By the nature of the general orientation of state influence on the country's industry, industrial policy. It is classified as protective, focused on maintaining the existing industrial structure, maintaining employment, protecting national firms from foreign competition, adaptive, aimed at adapting the country's industrial structure to changes in the structure of demand and changing conditions of competition in the world market, and proactive when the state actively influences development ...

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ESSAY

Subject: "Institutional Economics"

Topic: "State industrial policy"

Student group X-M (s) - 31 V.V. Severov

Teacher Danilchik T.L.

Khabarovsk 2014

Introduction

By the nature of the general orientation of state influence on the country's industry, industrial policy. They are classified as protective, focused on maintaining the existing industrial structure, maintaining employment, protecting national firms from foreign competition, adaptive, aimed at adapting the industrial structure of the country to the changes in the structure of demand and changing conditions of competition in the world market, and proactive, when the state actively influences on the development of the country's industry, based on his vision of the desired image of its structure in more or less long term.

industrial policy(hereinafter PP) as one of the main functions of the state in the general view is a strategy focused on the formation and implementation of industrial development goals through various economic instruments. The term "industrial policy" came to Russia in the early 1990s. to denote the regulatory role of the state in the industrial and technological development of the country. In the era of administrative planned economy in the USSR, there was no need for such a term, because the entire economic system essentially meant PP. There was no alternative system of decision-making from the state on investment by private business, the whole strategy of economic development of industries and intersectoral complexes determined centrally from a single economic center. In the system of ideas of the market economy, it was a super-industrial policy with its achievements, shortcomings and even failures. The need to designate the role of the state in the development and implementation of a long-term development strategy priority industries under the dominance market relations arose from the very obvious "market failures" in the field of projects that are not designed for short-term profits. Among the directions of the state industrial policy, we will consider the main ones, namely:

2. Improvement of market mechanisms

3. Formation of the technological base

4. Carrot and stick for investment

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

By the nature of the general orientation of state influence on about mentality of the country's industrial policy. classified as protective and positive, focused on maintaining the existing industrial structure, maintaining employment, protecting national firms from foreign about strange competition, adaptive, aimed at adapting the industrial structure of the country to the shifts in the structure of demand that have occurred and the changing conditions of competition in the world market, and the initiation a positive, when the state actively influences the development of industrial about of the country, based on his vision of the desired image of its structure in a more or less long term.

Industrial policy (hereinafter PP) as one of the main functions of the state at donations in its most general form is a strategy that orients n nuyu on the formation and implementation of goals for the development of industry, through various economic instruments. The term "industry n naya policy” came to Russia in the early 90s. to designate regulation and the leading role of the state in industrial and technological development a us. In the era of the administrative-planned economy in the USSR, there was no need for such a term, because the entire economic system is essentially h start of PP. There was no alternative system to the state I decision on investment by private business, the entire strategy of the business t development of industries and intersectoral complexes was determined by the n tralizovanno from a single economic center. In the pre d market economy, it was a super-industrial policy with its With tyzheniyami, shortcomings and even failures. The need for p designation about whether the state in the development and implementation of a strategy for long-term h development of priority sectors under the dominance of s nightly relationships arose from the obvious "market failures" in the field of projects that are not designed for short-term profit. Among the destinations e of state industrial policy, consider the basis in some of them, namely:

the influence of the state on the competitiveness of industrial production;
state activities to improve the efficiency of market mechanisms;
state impact on industry structure production;
opportunities of the state to stimulate the investment process.

1. Competitiveness

The need for the state to increase the competitiveness of industrial production is dictated by such fundamental differences of the modern developed market economy as the increasing intellectualization of industrial production, the strengthening of the role of innovation and the transnationalization of industrial firms.

As a result, the competitiveness of a country's industry is increasingly dependent on factors such as quality labor resources, the strength of ties between industrial firms, higher educational institutions and research institutes, the ability to creatively master foreign technologies, the speed of dissemination of technological and other innovations in industry; capacity domestic market and the level of requirements of domestic consumers industrial products to its qualitative characteristics, the presence of clusters of technologically related and geographically close enterprises that produce products that are in demand in foreign markets. The role of the state, which not only finances the bulk of general education educational institutions and universities, but also to a large extent determines the attitude of society to education and the prestige of the profession of a scientist and teacher, in creating an education system that meets the requirements of modern industrial production, is very significant. It is obvious that the proactive state industrial policy should be supported by a purposeful policy in the field of education. For countries with transition economy the most priority areas include a sharp increase in the training of specialists in the field of management, marketing and commercial law. Despite the importance of financial support by the state of fundamental science and the most priority programs of applied scientific research, a very large positive role can be played by organizational activity states in the following areas. First, the creation state structures, focused on identifying potential industrial consumers of knowledge accumulated by state research institutes and universities. Secondly, government coordination of R&D programs involving industrial enterprises and university laboratories, as well as government research organizations. An important factor in maintaining the competitiveness of the country's industry is the presence of conditions conducive to the rapid spread of technological and other innovations in it. Since these conditions are determined primarily by the dynamics of the investment process, the activities of the state in this regard are implemented in the sphere macroeconomic policy, the success of which depends on the ability to create a favorable investment climate through monetary and fiscal policy. In addition, due to the fact that the lack of financial resources for small firms - innovators very often serves as an insurmountable barrier at the stage of introducing scientific and technical knowledge into new, economically viable technological processes and types of products, the state should contribute to expanding the opportunities for financing innovative business. The state has the ability to have a significant impact on such conditions for the competitiveness of the country's industry as the presence of a capacious domestic market and the stringent requirements of domestic consumers of industrial products to its quality characteristics. All the developed countries market economy to maintain the competitiveness of their industry stimulate the demand for high-tech products through public procurement in industries owned by the state or under strict state regulation (electricity, primarily nuclear, telecommunications, aviation and rail transport), as well as to meet the military needs of the country. There is widespread discrimination foreign companies- manufacturers of similar products.

2. Improving Market Mechanisms

The activities of the state to improve the efficiency of market mechanisms and mitigate their inherent imperfections is the second important component of modern industrial policy. The areas in which imperfections in market mechanisms of coordination are manifested are different: First, the production of public goods and services (for example, scientific research, health services, the production of weapons, etc.). It is believed that in the production of such goods there is a fundamental difference between the parameters of efficiency on the basis of which private firms operate, and the efficiency from the point of view of society as a whole. Secondly, imperfections in the market mechanism are associated with the consequences of the interdependence and complementarity of investments, manifested in the form of "externalities", in particular, when part of the profit from a particular investment can be "grabbed" by other investors associated with it. Third, competition through innovation is unlikely to satisfy the principles of perfect competition. "Competition through new products and processes," the paper states. American economists, - is imperfect both in essence and in results ... Without the lure of higher returns, there would be no incentive to innovate. "As the development of industry becomes more innovative and innovative competition, in fact, is imperfect, with huge external effects, a strong monopoly element, then the possibilities for the development of industrial production on the basis of exclusively market mechanisms of coordination seem to be very limited. Finally, fourthly, complex problems are inherent in a market economy that makes it difficult to allocate resources with an emphasis on the long term.

In a market economy, comprehensive information support for industrial firms is a necessary condition for their survival and efficient operation. A huge amount of work on the collection and publication of information of an economic, scientific, technical, demographic and similar nature, which is widely used by industrial firms when making investment and other decisions, is carried out in the countries of a developed market economy by state departments, although they, of course, are not the only source of information used. information firms.

