthly salary in net terms amounted to $1,130, which means a decrease of 4.5% compared to the 2006 level. This is followed by the chemical industry, energy, government, military departments and insurance companies. In terms of income of the employed population, the Central Region of Hungary is the leader. The last place in this indicator is occupied by the north-eastern backward regions of the country.

As published in January 2008 according to a survey conducted by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office in 2006. in the balance structure cash income of the population, there were no significant changes: 70%, as before, accounted for labor income, 30% - for social benefits and subsidies.

The retirement age is 62.

We can conclude all of the above in this and the previous subparagraphs of this chapter: population policy the state should be aimed at rejuvenating the population, at reducing the death rate and increasing the birth rate. Young highly qualified specialists should be in demand on the labor market.

In general, the composition of the population of Hungary is dominated by one ethnic group - the Magyars, although quite a lot of people of other nationalities live in the country. As for the religious composition, it is worth noting that the dominant religion among the Hungarians is Catholic.

In 2011, there is a natural decline in the population, and immigration does not compensate for it, which is also associated with the search for work in other countries.

The age composition of the population is dominated by people of working age, while the number of elderly people and children is almost the same. Adding to this factor the average age of the population, it is worth stating the fact that the population of the country is quite old and continues to age.

As can be seen, there are certain differences in the distribution of the population by region; quite a lot of Hungarians live abroad. Quite active internal and external migration is observed, which contributes to the economic growth of the country. It is worth noting the rather high urbanization of the country, although in Hungary there is only one city with a population of more than one million people - Budapest. At the same time, there are areas with a fairly large proportion of the rural population.

Population

According to 2009 data, the population of the country was 10 million people. Since 1970, the population of Hungary has been gradually declining.

Hungary population dynamics

1970	1980	1990	2005	2009
10 300 996	10 709 463	10 374 823	10 090 330	10 000 000

The process of reproduction of the population of Hungary is characterized by the fourth stage of the demographic transition, i.e., the predominance of the death rate (13 people per 1000) over the birth rate (10 people per 1000).

by 1000). Thus, the natural increase is - 0.3%. There are processes of depopulation of the population, which are typical for most countries in transition. market economy. At the same time, it should be noted the migration (mechanical) population growth, which, against the background of unfavorable natural growth, is a favorable process. The total population density in 2009 was 108 people/km², the population is distributed unevenly across the territory.

Hungary is one national state, since the majority of the inhabitants are Hungarians (92.3%) The country is named after the ethnonym of the people - Hungarians.

geographic location of hungary

The native language of almost 95% of the inhabitants of Hungary is Hungarian. It belongs to the Ugric sub-branch of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family, closely related to Hungarian are the languages of the Khanty and Mansi peoples. The most significant national minorities are Germans (1.2%), Gypsies (1.1% - 8%), Jews (1%), Romanians (0.8%), Slovaks (0.4%), Croats (0. 2%) and Serbs (0.2%). AT neighboring countries Numerous Hungarian communities live - especially in Ukraine (Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (Transylvania), Serbia (Vojvodina), Croatia.

In the XI century. Hungarians were converted to Christianity. In the XVI century. most Hungarians adopted Protestantism, but in the 17th century, during the counter-reformation, Catholicism again triumphed. Currently, 64% of believers are Catholics and 23% are Protestants (calvinists predominate among them, there are Lutherans). The figure shows the distribution of the Hungarian population by religion.

Distribution of the Hungarian population by religious affiliation

Areas with a predominantly Roman Catholic population are marked in red, Calvinist in blue, Greek Catholic in orange, and Lutheran in green.

Hungary is a country with no high level urbanization is an indicator in 2009.

amounted to 66%. Largest cities: Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc, Szeged, Pecs, Gyor, Niredyhaza, Kecskemét, Szekesfehervar.

