This presentation was developed for the lesson "Modern Russian Economy" during the testing of the new curriculum "Economics" for students in grade 10 with a two-hour weekly planning, developed within the framework of the European Commission's TEMPUS project "Development and implementation of sustainable structures to foster entrepreneurial spirit in Russia".
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Lesson 1.5 - 1.6 The modern Russian economy The development of the Russian market economy Until 1991, Russia had a command - administrative economic system From 1991 to 1998, an active transitional stage took place on the way to a market economy, which was accompanied by: Changeable forms of ownership Formation of modern legislation (Civil, tax code) Crisis phenomena (high inflation From 2000 to 2008 Stable growth and development of the Russian economy (an average of 7% of GDP growth) After the crisis in 2008, a course was taken to modernize the Russian economy, and a long-term concept of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2020 was formed
Lesson 1.5 - 1.6 The modern Russian economy Characteristics of the Russian economy Large-scale economy, a whole range of minerals, huge territorial resources In the structure of economies, the non-material sphere occupies 56%, the material 44%, which allows us to classify the Russian economy as post-industrial. The most developed industries: - Defense and industrial complex (MIC) - Mechanical engineering - Agriculture - Heavy engineering - Oil refining industry - Ferrous, non-ferrous metallurgy - Energy .6 place in the world according to GDP(54 trillion rubles) GDP per capita $ 13,236 About 10 largest Russian companies provide 20% of GDP In the budget of the Russian Federation for 2012, spending on social policy amounted to 3.898 trillion. rubles or 30.8% of the total budget.
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 The modern Russian economy On October 15, 2008, after the start of the IFC, the “Long-term concept of the socio-economic concept of the development of the Russian Federation until 2020” was adopted. The main goal of which is the modernization of the domestic economy, the transition to innovative industries, the economy of production, as well as the growth in the number and well-being of citizens. Russia in the WTO Russia joined the WTO quite recently on August 22, 2012, becoming 157 of its members. The entry process is one of the longest - 18 years. What it gives: + First of all, pluses for consumers, domestic markets have become freer for foreign companies (reduction of customs barriers), this leads to competition, as a rule, lower prices for goods, and improved product quality. + For domestic firms, is that since domestic markets have become more open to foreign companies, respectively, foreign markets have become more accessible to Russian firms, which creates additional sales outlets for domestic products. - The biggest disadvantage is also associated with Russian firms and enterprises, namely fierce competition with foreign companies, if foreign products are cheaper and of higher quality (and this is so), then Russian enterprises will incur losses, and as a result, it may lead to their ruin.
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Development challenges Long-term challenges: changing nature of globalization new technological wave increasing role of human capital in economic development financial crisis– it is necessary to take a set of short-term measures to improve the stability of the Russian financial system and the economy as a whole Orientation of policy towards strategic development goals Formation of long-term “rules of the game” necessary for decision-making by economic agents KDR-2020
Lesson 1.5 - 1.6 Modern Russian economy Implementation of the KDR “WHAT” Ideology, “image of the country”, goals and principles of the policy “HOW” Specific directions, tasks, mechanisms, indicators Within the framework of the Concept, the “ideology” and “technology” of long-term development are balanced. At the same time, the detailing is not redundant: more specifically, the measures are formulated in the Main Directions of the Government’s Activities and the Action Plan
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Stages of implementation Stage 1 – Consolidation of competitive advantages, 2009-2012 Realization of competitive advantages in “traditional” sectors Adaptation to crisis processes in the global economy. Creation of conditions and technological groundwork to ensure the transition of the economy to the innovative development. Leading investments in human capital and infrastructure 2nd stage - innovative breakthrough, 2013-2020 A breakthrough in increasing competitiveness based on: transition to a new technological base for improving quality human potential and social environment; structural diversification of the economy and completion of the modernization of infrastructure sectors. Formation of a society of trust and social well-being, mitigation of social and regional differentiation.
