A way of organizing decision-making in a planned economy. Types of economic systems and their features

Depending on the type of coordination economic activity economic entities(consumers, producers, owners, employees) and the mechanism for managing economic processes (characteristics of the types of economic systems based on the organizational approach) distinguish: traditional, market, centrally controlled and mixed economic systems.

The organization of economic activity depends on:

• - forms of ownership of the means of production;
• - procedures for the adoption of basic economic decisions and ways of coordinating economic activity;
• - motives that stimulate the conduct of economic activity.

Traditional economy represented by countries with a subsistence economy, where the vast majority of the population is engaged in the simplest agricultural production and most of the products are consumed by themselves. Commodity production is represented by numerous peasant and handicraft farms that dominate the economy. The organization of production, its structure, the rhythm of economic life are based on consecrated customs and traditions. Hereditary habits, social roles and statuses determine the foundations of economic life and activity. Ethnic and caste barriers impede the spread of scientific and technological progress. The countries of the African continent, the Near and Middle East belong to the traditional economy.

Tradition-based regulation is a way economic organization, in which the problems of production and distribution are solved by applying procedures inherited from the past. This mechanism is weakly responsive to changes associated with scientific and technological progress and new needs. It is not capable of regulating the economy as a whole with a developed system of social division of labor (but in the field of informal relations in the collectives of individual enterprises it occupies a certain place).

Market economy - a way of mutual adaptation of the actions of buyers and sellers under the influence of price changes, reflecting fluctuations in supply and demand. basis market system is self-regulation based on private interest, freedom of choice and the desire for personal benefit of market entities, private ownership of the factors and results of production. government intervention in the economy in these conditions is reduced to a minimum. In a market economic system, the movement of resources, production, distribution, exchange and consumption of the created goods are carried out using the market mechanism. The market mechanism is focused on meeting solvent needs for private goods. It does not provide effective regulation of production public goods for satisfaction of socially priority consumers, since the adjustment of people's economic behavior is carried out spontaneously.

The advantages of such a system are: a constant focus on the efficiency of the economy, the possibility of obtaining market entities high income, broad rights and freedom of choice of consumers, the relative cheapness of the state apparatus of management.

Disadvantages of the market system: periodic crises in the development of the economy, large differentiation in incomes and living standards of the population, indifference to possible damage to man and nature on the part of producers, indifference of producers to industries and sectors of the economy that are necessary for society, but not profitable.

Centrally controlled economy(administrative-command mechanism or hierarchy) - a way to achieve coordination, in which the individual actions of economic entities are subject to the directives of the center on the basis of a centralized economic plan. centrally managed economy is based on administrative methods management, is characterized by a strict dictate of the state in the field of economy: the predominance of state property on the means of production and all material resources, by state directive economic planning, by the financial dictatorship of the state. The planning authority determines for each enterprise the amount of resources that must be used so that it can fulfill its production targets. Distribution is carried out centrally at fixed prices consumer goods among the population. The economic power of the state in such a system is absolute. With the growth of the scale of cooperation in production, the need for conscious regulation of the economy increases. But its capabilities are determined by the limits of controllability of complex systems. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the boundaries within which state regulation will be effective.

The main advantages of such an economy should be recognized as its relative stability, as well as social equality, guarantees of employment and the provision of a minimum wage. standard of living for all members of society, free education and health care.

The main disadvantages of a centrally controlled system are: the inefficiency of the economy, which manifests itself primarily in the shortage of various goods that grow out of the dictates of the producer over the consumer, the lack of pronounced incentives for efficient work, and the low standard of living of the majority of the population.

mixed economy is based on enterprises and structures belonging to different types and types of ownership, and uses a variety of forms of management. Real historical types of socio-economic systems are mixed economies. Every economy is complex. The classification is built on the basis of a combination of two criteria: the dominant form of ownership and the methods of regulation that ensure the production, distribution, exchange and use of the bulk of goods. These criteria act as the main components in the classification of economic systems. When coordinating the actions of economic entities (consumers, producers, owners, workers), various methods of regulation complement each other, but usually one of the regulation mechanisms prevails, which ensures the production and consumption of the bulk economic resources that meet the needs of society. AT economic analysis when classifying the types of socio-economic systems, the abstraction method is used, i.e. economic relations are considered, as it were, in their pure form, focusing on the predominant form of management, abstracting from the present less significant economic systems.