It should be emphasized that government departments disseminate the information they collect without any restrictions and according to affordable prices. Much attention is paid to the use of information collected by the state to develop a system of indicators used to analyze the state of the general economic situation and its short-term forecasting. A very important aspect of the information activity of the state in the countries of the market economy is the development of medium- and long-term forecasts for the development of the economy, including industry, countries and world markets for the most important industrial goods.

3. Formation of the technological base

It is also possible to influence the achievement of dynamic competitive advantages of the state industrial policy by influencing the technologies used in the country's industry and, accordingly, its sectoral structure. The impact of the state on the technological structure of industrial production was most clearly manifested in the creation of state industrial enterprises and the nationalization of entire industries. At the same time, the historical experience of market economies does not provide grounds for unambiguous and unconditional assessments of the role of state entrepreneurship in the development of industrial production. Assuming that by means of public policy it is possible to increase national income country at the expense of its competitors by stimulating technologies and industries that bring a higher “rent” than other technologies and industries, then, obviously, the existence of such an opportunity for a long time contradicts the conditions for the functioning of the system of competitive markets and industries with free cross-country and cross-sector overflow capital.

The creation of state industrial companies is not the only one in modern conditions far from the most optimal tool for the state to influence the technological structure of the country's industry.

4. Carrot and stick for investment

Another, no less important task of the macroeconomic policy of the state in relation to the problems of modernizing the country's industrial structure is the creation of favorable conditions for a dynamic investment process.

The following instruments of state influence on the dynamics of the investment process are actively used:

public investment, and not only in infrastructure;
tax incentives for investment;
containment of prices for equipment through preferential customs duties on its imports;
impact on interest rates and keeping them below the market level.

Very important role in financing investment programs bank credit plays, and the state actively influenced both the cost of the loan and the direction of its flows. internal sources(retained earnings and depreciation charges) and bank loans. Important role in the financing of investment programs in many dynamically developing countries played government financial institutions.The impact of the state on price proportions in order to stimulate the investment process was not limited to the regulation of interest rates. Specialists World Bank indicate that in these countries, tax, tariff and foreign exchange policies not only removed part investment risk from investing firms and moderately suppressed interest rates, but also controlled the import of capital, and also supported relatively low prices on investment goods. At the same time, the possibility of using price imbalances created by state regulation in order to stimulate the investment process and economic growth countries are significantly narrowed as their involvement in world economic relations intensifies. And about one more option for stimulating investment policy aimed at developing real sector economy, use tax system.Two important directions can be distinguished tax policy states capable of exerting a significant influence on the development of the country's industry.

First, by influencing through taxes on the level of savings of the population, sinking funds firms and their retained earnings, i.e., on the value of potential sources of financing for the investment programs of firms, the state is able to influence the most important macroeconomic proportions, in particular, the distribution of national income between accumulation and consumption.

Secondly, using targeted tax incentives, as well as legislation, in terms of depreciation, the state is able to influence the ratio between firms' investments in the active and passive part of fixed assets, the rate of reproduction of fixed capital in the country's industry, stimulate investment activity firms in priority areas from the point of view of the state, to influence the regional distribution of industrial investments.

5.Problems state support industry in Russia

Obviously, if the main goal of the economic reform being carried out in Russia is the creation of a modern market economy, then the Russian state is obliged to fulfill the functions listed above, which are characteristic of all market economy countries. At the same time, the peculiarities of the current situation in the economy of our country require that the state not be limited only to these functions.

Overcoming the negative trends in Russian industrial production and creating the prerequisites for fundamental changes in its structure is impossible without a meaningful and purposeful state industrial policy, and in the most favorable version, this policy should serve as an instrument for implementing the country's industrial development strategy based on public consensus. Such a strategy should be determined taking into account the uniqueness of the current situation in Russia. This uniqueness is due to a whole range of technological and socio-political factors.

In socio-political terms current situation in Russia it is determined by a sharp differentiation of incomes between a small group of the population and its main mass. During the years of reforms, a middle class has not developed in Russia, in the absence of which it is impossible to create a market economy of mass consumption and an adequate stable political regime of a social democratic or liberal orientation.

Meanwhile, until now, the transformation Russian economy occurs in the absence of any meaningful strategy for the industrial development of the country. In democratically oriented countries, the determination of an industrial development strategy is not exclusively the prerogative of the central state authorities. In this case, the active participation of representatives of industrial business circles, trade unions, independent research organizations, and regional authorities is envisaged. At the same time, the central state structures, acting as a participant and coordinator in the development of the country's industrial development strategy, offer their assessments of the prospects for the development of the world economy and its individual regions (primarily those most closely related to the country's industry), world markets for important industrial goods, scientific and technical progress, the ecological situation, etc., formulate their ideas about the desirable directions of the country's industrial development.

For such work, certain organizational structures, in which there is a thorough discussion of problems related to the development of a strategy for the industrial development of the country, including problems of a sectoral and regional nature. The activities of such structures not only make it possible to get a more complete and clear picture of the problems and prospects for the development of the country's industry, its most vulnerable places, potential sources of growth and competitive advantages, but also creates the prerequisites for the formation of public consensus regarding the vision of the country's future industry. Such consent is, in particular, an important condition for the rapid legislative registration of measures in the field of industrial policy. The function of a leader in the creation and coordination of the activities of these structures should be performed by an authoritative agency of the executive branch, so the Japanese experience deserves the closest study and use.

We have to state that at present there is no department in the executive branch of Russia capable of taking on the functions of initiator and coordinator of the development of the country's industrial development strategy in terms of its intellectual potential and authority. The development of a public consensus on the vision of the future of Russia is also hampered by the blurring of the values of the main part of the population of the country due to the collapse of the totalitarian atheistic state and negative consequences ongoing reforms for the majority of the country's population. Realizing that the development of a country's industrial development strategy and an adequate state industrial policy requires colossal collective efforts, we will note only some of the contours of such a strategy and policy. The country's industrial development strategy involves the definition of the main goals in a more or less implementation of these goals and means of overcoming these obstacles and achieving the goals set. The most important strategic goals for the development of Russian industry should, apparently, include the preservation and improvement of the main elements of the life support infrastructure, improving the quality of life (physical and mental health of the nation, ecology, education and housing) ; maintaining a sufficient level of the country's defense capability.

The main obstacles to the realization of these goals are the ongoing development of a deep and protracted general economic and industrial crisis, without any positive shifts in the technological structure of industrial production, an ever-widening gap between financial sphere and the state of the Russian industry, the growing shortage investment resources. The state industrial policy of Russia should be focused on overcoming these obstacles and be proactive, based on a vision of a desirable image of the industrial structure in a more or less long term. As for the technological structure of Russian industry, it should be based on a thorough assessment of the existing scientific and technological potential taking into account the main directions of world scientific and technological progress and a number of factors. To do this, it is necessary to determine: in which technologies, based on considerations of national security in its various aspects, its own production potential is needed and what level it should reach; in what technologies does Russia have a chance to achieve a breakthrough and increase its competitiveness; satisfaction of what needs is expedient due to the import of industrial products and technologies. Based on this, it is possible to determine the following areas of state activity in the framework of industrial policy. There is a need for active, coordinating activities of state departments in the field of technological forecasting and the development of a set of criteria on the basis of which priority technologies for Russian industry should be selected.