On the streets of Budapest

Public transport in Budapest

Links to downloaded illustrations or text taken from open sources.
http://www.forum.peredelka.tv/index.php?showtopis=4452&st=260&p=111468
http://budapest-city.com.ua/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/troli_gst12.jpg

Natural resources

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Water resources. Hungary is entirely located in the Danube basin, the second largest European river after the Volga. Its length is 2850 km. The length of the section of the channel flowing through the territory of Hungary is 410 km. Most of the country's rivers flow into the Danube, including the Tisza, of the total length of which is 960 km. almost 600 km. lies within the borders of Hungary. All these rivers originate in the Alps or the Carpathians. The mountainous origin of the rivers determines the peculiarities of their regime. The Danube is characterized by two floods: spring - during the period of snow melting, and summer - during the melting of glaciers in the mountains. The decrease in the number of runoff occurs in October - December. The amplitude of fluctuations in the water level in the rivers is significant, so the difference between the highest and lowest water levels observed in the Danube near Budapest reaches almost 9 meters. Significant areas along the Tisza were at risk of flooding. The hydroconstruction work carried out made it possible to regulate the flow of this river and exclude the possibility of its overflow, which ensured stable navigation. on the secondary market prices below

In Hungary, there is the largest lake in Central Europe - Balaton. Its surface area is 600 km2, its length is 78 km, and its width is 15 km. The lake and its surroundings have become a resort and tourist area of international importance. There are quite a few small lakes in the country, especially in the area between the Tisza and the Danube.

Geographical position of Hungary

They are surrounded by recreation areas. The lakes are also used for fish farming.

Hungary is very rich in groundwater, thermal and healing springs. Groundwater reserves are found almost throughout the country and are concentrated under its flat parts, occurring at a depth of 500 to 1500 m. The temperature of the water layers is from 30 to 80 degrees. Recently, underground sources are increasingly used to supply settlements with clean water. From the geological faults stretching from north to south in the middle part of the country, numerous large and small streams of mineral and medicinal thermal waters make their way to the surface of the earth. The daily inflow of water from all sources reaches 70 million liters. The largest and most famous hydrotherapy resorts are located in the Balaton region, in Budapest, near Miskolc and in Alföld.

Thus, thanks to the wealth of water resources, shipping is widely developed in Hungary, numerous lakes are used for fish farming, and also attract a large number of tourists with their picturesqueness. But hydrotherapy resorts are even more popular. On a per capita basis, Hungary is the richest country in Europe with mineral and medicinal waters, which is an undeniable advantage in view of the growing problem of water shortages in the world.

Mineral resources. Hungary is not rich in minerals. There are no large reserves of iron ore, coal or oil in the country, and the reserves of many other types of raw materials are rather limited. The main mineral deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous regions and are associated with alpine folding.

Gas and oil reserves are small in size. They are concentrated in deposits of the Cretaceous and Jurassic periods, in intermountain troughs of various sizes. At the beginning of this century, oil deposits were discovered in the foothills of the Bukk massif, where layers of insignificant size were deposited in volcanic tuffs. For several years of mining, they were completely developed. Larger oil fields were discovered later southwest of Balaton, in the Zana region. Their development began in the late 1930s and over the course of two and a half decades was carried out quite intensively. To date, the reserves here are also largely depleted. In the 1950s and 1960s, the development of the Alfeld oil fields began in Hungary, which turned out to be one of the largest in the country and made it possible to maintain the production level at the achieved level, and subsequently even slightly exceed it. Oil reserves are found mainly in the central and southern regions of the Alföld. The layers here are located one under the other. They are located at a depth of up to 3-4 thousand meters and are characterized by relatively low pressure. Currently, the country is conducting exploration of predicted oil reserves at a depth of 6-9 thousand meters.

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Geography. Hungary is located in Central Europe on the Middle Danube Plain. The area of the territory is 93030 km2.

Climate. Temperate continental with cold winters and warm summers. Sea winds only occasionally penetrate inland.

The average annual rainfall is from 450 mm in the east to 900 mm in the mountains. Spring and autumn are long and warm. In winter, cold periods are interspersed with thaws, which is associated with the influence of Atlantic air masses periodically coming from the west. The snow cover lasts 30-40 days, and the Danube is often completely covered with ice for a long time. The average temperature of the warmest month (July) is +20…+23°C, the coldest (January) is -1°C.