Modern economy at the stage of information industrial society presented in the form of various forms of farms, is mixed. In this economy, non-state, non-market systems do not dominate each other. The market creates effective incentives for growth and development. With command management, the social priority of the need is ensured, but there is a loss in motivation. The ratio between different regulatory mechanisms at a certain stage is determined by the ratio of costs and benefits.

There are various models currently in use. mixed an economy in which the distribution of resources is partly carried out on a market basis, partly provided by state decisions. This system demonstrates the ability to organically and flexibly combine market efficiency with government regulation, therefore, it can weaken or even remove a number of negative aspects inherent in a purely market or purely centralized systems. The most effective in this aspect are the German (social market economy) and Swedish models of the mixed economy.

To better understand how the modern how mankind has learned to find answers to its main questions, it is necessary to analyze the thousand-year history of the development of the economic systems of civilization.

Depending on the method of solving the main economic problems and the type of ownership of economic resources, four main types of economic systems: 1) traditional; 2) market (capitalism);3) command (socialism); 4) mixed.

Of these, the oldest is the traditional economic system.

Traditional economic system - a way of organizing economic life, in which land and capital are in the common possession of the tribe, and limited resources are distributed in accordance with long-standing traditions.

As for the ownership of economic resources, in the traditional system it was most often collective, that is, hunting grounds, arable land and meadows belonged to the tribe or community.

Over time, the main elements of the traditional economic system ceased to suit mankind. Life has shown that the factors of production are used more efficiently if they are owned by individuals or families, and not if they are collectively owned. None of richest countries of the world, the basis of society's life is not collective property. But in many of the world's poorest countries, remnants of such property have survived.

For example,the rapid development of agriculture in Russia occurred only at the beginning of the 20th century, when the reforms of P. A. Stolypin destroyed the collective (communal) ownership of land, which was replaced by land ownership by individual families. Then the communists, who came to power in 1917, actually restored communal land ownership, declaring the land "public property."

Having built your Agriculture on collective property, the USSR could not for 70 years of the XX century. achieve food abundance. Moreover, by the beginning of the 1980s, the food situation had become so bad that the CPSU was forced to adopt a special “Food Program”, which, however, was also not implemented, although huge amounts of money were spent on the development of the agricultural sector.

On the contrary, the agriculture of European countries, the USA and Canada, based on private ownership of land and capital, has succeeded in solving the problem of creating food abundance. And so successfully that the farmers of these countries were able to export a large share of their products to other regions of the world.

Practice has shown that markets and firms are better at solving the problem of distributing limited resources and increasing the production of vital goods than councils of elders, the bodies that made fundamental economic decisions in the traditional system.

That is why the traditional economic system eventually ceased to be the basis for organizing people's lives in most countries of the world. Its elements have receded into the background and survived only in fragments in the form of various customs and traditions of secondary importance. In most countries of the world, other ways of organizing the economic cooperation of people play a leading role.

Replaced the traditional market system(capitalism) . The basis of this system is:

1) the right of private property;

2) private economic initiative;

3) market organization distribution of society's limited resources.

Right of private property there is the recognized and legally protected right of an individual to own, use and dispose of a certain type and amount of limited resources (for example, a piece of land, a coal deposit or a factory), which means that and earn income from it. It was the ability to own such a type of production resources as capital, and to receive income on this basis, that determined the second, often used name of this economic system - capitalism.

Private property - recognized by society the right of individual citizens and their associations to own, use and dispose of a certain volume (part) of any type of economic resources.

Note. At first, the right to private property was protected only by force of arms, and only kings and feudal lords were the owners. But then, having passed a long way of wars and revolutions, humanity created a civilization in which every citizen could become a private owner if his income allowed him to acquire property.

The right of private property enables the owners of economic resources to independently make decisions about how to use them (as long as this does not harm the interests of society). However, this almost unlimited freedom to dispose of economic resources has a downside: the owners of private property bear full economic responsibility for the options they choose to use it.

Private economic initiative there is the right of each owner of production resources to independently decide how and to what extent to use them to generate income. At the same time, the well-being of each is determined by how successfully he can sell on the market the resource he owns: his labor force, skills, products of his own hands, his own land plot, the products of their factory or the ability to organize commercial operations.

And finally, actually markets- a certain way organized activity for the exchange of goods.