The state can help to increase the technological potential of Russian industry, both by creating closed, poorly accessible to foreign competition systems “research and development - production of science-intensive products in Russian companies- large-scale purchases of these products by the state, ”and stimulating the influx foreign capital and technologies by allowing foreign companies to manufacture science-intensive products in the country and public procurement this product. Most likely, both options should be combined, depending on the state of scientific and technological potential in specific areas of science and technology. Necessary public funding fundamental science and applied research for priority technologies. Despite the importance of financial support by the state of fundamental science and the most priority programs of applied scientific research, the organizational activity of the state in the following areas can play an important positive role: the creation of state structures focused on identifying potential industrial consumers of knowledge accumulated by state research institutes and universities; coordinating activities of the state in conducting R & D, which involve industrial enterprises and university laboratories, as well as state research organizations.

Renovation of the technological structure of the Russian industry is possible only in the conditions of a dynamic investment process, which to a decisive extent depends on the tax, budgetary and monetary policy of the state. From this follows the need to reform the tax system with an emphasis on creating preferential conditions for savings and capital accumulation, as well as liberalization monetary policy and creation of conditions for additional emission in industrial investments. In this regard, it seems necessary to create state investment development banks, without which a quick exit from the deep investment crisis is hardly possible. A realistic assessment of the possibilities of the capital market as a source of financing for investment programs requires acknowledging that its role in Russia for many years to come is likely to be generally insignificant. Therefore, the state should focus primarily on creating conditions that stimulate own sources savings in industrial structures (depreciation policy is important in this respect), and providing these structures with long-term credit resources.

The critical situation in the Russian industry with non-payments dictates the need for an active state policy at the microeconomic level, including: - the allocation of large industrial enterprises and financial-industrial groups, capable of financial condition to the role of leaders; creation of conditions facilitating the takeover by leaders or their taking under control of industrial enterprises that have the technological potential for development, but do not have financial possibilities its implementation; the liquidation of industrial enterprises that are hopeless in all respects, with the simultaneous retraining of their personnel and in their employment.

Despite the importance of the state's active policy to create a competitive economic environment through privatization, demonopolization, support for small-scale industrial entrepreneurship, the state should promote the development of cooperation between both the main social groups and enterprises within industries and their complexes.

The development of social partnership at the level of "the state - industry associations - trade unions" could help maintain macroeconomic stabilization through the implementation of one or another policy of price and income regulation. With all the dangers that cartelization of industry is fraught with, the creation of industry associations of industrial enterprises such as cartels (on a temporary basis and with the development of clear criteria for the activities of firms belonging to cartels) could help stabilize industrial production and modernize its technological base. An important direction of state industrial policy in the coming years should be the mitigation of negative social consequences caused by changes in the structure of industrial production. Obviously, this problem will be particularly acute in the coming years. To mitigate it, the state is obliged to implement a whole range of measures, including a broad program of public works (in particular, to modernize infrastructure), a program to retrain the workforce and increase its mobility, as well as to provide sufficient protection from excessive foreign competition of industries that are most important from the point of view of maintaining employment. Finally, it is necessary to significantly improve the efficiency of management industrial enterprises remaining in state ownership.

Conclusion

AT last years the problem of state influence on industrial development countries has gained in importance. In this regard, the state industrial policy of Russia, at present, should become an integral part of the state economic policy (SEP), in many respects, ensuring the achievement of its goals. Therefore, the development and implementation of the GSP is the most important task government controlled. Determining the features of the formation and implementation mechanism of the state industrial policy is one of the most important theoretical, methodological and practical tasks market transformations.

The degree of development of the problem. One of the reasons for the underestimation of the state industrial policy in the transition economy management system is the weakness of the scientific study of the importance of GSP for the Russian economy.

Summing up all of the above, we can conclude that on a common platform, the need for the implementation of the PP has risen and many doctrines compete with each other. All the considered concepts differ in the ways of implementation, in the methods of implementation, in the system of goals and values. The need for a coherent state industrial and economic strategy is obvious and relevant during all the years of radical economic reforms. Almost all sane and nationally oriented groups of society support the PP. Against the PP - only the top of the cosmopolitan capital in the largest domestic commodity companies and the ruling bureaucracy serving their interests. It is obvious that the absence of the PP in the context of the rapid degradation of the industrial base and the social conditions of the country's life is nonsense, explained by the unity and organization of its opponents while the disunity of its supporters. The main subject of PP is always the state represented by a set of institutions of economic power that set the "rules of the game" in industrial strategy and select winners and losers, i.e. partially replacing functions market competition that liberals are always so afraid of. In addition, homegrown interpreters of the ideas of Hayek-Mises are so obviously tied to the interests of energy and raw materials companies embedded in the global market for these products that any talk about PP is perceived by them absolutely “correctly”, because in modern Russian conditions, this means the inevitable redistribution of income from transnational "raw materials" in favor of national "industrialists" with the help of the economic power of the state. Therefore, all that the liberals demand from the state is the preservation and strengthening of the “competitive” regime in the economy, “forgetting” that energy and raw materials monopolies feel most at ease in the conditions of such “competition”, cheaply buying up everything necessary resources within the country (including the labor force and state support in the form of, for example, the notorious MET, which created unprecedented opportunities for tax evasion differential rent) and expensive sellers finished products both in the global and domestic markets. Superprofits settle in offshore zones and Western banks.

The issues of the PP are real political and economic issues of the theory and practice of reforms, because they affect the fundamental economic interests main sections of society. They address the underlying issues of the creation, distribution and appropriation of social wealth. And while economic power is in the hands of "transnationals", the state will diligently bypass the issues of industrial strategy, replacing it with such "important" reforms as the monetization of benefits, the commercialization of science and education, the endless shake-up of the administrative apparatus, etc.

Literature

Zevin L.Z. " Economic structures different levels in global processes: features of interaction. Scientific report by IMEPI RAS. - M: EPIKON, 2009, p.8-9.
Tatarkin A. Industrial policy as a basis for the systemic modernization of the Russian economy // Probl. theory and practice management. - 2011- N 1. - P.8-21.
Pilipenko I. Cluster policy in Russia // Society and Economics. - 2009- N 8. - S.28-64.
Industrial statements No. 8-9 (19-20) April 2010
Zavadnikov V. Industrial policy in Russia / V. Zavadnikov, Yu. Kuznetsov // Ekon. politics. - 2011. - N 3. - P.5-17.
Zeltyn A.S. State industrial policy in market economies // EKO. - 2012. - N 3. - S.42-60.
Ivanov V.S. Rational management of the territory as a factor in the development of industrial policy // Microeconomics. - 2009. - N 5. - S.124-127.
Abramov M. About industrial policy and tax regulation // Svobodnaya thought. - 2009. - N 1. - S.101-116.
Abramov M.D. Industrial policy and tax regulation // EKO. - 2009. - N 1. - S.165-173.

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Subject: "Institutional Economics"

Topic: "State industrial policy"

Student group X - M (s) - 31 V.V. Severova

Teacher Danilchik T.L.

Khabarovsk 2014

Introduction

1. Competitiveness

2. Improving market mechanisms

3. Formation of the technological base

4. Carrot and stick for investment

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Industrial policy (hereinafter PP), as one of the main functions of the state, in its most general form, is a strategy focused on the formation and implementation of industrial development goals through various economic instruments. The term "industrial policy" came to Russia in the early 1990s. to denote the regulatory role of the state in the industrial and technological development of the country. In the era of the administrative-planned economy in the USSR, there was no need for such a term, because the entire economic system essentially meant PP. There was no alternative from the state system for making decisions on investment by private business, the entire strategy for the economic development of industries and inter-industry complexes was determined centrally from a single economic center. In the system of ideas of the market economy, it was a super-industrial policy with its achievements, shortcomings and even failures. The need to designate the role of the state in the development and implementation of a strategy for the long-term development of priority sectors in the conditions of the dominance of market relations arose due to the obvious "market failures" in the field of projects that are not designed for short-term profit. Among the directions of the state industrial policy, we will consider the main ones, namely:

the influence of the state on the competitiveness of industrial production;

state activities to improve the efficiency of market mechanisms;

the impact of the state on the sectoral structure of production;

opportunities of the state to stimulate the investment process.

