Innovative technologies in oil and gas production. Innovative development of Russia: the role of the oil and gas business

Despite forecasts that the fuel industry will allegedly remain out of work in the near future, experts predict that such minerals as oil and gas will have a long relevance and not yet an imminent decline. However, a paradigm shift in energy complex will definitely happen - for example, it is assumed that blue fuel (aka natural gas) will become several times more in demand among the population than black gold (oil), which currently has a significant impact on the global economy.

And yet, now the rates of extraction of both one and the other fossil remain high, which means that people employed in this segment will try to do everything possible to discover and obtain their maximum reserves. New technologies will help them in this.

Exploration and drilling: modern methods

Before starting the extraction process, oil or gas must be found in the bowels of the earth. Companies have to work in an environment of ever-increasing demand for these resources - so, according to forecasts, their relevance will peak in 2023. That is why extractive organizations are mastering best practices that will help ensure that the inhabitants of the earth are adequately supplied with valuable reserves, as well as to make their development as safe, efficient and environmentally friendly as possible.

Seismic survey is the study of the basic characteristics of rocks in order to determine what kind of rock is in a given place, and how deep from the surface it lies. The main guidelines here are the regularities observed in the earth's crust during the artificial creation of elastic waves. These periodic oscillations are caused by:

explosions of TNT charges in shallow 10- or 20-meter depressions;
regularly renewed and prolonged vibration exposure (for example, with the help of special machines).

Today, seismic exploration has reached a qualitatively new level, because obtaining information important from the point of view of engineering geology (volumes, age, state of a mineral, etc.) is now possible in 3 dimensions thanks to high-tech receiving devices. In contrast to the 2D method, where the devices are placed in a straight line relative to the source, here the equipment is placed along the entire perimeter of the prospective exploration area. This makes it possible to identify complex value in the context of subsequent mining, because powerful computers display not insufficient information at all, but visual three-dimensional models of underground layers with comprehensive data.

Sometimes the effectiveness and efficiency of the method is increased even more by tracking the prospective field in time (4D method). The analysis of continuously changing characteristics can help workers not only reduce the costs associated with drilling, but also minimize the number of dry wells (those that turned out to be unproductive and did not give an industrial influx of valuable resources).

Carbon monoxide, sand, hydraulic fracturing: a safe combination

Next new technology Oil and gas extraction was first used back in 1947, but so far it continues to be considered innovative and highly efficient in terms of the volume of rocks extracted from underground formations. The method is based on hydraulic fracturing, a process during which a pressurized mixture of substances (water, sand and chemicals) is injected into a drilled well. As a result of such an impact, which clogs the hole, the formation and expansion of cracks occurs, due to which the influx of the mineral becomes more intense, and it is easier to work with it.

Different materials can be used as a kind of “fillers” for hydraulic fracturing. If we talk about the working fluid, then usually hydrochloric acid solutions or solutions with high molecular weight polymers are used here, and in some cases also crude oil itself. The proppant, as a rule, is quartz sand or some proppant with granules up to 1.5 mm.

One of the most effective indicators is demonstrated by carbon monoxide mixed with sand, injected into the well using hydraulic fracturing technology. Subsequently, it evaporates, due to which only sand remains in the reservoir, unable to have any destructive effect on the soil. So that this method allows not only to make the development of the field much more intensive, but also to protect the environment, rocks and groundwater from the accumulation of hazardous waste.

The phrase migrated to Russian from English, where “coiled tubing” literally translates as “coiled tubing”. At the moment, equipment made using this technology is considered the most innovative among the rest. Fundamentally new here is the rejection of traditional prefabricated drilling rigs in favor of flexible continuous (sleeveless) pipes. This method allows the oil and gas industry to:

become less dependent on spending;
reduce the amount of waste;
reduce the operating time by 3-4 times compared to the performance of work within the framework of the conventional method!

Coiled tubing is inextricably linked with the metallurgical industry, because at first it requires the production of flexible mechanisms of light, medium or heavy class, then - the correct assembly by designers, and at the very end - the installation of software for servicing the hardware complex and competent conversion of the information received. The main disadvantage of the technology is that it does not have the ability to rotate, which is why extractive companies still prefer to drill the main wells using traditional installations. Only after that they connect coiled tubing equipment to field development, which can include not only flexible metal pipes, but also cutting tools, pumps, equipment for heating liquids, various nozzles and much more.

This new technology in the oil and gas industry, called “Measurement while drilling”, is once again inextricably linked to methodological and mathematical hardware and computerization. The thing is that in order to prevent errors, accidents and emergencies, employees need to constantly monitor the key indicators of the process, and, in particular, the position of the well axis in space. For this, a special category was even developed that considers the measurement of angles - inclinometry, within which the development of various telemetric control systems takes place. Some of their sensors are underground, while others are above the surface. Communication between them is carried out through the following channels:

hydraulic;
acoustic;
electromagnetic;
electrical wiring and more.

Today, the functionality of these automated installations is expanding almost every day. For example, the most advanced mechanisms, called "modular", allow not only to control the main technological and navigational characteristics, but also to carry out partial geophysical surveys and explore;

vibrometry;
rock resistance;
natural gamma radiation from mined minerals, etc.

Other directions: transportation and storage

Also important is the transportation of oil and gas and their further exploitation. So, today all mining organizations have switched to the technology of using universal tank containers according to the ISO standard, which do not pollute the atmosphere due to the absence of the slightest holes and cracks even at the butt joints. However, some companies have decided to go even further and turn them ... Into independent long-term storage for valuable resources! Firstly, it is really possible to avoid accidents this way, because there is simply no need to carry out several loading and unloading operations. The consumer draws up a contract of sale and receives blue fuel or black gold all in the same container, either with the help of a logistics service from the customer, or by self-transportation of the cargo. This method allows you to significantly save on capital investments, because it does not require either pumping equipment for pumping or interaction with intermediary oil and gas bases. The mineral is actually delivered into the hands of the client directly from the mining plant.

One of the currently actively developed ways of storing oil and gas is to place them in underground reservoirs of permafrost dispersed rocks. They do not affect the quality of stored products even with prolonged contact and meet the requirements for stable stability. The future “container” is thawed, after which it is cleaned of the water-ground mixture, filled and thus, as it were, hermetically clogged.

Let it be necessary to constantly monitor such a repository, because. theoretically, signs of deformation of the surrounding layers or a decrease in temperature with subsequent thawing of ice can appear here at any time, but this is the best solution for long-term conservation of resources. Unlike ground steel containers, underground permafrost massifs are extremely clean from an environmental point of view and practically non-explosive, because they are regulated by natural conditions.

The Russian oil and gas industry is faced with the need to change technological development. Since oil production in traditional regions is characterized by a decrease in the production of “light” oil and an increase in hard-to-recover reserves, as well as the depletion of oil and gas reserves at depths of up to 3 km. To change the current situation in the oil industry, it is necessary to replenish active oil reserves and create effective technologies for extracting hard-to-recover oil reserves. This problem can be solved by intensifying exploration work in new regions (Eastern Siberia, the Arctic shelf), and then by industrial development of great depths. The innovation process in the Russian oil sector is taking place. And the dominant position is occupied by large vertically integrated companies such as OAO Surgutneftegaz, OAO NK Rosneft, OAO RITEK.

hard-to-recover reserves

innovative technologies

enhanced oil recovery

1. Antoniadi D.G., Koshelev A.T., Islamov R.F. Problems of increasing oil production in the conditions of Russian fields // Oil. Gas. Innovations. - 2010. - No. 12. - P. 61–63.

2. Darishchev V. Innovations of OAO RITEK// Oil and gas vertical. - 2011. - No. 5.

3. Dmitrevsky A.N. Innovative development of the oil and gas industry in Russia// Rational development of mineral resources. - 2013. - No. 7. (www.roninfo.ru).

4. Russia in numbers, 2013.2012

5. Results of the work of the Russian fuel and energy complex / www.forumter.ru

6. Results of industrial activity of branches of the fuel and energy complex of Russia // Fuel and Energy Complex of Russia. – 2000–2013. - No. 1.

7. Summary indicators of energy production in the Russian Federation // Info TEK. – 2000–2013. - No. 1.

8. Statistics // Exploration and production - 2005–2013. - No. 1.

9. Filimonova I.. Current state oil industry of Russia // Drilling and oil. - 2013. - No. 5.

10. NK Rosneft. Annual report. 2013 [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.rosneft.ru.

11. OJSC “Surgutneftegas” Annual Report 2013 [Electronic resource] – Access mode: http://www. surgutneftegas.ru.

The depletion of traditional deposits at depths not exceeding 2000-3000 m requires large-scale industrial development of depths of 3-5 km, and in some regions - 5-7 km. This means that the time of cheap oil is ending in the country and a new stage in the development of Russian oil production is beginning, which is characterized by an ever-increasing share of hard-to-recover reserves. And as a result, the application and development of new innovative approaches to oil production, such as a system of horizontal wells, thermal gas treatment technology, water gas treatment, technology based on a polymer-gel system. The use of these technologies will increase oil recovery from existing wells, and will allow the development of new oil and gas wells.