The markets are:

1) determine the degree of success of a particular economic initiative;

2) form the amount of income that the property brings to its owners;

3) dictate the proportions of the distribution of limited resources between alternative areas of their use.

The virtue of the market mechanism lies in the fact that he makes each seller think about the interests of buyers in order to achieve benefits for himself. If he does not do this, then his goods may turn out to be unnecessary or too expensive, and instead of benefiting, he will receive only losses. But the buyer is also forced to reckon with the interests of the seller - he can get the goods only by paying for it the price prevailing on the market.

market system(capitalism) - way of organizing economic life in which capital and land are owned individuals, and limited resources are distributed through markets.

Markets based on competition have become the most successful way known to mankind for the distribution of limited productive resources and the benefits created with their help.

Of course, and the market system has its drawbacks. In particular, it generates huge disparities in income and wealth levels when some bathe in luxury, while others vegetate in poverty.

Such disparities in income have long encouraged people to interpret capitalism as an "unfair" economic system and to dream of a better way of life. These dreams led to the emergence of XI10th century social movement called Marxism in honor of its main ideologist - a German journalist and economist Karl Marx. He and his followers argued that the market system had exhausted the possibilities of its development and became a brake on the further growth of the welfare of mankind. That is why it was proposed to replace it with a new economic system - command, or socialism (from the Latin societas - "society").

Command economic system (socialism) - a way of organizing economic life, in which capital and land are owned by the state, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out according to the instructions of the central government and in accordance with plans.

The birth of the command economic system was a consequence of a series of socialist revolutions whose ideological banner was Marxism. The specific model command system was developed by the leaders of the Russian Communist Party V.I. Lenin and I.V. Stalin.

According to Marxist theory humanity could dramatically accelerate its path to improving prosperity and eliminate differences in the individual well-being of citizens by eliminating private property, eliminating competition and conducting all the economic activities of the country on the basis of a single obligatory (directive) plan, which is developed by the leadership of the state on scientific basis. The roots of this theory go back to the Middle Ages, to the so-called social utopias, but it practical implementation occurred precisely in the 20th century, when the socialist camp arose.

If all resources (factors of production) are declared public property, but in reality they are fully controlled by state and party officials, then this entails very dangerous economic consequences. Incomes of people and firms cease to depend on how well they use limited resources. how much the result of their work is really needed by society. Other criteria become more important:

a) for enterprises - the degree of fulfillment and overfulfillment planned assignments for the production of goods. It was for this that the heads of enterprises were awarded orders and appointed ministers. It does not matter that these commodities might be of no interest to buyers who, if they had freedom of choice, would prefer other goods;

b) for people - the nature of the relationship with the authorities, which distributed the most scarce goods (cars, apartments, furniture, trips abroad, etc.), or occupying a position that opens access to "closed distributors" where such scarce goods can be bought free.

As a result, in the countries of the command system:

1) even the simplest of the goods needed by people turned out to be “deficit”. The usual picture in largest cities“paratroopers” began, i.e. residents of small towns and villages who came with large backpacks to buy food, since there was simply nothing in their grocery stores;

2) the mass of enterprises constantly suffered losses, and there was even such a striking category of them as planned unprofitable enterprises. At the same time, employees of such enterprises still regularly received wages and awards;

3) the biggest success for citizens and businesses was to "get" some imported goods or equipment. The queue for Yugoslav women's boots was recorded from the evening.

As a result, the end of the XX century. became an era of deep disappointment in the capabilities of the planning-command system, and the former socialist countries took up the difficult task of reviving private property and the market system.

Speaking about the planned-command or market economic system, it should be remembered that in its pure form they can only be found on the pages of scientific works. Real economic life, on the contrary, is always a mixture of elements of different economic systems.

The modern economic system of the majority developed countries world is of a mixed nature. Many national and regional economic problems are decided by the state.

As a rule, today the state participates in the economic life of society for two reasons:

1) some of the needs of society, due to their specifics (the maintenance of the army, the development of laws, the organization of traffic, the fight against epidemics, etc.), it can satisfy better than is possible on the basis of market mechanisms alone;

2)it can soften Negative consequences activities of market mechanisms (too large differences in the wealth of citizens, damage to the environment from the activities of commercial firms, etc.).

Therefore, for the civilization of the late XX century. a mixed economic system prevailed.

Mixed economic system - a way of organizing economic life, in which land and capital are privately owned, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out both by markets and with significant state participation.