1. Competitiveness

As a result, the competitiveness of the country's industry increasingly depends on such factors as the quality of labor resources, the strength of ties between industrial firms, higher educational institutions and research institutes, the ability to creatively master foreign technologies, the speed of dissemination of technological and other innovations in industry; the capacity of the domestic market and the level of requirements of domestic consumers of industrial products to its quality characteristics, the presence of clusters of technologically connected and geographically close enterprises that produce products that are in demand in foreign markets. The role of the state, which not only finances the main part of general educational institutions and universities, but also to a large extent determines the attitude of society towards education and the prestige of the profession of a scientist and teacher, in creating an education system that meets the requirements of modern industrial production, is very significant. It is obvious that the proactive state industrial policy should be supported by a purposeful policy in the field of education. For countries with economies in transition, the most priority areas include a sharp increase in the training of specialists in the field of management, marketing and business law. Despite the importance of financial support by the state of fundamental science and the most priority programs of applied scientific research, the organizational activity of the state in the following areas can play a very large positive role. First, the creation of state structures focused on identifying potential industrial consumers of knowledge accumulated by state research institutes and universities. Secondly, government coordination of R&D programs involving industrial enterprises and university laboratories, as well as government research organizations. An important factor in maintaining the competitiveness of the country's industry is the presence of conditions conducive to the rapid spread of technological and other innovations in it. Since these conditions are determined primarily by the dynamics of the investment process, the activities of the state in this regard are implemented in the field of macroeconomic policy, the success of which depends on the ability to create a favorable investment climate by means of monetary and fiscal policy. In addition, due to the fact that the lack of financial resources for small innovative firms very often serves as an insurmountable barrier at the stage of introducing scientific and technical knowledge into new, economically viable technological processes and types of products, the state should help expand the opportunities for financing innovative businesses. The state has the opportunity to exert a significant influence on such conditions for the competitiveness of the country's industry as the presence of a capacious domestic market and the stringent requirements of domestic consumers of industrial products for its quality characteristics. All developed countries of the market economy, in order to maintain the competitiveness of their industry, stimulate the demand for high-tech products through public procurement in industries owned by the state or under strict state regulation (electricity, primarily nuclear, telecommunications, aviation and rail transport), as well as to provide military the needs of the country. At the same time, discrimination against foreign companies producing similar products is widely practiced.

. Improving Market Mechanisms

The activities of the state to improve the efficiency of market mechanisms and mitigate their inherent imperfections is the second important component of modern industrial policy. The areas in which imperfections in market mechanisms of coordination are manifested are different: First, the production of public goods and services (for example, scientific research, health services, the production of weapons, etc.). It is believed that in the production of such goods there is a fundamental difference between the parameters of efficiency on the basis of which private firms operate, and the efficiency from the point of view of society as a whole. Secondly, imperfections in the market mechanism are associated with the consequences of the interdependence and complementarity of investments, manifested in the form of "externalities", in particular, when part of the profit from a particular investment can be "grabbed" by other investors associated with it. Third, competition through innovation is unlikely to satisfy the principles of perfect competition. "Competition through new products and processes," states the work of American economists, "is imperfect both in essence and in results. Without the lure of higher returns, there would be no incentive to innovate." Since the development of industry is becoming more and more innovative, and innovative competition, in fact, is imperfect, with huge external effects, a strong monopoly element, the possibilities for developing industrial production on the basis of exclusively market mechanisms of coordination seem to be very limited. Fourth, and finally, the market economy is characterized by complex problems that make it difficult to allocate resources with an emphasis on the long term.

It should be emphasized that government departments distribute the information they collect without any restrictions and at affordable prices. Much attention is paid to the use of information collected by the state to develop a system of indicators used to analyze the state of the general economic situation and its short-term forecasting. A very important aspect of the information activity of the state in the countries of the market economy is the development of medium- and long-term forecasts for the development of the economy, including industry, countries and world markets for the most important industrial goods.

. Formation of the technological base

It is also possible to influence the achievement of dynamic competitive advantages of the state industrial policy by influencing the technologies used in the country's industry and, accordingly, its sectoral structure. The impact of the state on the technological structure of industrial production was most clearly manifested in the creation of state industrial enterprises and the nationalization of entire industries. At the same time, the historical experience of market economies does not provide grounds for unambiguous and unconditional assessments of the role of state entrepreneurship in the development of industrial production. If we assume that by means of public policy it is possible to increase the national income of the country at the expense of its competitors by stimulating technologies and industries that bring a higher "rent" than other technologies and industries bring, then, obviously, the existence of such an opportunity for a long time contradicts the conditions for the functioning of systems of competitive markets and industries with free cross-country and cross-sectoral overflow of capital.

The creation of state industrial companies is not the only and in modern conditions far from the most optimal tool for the state to influence the technological structure of the country's industry.

. Carrot and stick for investment

The following instruments of state influence on the dynamics of the investment process are actively used:

public investment, and not just in infrastructure;

tax incentives for investment;

containment of prices for equipment through preferential customs duties on its imports;

impact on interest rates and keeping them below the market level.

A very important role in financing investment programs is played by bank credit, and the state actively influenced both the cost of the loan and the direction of its flows. The dominant role was played by internal sources (retained earnings and depreciation) and bank loans. Public financial institutions played an important role in financing investment programs in many dynamically developing countries. The influence of the state on price proportions in order to stimulate the investment process was not limited to the regulation of interest rates. World Bank experts point out that in these countries, tax, tariff and foreign exchange policies not only removed part of the investment risk from investor firms and moderately suppressed interest rates, but also controlled capital imports, and also maintained relatively low prices for investment goods. . At the same time, the possibilities of using price disproportions created by state regulation in order to stimulate the investment process and economic growth of the country are significantly narrowing as its involvement in world economic relations intensifies. And about one more option for stimulating investment policy aimed at developing the real sector of the economy - the use of the tax system. There are two most important directions of the state tax policy that can have a significant impact on the development of the country's industry.

First, by influencing through taxes on the level of savings of the population, depreciation funds of firms and their retained earnings, i.e. on the value of potential sources of financing for the investment programs of firms, the state is able to influence the most important macroeconomic proportions, in particular, the distribution of national income between accumulation and consumption.

Secondly, using targeted tax incentives, as well as legislation, in terms of depreciation, the state is able to influence the ratio between firms' investments in the active and passive part of fixed assets, the rate of reproduction of fixed capital in the country's industry, stimulate the investment activities of firms in priority areas from the point of view of state directions, influence the regional placement of industrial investment.

5. Problems of state support for industry in Russia

In socio-political terms, the current situation in Russia is determined by a sharp differentiation of incomes between a small group of the population and its main mass. During the years of reforms, a middle class has not developed in Russia, in the absence of which it is impossible to create a market economy of mass consumption and an adequate stable political regime of a social democratic or liberal orientation.