Lesson 1.5 - 1.6 The modern Russian economy Russia 2020: the image of the country Attractive for life Innovative high standard of living multiple increase in the share of the middle class access to quality education and healthcare services comfortable living conditions new image of Russian regions developed democratic institutions 5-10% share in the markets of high-tech goods and intellectual services in 8-10 positions Leading positions in fundamental and applied scientific developments and related technologies
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Globally competitive Status of one of the world leaders multiple growth in labor productivity energy intensity – up to 1.7 times decrease high competitiveness of markets geographic and product diversification of exports Russia is a logistics hub in the global energy infrastructure the largest transit country Russia’s leadership in integration processes in the Eurasian space, the stability of ties with the world economic centers an active role in the development of the economic world order a key participant in the development of rules for the functioning of global energy markets a high level of national security and defense capability Russia 2020: the image of the country
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy social development Involvement of youth in social practice, support for scientific, creative and entrepreneurial activity Support for talented youth and leadership Civic education and patriotic education Improving the social climate in society, reducing poverty and stratification Increasing the effectiveness of state support Rehabilitation and integration of people with disabilities social services elderly NGOs in social sphere Support for people in difficult life situations Improving the social climate in society, reducing poverty and stratification Increasing the effectiveness of state support Rehabilitation and integration of the disabled Social services for the elderly NPOs in the social sphere Support for people in difficult life situations Increasing the flexibility of the labor market and reducing illegal employment Development of institutions labor market, employment growth and efficiency of labor use Creation of favorable working conditions Attraction of foreign labor force Youth policy Social support Cultural policy Labor market
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Pension system Purpose: Objectives: Indicators: increasing the level of pensions for all categories of pensioners and ensuring a long-term balance in the pension system streamlining the taxation of employers' contributions to non-state pension funds introduction size limit annual earnings, on which accrue insurance premiums, and the loss of which is subject to replacement of a labor pension; the introduction of insurance premiums for the OPS for single tariff strengthening the funded element of pensions increasing pensions for the older generation by increasing the monetary value (valorization) of pension rights creating a system for assessing and monitoring long-term pension liabilities The average size old-age pensions - at least 2.5 subsistence minimums for a pensioner, achievement by 2020 of an individual replacement rate of 40%
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 The modern Russian economy Health OBJECTIVE: ensuring the availability of quality medical care, its compliance in terms of volumes, types and quality of technologies with the level of morbidity and the needs of the population Key areas: Development and mass implementation of clinical and medical standards Specification of the program of state guarantees, convergence territorial programs Development of primary health care, emphasis on clinical examination Protection of the rights of the patient and doctor Improvement of drug provision Informatization of health care, development of science and new medical technologies An effective system of prevention, promotion of a healthy lifestyle Formation and implementation of the State Health Development Program Indicators: Growth of government spending from 3.6% of GDP in 2008 to 5.2-5.5% external causes - 2 times. Infant and maternal mortality - at the level of developed countries
Lesson 1.5 - 1.6 Modern Russian economy Demography Goal: Objectives: Indicators: reducing the rate of natural population decline, stabilizing the population and creating conditions for its growth, improving the quality of life and increasing life expectancy Reducing mortality Preserving and strengthening the health of the population, increasing the duration of active life Increasing the birth rate Management of migration processes Ensuring protection from emergencies growth of the population of Russia by 2025 to 145 million people the death rate is not higher than 10.8-11 the total birth rate is 1.75-1.80