In such an economic system the basis is private ownership of economic resources, although in some countries(France, Germany, UK, etc.) there is a fairly large public sector. It includes enterprises whose capital is wholly or partly owned by the state (for example, the German airline Lufthansa), but which: a) do not receive plans from the state; b) work according to market laws; c) forced to compete on an equal footing with private firms.

In these countries the main economic issues are mainly decided by the markets. They also distribute the predominant part of economic resources. However, part of the resources is centralized and distributed by the state with the help of command mechanisms in order to compensate for some of the weaknesses of market mechanisms (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. The main elements of a mixed economic system (I - the scope of market mechanisms, II - the scope of command mechanisms, i.e. control by the state)

On fig. Figure 2 shows a scale that conditionally represents which economic systems various states belong to today.

Rice. 2. Types of economic systems: 1 - USA; 2 - Japan; 3 - India; 4 - Sweden, England; 5 - Cuba, North Korea; 6 - some countries Latin America and Africa; 7— Russia

Here, the arrangement of numbers symbolizes the degree of proximity of economic systems. various countries to one type or another. The pure market system is most fully implemented in some countries.Latin America and Africa. Factors of production there are already predominantly in private ownership, and state intervention in the decision economic issues minimum.

In countries like USA and Japan, private ownership of the factors of production dominates, but the role of the state in economic life is so great that one can speak of a mixed economic system. At the same time, the Japanese economy retained more elements of the traditional economic system than the United States. That is why the number 2 (Japanese economy) is somewhat closer to the top of the triangle, symbolizing traditional system than the number 1 (US economy).

In economies Sweden and UK the role of the state in the distribution of limited resources is even greater than in the United States and Japan, and therefore the number 4 symbolizing them is to the left of the numbers 1 and 2.

In its most complete form, the command system has now been preserved on Cuba and North Korea. Here, private property has been eliminated, and the state distributes all limited resources.

The existence of significant elements of the traditional economic system in the economy India and others like her Asian and African countries(although the market system prevails here too) determines the placement of its corresponding digit 3.

Location Russia(number 7) is determined by the fact that:

1) the foundations of the command system in our country have already been destroyed, but the role of the state in the economy is still very large;

2) the mechanisms of the market system are still being formed (and are still less developed than even in India);

3) the factors of production have not yet completely passed into private ownership, but such the most important factor production, like land, is in fact collectively owned by members of the former collective farms and state farms, only formally transformed into joint-stock companies.

To what economic system does Russia's future path lie?

From various types economies in modern world perhaps the most popular market economy, which is predominantly a capitalist economy and a mixed economy, that is, it is a mixture of capitalism and socialism. At the other end of the spectrum is the traditional economy, a type of economy that is virtually non-existent in real world as a result economic growth and development.

Explanation of traditional economics

In economic theory, the underdeveloped economy, where people still use primitive tools and resort to ancient methods of harvesting, is called the traditional economy. One of characteristic features this type of economy is an exceptionally low GDP growth or even a complete lack of economic growth. Since such a regime relies heavily on agriculture and related industries, it is also referred to as subsistence farming.

While the generally accepted definition of traditional economies revolves around dependence on agriculture, socialist economists believe that such a definition can be considered complete if we add the fact that these economies have ingrained social attitudes, so that social customs and beliefs play a decisive role in the adoption economic decisions. Another determining factor is the prevalence of the barter system.

In a broad sense, the term is most often used by member countries of developed economies for underdeveloped countries. The traditional economy mode was quite popular several centuries ago when most of the countries depended on agriculture.. As countries with traditional economies develop, they acquire capitalist characteristics.

As social customs and beliefs play important role in this economic system, the entire community comes together and works as a single, cohesive unit. However, on the other hand, he has a weak financial base, and the community is more focused on self-sufficiency rather than improving their standard of living.

Examples of traditional economy

No country in the world adheres to a purely traditional economic system today. However, there are some regions that continue to engage in agriculture and related activities to sustain life. Many people suggest that countries from South Asia and Africa be classified as traditional economies, but this is technically incorrect.

Most of the countries in the world today fall into the category developing countries. Even those that are underdeveloped do not technically qualify as traditional economies as they are not entirely dependent on traditional agriculture. Even in countries where the agricultural sector plays a critical role, primitive methods have been replaced modern methods, which leads to an increase in output and an acceleration of overall economic growth.