Meanwhile, until now, the transformation of the Russian economy is taking place in the absence of any meaningful strategy for the industrial development of the country. In democratically oriented countries, the determination of an industrial development strategy is not exclusively the prerogative of the central state authorities. In this case, the active participation of representatives of industrial business circles, trade unions, independent research organizations, and regional authorities is envisaged. At the same time, the central state structures, acting as a participant and coordinator in the development of the country's industrial development strategy, offer their assessments of the prospects for the development of the world economy and its individual regions (primarily those most closely related to the country's industry), world markets for important industrial goods, scientific and technical progress, the ecological situation, etc., formulate their ideas about the desirable directions of the country's industrial development.

For such work, certain organizational structures are created in which a thorough discussion of problems related to the development of a strategy for the industrial development of the country, including problems of a sectoral and regional nature, takes place. The activities of such structures not only make it possible to get a more complete and clear picture of the problems and prospects for the development of the country's industry, its most vulnerable places, potential sources of growth and competitive advantages, but also creates the prerequisites for the formation of public consensus regarding the vision of the country's future industry. Such consent is, in particular, an important condition for the rapid legislative registration of measures in the field of industrial policy. The function of a leader in the creation and coordination of the activities of these structures should be performed by an authoritative agency of the executive branch, so the Japanese experience deserves the closest study and use.

We have to state that at present there is no department in the executive branch of Russia capable of taking on the functions of initiator and coordinator of the development of the country's industrial development strategy in terms of its intellectual potential and authority. The development of a public consensus on the vision of the future of Russia is also hampered by the blurring of the values of the main part of the country's population due to the collapse of the totalitarian atheistic state and the negative consequences of the ongoing reforms for the majority of the country's population. Realizing that the development of a strategy for the industrial development of the country and an adequate state industrial policy requires colossal collective efforts, we will note only some of the contours of such a strategy and policy. The country's industrial development strategy presupposes the determination of the main goals in a more or less long term, the main obstacles to the realization of these goals and the means to overcome these obstacles and achieve the goals set. The most important strategic goals for the development of industry in Russia should, apparently, include the preservation and improvement of the main elements of the life support infrastructure, improving the quality of life (physical and mental health of the nation, ecology, education and housing); maintaining a sufficient level of the country's defense capability.

The main obstacles to the realization of these goals are the ongoing development of a deep and protracted general economic and industrial crisis, without any positive changes in the technological structure of industrial production, an ever-widening gap between the financial sector and the state of Russian industry, and a growing shortage of investment resources. Russia's state industrial policy should be focused on overcoming these obstacles and be proactive, based on a vision of a desirable image of the industrial structure in a more or less long term. As for the technological structure of Russian industry, it should be built on the basis of a thorough assessment of the existing scientific and technological potential, taking into account the main directions of world scientific and technological progress and a number of factors. To do this, it is necessary to determine: in which technologies, based on considerations of national security in its various aspects, its own production potential is needed and what level it should reach; in what technologies does Russia have a chance to achieve a breakthrough and increase its competitiveness; satisfaction of what needs is expedient due to the import of industrial products and technologies. Based on this, it is possible to determine the following areas of state activity in the framework of industrial policy. There is a need for active, coordinating activities of state departments in the field of technological forecasting and the development of a set of criteria on the basis of which priority technologies for Russian industry should be selected.

The state can help increase the technological potential of the Russian industry, both by creating closed systems, poorly accessible to foreign competition, of "research and development - production of science-intensive products in Russian companies - large-scale purchases of these products by the state , and stimulating the inflow of foreign capital and technology by allowing foreign companies to manufacture high-tech products in the country and public procurement of these products. Most likely, both options should be combined, depending on the state of scientific and technological potential in specific areas of science and technology. State funding is needed for fundamental science and applied research for priority technologies. Despite the importance of financial support by the state of fundamental science and the most priority programs of applied scientific research, the organizational activity of the state in the following areas can play an important positive role: the creation of state structures focused on identifying potential industrial consumers of knowledge accumulated by state research institutes and universities; coordinating activities of the state in conducting R & D, which involve industrial enterprises and university laboratories, as well as state research organizations.

Renovation of the technological structure of the Russian industry is possible only in the conditions of a dynamic investment process, which to a decisive extent depends on the tax, budgetary and monetary policy of the state. This implies the need to reform the tax system with an emphasis on creating preferential conditions for savings and capital accumulation, as well as liberalizing monetary policy and creating conditions for additional emission in industrial investment. In this regard, it seems necessary to create state investment development banks, without which a quick exit from the deep investment crisis is hardly possible. A realistic assessment of the possibilities of the capital market as a source of financing for investment programs requires acknowledging that its role in Russia for many years to come is likely to be generally insignificant. Therefore, the state should focus primarily on creating conditions that stimulate its own sources of accumulation in industrial structures (depreciation policy is important in this regard), and providing these structures with long-term credit resources.

The critical situation in the Russian industry with non-payments dictates the need for an active state policy at the microeconomic level, including: - allocation of large industrial enterprises and financial-industrial groups capable of playing the role of leaders due to their technological and managerial potential and financial condition; creation of conditions facilitating the takeover by leaders or their taking control of industrial enterprises that have the technological potential for development, but do not have the financial capacity to implement it; the liquidation of industrial enterprises that are hopeless in all respects, with the simultaneous retraining of their personnel and in their employment.

The development of social partnership at the level of "the state - industry associations - trade unions" could help maintain macroeconomic stabilization through the implementation of one or another policy of regulating prices and incomes. With all the dangers that cartelization of industry is fraught with, the creation of industry associations of industrial enterprises such as cartels (on a temporary basis and with the development of clear criteria for the activities of firms belonging to cartels) could help stabilize industrial production and modernize its technological base. An important direction of the state industrial policy in the coming years should be to mitigate the negative social consequences caused by changes in the structure of industrial production. Obviously, this problem will be particularly acute in the coming years. To mitigate it, the state is obliged to implement a whole range of measures, including a broad program of public works (in particular, to modernize infrastructure), a program to retrain the workforce and increase its mobility, as well as to provide sufficient protection from excessive foreign competition of industries that are most important from the point of view of maintaining employment. Finally, it is necessary to substantially improve the efficiency of managing industrial enterprises that remain state-owned.

Conclusion

In recent years, the problem of state influence on the industrial development of the country has become more relevant. In this regard, the state industrial policy of Russia, at present, should become an integral part of the state economic policy (SEP), in many respects, ensuring the achievement of its goals. Therefore, the development and implementation of the GSP is the most important task of public administration. Determining the features of the formation and implementation mechanism of the state industrial policy is one of the most important theoretical, methodological and practical tasks of market transformations.

The degree of development of the problem. One of the reasons for the underestimation of the state industrial policy in the transition economy management system. is the weakness of the scientific study of the weight of the GSP for the Russian economy.

Summing up all of the above, we can conclude that on a common platform, the need for the implementation of the PP has risen and many doctrines compete with each other. All the considered concepts differ in the ways of implementation, in the methods of implementation, in the system of goals and values. The need for a coherent state industrial and economic strategy is obvious and relevant during all the years of radical economic reforms. Almost all sane and nationally oriented groups of society support the PP. Against the PP - only the top of the cosmopolitan capital in the largest domestic commodity companies and the ruling bureaucracy serving their interests. It is obvious that the absence of PP in the context of the rapid degradation of the industrial base and social conditions of the country's life is nonsense, explained by the unity and organization of its opponents while the disunity of its supporters. The main subject of PP is always the state, represented by a set of institutions of economic power that set the "rules of the game" in industrial strategy and select winners and losers, i.e. partially replacing the functions of market competition, which liberals are always so afraid of. In addition, homegrown interpreters of the ideas of Hayek-Mises are so obviously tied to the interests of energy and raw materials companies embedded in the global market for these products that they perceive any talk about PP quite "correctly", because in modern Russian conditions, this means the inevitable redistribution of income from transnational "raw materials" in favor of national "industrialists" with the help of the economic power of the state. Therefore, all that the liberals demand from the state is the preservation and strengthening of the "competitive" regime in the economy, "forgetting" that energy and raw materials monopolies feel most at ease in the conditions of such "competition", cheaply buying up all the necessary resources within the country (including labor strength and state support in the form, for example, of the notorious mineral extraction tax, which created unprecedented opportunities for evading differential rent taxation) and selling finished products at a high price both on the world and domestic markets. Super profits are deposited in offshore zones and Western banks.