Relief. Most of the country is flat, in the west - the foothills of the Alps, in the north - the Carpathians. Surrounded by the Carpathians and the spurs of the Alps, Hungary is located on the Middle Danube Plain. The western part of the plain (Dunantul) is dissected by numerous hills, up to 300 m high, the eastern (Alföld) has a flat, low-lying relief. In the north of the country there is a mountain range of the Visegrad Mountains. Hydrography. Hungary's main river, the Danube, crosses the hills in a narrow, steep-sided, deep valley. All other rivers in Hungary belong to the Danube basin. The Danube itself crosses the country from north to south for 410 km. In Hungary there is Lake Balaton (length 78 km, width 15 km). Aquatic bioresources.

Vegetation. A grassy steppe adjoins the left bank of the Tisza. Typical of the transdanubian regions and mountains is deciduous woodland - with oak, birch, linden and chestnut, which disappear as you approach the Great Plain, where steppe conditions dominate. About 15% of the territory is occupied by meadows and pastures.

Soils. The most fertile soils in Hungary are chernozems (humus content is 4–7%, the average thickness of the humus horizon is 60–80 cm), but they are found only in the southern parts of the Great Plain. The dominant type is chestnut and podzolic soils, which cover approximately 40% of the country's territory. Various brown forest soils are also widespread. Solonchaks are found on the Alföld, and burozems and rendzins are found in the mountains. Agriculture. Almost 3/5 of the country's territory is occupied by arable land.

Animal husbandry and crafts. Poultry (hens, turkeys), pigs, cows (beef and dairy cattle breeding), horses are bred.

Plant growing. They grow wheat, rye, corn, sunflower, sugar beets, potatoes, peppers, fruits, grapes, fodder.

HUNGARY (REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY) is a state located in the central part of Europe. It occupies an area equal to 93 thousand km². It has no access to the sea, but important transport routes intersect on its territory, connecting different parts of Europe. The Danube waterway connects Hungary with a number of neighboring countries.

Mostly flat terrain, small forest resources, favorable soils, temperate climate create favorable natural conditions for the development of agriculture. However, rainfall is insufficient and irrigation is required in summer. The main mineral wealth in Hungary is bauxite, but in the 70s copper ore reserves were also discovered in the country.

The population of Hungary is 10.6 million people. Over 96% of the residents are Hungarians. Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Germans, Romanians also live in Hungary. natural increase indicates a demographic crisis - a natural decline in population. One of the reasons for this is the violation of the normal sex and age structure of the population as a result of the Second World War. The official language is Hungarian. Believers are predominantly Catholics. Hungary belongs to countries with a high level of urbanization: about 60% of citizens live in cities. The capital of the state is the city of Budapest, where 2/3 of the country's industry is concentrated and 20% of the total population of Hungary (2.1 million inhabitants) lives.

Although Hungary has its own coal, oil and gas, but its reserves do not fully cover the needs of the country, so for a long time it imported oil, gas, coal from neighboring countries - Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, former USSR. Recently, Hungary has begun its own oil development in the south-east of the country. In the electric power industry, both thermal power plants and nuclear power plants and hydroelectric power plants on the Danube play an important role.

Ferrous metallurgy works almost entirely on imported raw materials and fuel. The centers of the industry are the city of Miskolc and the city of Dunaújváros.

In non-ferrous metallurgy, the aluminum industry plays a special role, for the development of which in the west of the country best conditions: the availability of raw materials and energy resources, since the aluminum industry is energy intensive. However, the growth of aluminum smelting is constrained by the high cost of electricity.

Mechanical engineering is the main industry in Hungary (about 25% of all manufactured products). The specialization of the industry goes in two directions: 1) transport - traditional for the country - is engaged in the production of electric locomotives, passenger cars, river boats, buses "Ikarus"; 2) electrical engineering and instrument making. Mechanical engineering enterprises are located mainly in major cities countries.