Lesson 1.5 - 1.6 The modern Russian economy significant IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF HUMAN LIFE, the formation of a balanced environmentally oriented model for the development of the economy and environmentally competitive industries "Ecology of production" a gradual reduction in the levels of environmental impact from all anthropogenic sources a safe and comfortable living environment for the population, places of work and recreation, other social activities "Ecology of the natural environment" preservation and protection of the natural environment "Environmental business" - the creation of an effective environmental sector of the economy a new system of normalization of MPE for the environment, etc. Reducing specific levels of environmental impact by 3-7 times, depending on the industry. setting standards for the quality of water, air, soil, standards for permissible anthropogenic load, etc. Reduction by 2020: -5 rubles. the number of cities with high and very high levels of pollution - in 4 p. number of residents living in unsatisfactory conditions. conditions Formation of environmental audit rules, requirements for technology development, etc. - Growth of the eco-development market, goods and services by 5 times; new methods of territorial planning, land use and development - preservation of natural ecosystems, etc. Increasing bioproductivity. Restoration of species diversity Living conditions - ecology
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Increasing the availability of QUALITY EDUCATION that meets the requirements of innovative development of the economy, the modern needs of society and every citizen Indicators: The share of teachers who receive salaries above the regional average will increase from 12% to 45% The share of citizens receiving continuing education services will grow from 15% to 50% Growth general expenses for education - from 4.8% of GDP to 7%, budget system expenditures - from 4.1% of GDP to 5.5-6% World-class scientific and educational complexes Educational standards of the new generation Allocation of part of the state budget to universities for scientific research, etc. d. Support for gifted children and talented youth Provision of pre-school education Development of primary and secondary vocational education, etc. Implementation of the system of "applied bachelor's degree" Creation of support systems for consumers of continuous education services and organizations providing these services, etc. Education
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy National competitiveness. Science and innovation Creation and dissemination of innovations in all sectors of the economy, including increasing the competitiveness of the research and development sector Indicators: the share of enterprises implementing technological innovations - 40-50% in 2020 (2007 -9.5%); the share of innovative products in the total volume of industrial output - up to 25-35% in 2020 (2007 - 5.5%); internal costs for research and development - 2.5-3.0% of GDP in 2020 stimulation of investments in technology, R&D, their commercialization, IP capitalization and research initiatives (projects) that ensure Russia's breakthrough position in scientific and technological competition on world markets scientific organizations increase in the share of competitive financing creation of 5-7 nat. research centers ("national laboratories"), 20-30 research. universities radical increase in the efficiency of innovation infrastructure (SEZs, technology transfer centers, business incubators and technology parks, etc.) development of financial innovation infrastructure support for entry Russian enterprises both in the high-tech sectors and in other sectors in business alliances, Russia's participation in global technology projects, international programs
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Infrastructure OBJECTIVES OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT Elimination of obstacles to the acceleration of economic growth associated with its backwardness, ensuring the necessary volumes, quality and reliability of infrastructure services Energy transport communications Directions and main projects (example) Increasing the capacity of the backbone transport network implementation of PPP projects (including concessions), construction of roads (WHSD, TsKAD…); railway infrastructure at points of prospective industrial growth; modernization of the fleet of aircraft and river vessels, railway cars Implementation of the transit potential creation of large logistics centers at the border (dry ports); international transport corridors in the directions "East-West", "North-South", "Transpolar Airways", "Northern Sea Route"; development port SEZs; Security regional development ensuring the integrated development and development of the territories of Siberia and Far East and development of new mineral deposits
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy industrial policy GOALS OF THE INDUSTRIAL POLICY OF THE STATE: Diversification of the economy Increasing the global competitiveness of industrial products Supporting the export of Russian industrial products Ensuring the technological security of the country
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 The modern Russian economy Energy efficiency technical regulations and energy efficiency standards energy efficiency labeling of goods encouraging the use of renewable energy sources. (Growth in electricity production based on alternative renewable energy sources: 2007 - 0.5 billion kWh, 2020 - 10-20 billion kWh) support for the development of domestic samples of new generation energy-saving technologies. stimulating the development of energy audits as part of programs to support the development of small businesses and equipping consumers with energy meters in the retail market; implementing special measures to improve the energy efficiency of housing and communal services. Energy saving potential in housing and communal services - more than 80 million tons of fuel equivalent. Russia has the potential to reduce energy intensity by up to 4% per year. This will allow reaching the level of energy efficiency comparable to Canada in 2020, reducing energy intensity by 40% compared to 2008.