PP issues are real political and economic issues of the theory and practice of reforms, because they affect the fundamental economic interests of the main sections of society. They address the underlying issues of the creation, distribution and appropriation of social wealth. And while the economic power is in the hands of "transnationals", the state will diligently bypass the issues of industrial strategy, replacing it with such "important" reforms as the monetization of benefits, the commercialization of science and education, the endless shake-up of the administrative apparatus, etc.

industrial policy market mechanism

Literature

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2.Tatarkin A. Industrial policy as a basis for the systemic modernization of the Russian economy // Probl. theory and practice management. - 2011 - N 1. - P.8-21.

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Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-1.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Presentation on the topic: Features of state regulation of development material production("> Presentation on the topic: Features of state regulation of the development of material production (Completed by students: Saaya B., Symbelov S., Kungaa A. Checked (a): Badmaeva D. B

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-2.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Plan: 1. Sphere of material production and tasks of state regulation; 2 ."> План: 1. Сфера материального производства и задачи государственного регулирования; 2. Особенности современного госзаказа, его содержания; 3. Государственная промышленная политика, ее концепции; 4. Государственное регулирование агропромышленного комплекса.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-3.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> State regulation of the development of the material sphere is relevant at all times, it forms the basis"> Государственное регулирование развития материальной сферы актуально во все времена, оно составляет основу жизни людей, создает условия для развития непроизводственной сферы - здравоохранение, образования и т. д. Чем выше эффективнее функционирует материальное производство, тем выше уровень развития экономики и тем больше национальный доход. Материальное производство - производство, напрямую связанное с созданием материальных благ, удовлетворяющих определённые потребности человека и общества. Материальному производству противопоставляется непроизводственная сфера, которая не имеет своей целью изготовление вещественных ценностей. Такое разделение, в основном, характерно для марксистской теории.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-4.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> 1. Sphere of material production and tasks of state regulation;"> 1. Сфера материального производства и задачи государственного регулирования; В соответствии с классификацией отраслей экономики в состав материального производства включены 14 крупных отраслей: промышленность; ·!} Agriculture; ·forestry; freight transport; communication for production service; ·construction; trade and public catering; Logistics and sales; preparation of products; information and computing services; transactions with real estate; · commercial activity to ensure the functioning of the market; Geology and exploration of subsoil; geodetic and hydrometeorological service.

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-5.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>"> Задачи государственного регулирования сферы материального производства периодически меняются с учетом генеральной цели государственного регулирования социально-!} economic development country, changes in foreign economic relations and the world economy The main tasks of state regulation of material production modern Russia are: stabilization of the main indicators of the development of branches of material production; Progressive restructuring of the sphere of material production by changing the ratio between the extractive and processing industries, increasing the role of science-intensive industries, restoring the positions of the machine-building complex technical re-equipment branches of material production; Mutually beneficial integration into world economy; · weakening the raw material orientation of the export of Russian manufacturers by increasing the share of products of the manufacturing industries in it; Improving the quality and competitiveness of domestic products in the domestic and foreign markets; rationalization of placement of subjects of material production in the regions of the country; Ensuring environmental safety of production.

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-6.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> 2. State order. Government order differs primarily "\u003e 2. State order. The state order differs primarily in that purchases and deliveries under it are paid for at the expense of taxpayers, which are accumulated in the relevant budgets and extra-budgetary funds. This is the so-called principle of "source of funds." At the same time, it does not matter at all who is the specific recipient of the product - the one who purchases it or the one who is its end consumer. For example, the end recipient of drugs purchased under the state order may be the health committee, the state pharmacy warehouse or pharmacies. But in any case, if these purchases paid from the budget or off-budget funds, they fall under the concept of "state order". Under the concept of a state order, according to the current legislation, needs such as federal bodies state power.

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-7.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> The state order provides: - The needs of the Russian Federation, state customers in goods, works, services necessary"> Государственный заказ обеспечивает: -Потребности РФ, государственных заказчиков в товарах, работах, услугах, необходимых для осуществления функций и полномочий РФ (в которых участвует РФ); -Потребности субъектов РФ, государственных заказчиков в товарах, работах, услугах, необходимых для осуществления функций и полномочий субъектов РФ (для реализации региональных целевых программ); -потребности муниципальных образований, муниципальных заказчиков в товарах, работах, услугах, необходимых для решения вопросов местного значения и осуществления отдельных государственных полномочий, переданных органом местного самоуправления !} federal laws or laws of subjects of the Russian Federation, functions and powers of municipal customers.

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-8.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> 3. State industrial policy, its concepts; Industrial policy -"> 3. Государственная промышленная политика, ее концепции; Промышленная политика - это совокупность действий государства, оказываемых влияние на деятельность хозяйствующих субъектов (предприятий, корпораций, предпринимателей), а также на отдельные аспекты этой деятельности, относящиеся к приобретению факторов производства, организации производства, распределению и реализации товаров и услуг во всех фазах !} life cycle business entity and the life cycle of its products.

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-9.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Subject The object of industrial policy is the State producer of goods"> Субъектом Объектом промышленной политики является государство производитель товаров и услуг на территории данного государства!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-10.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The objectives of industrial policy are stable and innovative development industry, achieving and maintaining high competitiveness"> The objectives of industrial policy are the stable and innovative development of industry, achieving and maintaining high competitiveness national economy, import substitution and increasing the competitiveness of industrial products produced in the territory Russian Federation, on the world market, as well as ensuring, on this basis, the security of the Russian Federation in the economic and technological spheres.

Src="https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-11.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Industrial policy instruments are defined by the roles in which the state can act in"> Инструменты промышленной политики определяются теми ролями, в которых государство может выступать в отношениях с конкретным производителем: - собственник (или совладелец); - поставщик (продавец) факторов производства; - потребитель произведенной продукции; - получатель !} tax payments; - Regulator of the markets for factors of production and final products; - regulator of the manufacturer's activity; - arbitrator in economic disputes; - a political subject within international relations affecting the activities of the producer or the markets in which he participates

The subject of industrial policy is the state, and not any political power, but the state modern type is an abstract corporation with its own legal entity, different from the personality of the rulers, including the government apparatus and the totality of citizens (subjects), but not coinciding with either one or the other, having clearly defined boundaries and existing only on the basis of recognition by other states.

INTRODUCTION 1-4

Chapter 1. Industrial policy: concept, goals and objectives 5-12

Chapter 2. Directions of industrial policy and instruments. Principles of industrial policy. 13-28

Chapter 3 National objectives of industrial policy

Russia. 28-35

CONCLUSION.

The work contains 1 file

INTRODUCTION 1-4

Chapter 1. Industrial policy: concept, goals and objectives 5-12

Chapter 2. Directions of industrial policy and instruments. Principles of industrial policy. 13-28

Chapter 3 National objectives of industrial policy

Russia. 28-35

CONCLUSION. 36-37

INTRODUCTION

Industrial policy is a set of actions of the state as an institution, taken to influence the activities of economic entities (enterprises, corporations, entrepreneurs, etc.), as well as certain aspects of this activity related to the acquisition of factors of production, organization of production, distribution and sale of goods and services in all phases of the life cycle of an economic entity and the life cycle of its products.