The oil industry of Russia today is faced with the need to change the technological development of the oil and gas complex. The state of oil production in traditional regions, which are the main suppliers of oil and gas, is characterized by:

● concentration of oil production in fields with highly productive reserves;

● decrease in the share of active and increase in the share of hard-to-recover oil reserves;

● a decrease in the average oil recovery factor both in individual regions and across the country;

● the end of the era of giant fields with unique oil and gas reserves, the exploitation of which began in the 1960s-1970s;

● depletion of oil and gas reserves at depths of up to 3 km.

It is rather difficult to give an example of an oil-producing country that would solve such cardinal and large-scale problems in a relatively short period of time. As always, we were let down by our wealth: a large number of large and giant fields with light, low-viscosity oil located in natural reservoirs with high-capacity reservoirs. For such deposits, a carefully developed technology for maintaining reservoir pressure was created, which made it possible to leave “until better times” often very large deposits, but with parameters that did not allow the use of this technology.

Significant depletion of traditional deposits at depths not exceeding 2-3 km pushes large-scale industrial development of depths of 3-5 km, and in some regions - 5-7 km. Greater depths mean complex mining and geological conditions, different fluid dynamics, the development of oil and gas reservoirs altered by catagenetic transformations, these are higher temperatures and pressures. In order to justify the oil and gas potential of depths of 7-10 km, and for real oil and gas production from these depths, it is necessary to introduce new scientific, technical and technological solutions.

Thus, the time of cheap oil is ending in the country and a new stage in the development of Russian oil production is beginning, which is characterized by an ever-increasing share of hard-to-recover reserves.

Up to 70% of Russian hydrocarbon reserves can be called hard-to-recover. It is in relation to these reserves that innovative technology can be successfully applied. It is also important to use these technologies for the development of offshore oil and gas fields, where drilling and development costs are much higher than on land. In addition, hydraulic fracturing in 3D format will increase oil production in traditional fields. Today, Russia produces about 35% of hydrocarbons from the total reserves of deposits.

By actively applying in recent years methods of production intensification and putting into development of new large fields (Vankorskoye and others), it is possible to maintain the average daily flow rate of one well at the level of 10 tons (table). Due to the fact that there is an active development of deposits in the East of Russia, this makes it possible to increase the volume of production drilling of wells. Thus, in 2011 and 2012, 18 million m and 19.8 million m were covered, respectively, compared with the level of 14 million m years earlier. However, the volume of exploratory drilling continues to remain at a fairly low level. Thus, in 2012, the volume of exploratory drilling was lower than the corresponding indicator of the 1990s and early 2000s. .

To change the current situation in the oil industry, it is necessary to replenish active oil reserves and create effective technologies for extracting hard-to-recover oil reserves. The task set can be solved as a result of the intensification of exploration work in new regions (Eastern Siberia, the Arctic shelf), and then the industrial development of great depths.

Selected technical and economic indicators of the Russian oil industry in 1995-2012.

Index
Oil production, million tons
Oil production by well operation methods, %
pumping
compressor
fountain
Average daily flow rate of one well, t.
Operational well stock, thousand units
Inactive well stock, thous.
Share of dormant fund, %
Volume of drilling for oil, million meters
operational
exploration
Average depth of wells completed by production drilling, m

Russian oil companies are increasingly looking at fields that require innovative approaches to develop. These fields include hydrocarbon deposits in low-permeability shale rocks, which are quite difficult to drill. The reserves of shale hydrocarbons are virtually limitless - they will last not for 20-30 years, like gas and oil in traditionally developed fields, but for 200-300, analysts say.

Nevertheless, the innovation process in Russia in the oil sector still takes place. The dominant position here is occupied by large vertically integrated companies.

OJSC “Surgutneftegas” can serve as an example of this, the use of innovative technologies is the main principle of activity and the most important competitive advantage. The economic effect obtained from the use of intellectual property in 2012 amounted to 66.1 million rubles. Over the past ten years, the Company has issued about 400 intellectual developments, while the total value of intangible assets is over 417 million rubles. Usage advanced technologies allows the Company to put into commercial operation oil deposits with hard-to-recover reserves, which have not been previously developed, and to develop new fields with a complex mining and geological structure.

In the field of oil and gas production, OJSC “Surgutneftegas” in 2013 carried out 232 measures to develop new technological processes, new types of production and equipment with an economic effect of more than 10 billion rubles, 97 measures were taken to test samples of new equipment and technologies. The greatest economic effect was achieved in the field of enhanced oil recovery (47%) and current and overhaul wells (27%).

Development by OJSC “Surgutneftegas” of the AS4-8 deposit of the Fedorovskoye field with a system of horizontal wells (which made it possible to involve an additional 140 million tons of oil reserves in development)

Another major oil company, OJSC Rosneft Oil Company, is an innovative activity aimed at achieving the level of the world technological leader in the energy industry. A technology for the development of low-permeability reservoirs at the fields of OOO RN-Yuganskneftegaz was introduced. In 2013, 32 wells were drilled, the volume of additional production amounted to 167 thousand tons. According to the Company's specialists, the implementation potential is the commissioning of 100 million tons of hard-to-recover reserves, and the expected economic effect will exceed 5 billion rubles. In 2013, new oil and gas condensate and gas condensate deposits were discovered in the Irkutsk Region at the Mogdinsky license block. The development of a downhole drilling system technology was completed to eliminate extended leaks in the production string. The introduction of this technology will allow the Company to put into operation more than 400 idle wells within 10 years, with an additional production of more than 47 thousand tons of oil per year and an economic effect of more than 240 million rubles per year.

The “advanced type” companies can also include OAO RITEK, which currently produces over 3 million tons of oil mainly using modern technologies. This company is engaged not only in the implementation of projects for the development of new fields (as a rule, having reduced and low productivity indicators, which makes it difficult to use traditional technologies), but also develops new technologies for enhanced oil recovery. Currently RITEK owns 93 intellectual property items. Innovative facilities of equipment and technology owned by JSC RITEK are being introduced not only at their own fields, but are also sold on the basis of license agreements in other companies. The basic innovative technologies include:

● Thermal gas treatment is a technology that should involve commercial development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources of the Bazhenov formation, which contain about 50-150 billion tons of light oil. Using this technology, it will increase the degree of extraction of hydrocarbons from the deposits of the Bazhenov formation from 3-5% to 30-40% using thermal gas treatment.

● Water-gas stimulation: this technology is designed to enhance oil recovery by alternately injecting water and gas into the reservoir. This solution allows to increase oil recovery from 15-25% to 30-50%.

● Technologies based on RITIN polymer-gel system. RITIN-10 is a composition of polymeric substances. When RITIN-10 reagent is mixed with water, a polymer-gel system is formed without the introduction of additional components. The use of the polymer-gel system RITIN-10 in the oil industry allows:

To increase the displacement capacity of the agent injected into the reservoir;

Reduce the water cut of the produced products;

Change the direction of filtration fluid flows;

To increase oil recovery of highly water-cut reservoirs at a late stage of development;

To introduce into the development previously unworked layers and interlayers;

Increase sweep efficiency by waterflooding;

Align the injectivity profile of the injection well.

A general indicator that can characterize the development of innovative processes is the share of oil production by new methods. According to experts, additional oil production in Russia through the use of new technologies and methods for enhanced oil recovery is about 60 million tons (or about 20% of the total production in the country). Thus, in the future, oil production in Russia will depend on the use of promising technologies in unconventional fields. In connection with this, oil production may increase to 500-520 million tons by 2020.

Today, the development of the Russian oil and gas industry requires an innovative development strategy, which will have to provide conditions for the maximum use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress. As a result, the industry will be able to:

Develop and apply equipment and technologies that will ensure highly efficient development of hard-to-recover reserves, and first of all, oil for the conditions of low-permeability reservoirs, residual oil reserves of flooded zones, high-viscosity oils, oil reserves in sub-gas zones;

Implement existing and create new reservoir stimulation methods to increase oil recovery, as well as plan and manage the state of the well stock and develop environmental (resource-saving) production technologies.

Bibliographic link

Belozertseva O.V., Belozertseva O.V. PROSPECTS FOR THE APPLICATION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE OIL INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA // International magazine applied and fundamental research. - 2015. - No. 8-3. - S. 502-505;
URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=7137 (date of access: 04/27/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Shale oil production has made a real revolution in, moreover, today they confidently say that traditional oil production has found a serious rival in the form of. Nevertheless, traditional oil production remains the leader in the world and is improving every year.