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 The Modern Russian Economy Global Competitiveness GROWTH OF COMPETITIVENESS IN THE WORLD MARKETS BY 2020 Civil aviation is the third largest civil aviation manufacturer; reaching 10-15% of the level of the global sales market at the turn of 2020-2025. Rocket and space industry - the share of product presence in the segments of the world space market will increase from 8 to 15 percent. Space launch market - holding leading positions; up to 30% of the commercial launch market. Shipbuilding industry - export of civilian products will increase by more than 5 times, military products by 1.5-2 times (20% of the market). Nuclear power industry complex - exports of at least 8-14 billion dollars a year. 2007 2020 Russia's share in the world economy, % 3.2 4.3 Export, billion dollars 354 > 900 Export of machinery and equipment, billion dollars 20 110-130 Contribution of domestic products to coverage domestic demand, % 50 80 specific gravity Russian export in the global volume of exports of high-tech goods,% 0.3 2
Lesson 1.5 - 1.6 Modern Russian economy Foreign economic policy Priority - integration in the Eurasian space. Turning the ruble into a regional reserve currency Targeting export support and joint projects to countries with fast-growing markets Diversifying exports and streamlining imports Shifting focus away from foreign trade goods to global production cooperation (joint projects, mutual exchange of assets, access to the markets of third countries, etc.) Active role in the activities of international and regional economic organizations, especially influencing the formation of oil and gas markets
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Financial system Development banking system stock market development insurance market increasing the capitalization of banks - improving prudential supervision of optimizing mergers and acquisitions procedures; - introduction of irrevocable deposits; expansion of refinancing instruments facilitation of issuance of shares and bonds of banks improvement of regulation expansion of investment volumes by financial market Russian institutional investors development of organized trading infrastructure (central depository, clearing organization, clearing house, stock exchanges) development of the business environment and improvement of the investment climate development accumulative insurance life incl. through non-state pension funds, the development of mechanisms for insuring the liability of business entities in case of damage, as well as in case of natural disasters
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Regional policy Innovative and social orientation of regional development Formation of territorial production clusters Development of scientific, technical and educational potential of large urban agglomerations Significant reduction of interregional and intraregional differentiation in the level and quality of the social environment and incomes of the population - recreational areas with a high level of service provision in areas with unique natural and climatic conditions Preservation of cultural diversity, traditional way of life and employment of the indigenous peoples of the North
Lesson 1.5 – 1.6 Modern Russian economy Growth poles of the NWFD - transport and business services - high-tech. import-substituting industries - traditional industries Resource-producing regions - new technologies for the development and modernization of traditional industries ARCTIC - development of oil and gas fields - increasing the knowledge of the Arctic continental shelf and determining its boundaries - extraction of marine biological resources and their processing - increasing the competitiveness of the Northern Sea Route - environmental protection - ensuring national security, etc. Volga Federal District - modernization of industrial potential through the introduction of new technologies Central Federal District - expansion of the network of high-speed highways - new centers advanced industry and service economy -development of Moscow. logistics hub - international. transport corridors Central-Chern. zone -Hi-tech in agriculture - modernization of enterprises focused on the Kursk magnetic anomaly of the Southern Federal District Primorsky and mountainous regions - tourism Regions with the potential of processing industries - new technologies in processing - development of high-performance industries of the Siberian Federal District - effective use natural resources(including the depth of processing) based on new technologies South Siberia - processing of agricultural raw materials - tourism Ural Federal District - extraction of mineral resources based on new technologies - modernization of industrial potential - development of business, innovative, educational services in large agglomerations of the Far Eastern Federal District -introduction of new technologies in the extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials -gasification -development of transport and energy infrastructure -modernization of large cities -efficient use of marine biological resources -engineering -shipbuilding, aviation -ship repair -aircraft building
The classical economic functions of the state are the stabilization of the economy; protection of property rights; regulation of money circulation; redistribution of income; regulation of relations between employers and employees; control of foreign economic activity; production public goods.
New functions of the state They are associated with the formation post-industrial society: - support for fundamental science, - participation in solving global problems of mankind, - overcoming the environmental crisis and its consequences, - eliminating the economic backlog.
The most common economic goals of the state Ensuring economic growth (development!); creation of conditions for economic freedom (the right to choose the type, form and scope of economic activity, methods of its implementation and use of income from it); Ensuring economic security and economic efficiency;
Stabilization includes mainly budgetary-tax (fiscal) and credit and monetary(monetary) policy. The structural direction uses such methods of influencing the economy as state support for industries that are especially important for the development of the entire economy of the country, the production of public goods, privatization, the promotion of competition and the restriction of monopolies, etc. If the stabilization policy is aimed primarily at improving the economy, then the structural one is aimed at maintaining it. balanced development, i.e. a healthy lifestyle.