The chemical industry, focused on oil and gas raw materials, specializes in the production of fertilizers, organic synthesis products. Hungary is known worldwide as a manufacturer of chemical and pharmaceutical products. -Most major center industry in the country is located in the city of Leninvarosh.

Of the branches of the food industry, canning and wine-making are of the greatest importance.

Agriculture as a whole provides food for the population of the country. The main industry is crop production. Cereals are the main agricultural crop of the country. Vegetables, fruits, grapes are also grown. In livestock breeding, the cultivation of large cattle and pigs.

Despite the development of road transport, the main role in domestic and international cargo turnover is still played by railways. The Danube fleet serves the country's external relations and transportation. The Hungarian transport network is characterized by a pronounced radial configuration centered in Budapest.

The country exports buses (30% of all exports), electronics, agricultural products (25% of all exports): wine, canned vegetables and fruits, pharmaceutical products.

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Geography of Hungary: relief, climate, resources, population

Hungary is a state in Central Europe on the Middle Danube Plain.

The area is 93.030 km2. The total length of the border is 2,009 km. the length of the borders with Austria is 366 km, Croatia - 329 km, Romania - 443 km, Serbia - 151 km, Slovenia - 102 km, Slovakia - 515 km, Ukraine - 103 km.

Most of the country is flat, in the west - the foothills of the Alps, in the north - the Carpathians (the highest point is Kekesh, 1015 m.). In the north it borders with Slovakia, in the northeast with Ukraine, in the east with Romania, in the south with Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, in the west with Austria.

Surrounded by the Carpathians and the spurs of the Alps, Hungary is located on the Middle Danube Plain, in one of the most favorable corners of Europe in terms of relief and climate. In Hungary, there is the largest lake in Central Europe - Balaton (length 78 km, width - 15 km). The lake and its surroundings is a highly developed resort and tourist area.

The largest grassy steppe in Central Europe is adjacent to the left bank of the Tisza - it is empty, attracting numerous lovers of virgin nature. To attract foreign tourists, the reserve preserves shepherd's buildings, former mail coach stations, taverns and inns where you can taste Hungarian cuisine.

In the North-Western region of the country there are ski resorts most developed by tourists. In the north of the country are located the mountain range of the Visegrad Mountains. At their foot are two ancient royal residences - Esztergom and Visegrad.

Terrain of Hungary

After losing two-thirds of its original territory in 1920, Hungary became the country of Alföld, a plain also called the Hungarian, Danubian and Pannonian, which extends beyond the current borders of Hungary and includes parts of Austria, Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia. The Danube (Hungarian Duna) flows through this plain: first from west to east, where it is the state border with Slovakia, and then, after a sharp turn near Budapest, from north to south; the whole country is now in the water basin of this river. A belt of low hills running from northeast to southwest divides the plain into two parts: the Great Plain (to the east) and the Lesser Plain (to the west).

Small Plain (Kishalföld). A small area of a flat plain is located on the northwestern outskirts of the country, between the Danube and the Bakony Mountains (Bakon Forest). An almost exact copy of the Great Plain (Hungarian Nagyalföld) surrounded by mountains is called the Small Plain (Hungarian Kishalföld). It is drained by the river Raba and other small rivers that flow from the Austrian Alps to the Danube. This area is very fertile as it consists of loess and has alluvial soil. The climate here is continental, with cold winters and hot summers, but rainfall is sufficient for agriculture and the land throughout the region is intensively cultivated. The predominant crops are corn, wheat, sunflower, sugar beet and pepper.

Statistical indicators of Hungary
(as of 2012)

View all Hungarian statistics...