Oil is a mineral that is formed from organic remains and traces of the geological formation in which the resource was mined.

The classification of oil is carried out according to the percentage composition and content of hydrocarbons in it. There are two ways to extract oil:

extracted with the help of a fountain;
mined using horizontal drilling and water hammering.

Oil is extracted through a well, which must first be drilled. They are engaged in drilling, which are often called oil rigs, although they have little to do with oil production.

When the drilling of one well is completed, the rig moves to another location and drills a new well. The drilling process can take up to three months. The finished well is cased with steel pipes from the inside so that the rock does not fill the well.

The length of the well can reach three kilometers, and its typical diameter is 14.6 cm. The bottom of the well is called the bottomhole. If any tool happens to be at the bottom of the hole, it is almost impossible to remove it from there and the well may become unsuitable for production.

Oil well - construction

The space outside the casing string is filled with cement so that the layers do not communicate with each other and water does not circulate between them.

The cement sheath can fail over time, leading to behind-the-casing rock circulation. In this case, water or gas enters the well, often in much larger volumes than the desired resource.

To get the resource to the bottom of the bottomhole, perforation is carried out - small holes are made in the cement ring and the casing string. Thus, the well consists of:

cement ring;
casing string;
Downhole.

The bottomhole must be below the oil reservoir.

There are only two main extraction methods. One is used more often for the production of conventional oil, while the second is used for the production of shale oil in the United States.

On a surface. The rock is fed up, then processed and divided into fractions - this is a technology for extracting shale oil from new wells.

At a depth. If the rock lies in deep layers, such oil production is carried out by drilling horizontal wells, where water is supplied under high pressure.

Oil extraction methods

In the implementation of production through horizontal drilling, water hammer leads to rupture of layers, from the cracks of which the required resource is extracted and fed to the surface.

It is worth saying that hydraulic fracturing technology has its own dangers. They consist in subsidence of soils, seismic tremors, as well as ingress into groundwater and underground rivers of production waste. However, the second method is the most common at the moment.

Innovative Methods

Oil production, like other modern segments of the industry, does not stand still. Improvement in oil exploration and production technology has initiated a number of innovations in the field of oil and gas production.

These technologies have made mining and exploration more efficient, environmentally friendly and productive.

seismic exploration

3D seismic technologies allow the analysis of rock density data, combining traditional seismic imaging with the analytical capabilities of computers, resulting in a three-dimensional model of the underground layer.

4D seismic surveys allow:

supplement the obtained data by changing the characteristics in dynamics;
identify deposits;
reduce the number of dry wells.

coiled tubing

Coiled tubing technologies are considered the most dynamic in the world of innovative solutions in the oil industry. This oil and gas production technology is based on the use of sleeveless pipes during drilling and production.

For this, metallurgical industries produce special flexible metal pipes, design downhole and surface equipment, and also develop software to process the received information.

The use of coiled tubing makes the oil and gas production process safer, reduces the amount of production waste and time costs compared to classical methods.

Telemetry systems

These are telemetry systems that are designed to measure drilling performance and transmit the resulting data to the surface. This information allows you to monitor the process of drilling and production every minute, which eliminates errors and accidents in the process. In addition, the telemetric system makes it possible to compile a geological description of the properties of the resulting rock.

This is a technology in the implementation of which drilling occurs at great depths of water. To date, this technology is considered quite safe and allows the development of deposits in waters of more than three kilometers.

The technology allows:

improve offshore drilling rigs;
develop dynamic positioning devices;
create complex navigation systems.

HF-Sand-CO 2

Mining operations have been using hydraulic fracturing for almost fifty years, which has resulted in increased recovery and flow rates from underground formations.

Improved technology, which also includes the use of sand and carbon dioxide, chemicals and proppants, began to be used somewhat later. Such mixtures lead to the appearance and rapid expansion of cracks in rock layers, through which oil and gas are then freely produced.

Carbon dioxide from the liquid phase soon evaporates and only sand remains, unless non-volatile chemicals and substances that can remain after the hydraulic fracturing process in the rock layers have been used.

If such residues exist and cover the gas layer, they must be eliminated so that underground explosions and seismic tremors do not occur.

Applications and objectives of hydraulic fracturing

It is believed that this technology is an ideal way of modern oil and gas production, as it increases the volume of extracted resources, while not harming the environment, because it does not leave production waste underground.

Conclusion

Innovations in the extraction and processing of natural rocks, as well as the technical part and processing of the obtained resources should lead to an increase in the volume of mined rocks. But at the same time, responding to the general trend of saving nature and the environment, modern oil production should be aimed at minimizing waste and harm to the environment.

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA: THE ROLE OF OIL AND GAS BUSINESS

T. POGODAEVA, D. ZHAPAROVA, N. KAZANTSEVA, Tyumen State University

The analysis of the innovative development of the Russian oil and gas sector in comparison with the innovative development of the US oil and gas industry is carried out. In order to identify the role of individual entities in the development of the national innovation system (NIS) of the country, an econometric analysis was carried out. The results obtained indicate the significant role of the oil and gas industry in innovative development national economy. The author's vision of the model of accelerated innovative development of the oil and gas business in Russia is shown. The publication was prepared within the framework of the scientific project No. 15-32-01350 supported by the Russian Humanitarian Foundation.

Gives an analysis of the innovative development of the Russian oil and gas sector in comparison with the innovative development of the oil and gas industry in the US. Econometric analysis was conducted in order to identify the role of individual actors in the development of a national innovation system (NIS) of the country. The results indicate the important role of the oil and gas industry in the innovative development of the national economy. The author’s vision of the model of accelerated innovative development of oil and gas business in Russia has shown.

In recent decades, the global oil and gas industry has shown a rapid acceleration of innovative development and technological sophistication of production processes. The following figures speak of the role of the Russian oil and gas segment of the economy: the oil and gas sector forms about 20% of GDP, 50% of income in the structure federal budget. From the export of oil, gas and refined products in the total export volume, we receive 67% of foreign exchange earnings, the oil industry provides 25% of investments in fixed assets. Despite the dynamic pace of modernization of the oil and gas sector in Russia, there are still problems of unformed innovative business behavior and lack of coordination between the participants in the innovation process. In this regard, it is especially important to study the innovative development of oil and gas companies as the main subjects of the Russian innovation system as a whole.
The concept of national innovation systems (NIS) has attracted the attention of economists since the 1980s. XX century. In general, the concept of a national innovation system is interpreted differently by various specialists, but the majority adheres to an institutional approach to its definition, in which NIS is understood as “a set of institutions related to private and public sectors, which individually and in interaction with each other determine the development and dissemination of innovations within a particular state. The role of the business sector (namely oil and gas companies) in the development of the national innovation system was studied by V. Kryukov (2013), V. Marshak (2013), A. Kontorovich (2013) .

National investment systems (NISs) are understood as "a set of institutions belonging to the private and public sectors, which individually and in interaction with each other determine the development and dissemination of innovations within a particular state."

Today, the Russian oil and gas industry, despite the sanctions pressure, is at the stage of active modernization and increasing the knowledge intensity of products. What are the main trends and character traits modern stage its innovative development?
1. The business sector of the oil and gas industry of the NIS of Russia is characterized by a positive trend in the indicators of innovative activity, but relative to foreign competitors, there is a limited demand for R&D, which slows down the overall modernization of the entire oil and gas industry of the country. For the period 2008 - 2013. there is an increase in investments in R&D of companies with state participation - OJSC NK Rosneft and PJSC Gazprom. The most rapid growth is illustrated by OAO NK Rosneft, which is currently the leader in terms of investment in R&D in the Russian oil and gas sector. The volume of research and development funding by companies without state participation substantially lower. Comparison of Russian companies with foreign competitors indicates a significant lag. Only the volume of expenditures on R&D by Rosneft in 2013 reached the level of Halliburton, $0.41 billion and $0.59 billion, respectively (Fig. 1).
Indicators of return on investment in R&D of companies in the Russian and American oil and gas sectors for the period 2007 - 2013. are presented in fig. 2. The largest average value of the indicator for the period under review belongs to ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell and Chevron also demonstrate a fairly high return on investment in R&D for the industry. The decrease in the Rosneft indicator is explained by the active increase in the volume of investment in R&D in 2011-2014, the effect of which manifests itself with some lag.

The state budget is today the largest source of funding for Russian industrial R&D, accounting for a 60% share in the total structure of funding for scientific organizations in the public and business sectors
Russia.