In this concept of industrial policy, its object is the producer of goods and services (manufacturing enterprise, corporation, individual entrepreneur, etc.). This approach differs from the traditional understanding of industrial policy, according to which its object is usually considered to be large industrial and technological complexes, giant corporations or industries, usually consisting of large, capital-intensive industries. However, the structural changes that have taken place in recent decades - the development of new production technologies, financial instruments, organizational structures, the globalization of production, trade and finance, the increasing role of knowledge, information and technology in production processes etc. - all this makes the traditional idea of the object of industrial policy limited and inadequate.

The subject of industrial policy is the state, and not any political power, but a state of the modern type - an abstract corporation that has its own legal entity, different from the personality of the rulers, including the government apparatus and a set of citizens (subjects), but not coinciding with either with another, having clearly defined boundaries and existing only on the basis of recognition by other states. Industrial policy is an attribute of the state of the modern type and, as such, is not characteristic of other types of political organization (such as tribes, feudal hierarchies, pre-industrial empires, failed states, etc.).

By the beginning of the 1990s. in Europe and the USA, the state began to refuse direct management of engineering infrastructures, privatize the electric power industry, transport and communications, and transfer utility infrastructures to concessions.

Thus, at the end of the 20th century, a strong conviction arose that industrial policy in its original sense had practically exhausted itself. "Hard" industrial policy was replaced by "soft" (liberal). Its goal was to ensure the competitiveness of the national economy in an open market, and as the main tool was used a set of institutional and financial regulatory measures that indirectly affect the technical and technological development of the economy, and literally "dissolve" in the overall macroeconomic policy.

The fact that in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century in the public space various representatives of the business and political elite presented a request to the state for industrial policy, and often in the formats of the 19th - first half of the 20th centuries, testifies to the deepest crisis of the conceptual vision of how economy.

At first glance, the need for an active industrial policy in the Russian Federation is due to the fact that, unlike other economically developed countries that have experienced primary industrialization, Russia does not have structures capable of replacing the state as a subject for making large-scale technical and technological decisions. In turn, leaving national industrial development at the mercy of the operators of the global economy - non-residents (transnational corporations, supranational public institutions) - does not allow the idea of Russia as an independent subject of history, having its own purpose, and therefore keeping its military-political and economic independence. Therefore, the interest of many people is so great in returning to state bodies the function of the chief design engineer in society and the "assembler" of industry.

But this is only at first glance. In fact, in Russia, five different political and economic forces are requesting five different versions of industrial policy.

Firstly , industrial enterprises built back in Soviet times and industries formed on their basis offer the state to cover them with a “protectionist umbrella”, reorient them towards import substitution, protecting them from foreign competition with customs barriers and supporting exports with subsidies and low tariffs for services and products of natural monopolies.

Secondly , a special request for state industrial policy is made by large Russian integrated business groups (IBG), which are successfully adapting to working conditions in open market and having, as a rule, raw material specialization. These companies face extreme pressures on the country's infrastructure economy, with withdrawals to the budget of a significant share of natural resource rent and the inability to share the budget burden with other taxpayers. Therefore, the IBGs make a demand to the state to create preferences for them as for the leading sector of the economy - "national champions".

Thirdly , the authorities of the old industrial regions, having an outdated industry as an economic base, and not having an alternative offer of employment for people employed in it, are forced to formulate and implement their own "industrial policy". The regions would like to share responsibility (and, most importantly, financing!) for this policy with the federal center, demanding from it self-determination not so much in relation to individual industries, technologies or enterprises, but rather to territorial production complexes.

Fourth , the so-called “technological lobby” is very influential in Russia, advocating state protectionism for innovative developments and the introduction of new technologies. It, concerned about the loss of its positions as a developer and seller of technologies, requires technological protectionism, preferences for Russian R&D.

Fifth , a special group of agents interested in determining the state position in relation to the national industry are representatives of that sector of the Russian economy, which has fully adapted to life in the global market. They insist on abandoning the "hard" industrial policy and on the transition to predominantly indirect state management of the economy through institutional (regulatory) measures. This is not so much a speech against the technological policy of the state, as against its separation from the general economic one.

However, it should be taken into account that the main contradiction, problematizing the possibility of an independent state industrial policy in Russia at the moment, is the contradiction between the local nature of the majority of Russian industrial enterprises and the global economy in which they are already placed. Since the default of 1998, the weak ruble has created preferences for the Russian industry, allowing it to regain (albeit not completely) national market and facilitate the promotion of certain types of their products in the world. The old industry, calculated on the isolation and internal balance of the economy, came to life, restored internal ties and demanded resources. However, now the reserves for the growth of the Russian industry, provided by the weak ruble and low domestic prices for certain types resources (raw materials, transport and energy services, labor, etc.) turned out to be virtually exhausted. Further, the economic recovery should be provided by new factors related to the integration of the Russian economy into the world economy.

It can be assumed that in the near future the main task of the Russian industry will be integration into the world market. From this point of view, it is advisable to divide the entire set of economic agents not into raw materials and non-raw materials or market and non-market sectors, but into spheres adapted and not adapted to the global market. Based on this, it is necessary to determine the new principles of Russian industrial policy. The latter should become a policy focused not only on internal problems Russia, but also a shift in the development of the global economy.

The reduction in the risk of military conflicts in the world created the conditions for the development of a single economic space, and new communication technologies facilitated its organizational development with new production, trade and financial structures. At the same time, the globalization of finance and trade has significantly outstripped the so-called “material” production, which was fettered by a long process of changing fixed assets. In addition, the development of new technologies required workers with new key skills that could not be prepared instantly.

The critical situation for the old industry was aggravated by the fact that local markets began to shrink not only due to the unprecedented growth in the scale and efficiency of distribution, but also due to the global universalization of consumption. In low price segments and in the markets for mass-produced goods, the national industry is forced to compete with the most efficient manufacturer in the world, selling its products at the lowest price. And in the higher price segments, where consumption has long been symbolic, aimed at signs and myths modern societies, we have to compete with the world's most expensive brands - the embodiment of these symbols.

Chapter 1. Industrial policy: concept, goals and objectives

Industrial is a nationwide policy of program-targeted regulation of the process of organizational, structural and technological modernization of industrial reproduction for the sake of a consistent increment in the output of high-tech products with a high share of value added and an increase in the purchasing power of the employed, the entire population of the country.

The concept of industrial policy in Russia has its own history and its own specifics, therefore it causes controversy between various representatives of government, business and society. During the period of liberal reforms, industrial policy was understood by many as lobbying or the return of state control over the economy, characteristic of the Soviet era, which caused a negative attitude even to the term itself.

The main way to implement it is program-target regulation, using strategic forecasting, structural and technological planning and a system of functionally specialized bodies, or state institutions. Upon reaching the set goal and putting forward a new system of institutions, it is subject to transformation, in the process of which a regrouping and redistribution of functions and powers between the relevant areas and priorities take place within the state. The creation of flexible, program-targeted institutions for the implementation of a nationwide industrial policy seems to be a matter of particular importance.