As for countries where a significant part of the population continues to practice primitive methods of agriculture, the list includes such as Bangladesh, Burma, Malawi, etc. It must be remembered that these countries are not purely traditional economies. In the true sense of the word, the purely traditional economy is the Inuit, Native Indians, Pygmies and other indigenous tribes for whom the economy is purely self-sustaining.

There are several different types of economies, each with its own pros and cons. However, in the case of the traditional economy, there seem to be more disadvantages than advantages, which is why most countries have already turned into a market or mixed economy. Interestingly, in most of these countries there is a mixed economy, where agriculture is in its modern form- plays a decisive role.

Advantages

1 . Predefined Worker Roles

Lessons are passed down from one generation to the next. Thus, the work roles are specially designed and assigned in advance. This way there is less confusion and everything is clear from what they are tasked to do.

2. Less competition

Because families specialize in their activities, and because the same business activities are carried out in different generations, there is less competition in the economy. Families monopolize their business and there is no interference.

3. Less waste or excess production

Only those goods are produced that are needed. The needs of the population are known in advance. Thus, less surplus is produced and resources are used optimally. There are no imports or exports from other economies, and only available resources are used. Too few wasted resources. Human needs are limited, unlike modern economy.

4. People support

Nobody steals another's job in the traditional economy. People support each other, and each tries to make efficient use of limited resources. In a traditional economy, people live in less fear. Hence there is less chance for crime, There is practically no line between rich and poor. The race to accumulate wealth and retain jobs that characterizes the modern economy is not part of the traditional economy. People lead a quiet life and feel much more secure. For each group there is a leader whose opinion is final in all socio-economic decisions.

5. Less environmental impact

Since the traditional methodology is followed, the environmental impact is minimal. There is low waste, there is a proper allocation of resources, and since the use of technology is low, there is less harm to the environment.

Flaws

1. slow growth

Traditional economies use primitive methods of production and thus do not use modern technologies. They resort to old methods, thereby limiting growth and development. They may also have certain blind beliefs and belief systems that may hinder overall development.

2. Resilience to change

Tradition and convention are respected. Therefore, people are usually cautious about change and do not easily accept innovation. They reject everything new, adhere to the historical tradition.

3. Low standard of living

With limited needs and no development of technology, the main motto of the members of the traditional economy is survival. A significant part of their day-to-day efforts is devoted to achieving and satisfying their basic needs. The production of higher volumes of goods is difficult to achieve. Thus, the standard of living is low.

4. Fewer amenities

Modern amenities such as running water, electricity, entertainment are not available. In the absence of development in science or technology, medical institutions are unable to provide a proper service. Knowledge about health and medicine is outdated. Due to the lack of infrastructure, deaths due to disease and animal attacks are quite common.

5. Little freedom

Because job skills are passed down from generation to generation, there is no freedom to choose where to work. As a rule, there is a leader whose decision is final. Anyone who does not follow the tradition can also be expelled from the group. Thus, there is almost no freedom to choose one's profession, and traditions govern the lifestyle.

What type of economic system exists in country A.? 1. mixed 2. market 3. centralized 4. traditional

Thank you!

1) The joint-stock company held an annual meeting of shareholders.
2) The Society of Book Lovers organized a charity auction.
3) Society unites the past, present and future of mankind.
4) The city society is protesting against the construction of a high-speed
highways.
2. Vera found out that Nadezhda told her classmates her secret. She did not begin to find out the reasons for this act, but simply stopped talking.
with hope. What kind of behavior in interpersonal conflict
does this example illustrate?
1) Mediation
2) care
3) arbitration
4) cooperation
3.During a special campaign, funds were raised for an orphanage.
The relationship of which areas public life, first of all, illustrates
This fact?
1) social and economic
2) political and spiritual
3) economic and political
4) spiritual and economic

4. Are the following judgments about global problems Oh?
A. Global problems are a consequence of the economic
activities of mankind.
B. To solve global problems, the joint efforts of all
humanity.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
5. Purposeful human activity to obtain new knowledge and
skills are called
1) art
2) education
3) creativity
4) morality
6. Are the following judgments about patriotism correct?
A. Patriotism involves love and respect for historical traditions
of their country.
B. Patriotism presupposes a good knowledge of national history and
culture.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
7. Factors (resources) of production include(s)
1) profit
2)needs
3) labor
4) taxes
8. A certain amount of money that citizens and businesses owe
pay the state is called
1)tax
2) percentage
3) costs
4) dividends