What is an open economic policy of the state -Economic goals of the state. -The main directions of economic policy. Stabilization monetary policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons
Monetary policy has an impact on aggregate demand. The object of regulation is - money supply. Monetary policy is determined and implemented by the Central Bank. However, the change in the money supply occurs not only as a result of the operations of the Central Bank, but also of commercial banks, as well as decisions of the non-banking sector (consumers and firms).
The second instrument of monetary policy is the regulation of the discount rate of interest (refinancing rate). The discount rate of interest is the interest rate at which the Central Bank provides loans to the CB. CBs resort to loans from the Central Bank if they suddenly need to urgently replenish their reserves or to get out of a difficult financial situation.
The third instrument of monetary policy is operations on open market. Open market operations are the buying and selling of government securities. valuable papers on the secondary markets valuable papers. The object of operations on the open market are mainly: 1) short-term government bonds and 2) treasury bills.
Types of monetary policy There are two types of monetary policy: - stimulating - restraining. Stimulative monetary policy is carried out during a recession with the aim of "invigorating" the economy, increasing business activity in order to combat unemployment. A contractionary monetary policy is carried out during a boom period and is aimed at reducing business activity in order to fight inflation.
Benefits of monetary policy Absence of an internal lag (the period of time between the moment of realizing the economic situation in the country and the moment of taking measures to improve it). No crowding out effect. The stimulating monetary policy (an increase in the money supply) causes a decrease in the interest rate, which leads not to crowding out, but to stimulating investment. Multiplier effect.
Disadvantages of monetary policy Possibility of inflation. Stimulating monetary policy, i.e. an increase in the money supply leads to inflation even in the short run. The presence of an external lag due to the complexity and possible failures in the mechanism of monetary transmission. The external lag is the period of time from the moment the measures are taken to the moment the result of their impact on the economy appears.
What is an open economic policy of the state -Economic goals of the state. -The main directions of economic policy. Stabilization monetary policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons
Fiscal policy is the government's actions to stabilize the economy by changing the amount of income or expenditure. state budget. Fiscal policy is the action to regulate aggregate demand. Regulation of the economy occurs through the impact on the amount of total costs. A number of fiscal policy instruments can also be used to influence aggregate supply.
Objectives of fiscal policy: 1) stable economic growth; 2) full employment of resources (solving the problem of cyclical unemployment); 3) a stable price level. Fiscal policy instruments - expenditures and revenues of the state budget: 1) public procurement; 2) taxes; 3) transfers. Same as monetary policy
Types of fiscal policy Depending on the phase of the cycle, either stimulating or contracting policies are applied. The stimulating fiscal policy is applied during a recession and is aimed at increasing aggregate demand. Its instruments are: an increase in government purchases, a reduction in taxes and an increase in transfers. A contractionary fiscal policy is used during a boom and is aimed at reducing aggregate demand. Its instruments are: reducing government purchases, increasing taxes and reducing transfers.
Impact of fiscal policy instruments on aggregate demand Government purchases are a component of aggregate demand, so their change has a direct impact, while taxes and transfers have an indirect impact on aggregate demand. Growth in government purchases increases aggregate demand. An increase in transfers also increases aggregate demand as household personal income rises An increase in taxes leads to a reduction in aggregate demand.
Advantages of fiscal policy Multiplier effect (fiscal policy instruments have a multiplier effect on the value of aggregate output. Absence of an external lag (an external lag is the period of time between a decision and the appearance of the first results. The presence of automatic stabilizers. Since these stabilizers are built-in, the government does not need take special measures to stabilize the economy.
Disadvantages of fiscal policy Presence of an internal lag. (this is the period of time between the need to change the policy and the decision to change it). Displacement effect. (budget spending during the recession to total income, which is the demand for money and the interest rate on money market. Rise in the cost of loans to private investment, i.e. to "crowding out" part of the investment costs of firms.
Uncertainty. Uncertainty concerns: - the identification of the economic situation, - the magnitude of the impact in any given economic situation. Budget deficit. Increase in purchases and transfers, i.e. budget expenditures, and tax cuts, i.e. budget revenues, leading to an increase in the budget deficit.