Hills of Central Hungary. These hills stretch across Hungary from the Slovene border in the southwest to the Slovak border in the northeast, they are dissected by river valleys into separate massifs. To the west of the Danube, the most significant chain of densely forested hills is the Bakony Mountains, at the foot of which are the sunny and fertile shores of Lake Balaton. The chain of hills continues in an easterly direction and is called the Pilis Mountains, a rugged highland that gradually rises from the Danube northward towards Budapest. To the east of the Danube, the line of hills is continued by the hills of Matra, Bük and Hegyalya, all of which exceed the mark of 900 m; Mount Kekes (1015 m), the highest peak in Hungary, is located in Matra. The higher slopes of these hills are covered with forests. Some hills contain minerals.

Great Plain (Nagyalföld). Almost three-quarters of present-day Hungary lies on the Great Plain, which becomes hilly in the west. This plain is the main agricultural region of Hungary, where crops such as corn, wheat, sunflower, sugar beet, pepper and forage crops are grown, as well as meadows for pastures. It is believed that the Great Plain was previously covered with forests, but later it provided life for empty (glor. "empty" - abandoned or empty land). The Great Plain is traversed by the southward flowing Danube and Tisza rivers, which divide it into three historically and topographically distinct regions.

To the west of the Danube and to the east of the Bakony mountains is a part of the plain that is known in history as Transdanubia (Transdanubian part; Hung. - Dunantul), a fertile, hilly region rising to 610 m in the Mecsek mountains. The climate of Transdanubia is one of the mildest in Hungary; the area is known for its fruits, wines and liquors. There is a flatter area between the Danube and Tisza rivers. Its northern regions are covered with deep deposits of sand and silt, on which wheat, corn and sugar beets are grown. The southern region now abounds with wines, fruit trees and acacias.

East of the Tisza, the area is broadly similar to the rest of the plain, but the rivers that drain the surrounding uplands and mountains of Ukraine, Slovakia, and Romania are sometimes subject to severe flooding. The southwestern part of this region is the most fertile region of Hungary. In the north-east is Hortobágy, one of the few regions of the country where pockets of virgin dry steppe, a typical desert, have been preserved.

Water resources of Hungary

Hungary's main river, the Danube, crosses the hills in a narrow, steep-sided, deep valley.

Budapest is located at the southern end of this narrow stretch of river valley. The river is navigable throughout its entire Hungarian part. All other rivers in Hungary belong to the Danube basin. The Danube itself crosses the country from north to south for 410 km.

In Hungary, there is the largest freshwater lake in Central Europe - Balaton, which is also called the Hungarian Sea. In the limestone mountains adjacent to the lake, karst forms are developed. The North Bordoche karst mountains, where the famous Aggtelek cave system is located, have gained particular fame.

Hungary is one of the five richest countries in Europe with thermal waters. Groundwater reserves are found almost throughout Hungary, which is why the country is famous for its huge number of thermal resorts.

Minerals of Hungary

Hungary is relatively poor in minerals. The Szeged Basin and Zala Valley produce oil and gas, but the country is suspected to have undiscovered natural gas reserves. Brown coal is mined in the north, and coal is mined near the city of Pec. There are bauxite deposits, small reserves of iron ore, and a copper deposit has been explored.

Climate and weather in Hungary

The climate of Hungary is temperate continental with cold winters and warm summers. Sea winds only occasionally penetrate inland. The average temperature in July in Budapest is +22 °С, in January -1 °С, sometimes it rains. The annual rainfall reaches 600 mm.

Hungary is famous for its long and warm spring and autumn. In winter, cold periods are interspersed with thaws, which is associated with the influence of the Atlantic air masses that periodically come to Hungary from the west. However, the snow cover lasts from 30 to 40 days, and the Danube is often completely covered with ice for a long time.

Flora and fauna of Hungary

At present, typical of the Transdanubian regions and mountains is deciduous woodland - with oak, birch, linden and chestnut, which quickly disappear as one approaches the Great Plain, where steppe conditions dominate. The phrase "currently" is not used by chance - earlier this territory was covered with forest, like the rest of Hungary. However, local forests were cut down by the first conquerors from Asia. The destruction of forests continued during the protracted wars with the Turks. Later, the systematic draining of the swamps unexpectedly lowered the upper water table, and the trees and all other vegetation of the Great Plain died. The light, sandy soils, devoid of vegetation, were eroded, and extensive sand dunes formed in the south.