9.During the pre-New Year sales in different cities of the world, consumers
actively purchase clothes and shoes at discounted prices. Buyers
often come to the doors of stores long before opening, line up
in long lines. What economic phenomenon is manifested in this
fact?
1) cooperation
2) inflation
3)offer
4) demand
10. Are the following statements about money correct?
A. Money is a measure of the value of goods and services produced.
B. In today's world, the only form of payment is
use of cash.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
11. The expected behavior of the individual, associated with its position in society and
typical of a given social group is called
1) social status
2) social mobility
3) social prestige
4) social role
12. There is a good tradition in S.'s family: every Sunday the parents with their
children visit a museum or theater. What is the role of the family in this
example?
1) joint housekeeping
2) distribution of household duties
3) ensuring material prosperity
4) spiritual development of children

13. Are the following judgments about social groups correct?
A. Each individual can belong to several social groups.
B. In large social groups, personal contacts are possible between all
members.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong

“The modern scientific and technological revolution (STR) is characterized by a deep integration of science and production, which is expressed in the replacement of traditional technologies and techniques with fundamentally new ones, accompanied by a radical restructuring of the organization of labor and production.<...>
Beginning of modern scientific and technological revolution belongs to the 50s. XX century. Since that time, scientific activity has become an integral and most important part of social production. Science is isolated into an independent sphere with a specific material and technical base, highly qualified workers and special kind end products and occupies a leading position in production as a direct productive force.<...>
The beginning of a new stage of scientific and technological revolution in the development of productive forces is characterized by: features of the dynamics of labor productivity; volumes of production using fundamentally new scientific achievements; scale of resource saving the most important types raw materials, materials, energy; the transition of most sectors of the economy to a labor-saving type economic development; an increase in the growth rate of funding and economic performance of scientific research and development.<...>
Scientific and technological revolution decisively changes the position of a person ... in the production system: he is taken out of the process of creating a finished product, stands next to him and acts in relation to him as a controller. Previously, a person transferred to the machine first an executive function (impact with a tool on an object of labor), and then a motor, energy one; now, along with a reduction in the direct participation of a person in production, there is an expansion of the types of labor associated with the performance of control and management ... functions more and more high level with responsible decision making. (The text is taken from the book: Social Science: Tutoring Manual / Edited by O.S. Belokrylova, V.I. Filonenko.- Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2008.- S. 426, 427, 431 - and adapted.)

C1
Plan your text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

By what time, according to the text, does the beginning of modern scientific and technological revolution belong? Why? Find two explanations in the text.

C4
Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, list any three areas of modern scientific and technological revolution.

C5
Speaking at the lesson about the features of modern scientific and technological revolution, the student noted that its development in the XXI century. makes it possible to provide the technical and technological side of solving the global problems of mankind. Not all students in the class agreed with this opinion. Which of these two points of view is reflected in the text? Provide a piece of text to help answer the question.

C6
Do you agree that NTR is characterized by positive social consequences owing to which the omnipotence of man, his superiority over nature was formed? Based on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) in defense of your position.

family members, as well as the following methods:

Instilling in young children various rules and requirements with the help of lullabies, fun, fairy tales, songs filled with parental love;

Inclusion of children from the earliest years in economic and labor activities, communication with elders and peers;

Organization of the council of parents and senior family members when children choose responsible decisions in life;

Encouragement of children in order to cultivate self-esteem and such moral qualities as kindness, diligence, diligence, obedience, respect for older family members and other people;

A hint (direct or indirect) is a way of showing children their shortcomings and miscalculations in behavior and activities in an ethical and correct tone;

Reproach - an expression by parents both in word and look, gestures, facial expressions of dissatisfaction with the actions and behavior of children;

The test as a way to test the preparedness of children for independent work and family life, for the implementation of the moral rules and norms of life of their people;

Blessing - a set of parental instructions, teachings, warnings, orders and requests to children in the most crucial periods of their life (transition to independent work, military service, marriage or marriage).

Describe these methods in terms of their effectiveness, importance for the future life of children, humanity. Which of these methods are used in your family?

turns into a powerful man? 4) What is the importance of correct ideas about reality for making power decisions? PLEASE