2. Relatively low innovative activity of Russian companies in the oil and gas sector. In many respects, this feature is due to the disinterest of companies in increasing R&D spending, despite the completely opposite global trend - increased investment in research and development by oil and gas companies, as well as a greater interest in obtaining rapid technological development by purchasing technologies from their foreign competitors than in the long-term development of their own innovative potential. Note that Russian oil and gas companies demonstrate significant growth the number of patent applications filed, but against the background of the performance of companies in the US oil and gas sector, the Russian business sector illustrates a serious lag (Fig. 3).
3. Relative limitedness and one-sidedness of relations between the subjects of the NIS of Russia, in particular, in the oil and gas sector. In 2012 share of funds Russian organizations of the business sector in the structure of financing of sectoral scientific organizations amounted to 25.1%, an increase of 2.3% compared to 2011. On average, organizations in the oil and gas sector outsource only 2% of their annual R&D volume to industry research institutes (according to 2010-2013 data), preferring to carry out scientific research to a greater extent in internal corporate scientific structures. A stable vertical connection between the sectors of the state and science should be highlighted. The interaction between them is mainly implemented through budgetary financing of industry-specific research institutes. The state budget today is the largest source of funding for Russian industrial R&D, accounting for a 60% share in the total structure of funding for scientific organizations in the state and business sectors of Russia. Forms of vertical communication between the scientific and business sectors and in the oil and gas industry are R&D, as well as the training and education of employees of oil and gas companies. In general, for the period under review 2007 - 2013, according to oil and gas companies, there was an increase in the number of corporate scholarships for students and grants for young teachers (Fig. 4).
Horizontal links between Russian oil and gas companies are limited due to the fact that companies are more focused on developing internal corporate innovation infrastructure than on conducting external research projects with competing companies.

The most promising elements of the innovative structure of the Russian oil and gas sector are industry technology platforms(TP) "Deep processing of hydrocarbon resources" and "Technologies for the production and use of hydrocarbons."

4. The prevalence of "technological adapters" over "strategic innovators" among Russian oil and gas companies. Russian companies in the oil and gas sector prefer to acquire new technology and equipment from foreign competitors, and their innovation activities are mainly aimed at adapting innovations created by other organizations. Over the past 10 years, the knowledge intensity of the products of Russian oil and gas companies has grown, on average for the industry, by 0.06%, amounting to 0.12%. However, according to this indicator, they are significantly behind the level of similar European (0.40%) and American corporations (0.60%) .

5. Increasing R&D outsourcing. Companies in the oil and gas sector of Russia are gradually moving to conducting research on a contract basis by external contractors, mainly partner universities. This trend characterizes the presence of possible prerequisites for the development of open innovations in the Russian oil and gas industry and an increase in cooperation between the scientific and business sectors of the Russian national innovation system.

Russian companies in the oil and gas sector prefer to acquire new technology and equipment from foreign competitors, and their innovation activities are mainly aimed at adapting innovations created by other organizations.

To identify the role of individual entities in the development of the NIS of the country as a whole, the authors conducted an econometric analysis for the period 2001-2012. data-driven World Bank. The results of the evaluation of the regression model are presented in Table.
Based on the results of an econometric analysis of the impact of the level of innovativeness of NIS subjects on the level of development of the innovation system, it can be stated that the most significant indicators for the econometric model of the NIS of Russia are the R&D expenses of the business sector, as well as patent applications of the oil and gas industry, which directly affect the resulting indicator in all proposed models for the NIS of Russia. The results of the analysis confirm the significant role of the oil and gas industry in the innovative development of the national economy.
The innovative development of oil and gas companies as subjects of the NIS of Russia is largely slowed down due to the relative underdevelopment of the system of relationships between the subjects of the NIS, which is largely determined by the state of the country's innovation infrastructure. In order to develop the innovation infrastructure as a whole, it is necessary to form network forms of organization of innovation activities in all sectors of the economy, including the oil and gas complex.
The improvement of the network structures of research activities in the oil and gas industry of Russia can be facilitated by the development at the state level, taking into account foreign practice, a number of price indicators and coefficients (to assess the complexity of orders public corporations for R&D to small innovative enterprises). In the future, this will help create more favorable conditions for small businesses to conclude contracts with oil and gas corporations (with predominant state participation).

The most promising elements of the innovative structure of the Russian oil and gas sector are the industry technology platforms (TP) “Deep processing of hydrocarbon resources” and “Technologies for the production and use of hydrocarbons”. In this regard, in order to solve the problems of functioning of industry TPs, it is necessary, first of all, to change the composition of platform participants by attracting financial and credit organizations and state institutions development into the composition of the TP participants; creation of international partnerships based on the TA by increasing the number of foreign participants in the TA structure; as well as involvement in the process of formation and functioning of the platforms of ministries and departments responsible for the strategic development of the relevant sectors of the economy; building a chain for the development of legislative initiatives from the platforms.

Literature

1. Lundvall B.-E., Ed. (1992). National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: New York, Pinter Publishers.

5. Kryukov V., Marshak V. Oil and gas sector in the economic development of Russia // Region: Economics and sociology. 2013. No. 2. pp. 148 - 156.
6. Kontorovich A.E., Eder L.V., Nemov V.Yu. Oil and gas in the Russian economy // Oil industry. 2013. No. 1. S. 4-8.
7. Science and technology of the Russian Federation [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.strf.ru (date of access: 03.00.2015).
8. Eder L.N., Filimonova I.V. The main problems of innovative development of the oil and gas industry in the field of oil and gas production // Burenie i Neft. 2014. No. 4. pp. 165 - 184.

1. Lundvall B.A., Ed. (1992). National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: New York, Pinter Publishers.
2. Freeman C. (1987). Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan. London, Pinter
3. Nelson R.R. and N. Rosenberg (1993). Technical Innovation and National Systems. National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. R.R. Nelson (ed.), New York, Oxford University Press.
4 Metcalfe J.S. and I. Miles, Eds. (2000). Innovation Systems in the Service Economy: Measurement and Case Study Analysis. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
5. Kryukov V., Marshak V. (2013). Oil and gas sector in the economic development of Russia, Region: Economics and Sociology 2. Рp. 148 - 156.
6. Kontorovich A.E., Eder L.V., Nemov V.Yu. (2013). Oil and gas in the Russian economy // Oil Industry. 2013. No.1. pp. 4 - 8.
7. Science and Technology of the Russian Federation Available at: http://www.strf.ru. .
8. Eder L.N., Filimonova I.V., 2014. The main problems of innovative development of the oil and gas industry in the field of oil and gas production // Drilling and oil. No.4. 2014. Pp. 165 - 184.

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MOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

FINAL QUALIFICATION WORK

(MASTER'S DISSERTATION)

on the topic: "The role of innovative technologies in the oil and gas industry of Russia and foreign countries»

Moscow 2017

Chapter 1. Oil and gas industry in Russia and foreign countries

1.1 Characteristics of the oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation

Oil extraction is the oldest industry. It existed on the Kerch Peninsula, in the North Caucasus and in other regions of Russia. The beginning of the development of the industry is considered to be from the construction mechanized way the first well in 1864. The oil industry in Russia has existed for more than 150 years, and in the history of the development of the oil and gas industry there are several periods that differ in their characteristics.

The oil industry in Russia began to develop from oil production in the area of Baku on the Absheron Peninsula, in the North Caucasus (Grozny, Maykop), as well as in the Emba region. But the bulk of oil production was in the region of Baku on the Absheron Peninsula. Oil production grew due to flowing wells and due to oil extraction by the tartan method. This is a method of extracting oil from a well using a bailer. The bailer was a bucket, originally used in the extraction of oil from wells, but elongated, with a diameter much smaller than in the extraction from wells, so that it passed in the well casing pipe with an inward opening bottom valve. When lowering into the well, the valve opened and the bailer was filled with oil, and when the bailer was raised, the valve was lowered, closing the valve hole, and the oil rose to the surface.

The tartaning method was for a long time one of the main ones in oil production, because. was associated with hard physical labor, the workers were called tarteers. In 1913, 95% of all oil produced in Russia was produced with the help of bailers.

In 1879, Alexander II signed the “Highly Approved Charter of the Nobel Brothers Oil Production Partnership”, according to which “the Sovereign Emperor deigned to allow Ludwig Emmanuilovich Nobel in St. Petersburg, Robert Emmanuilovich Nobel in Baku, Alfred Emmanuilovich Nobel in Paris and the Guards Colonel Petr Alexandrovich Bilderlish to establish a “Partnership on Equity”. The distillery with all movables belonging to it and real estate, as well as boreholes, oil fields, land allotments, oil pipelines, reservoirs on the banks of the Volga, steamships and barges owned by the founders of the Partnership. At the same time, he was granted the right to acquire ownership or lease oil refineries and, in connection with oil production located, as well as to acquire or lease land and arrange oil pipelines, as well as arrange warehouses for storing oil products, have their own steamships, sailing ships, barges and other vehicles, as well as railway wagons for transporting products by rail.