The most common species of wild animals found in the mountain ranges of Hungary are wild boars - they are also found in all hilly rural areas. There are hares, foxes, deer and some remnants that once lived in in large numbers beavers and otters. The most common bird species in the country are storks, cranes and swallows. Part of Lake Balaton is a bird sanctuary, especially for marsh species.

Population of Hungary

The majority of the inhabitants of Hungary are Hungarians (92.3%). The native language of almost 95% of the inhabitants of Hungary is Hungarian, belonging to the Ugric sub-branch of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family (the languages of the Khanty and Mansi peoples are genetically closely related to Hungarian). The most significant national minorities are Roma (2%), Germans (1.2%), Jews (1%), Romanians (0.8%), Slovaks (0.4%), Croats (0.2%), Serbs (0.2%) and Ukrainians (0.1%). The overwhelming majority of believers are Catholics (51.9%). There are also communities of Calvinists (15.9%), Lutherans (3%), Greek Catholics (2.6%), other Christians (1%). Undecided - 25.6%. Numerous Hungarian communities live in neighboring countries - especially in Ukraine (Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (Transylvania), Serbia (Vojvodina), Croatia, Slovenia.

Source - http://www.gecont.ru/

The population of Hungary and their main occupations. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Eastern Europe

Natural conditions of Hungary

Natural resources of Hungary

Geographical position.

Hungary is a state in central Europe. The capital city is Budapest.

In the north, Hungary borders on the Czech Republic and Slovakia (along the Danube River). In the east, it has a common border with Ukraine, as well as with Romania. In the south with Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, in the west with Austria.

The territory of the country is 93 thousand km 2, the population is 10.6 million people.

domestic political device

The internal political structure of Hungary is determined by the Constitution adopted on August 18, 1949, as amended later.

The Republic of Hungary is an independent democratic state, the supreme legislative body of which is the State Assembly (Parliament). Hungary is a presidential republic. The head of the republic is elected for a term of five years.

Relief.

Hungary is located on the Middle Danube Plain. The country takes about

2/3 of the territory of this large tectonic depression, surrounded by mountains. Chains of mountain ranges protect it from the winds. In the west, the spurs of the Alps approach the borders of the republic. From the north and east it is bordered by massifs of the Carpathians.

There are 2 large rivers in Hungary - the Danube (Hungarian tributaries are of Alpine origin), Tisza (flows from north to south and then south to the Balkans).

Climate.

The country is located in the southern part of the temperate zone. The climate here is temperate continental. It is influenced by air masses of various nature, which form over the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and also over the continental part of Eurasia.

The average annual air temperature is 9-11 degrees.

Summer in Hungary is almost always hot, the average temperature in July is 21 degrees. Winter is short and relatively warm. The average January temperature is minus 1 degree. Hungary is characterized by long and very warm spring and autumn.

Natural resources.

Water resources.

In Hungary there is the largest lake in Central Europe - Balaton. Its surface area is 600 km2, its length is 78 km, and its width is 15 km. The lake and its surroundings have become a resort and tourist area of ​​international importance.

Mineral resources.

Hungary is not rich in minerals. There are no large reserves of iron ore, coal or oil in the country, and the reserves of many other types of raw materials are rather limited.

The main mineral deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous regions and are associated with alpine folding.

Natural gas deposits in Hungary are more significant. They are located approximately in the same areas as the oil fields. The largest reserves were found in the Alföld province. Over the past decade, more than ¾ of the hydrocarbon fuel resources explored here are gas.

The only iron ore deposits in the country are located in the northeast, near the village of Rudobanya. The average iron content in the ore here is less than 30%. Therefore, its extraction was constantly reduced, and in the second half of the 50s it was completely stopped.

The reserves of manganese ore available in Hungary are the third largest in Europe. Deposits of manganese ores are located in the Bakon mountains, in the Urkut region, where 90-95% of them are mined.