What is an open economic policy of the state -Economic goals of the state. -The main directions of economic policy. Stabilization monetary policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons
About the definition Industrial policy is not an alternative to the policy of building a market economy, but only a specific tool for solving structural problems. In the West, this term rather corresponds to the term "sectoral" or "sectoral" policy (as measures of the state to support or develop specific sectors of the economy. Examples - post-war France, Sweden in the 80s, South Korea, India, Japan, US agricultural policy .
Peculiarities of Russian Understanding In the early 1990s, the term industrial policy was adopted. There was a shift in emphasis, and industrial policy was interpreted as " public policy in the field of industry" or, in fact, as "state support for industry". As a rule, they meant high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries of the military-industrial complex (MIC).
Peculiarities of the Russian understanding Since industrial policy results in a change sectoral structure production, then in Russian practice the term "structural policy" is often used as an analogue or a synonym for industrial policy. In the West, "structural policy" (or, more commonly, "structural reforms") means institutional changes such as privatization, monopoly reform, land reform, support for small businesses, and so on.
Peculiarities of the Russian Understanding Industrial policy is a set of government actions aimed at purposefully changing the structure of the economy by creating more favorable conditions for the development of priority sectors and industries. Essentially equivalent is the definition of industrial policy as discrimination by the state of some sectors in comparison with others. In both cases, we are talking about creating unequal conditions for functioning.
Peculiarities of the Russian Understanding Industrial policy presupposes the existence of clear state priorities. Industrial policy is always an attempt to change the "natural course of events". Industrial policy means improving the position of some sectors of the economy at the expense of a relative deterioration in the conditions for the functioning of its other sectors. An industrial policy can be considered successful if the gain for the country as a whole (including both direct and indirect benefits) from the development of priority sectors is greater than the damage from slowing down the development of all others.
Examples of industrial policy World experience provides examples of at least three types of industrial policy: 1. export-oriented (creating conditions for the growth of exports of certain types of products), 2. internally oriented (protecting the domestic market and ensuring economic self-sufficiency) 3. strategic industrial policy aimed at on restrictions on the use of their own natural and non-reproducible resources (oil, timber, ecology, etc.).
Examples of industrial policy Export-oriented policy - South Korea in the 60s-80s and other "tigers" of Southeast Asia, China in the 80s and 90s, partly Japan, India in the 90s, Chile in the 70s and 80s -X. Internally oriented policy - India in the 60s - 80s, France in the 50s - 70s, Japan, China, the USA (in terms of agricultural policy), the USSR and, to a certain extent, Russia. Strategic industrial policy - actions of the USA, OPEC countries.
Industrial policy: pro et contra Liberal economic theory sees industrial policy as an improper government intervention in the economy that distorts the operation of market mechanisms and hinders the optimal allocation of resources. According to the prevailing views, the state is not able to determine the true points of growth.
The main arguments "for" Market mechanisms effectively remove structural imbalances only for relatively small deviations from the optimum. The elimination of "global" imbalances requires non-market measures. The time horizons for making decisions by market entities are "shorter" than may be necessary for making optimal decisions. Social and political costs of market self-regulation without the use of special measures may be higher than the strength of the socio-political system allows.
Main Arguments Against Industrial policy generates more significant imbalances than those it is intended to offset. Industrial policy assumes "unequal rules of the game", creates opportunities for lobbying and corruption. Industrial policy presupposes the choice of "champions" by the state (official), which inevitably leads, even in the absence of corruption, to errors and large-scale costs.
What is an open economic policy of the state -Economic goals of the state. -The main directions of economic policy. Stabilization monetary policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons
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General objectives of the lesson
1. Get acquainted with the main cycles of economic development, get an idea of the cyclical nature of economic development. 2. Find out what is the contribution of the Russian scientist N. D. Kondratiev to economic theory.