In 1875, Robert Emmanuilovich Nobel acquired several fields in Baku and began drilling wells. At the same time, he buys a kerosene plant in the Black City (one of the districts of Baku) from the Tiflis Society and reconstructs it. Having achieved a higher purification of the products of oil distillation, Robert Nobel was the first in the Baku fields to receive kerosene at his plant, which was not inferior in quality to the American one, the most popular by that time in Russia.

In 1876, the brothers, having gathered in Baku, came to the conclusion that in this moment the main thing should be not to increase oil production, but to prepare the necessary infrastructure. After that, the main investments of the Nobel brothers were made in the construction of warehouses for oil and oil products and the creation of vehicles. Realizing that new scientific and technical solutions are important for a civilized economy, they established creative cooperation with the technical office of the American entrepreneur A.V. Bari, who worked in Russia. A long-term fruitful cooperation with the Association of the outstanding Russian inventor V. G. Shukhov, who has been working since 1878 as the chief engineer of the office of A. V. Bari, has been established. One of the most successful decisions of the Nobel brothers in the arrangement of their oil fields was the construction of the first in Russia 10-kilometer oil pipeline with a capacity of 1280 tons per day from the Balakhapinsk fields to the kerosene plant in the Black City. All calculations and constructions were made by V. G. Shukhov. This innovation was not accepted by everyone. Local drivers involved in transporting oil in wooden barrels from fields to factories and kerosene to sea berths, as well as barrel manufacturers, perceived the innovation as an attempt on their earnings.

The Nobel brothers were the first to propose replacing wooden barges for barrel transportation of oil products along the Volga with metal bulk ones. R. Nobel addressed the government with a proposal to ban the transport of kerosene in wooden barrels, referring to environmental pollution and damage to fish resources.

The congress of Baku oil owners, which met in 1885, accused the leadership of the Partnership of trying to monopolize Russian market and called for the rejection of the project, which "does not stand up to criticism from the technical side and is so destructive for the entire Russian oil business in economic terms."

It was only in 1904 that the Government of Russia decided to take all wooden barges out of service within 10 years.

For the first time in the world, according to the drawings of the Nobel brothers, an oil tanker metal vessel with a carrying capacity of 240 tons was built. The ship was built in Swedish shipyards. The further policy of the Nobel brothers was aimed at improving warehousing. They abandoned the traditional barrel storage in earthen pits, which was accompanied by losses and environmental pollution. By order of the Nobel brothers, the design of the world's first riveted metal tanks was carried out by V. G. Shukhov. Enormous funds were invested in the construction of metal tanks and cisterns, much more than in oil production. Already in 1890, the total capacity of the tanks in the Nobel Brothers Partnership amounted to 1974 thousand m3, and the cost of storing petroleum products decreased to 3 kopecks per pood (16 kg), and with the old storage method it was equal to 10-30 kopecks. In 1882, the designers of the Partnership created a spray nozzle, which made it possible beneficial use fuel oil, which was considered a hazardous waste from oil refining. An important step was taken in the use of petroleum products for energy needs.

In 1882, on the initiative of R. Nobel and his collaborator Turkvist, the fundamental task of creating and introducing into production a fundamentally new system for continuous distillation of oil in multi-cube batteries was solved, which began to produce not only well-refined kerosene, but also high-quality lubricating oil.

In matters of recycling, the Partnership was ahead of American inventors by a quarter of a century. Thanks to the features of the multi-bottle distillation process, it became possible to select successively any fractions of hydrocarbons. Soon, the Partnership for the first time in Russia established the industrial production of gasoline, which at that time was used in rubber and bone-burning production. The great merit of the Nobel brothers in conducting the first experiments of non-waste production. The production of caustic soda, the regeneration of sulfuric acid for the purification of lubricating oils, etc. were established from the waste of oil refining.

In the early 90s, a plant for the extraction of paraffin from oil was built in Baku. For more than half a century, the Nobel brothers showed the lessons of civilized economic activity. Their contribution, especially to the development of the domestic oil industry, is enormous and deserves special attention.

The first period falls on 1864-1872 and is characterized by a low level of oil production and the use of primitive technology, due to the fact that this is the beginning of the development of the oil industry in Russia. From 1872 to 1901, the second period is the time of the greatest flourishing of the oil industry, mass mechanized drilling of oil wells begins, the introduction of new technologies and equipment for production. By the beginning of the 20th century, Russia came out on top in the world in terms of production.

The years 1902-1917 are the third period under the conditions of monopoly capitalism. During this period, there comes a time of stagnation associated with the dominance of the oil monopolies and their desire to maximize profits. The oil industry was losing its positions in the world market, and the outbreak of the First World War led to a deterioration and decrease in oil production. The fourth period from 1917 to 1920 - the volume of production fell catastrophically, the oil industry fell into complete decline. 1920-1927 - the fifth period. This period is characterized by a recovery process, a complete technical re-equipment and improvement of all quantitative and qualitative indicators of the industry were carried out. The export of petroleum products to Egypt, Germany, Bulgaria, etc. begins.

The sixth period is the years of the pre-war five-year plans, it was decided to create another oil base in the Ural-Volga region. New deposits were discovered and put into operation in Bashkiria, Kuibyshev, Perm and Orenburg regions. There is an increase in oil production in 1940. The volume of oil production amounted to 31.1 million tons in 1941-1945. - the seventh period, the years of the Second World War. The tasks and conditions of the oil refining industry are changing radically. During this period, the gas industry is being created. In 1942-1943. in the Saratov region, a gas field with commercial reserves (Elshchanskoye) was discovered, and in 1943 the first Pokhvistnevo-Kuibyshev gas pipeline with a length of 160 km was built and put into operation. At the same time, the construction of the first major gas pipeline Saratov-Moscow in our country began, which was fully commissioned in 1946.

The eighth period up to 1990 is characterized by rapid recovery and accelerated development. There is a discovery of many deposits (Ural-Volga region, Central Asia, under the bottom of the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan, in the Krasnodar Territory). In 1955, for the first time in world practice, a new development technology was implemented - in-loop waterflooding. There is a rapid development of the gas industry. An intensive growth of gas production in Eastern Siberia begins. From 1990 to the present, the ninth period is underway. During this time, the Russian oil industry has undergone a huge restructuring, which consists in the fact that on the basis of a single multifunctional production complex, which belonged to the state, there was the formation of vertically integrated oil companies (VIOCs), most of which became the private property of individuals.

The Russian oil and gas complex is a key element of Russian industry and economy. (the total taxation of the oil and gas industry forms up to 50% of the budget revenues of the Russian Federation). The dependence of the economy on the oil and gas industry has increased significantly since the global financial crisis 2008-2009, when the government was forced to provide significant fiscal support to the country's economy, which expanded the budget's oil deficit.

The oil and gas industry is a strategic industry that determines geopolitical opportunities and has a complex impact on the development of the country. According to the estimates of the Ministry of Energy, the contribution of the oil and gas industry to the GDP of the Russian Federation is 1/3.

The role of Russia in the world production and export of energy resources is very significant, this is proved by the fact that Russia ranks 2nd in world oil exports and 1st in terms of gas exports. The dominant position of the oil and gas industry in the economy is due to the fact that Russia has the largest oil and gas reserves, and the rise in energy costs in the 2000s made a huge contribution to increasing the profitability of the industry.

In 2014, the growth rate of investments in fixed capital of oil and natural gas production enterprises increased by 12% in comparable prices, the volume of investments amounted to 1.9 trillion. rub. The growth rate of investments in the production of petroleum products decreased from 31.8% in 2013 to 2.5% in 2014 due to sectoral sanctions and tax maneuver. In 2015, the total volume of investments in the fixed capital of fuel and energy enterprises remained at the level of 2014 and amounted to about 3 trillion rubles. rub., while about 1 trillion. rub. - in the oil production segment. Maintaining the volume of funding is associated with the devaluation of the ruble. The decline in production in the manufacturing sectors, observed since the beginning of 2015, has led to a change in the structure of industry: the share of the oil and gas sector in the gross output is growing and the share of the manufacturing sectors is decreasing, especially machine building, which is most sensitive to fluctuations in the investment climate. Due to the rise in the cost of imported equipment in the sector capital construction(services for investment purposes) in January-August 2015, the increase in prices amounted to 7.4%, and compared to the same period in 2014 - 10.9%.