There are small deposits of polymetallic ores containing tin, lead, and molybdenum in the Böržen, Matra and Zemplén mountains.

Population.

The population of Hungary is 10.6 million people (1994 data). In Europe, the country ranks 14th in terms of the number of inhabitants. The average population density is 115 people per 1 km2.

In the 1990s, the death rate exceeded the birth rate, and thus the natural increase was negative. The population of Hungary is aging, almost 1/5 of the population is aged 60 and over. However, in the future, a favorable change in the demographic situation is predicted.

Features of the economy.

Hungary is an industrial-agrarian country. Share in national income(data of 1993) industry - 46.6%, agriculture and forestry - 17.7%, construction - 11.2%, transport and communications - 9%, trade, material technical supply, blanks-14%.

The level of economic development.

General level The economic development of Hungary is about 35-40% compared to the US and approximately corresponds to the level of such European countries as Portugal, Greece and Ireland.

Characteristics of the industry.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (steel smelting 3.64 million tons - Ozd, Dunayvarsh, Diosgyor; aluminum - 27.8 thousand tons - Inota, Tatabanya).

The leading branch of the manufacturing industry is mechanical engineering, including:

Automotive industry (the Ikarus plant in Budapest and Szekesfehervar is Europe's largest bus manufacturer).

· Manufacture of locomotives, ships, cranes.

· Electrical and radio-electronic industry (including the production of communications, computers, medical equipment and devices (Budapest, Szekesfehervar)).

· Machine tool industry (Budapest, Miskolc, Esztergom).

· Manufacture of agricultural machinery and equipment for light and food industries.

In the chemical industry important place occupies the production of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, organic synthesis products, pharmaceuticals; the development of the rubber industry.

The food and flavor industry is significant: large meat and dairy and canning enterprises.

Of the branches of light industry, the most developed are sewing, leather and footwear, and knitwear.

Characteristics of agriculture.

As part of agricultural land (6.5 million hectares - 75% of the country's territory): arable land - 77%, meadows and pastures - 19%.

In the structure of agricultural production, the share of crop and livestock production is approximately equal.

62.6% of the sown area is occupied by cereals and grain legumes, 13% by technical crops, 2.9% by vegetables, and 19.1% by fodder.

Main food crops (collection in million tons 1993):

Wheat - 6.6

Corn 6.8

Technical (sugar beet, sunflower) - 4.1

Fruit growing, viticulture, vegetable growing - have received their development, mainly in the interfluve of the Danube and Tisza and along the coast of Lake Balaton.

In animal husbandry, pig and poultry breeding are the most developed. Hungary is a major exporter of chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys.

Tourism.

One of the biggest attractions in Hungary is Lake Balaton. There are many sanatoriums, rest houses, hotels, restaurants on Balaton.

To the north of Balaton is the "capital" of the mountainous region of Bakony - the city of Veszprem, famous for its baroque architectural ensembles.

Among the most visited cities is Eger, famous for the heroic defense of its fortress from the invasion of the 150,000th Turkish army in 1552.

The pride of western and northwestern Hungary is distinguished by a wealth of architectural monuments: Gyor, Sopron, Köszeg, Szombathely, on the territory of which there was once the capital of the Roman province of Upper Pannonia-Savaria.

Hungary is a country in the center of Europe, with a huge cultural population, with rich history, interesting not only for its natural conditions, but also for the people living in it.

Population

geographic location of hungary

Natural resources

Geographical position of Hungary

All articles: Geography articles:

Geography of Hungary: relief, climate, resources, population

Terrain of Hungary

Statistical indicators of Hungary (as of 2012)

Water resources of Hungary

Minerals of Hungary

Climate and weather in Hungary

Flora and fauna of Hungary

Population of Hungary

In Hungary there is the largest lake in Central Europe - Balaton. Its surface area is 600 km2, its length is 78 km, and its width is 15 km. The lake and its surroundings have become a resort and tourist area of international importance.

Statistical indicators of Hungary
(as of 2012)