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UE-1. Tasks
1. What is the economy of Russia? 2. What is the branch of the economy? 3. Give examples of sectors of the economy. 4: What areas is the Russian economy divided into? 5. What is the difference between the areas of production? 6. What is the structure of the economy? 7. What is the leading branch of the Russian economy? 8. Why did the proportion of people employed in industry and the non-productive sphere increase during the 20th century and decrease in agriculture? 9. Name 3 stages of development of society and economy. At what stage is the Russian economy?
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UE-2. Independent work
The study of the theory of cycles by N.D. Kondratiev
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1. Clarify and write down which industries determined the development of each mode in the corresponding cycle. 2. What determines the cyclical nature of economic development? 3. What innovations will define the production complex of the 5th cycle? 4. Which industries during which cycles were the most developed in the USSR and which ones are clearly lacking in Russia at the present stage? 5. Having considered the cycle schemes of N.D. Kondratiev and the waves of reforms and counter-reforms, describe any cycle (of your choice) and those historical reforms and counter-reforms that are caused by the rise and fall of waves. 6. Predict the time frame of the next big cycle (the time of the beginning and end of the wave, its maximum). 7. Calculate how old you will be during the next economic depression, what segment of your life it will be, in which category labor resources will you stay? What should you do to mitigate the consequences for yourself?
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UE-3. Self-esteem
Try to evaluate the acquired knowledge and skills as follows: 1. I understood everything, I can explain the material to another. 2. I understood the material, I can explain it to another, but with some help from the teacher. 3. I understood the material partially. 4. I did not understand anything.
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UE-4. Homework
Sum the self-assessment scores for SR 1-3. Using the resulting number, determine your homework and write it down in your diary.
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Used sources
Kondratiev, Nikolai Dmitrievich: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Version 38419171, saved at 16:24 UTC on October 13, 2011 // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. - Electron. Dan. - San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation, 2011. - Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/?oldid=38419171 Dronov V.P. Geography of Russia. population and economy. Grade 9: textbook. for educational institutions / V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rum. - M. Drofa, 2001. - 384 p. Zhizina E.A. Lesson developments in geography: Population and economy of Russia: Grade 9. - M.: "VAKO", 2005, 288 p.
Features of the modern economy in
social studies lesson in grade 11
TRANSITION ECONOMY- economies of countries that abandoned the state-planning model in the transition to a market economy TRANSITION ECONOMY- the economy of countries that abandoned the state-planning model in the transition to a market economy is CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE COUNTRIES OF Eastern Europe, the former republics of the USSR, Russia, and China. CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE COUNTRIES OF Eastern Europe, the former republics of the USSR, Russia, China. Character traits transition economy: the state is the initiator of market reforms and a change in the political system; Characteristic features of the transitional economy: the state is the initiator of market reforms and the change of the political system; the beginning of market reforms is the saturation of the consumer market; rapid growth in production or imports consumer goods The peculiar logic of economic reforms: first of all market relations cover the sphere of consumer production and marketing, starting with agriculture; then they are distributed to the sphere of production of means; widespread price liberalization leading to a fall standard of living population A peculiar logic of economic reforms: first of all, market relations cover the sphere of consumer production and sales, starting with agriculture; then they are distributed to the sphere of production of means; large-scale price liberalization, which leads to a drop in the living standards of the population national currency; Active formation of market infrastructure, including private entrepreneurship, with the borrowing of foreign experience. The state's policy of blocking inflation, a significant increase in prices, maintaining the national currency; Active formation of market infrastructure, including private entrepreneurship, with the borrowing of foreign experience. Characteristic features of the Russian economy:- Inconsistency of reforms, half-heartedness of decisions made
- A significant increase in the degree of risk of entrepreneurial activity
- High level of economic instability and shortage of investment funds, underdevelopment of the investment sector
- Sustained, fairly high inflation rate
- State withdrawal from direct regulation of the economy
- Establishing a level playing field for all the rules of the game
- Reducing the tax burden and social programs
- Deficit-free budget
- Development of the financial instruments market
- The economy is gradually recovering
- strengthened financial position Russia, significantly decreased external debt, solidly increased the volume of gold and foreign exchange reserves. Today, the ruble is backed by 150%. No other currency in the world has such an indicator of reliability.
- A modern tax regime has been created, the tax burden has been reduced
- Continues to improve the legislative framework economy.