In 2015, the conjuncture of both the Russian and global oil and gas markets is holding back investment activity and construction in the Russian oil and gas industry. The main limiters in the world market are the excess supply, low prices on raw materials, stagnation in the EU economy and the policy of diversifying the structure of energy imports implemented by a number of EU countries, delaying the implementation of contracts for the export of gas from the UGSS to China, as well as continued uncertainty with the implementation of export corridor projects bypassing Ukraine. The decline in energy prices creates large-scale challenges for companies and states, which are complicated for Russia by the impact of sectoral sanctions, the suspension of joint Russian production projects with foreign partners (primarily on the shelf) and the need to quickly ensure import substitution of equipment and technologies that are prohibited from supply to Russia or which are subject to restrictions that significantly complicate their purchase.

A difficult period has come in Russia. The reasons for the current unfavorable situation are both internal and external. Because of the Ukrainian crisis, Russia has reached a strategic impasse. Due to the sharp decline in oil prices and the harsh sanctions of Western countries, the Russian economy has entered a period of depression. The internal cause still remains the inefficiency of the national economy and the ongoing structural crisis.

Against the backdrop of worsening problems, Russia nevertheless seeks to secure the role of one of the global leaders, which determines the world political agenda, declares its desire to ensure a high level of well-being of the population. These ambitious plans are designed to long term, but the possibility of their achievement is laid now. The current geopolitical situation and the developing economic crisis in the search for ways to solve the set tasks do not leave Russia a choice of a possible way to achieve the set goals - this is the transition of the Russian economy to an innovative socially oriented development model. But this requires a technological breakthrough, the accumulation of positive domestic and foreign experience formation of national innovation systems.

The most important issue is the targeted choice of development priorities, and one of them in Russia is the country's oil and gas complex. At a meeting of the Presidium of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the Modernization of the Economy and Innovative Development of Russia on April 17, 2015, it was emphasized that the mineral resource complex will remain one of the most important sources of the country's development for a long time to come. Most importantly, it can and should create demand for high technologies and modern equipment, which, in turn, allows for a more rational use of all our natural resources and, of course, minimizing the harmful impact on the environment. The development of the oil and gas industry, which is a key one for the Russian economy, and its modernization will make it possible in the future to get away from the huge dependence on hydrocarbon exports and make the structure of the economy balanced and sustainable.

However, the crisis of 2014 and the global decline in production made changes in the price of oil, while lowering the value below $50 per barrel, and this, in turn, had a negative impact on the economic condition of Russia and led to the need for a number of measures to compensate for lost profits .

Analyzing previous crises, the market oil industry it can be seen that the fall in prices in 2014-2015 is smooth, the depth of the fall is comparable to previous crises. A ten-year period of high oil prices, which periodically declined as a result of the global economic crisis 2008-2009, led to today's situation. Since the world economy responded to high prices with an increase in the efficiency of consumption and an increase in oil exploration. The use of non-traditional and renewable energy sources is growing. This leads to a reduction in oil consumption in developed countries ah, but the rest of the countries are growing. And considering more high rates growth of the economy of this group of countries, the volume of oil production increases.

The shale revolution in the United States played an important role in changing the situation on the market. The sanctions imposed by the EU and the US against Russia reduce the positive dynamics of attracting investment in the Russian oil and gas industry. As a result of sanctions and lower oil prices, the development of a number of projects has been suspended and the largest Russian oil and gas companies are suffering significant losses.

The increase in investment in refining occurred very rapidly in the period 2003-2014 and was a key feature of this period. Their volume increased 11 times from 24.4 billion rubles in 2003 to 290 billion rubles in 2014. The growth in investments was explained by the increased attractiveness of the oil industry, as a number of comprehensive measures were taken by the government, which were aimed at optimizing tax regulation. The growth rate of attracting investments in gas production and infrastructure development has overtaken oil refining. This is due to the positive outlook for global gas consumption. According to a report by Lukoil, gas consumption in the world is expected to grow by 2.2% annually until 2025. This growth rate is the highest compared to other fossil fuels. A factor in the growing popularity of gas as a fuel has been its low cost relative to other fossil fuels and its environmental friendliness. However, if the sanctions against the Russian Federation remain in place for a long time, domestic companies will not be able to attract the investments necessary to maintain production.

This is due to the fact that Russian companies have a very low cost of oil production in the world. Accordingly, the depreciation of the ruble has made this sector even more competitive in terms of production costs. Sanctions have closed the foreign borrowing market and companies are counting on government assistance. But both Russian and world practice proves that neither state-owned companies nor the states themselves are able to independently finance large-scale projects, and especially during a crisis.

The largest oil and gas companies in Russia are still facing problems of suboptimal organizational structure and asset structures of the company, which are partly a consequence of the industry restructuring of the 90s and in many cases have remained without proper attention. At the same time, companies from the CIS countries and Russia, in particular, are in a privileged position in relation to the world leaders due to the lower percentage of tax deductions from profits, which makes it possible to artificially inflate some of the indicators.

The main problem is outdated technology and depreciation of existing equipment. The average depreciation in the gas industry and oil production is about 60%, and in terms of the depth of oil refining, Russia is in one of the last places. Businesses need capital reconstruction, since the degree of depreciation of fixed assets is over 80%. Enterprises do not have secondary processes, respectively, there is a lot of waste and a low yield of light products.

Today, the term of the technical and technological capabilities of the oil and gas complex is coming to an end and there is a massive decommissioning of capacities. According to statistics, more than 60 major accidents occur every year and many cases that entail adverse consequences, namely oil spills with its ingress into water bodies, the death of oil refinery workers, huge material costs. Most accidents are hidden and, accordingly, the data cannot be complete and reliable. Accidents are caused by violation of the regulations and instructions for carrying out repair work and, of course, physically obsolete equipment of oil and gas complex facilities. This leads to a serious aggravation of the ecological situation.

Another problem is the lag in all the main indicators of innovation activity from the developed oil-producing states. The Russian oil and gas industry faces a number of challenges. Therefore, it is necessary in the near future to address the issue of applying new technologies, introducing the results of scientific research and scientific and technical developments at all stages of production from geological exploration to the release of finished petroleum products. In the field of innovation, there are a number of problems: the equipment used is outdated and not updated; low R&D funding; insufficient financing of oil refining and petrochemistry; low productivity of the oil and gas sector.

The main drivers of productivity growth are:

Use of new technologies;

Organizational efficiency;

Increasing the scale of production.

Recently, the situation is beginning to change for the better, the largest Russian companies are increasing their investment in science. This is due to fierce competition with world oil and gas leaders. Scientific support is needed as a basis for the sustainable growth of the company in the long term.

There is no innovation process management system either in individual companies or in the industry as a whole. There are no criteria for which company can be called innovative, mechanisms to stimulate the introduction of new technologies have not been developed, there are no developed standards and regulations.

The Ministry of Industry and Trade states that the oil companies are most dependent on imports of pumping and compressor equipment, equipment for geological exploration and seismic exploration, software and hardware systems and automation systems, equipment and technologies for offshore drilling. Import substitution is remembered with the advent of the crisis, today Western sanctions have also been added to the collapse of the ruble.

The problems of implementing large-scale projects have become aggravated due to sanctions, and difficult-to-develop fields require high costs and the use of complex technologies, and in our country only 14% of the equipment corresponds to the world level.

Rosneft curtailed operations in the Arctic: drilling of the Universitetskaya-1 well was successfully completed at the end of September 2014, and following the results of the work, a new oil deposit. During test drilling, Rosneft worked closely with well-known foreign oil and gas companies such as ExxonMobil, Schlumberger, Weatherford, Halliburton, Nord Atlantic Drilling, FMC, Trendsetter, Baker, Team work which fell under the ban of sanctions. Thus, in the short term, the capital development of the new field has been suspended.

Fields on the shelf of the Arctic is the most vulnerable segment in oil production, the impact on which from all restrictions is critical and very important. This is due not only to high costs and the need to attract foreign funding, but, above all, to the lack of domestic equipment and technologies used to develop resources in the Arctic.

Gazpromneft lost supplies of foreign equipment and the fate of the complex Prirazlomnaya OIRFP project is unknown. Partners who provided foreign modern equipment and technological services left the project, and it takes time to find new ones.

The imposition of sanctions has become a barrier to the production of shale oil in the Russian Federation, in particular, the hard-to-recover oil of the Bazhenov formation due to the fact that the cost of development is high, and the hydraulic fracturing technology developed in the United States has no analogues.

Promising and existing projects in the southern seas are in the same situation as the Arctic offshore projects - this is a high dependence of Russian companies on technology and equipment.

Currently, low oil prices are of secondary importance in the implementation of projects for the development of unconventional oil resources in Russia. In the short term, access to foreign technology and investment is more important. If we consider long term and the possible lifting of sanctions, oil prices could play a role in selecting the most effective projects, and their implementation may require an increase in business efficiency and the development of proprietary technologies.