Russia, for a number of reasons, is integrating into the open world market later than other industrially developed ones. Mismatch of rates of inclusion in global economy Russian industry, systems of circulation, consumption and turnover of finance for the Russian Federation are becoming much more dramatic than for the “pioneer” countries of globalization. In this situation, the old industry and old industrial regions suffer most of all, forced to pay for integration into the global market at the highest rates.

The integration of Russian industry into the global economy does not happen all at once and is not a frontal attack on the world market by all sectors and enterprises of the national industry. The industry of Russia, previously assembled into a technologically integrated complex, on the way to the global market, has stretched into a long line of enterprises that sometimes solve incommensurable production, technological, trade, marketing, financial and managerial tasks. The old territorial-production complexes also stratified internally.

Nevertheless, globalization has laid down the main trends in the transformation of Russian industry:

1. Mastering new trade formats. Considering that trade drives production in today's economy, explosive growth should be expected in Russia retail chains, development of new forms of market penetration (Internet trading, catalog trade, franchise, etc.). All this will require the development of industrial design, branding, and a qualitative change in the information environment on the market.

2. Achievement by Russian businesses of sizes comparable to the global market. Solving this problem, Russian industrial enterprises will not necessarily have to merge into various holdings, vertically integrated companies. They can be consolidated on the basis of the network principle as a kind of metacorporation of suppliers and subcontractors, as well as competitors within homogeneous clusters.

Introduction

Industrial policy and competition policy have a common goal - to ensure sustainable economic growth and improve the welfare of the population, based on the assumption that the state seeks to maximize public utility. The difference between industrial and competition policy lies in the means used to accelerate the pace and increase the sustainability of economic development. The main method of implementing industrial policy is to provide a limited number of agents of the national economy with additional resources that can be used for investment. From this point of view, a set of measures aimed at withdrawing part of the rental income from the extractive industries through taxation and distributing them through the budget to other sectors of the economy based on one or another criterion.

In modern conditions an important factor, influencing the ratio of competition and industrial policy in Russia, is the reform technical regulation, within which the entire system of establishing mandatory requirements for manufactured products and production processes, confirming compliance, as well as liability for violation of mandatory requirements will change. On the one hand, the formation of technical regulations is the most important condition for reducing uncertainty for all stakeholders(especially consumers and producers) and, accordingly, a factor in saving on transaction costs. On the other hand, the emergence of technical regulations may have a significant impact (including a negative one) on the conditions of competition in the relevant product markets.

The work is based on the achievements of economic theory and practice of world civilization. It reveals the role and features of the antimonopoly policy of the state. Therefore, this topic can be considered very relevant today.

The purpose is to review the state's antitrust policy.

The goal allowed us to formulate the tasks that were solved in this work:

1) Consider industrial policy policy to promote competition

2) Identify conflicts between industrial policy and competition policy

industrial policy

Industrial policy is defined as a set of administrative, financial and economic measures aimed at ensuring a new quality of the country's economic growth by increasing innovative activity, efficiency and competitiveness of production in order to expand the share of domestic companies in the domestic and world markets in order to improve the welfare of citizens.

The actualization of industrial policy and the urgent need for its early development and practical implementation due to the following circumstances:

The technological potential of the country is rapidly being destroyed;

The technological backwardness from the advanced countries has become general in recent years;

Technological backwardness, which has reached a critical limit, threatens to lose the very ability to create competitive science-intensive products;

Only a quarter of all technologies correspond to the world level, many of which are in no way converted into competitive advantages at the stage of industrial production.

World experience shows that the main principles for the development and implementation of industrial policy, which ensures an increase in national competitiveness in the main areas of socio-economic development of modern societies and states, are:

Formation of industrial policy as the most important component of a national strategy with active equal participation in its development and implementation of the state, business, scientific and public organizations;

Transition from the established sectoral industrial policy to the policy of concentrating national efforts and state support for competitive companies;

Change of priorities in the choice of objects of industrial policy in accordance with the global trend, the increasing importance of high-tech industries with high added value while reducing the role of traditional resource-intensive industries;

Creation of conditions for the transition to a knowledge-intensive economy with the decisive role of the production, distribution and use of knowledge and information as the main factors of sustainable economic growth.

Modern economic theories There are two basic concepts of the state industrial policy:

Tough state industrial policy with an unconditional predominance of methods of direct budget subsidies for industries or individual ambitious projects based on strong-willed, administrative levers; this model was used, as a rule, in the early stages of industrial development;

Modern national industrial policy with an absolute predominance of methods of indirect (financial and economic) stimulation of the production of competitive products and services.

The system-forming goal of industrial policy in the context of Russia's entry into the world market space is to increase national competitiveness (i.e., the ability to produce and consume goods and services in a competitive environment with other countries), compliance international standards and expanding the share of domestic companies in the domestic and world markets as the main source of improving the well-being of the country's citizens with the continuous growth of their living standards.

The main task of the state in this area is to create an integral system for ensuring the development of high-tech production in Russia. It's about not about supporting industries or sub-sectors according to the canons of a planned economy, but about supporting individual industries and technologies that determine the possibilities of technological breakthroughs and are significant for the global economy.

Based on these prerequisites, the main objectives of industrial policy can be formulated as follows:

Stimulation of scientific and technological progress;

Carrying out a structural reform of the scientific and industrial sphere;

Creation of institutional foundations and infrastructure of the knowledge economy, ensuring the practical development of scientific achievements;

Formation of incentives for investing in new knowledge and new technologies;

Accumulation, development and effective use intellectual (human and structural) capital of the new economy;

Direction investment flows in intellectual capital;

Priority development of the education sector;

Redistribution of part of the income of traditional sectors of the economy to solve the problems of scientific and technological progress;

Informatization of society and the implementation of management reform on this basis.

export-oriented model. The essence of the export-oriented model of industrial policy is the full encouragement of industries focused on the export of their products. The main incentive measures are aimed at developing and supporting competitive export industries. The priority task is the production of competitive products and their entry into the international market. An important advantage of this model is the inclusion of the country in world economy and access to the world's resources and technologies; development of strong competitive sectors of the economy, which provide a multiplier effect of the development of other, “domestic” sectors and are the main supplier Money to the budget; attraction of foreign exchange funds to the country and their investment in the development of production and services of the national economy.

Successful examples of an export-oriented model of industrial policy can be found in countries such as Japan, South Korea, Chile, “Asian tigers” (Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore), recently China.

At the same time, there are negative examples - Venezuela, Mexico.

The import substitution model is a strategy for providing the domestic market based on the development of national production. Import substitution involves pursuing a protectionist policy and maintaining firm course national currency(thus preventing inflation). Import-substituting model contributes to the improvement of the structure balance of payments, normalization of domestic demand, employment, development of engineering production, scientific potential.

This situation was typical for the economy of the USSR, North Korea. Also, under the influence of various objective economic, geopolitical and institutional factors, the industrial policy of Russia, carried out after the collapse of the USSR and until today, has a pronounced import-substituting character.

Innovative activity includes both all stages of scientific and technical activity, as well as production, which ensures the development and implementation of innovations, and activities that create conditions for the further functioning of innovations (i.e., intermediary activity). The innovative model is based on the process of economic development of the country both in the domestic and foreign markets, based on the latest trends in technological and social development using high-tech and capital-intensive production.

The innovative model helps to maintain the scientific and technical potential of the country, and, consequently, its competitiveness in the international arena; stimulates the development of educational institutions and provides the economy with highly educated and qualified personnel; contributes to the creation of jobs within the country and ensures domestic demand; maintains a stable and high exchange rate of the national currency and the well-being of the population; focuses on the development of a machine-processing complex, machine-tool and instrument making with a high added value of manufactured products.