1.2 Features of the development of the oil and gas industry of foreign countries

The study of foreign experience in the management and development of the oil and gas industry, the study of the main problems of the industry in countries that are competitors of Russia in the global oil and gas market, as well as the development trends of the global oil and gas complex as a whole is a necessary condition for the formation of scientific ideas about the main directions for improving the efficiency of the modern Russian oil and gas industry as an integral part of the world. The Russian practice of managing the oil and gas industry differs markedly from those used in foreign countries. So, for example, in countries with a liberal approach, private companies can develop deposits on their own, direct state participation in production is absent or insignificant.

From the point of view of regulation of the oil and gas market, the experience of the USA and Canada is interesting. World economy the characteristic features of the American energy market include: a severe restriction on the use of foreign capital in the production of hydrocarbons; patent system for the right to conduct exploration and production of hydrocarbons; efficient legal support; a strict antimonopoly policy that provides for equal access of companies to the market, excluding the monopoly position of any of them even in the territory of a separate state; tendency to increase the centralized regulatory impact on oil and gas complex. There are thousands of private mining companies operating in the US market. At the same time, there is no mineral extraction tax (MET), which makes it easier to achieve profitability. Oil production is debureaucratized. Unlike Russia, where management is carried out through a heavyweight system budget planning with minimal ability to quickly adjust, in the US, local oil producers have the ability to quickly and flexibly respond to market changes. The presence of a significant number of small refineries (refineries) completely removes the problem of selling the produced oil. So, in Russia there are only 50, and in the USA - more than 8 thousand small and medium-sized enterprises in the oil sector. Canada carries out effective and diverse regulation of the sphere of subsoil use, which is carried out on the basis of the principles of ensuring effective use subsoil, preventing unjustified depletion of reserves, ensuring the efficiency of exports in terms of national interests.

Canada has a flexible system of subsoil use taxation: tax rates are regulated, tax holidays", the system of discounts is applied. Royalties depend on oil prices, well flow rates, oil quality, type of deposits, production and transportation costs, and discovery time. Such a mechanism encourages the search and exploration of new fields and areas, systematically increases the efficiency of oil production. The tax burden on oil production in the country is relatively high. Income tax is 40.8-45.8%, including federal - 28%, deductions to the provincial budget - 12.6-17.8%. The total share of the state in the income from oil production, according to expert estimates, is 45-52%. In addition, one of the main areas of regulation is to stimulate the attraction of domestic and foreign investment. The Law on Foreign Investment contains such conditions for their attraction, which ensure the observance of Canada's interests in the field of efficient use of resources, environmental protection, commercial interests, support for geological exploration (including direct subsidies), export control (including control over the return of export earnings), protectionism in resource-rich but underdeveloped areas, as well as respect for the interests of the indigenous population.

It is extremely indicative from the point of view of Russian reality that such measures are also applied as a ban on companies and firms with the participation of the state to use offshore schemes; a ban on the participation of managers of companies with state participation in the creation of their own firms that can be used to withdraw company assets, including offshore; control over company earnings.

In large oil-producing countries income from oil exports is organically digested and assimilated by national economies and redistributed among the large population. In the Arab monarchies the situation is different. Huge oil revenues were dissolved in a small population.

In terms of oil and gas reserves, the Near and Middle East occupies the first place. The countries of this region have been among the top ten world oil and gas producers over the past decades. Huge reserves of oil and gas, as well as a high level of their production with a small number of indigenous people, are the main factors for countries of this type. The oil and gas industry is completely nationalized and controlled by the state through state-owned oil companies.

The largest oil-exporting countries in the Middle East have been very successful in investing in the Western economy through targeted investments in the structures of transnational corporations and large international financial organizations (including the IBRD and the IMF). Saudi Arabia's foreign investment is already in the hundreds of billions of dollars, with most going to the United States. Kuwait is a co-owner of dozens of British, Canadian, American, Western European and Japanese companies (British Petroleum, General Motors, IBM, Kodak, Total, Sony, etc.).

In addition to three refineries on its territory, Kuwait owns three European plants - in Denmark, the Netherlands and Italy. Kuwait owns thousands of filling stations in Denmark, Sweden, Great Britain, Italy and Norway, ten filling stations at major Western European airports. With a fleet of 25 own tankers, Kuwait, in fact, today has its own distribution network (the entire cycle from production to sale to the end user) for a significant part of the oil produced. Profit from foreign investment is becoming an increasingly significant source of foreign exchange earnings. Thus, one of the strategic directions of the oil policy of the countries of the Middle East is the creation of an infrastructure for oil refining and marketing of petroleum products abroad by acquiring the assets of foreign oil companies, which allows effective control over the full cycle of production, processing, and marketing. Of practical interest is also the experience of Norway, in which the oil and gas industry occupies the largest share in the structure of GDP, while being fully controlled by the state. This industry is the country's largest source of income, as well as the most important driver of technological and innovative development. In 2012, the oil and gas sector accounted for 23% of GDP, 30% of state budget revenues, 52% of export earnings and 29% of all investment. Norway ranks seventh among the world's largest oil exporters and third among gas exporters (according to 2013 data).

Revenues from the Norwegian oil and gas industry go to the State Pension Fund and then invested in foreign securities. The fund, being both a savings and stabilization fund, provides long-term stability budget system countries. The Norwegian government forms the policy of the oil and gas sector, carries out long-term planning in the industry, selects territories for which licenses can be issued, evaluates reserves, explores unexplored areas, etc. The state controls the implementation of projects at all stages, requiring from companies a drilling program, a discovery report, a production plan, a transportation plan, a plan for processing the extracted raw materials and ensuring their compliance. The Norwegian Ministry of Energy and Petroleum is responsible for formulating energy policy in Norway. It also plays a key role in issuing licenses.

Operational control over compliance with the conditions of licenses is carried out by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, which is subordinate to the Ministry. Strong point the oil and gas complex of Norway is the chosen management model, the main element of which is state regulation. The state initially developed an effective program for the development of the oil and gas complex, set the right tasks: national control and participation in oil projects, rational resource management, a high level of technological competence, and long-term potential. Among the methods for achieving the set goals, the active involvement of foreign industry leaders and the rapid borrowing of financial and intellectual resources for investing in oil production were chosen. Letting go foreign companies to its reserves, Norway obliged them to transfer their technological experience and train local personnel. Also, multinational oil companies were required to contribute to the financing of project engineering programs, which allowed the country to solve many research problems. The high development of the economy, in particular social sphere, (to paraphrase, since the economy and the private sphere are not the same thing) Norway testifies to the effectiveness of the ongoing policy in the field of subsoil use, management of the oil and gas sector and its legal regulation. - why is the text fragment highlighted in grey? P

Table 1. Features of the development of the oil and gas market in foreign countries

	Peculiarities
	Strict restriction on the use of foreign capital; Patent system for the right to conduct exploration and production; Effective legal support; Tough antitrust policy; Tendency to strengthen the centralized regulatory impact on oil and gas complex; No mineral extraction tax (MET)
	Diverse regulation of the sphere of subsoil use; Flexible system of subsoil use taxation; Stimulation of attraction of domestic and foreign investments.
Near and Middle East	The oil and gas industry is completely nationalized; Investing in the Western economy through targeted investment in the structures of transnational corporations and large international financial organizations; Creation of infrastructure for oil refining and marketing of petroleum products abroad
Norway	An effective management model, the main element of which is state regulation; National control and participation in oil projects; Rationality of resource management; High level of technological competence; Active involvement of foreign industry leaders and rapid borrowing of financial and intellectual resources to invest in oil production

Thus, a number of the above approaches are of relevance for further improvement of the mechanisms for the development of the oil and gas market. These include regulation of the industry by the state, a tough stance in defending national interests, the use of oil and gas revenues to invest in the national economy, focus on innovative technologies, etc. The study and rational application of foreign experience will improve the efficiency of the Russian oil and gas complex.

Chapter 2. Basic concepts and content of innovation in the oil and gas industry

2.1. Innovative activity in oil and gas complex abroad

For more than 150 years of history, the oil and gas industry has been driven forward by access to resources through innovation and new technologies. Technological development has changed the ways and methods of resource exploration, opened up access to the development of offshore fields, shale deposits, increased the efficiency and safety of the implementation of oil and gas projects. New projects in the deep sea are proving how new technologies are changing the production map and providing access to resources that could not even have been imagined a few decades ago.

In economically developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan and EU countries), the fuel and energy complex is a sector of the national economy, the share of state participation in the management of which is significant. The most important means implementation of energy policy is the state scientific and technical policy in the field of energy.

Foreign oil and gas companies pay great attention to scientific and technological development. Companies have their own large research centers and laboratories, design and engineering organizations. In addition to their own programs, companies finance joint research with other companies involving laboratories of higher educational institutions and government institutions.

In the field of exploration and development of oil and gas fields, research departments of companies carry out work on modeling fields and characteristics of productive formations used to plan oil production volumes with approbation in the fields. The main efforts are aimed at improving drilling technologies, which will significantly reduce the cost of well construction while reducing the harmful impact on the environment, as well as improving secondary methods for extracting hydrocarbons.

In the field of oil and gas processing, research is aimed at improving the quality of the main types of petroleum products. In the production area, efforts are directed towards the development of more economical catalysts and process improvements, as well as the development of new processes that improve product quality. In order to select promising territories for prospecting and exploration, new analytical and predictive methods for assessing prospects are being developed. Looking for alternative sources energy, research is underway aimed at mastering the technology for the production of liquid synthetic fuel.

The result of these scientific developments will be a gas conversion technology that will solve global energy needs by creating commercial markets located in remote locations and inaccessible to conventional transportation. Accordingly, this will lead to the abandonment of the construction of expensive main gas pipelines and powerful compressor stations, which will lead to a reduction in costs.

Among the priority developments foreign companies-- these are studies that will help reduce the harmful effects of production on the environment and improve labor safety. Priority for oil companies are developments that have potential economic efficiency.

As the experience of foreign countries shows, the oil and gas industry is one of the most high-tech industries in the world. In recent years, commitment to innovation has been a general trend in the development of the global oil and gas industry. The experience of the USA, Canada, Australia and Norway shows that the oil and gas sector of the economy is a powerful "generator" of demand for science-intensive and high-tech products.

There are circumstances under the influence of which the importance of developing new methods for introducing new technologies into the sector of activities related to the extraction and use of oil and gas resources is increasing in the world.

Firstly, in a number of countries of the world (USA, Canada, Norway, Great Britain, etc.) oil and gas reserves are being depleted, it has become necessary to develop deposits on the shelves of the seas and deep-sea deposits.

Secondly, the emergence and development of alternative energy sources is increasing. Their range is expanding, but their widespread use is constrained by high costs, and this leads to low competitiveness compared to natural energy sources. However, these costs are constantly decreasing and therefore natural sources can only be competitive if the cost of their operation is low. AT modern conditions cost reduction is the improvement of the technology of extraction, transportation and processing.

Thirdly, the instability of the world energy market.

Fourthly, there is a tightening of the institutional framework for the development of the oil and gas sector, this is due to the growing value of property rights to resources. Since the owner of the resources is interested in obtaining rental income.

These factors do not equally affect the development of the oil and gas sector in different countries, their action is widespread and leads to increased competition between manufacturers. In modern conditions, those manufacturers who constantly reduce costs receive competitive advantages. Sustained cost reduction is ensured through continuous technology upgrades throughout the oil and gas supply chain.

An important tool for developed countries is to stimulate innovation through the tax system. There are three groups of tax instruments that stimulate innovation:

exemption from taxes of public and private organizations (VAT, on property, on land);

tax incentives that encourage companies to increase spending on research and development;

tax incentives for start-up companies in the early stages of their activities.

Tax incentives from the first group do not provide serious incentives for additional investment in R&D. Since if organizations are forced to pay all provided by law taxes, the state must compensate for these costs by increasing the amount of funding.

World oil business came close to the stage when the role of oil companies began to be reduced to obtaining a license for the right to develop or develop fields, providing financing and organizing all processes. The entire production part of the exploration, development and development of deposits is performed by third-party service companies. This transformation is driven by increasing technological complexity a large number heterogeneous operations in the exploration and exploitation of deposits.

Traditionally, the overall leadership in the innovative development of the industry belongs to large vertically integrated companies, the technological competence of service companies has increased significantly. The largest service companies, such as Halliburton, Shlumberger and Baker Huges, now have powerful state-supported state-of-the-art research centers, which allows them to carve out a niche in the innovative market.

The history of the formation of innovative economies shows different examples the time frame required to launch, accelerate and sustain the introduction of new technologies. There are countries that systematically moved towards innovative development and those that made an innovative breakthrough under the influence of state policy.

In the UK, until the beginning of the 21st century, there was no targeted policy to stimulate and introduce new technologies. In 2003, the government's technology development strategy was published by the Ministry of Trade and Industry, and the Technology Strategy Council was established in 2004, which invests in the creation of new technologies, supports their development and commercialization in the commodity sector and exchange for new efficient technologies. State funding for research is implemented under the dual support system. It is produced through lump-sum grants and in parallel, the Department of Innovation finances the Research Councils, and they, in turn, finance research in the country. There are currently eight centers for innovation and technology in the UK.

In France, the Law on Innovation and Scientific Research was adopted in 1999, which was supposed to reorganize and modernize the innovation system. The implementation of this law in 2002 led to the adoption of a special innovation plan, the purpose of which was to create legal framework. Which, in turn, stimulated the development and implementation of new technologies in the mining and processing industries. More than 50% of government spending on R&D is provided by mining companies and processing companies of subsoil users.

The Spanish oil company Repsol has developed with state support State strategy by transfer high technology. The leadership is provided by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain. To implement this strategy, 6720 million euros annually have been allocated from the country's budget since 2010 to the present.

In the Netherlands in 2003, the Ministry of Economic Relations implemented the program “The path to innovation, the introduction of new technologies in the extractive processing industry. This program was supposed to lead to an improvement in the innovation climate. Stimulation of companies occurred due to customs preferences, exemption and reduction of taxes.

Ireland embarked on an innovative path of development in 2007 with an allocation of €8.2 billion towards the implementation of the Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy. It is the state that plays the main role in the process of introducing new technologies into the processing sector. The main direction to stimulate the development of science-intensive industries is the allocation of grants for R & D, the reduction of tax rates.

In Denmark, the GTS institutes (Godkendt Teknologisk Service - an approved technology service provider to the extractive sector) are an important part of the innovation system, acting as a bridge between public and private actors. GTS are private independent consulting companies that develop and sell applied knowledge and technology services. GTS was created by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.

In Germany, the first venture capital funds appeared in the 1970s and were aimed at developing innovative companies in the mining and processing sectors. There is an implementation of programs of public-private partnership in research activities. And if in the 70s the share budget finance accounted for 70% of R&D spending, today it is 30%. The legislative framework The innovation system is formed in such a way that legal acts are conditionally divided into three groups:

relate to educational institutions;

to research organizations;

to the mining sector.

In Finland, since the 2000s, the state fund Sitra has become the main investor in innovations for the oil and gas sector. Great influence is paid to the development of technoparks.

In Norway, the state co-finances R&D of commodity companies. The main goal is to create a world-class scientific environment and the accumulation of knowledge in the field of oil production. R&D development is encouraged by the system tax deductions when spending on R&D. While high taxes on oil production encourage oil and gas companies to develop new technologies that will reduce production costs and increase the degree of oil recovery from reservoirs. The main direction of the innovation policy is to involve enterprises in the extractive and processing sectors in research.

Japan, not having its own raw material base, went along the vector of high technology development. In 1999, a law was passed on the export of technology in exchange for raw materials for Japan. In Sweden, only in 2005-2008, five priority areas for R&D funding were identified: biotechnology, sustainable development, energy conservation, environment and medicine. High Technology Centers represent a combination of research and commercial forces in the interest of effective commercialization of new technologies.

The US innovation policy originates in the 1990s, it is most clearly expressed in the priorities that were identified by B. Clinton in his report to the Congress "Science and Technology in the Extractive Sector: Shaping the 21st Century". A feature of the development of the American innovation sphere is the emergence of independent from federal government agencies institutes of the innovation sphere: technoparks and venture funds.

The oil and gas industry is a sector where process innovations have a huge impact not only on the final results of individual companies, but also on the state of the national economy as a whole. It is clear that over the past decade the oil and gas industry has shown a number of amazing achievements around the world. For most of the largest oil and gas companies, innovation is an essential part of the company's corporate culture and mission, and companies benefit greatly from their innovation activities.

The most pressing innovation challenges for oil and gas companies are developing the right technology strategy and operating model, choosing the right business partners, and using the right set of performance metrics to measure a company's progress on the path of innovation.

Leadership in innovation is an important factor economic growth companies. Oil and gas companies are consistently and purposefully working to take their production capabilities to the next level. Technological innovations make it possible to extract such types of fuel from the bowels, the extraction of which was impossible even 10-20 years ago. It is envisaged to use a "well pad" for drilling multiple wells in one area, this contributes to increased productivity, while there is no need to expand the geographical presence of companies in the sector in remote regions. According to some estimates, in just the past six years, the productivity of the average oil and gas well in North America has quadrupled. This is consistent with the results of studies in many fields conducted over several decades. It is obvious that oil and gas companies are already building their work correctly in many areas.

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