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Demographic aging of the population - an increase in the proportion of older people in the total population.

Population aging in modern world is a mass phenomenon. An increasing number of people are entering a period of old age (75 years or more). Every day, about 200 thousand people on the planet overcome the 60-year milestone. Thus, the problem of aging and old age is becoming one of the most important problems of our century. A society affected by the aging process is subject to changes not only demographic, but also economic, social, and psychological.

The decline in Russia's population, which has been observed for more than a decade, is a fair concern for both federal and regional governing bodies. The birth rate is very low, the death rate is high, and the positive balance of migration does not compensate for the negative natural increase. Developed concepts and programs aimed at improving demographic situation in the country and regions, are focused on the noted demographic processes (birth, death, migration) and do not take into account the structural factor. At the same time, the development of effective social policy is impossible without taking into account the transformation of the age structure, i.e. population aging.

The demographic aging of the population over the past decades has become a global phenomenon, characteristic not only for developed countries but for almost the entire world. This process is extremely multifaceted; it covers both medical and hygienic and socio-political aspects of society. A detailed analysis of the dynamics of the demographic situation is necessary for making decisions on issues affecting the interests of society as a whole: healthcare, education, training and retraining of personnel, insurance, social security, pension system and others.

Demographic aging is the result of long-term changes in the nature of population reproduction. Aging comes as if from two sides - “from below”, due to the constant reduction in the number of children due to a decrease in the birth rate, and “from above”, caused by an increase in the number of elderly and old people, which is facilitated by a decrease in the death rate of these people. A separate problem is migration, which changes the age structure. Usually young people leave, old people stay. As a result, in places of arrival, the population is “getting younger”, and in places of departure, it is “aging”.

An increase in life expectancy can contribute to population aging only if it occurs in the older age groups of the population, i.e., in ages over 60 years. However, in most countries, and in ours as well, the increase in average life expectancy throughout its evolution occurred mainly only due to a decrease in mortality in younger and middle age groups, while in older ages, mortality decreased little, more slowly, or did not decrease at all. for the entire 20th century. Just in our country, the average life expectancy of the population aged 60 years and older during the XX century. decreased, not increased. And thus, its dynamics slowed down the demographic aging of the population rather than accelerated it.

The factor of low life expectancy of men in comparison with women retains its sharpness. Women live longer than men: in cities by 13.3 years, in rural areas by 13.8 years. The aging of the population has led to a pronounced gender asymmetry. A society with a rapidly aging population is also characterized by a rapidly increasing predominance of women in the sex composition of the population, i.e. rapid feminization. In modern old age, a distinctly expressed "female face" is formed, and with an increase in this severity as age indicators increase.

Attention is drawn to the difference in the values of the demographic aging indicator between the urban and rural populations. The rural population is much older than the urban population, despite the fact that the birth rate rural population higher than urban. And, consequently, it would seem that there should be more young people in the countryside than in the cities. However, in reality the opposite is true. This is the result of the migration of young people from the countryside to the city.

The growing aging of the population poses serious socio-economic, socio-psychological, medico-social and ethical problems for society. Among them are the problems of the labor force, the increase in the economic burden on society, the need to take into account changes in the level and nature of consumption, the health problems of the elderly, the need to allocate additional funds for medical and social assistance to the elderly, and much more. True, it should be borne in mind that the material and other benefits that the able-bodied generation has at its disposal and which increases with their work are, to a certain extent, the result of the work of their predecessors, the current pensioners.

Population aging increases the demographic burden on the working population, on the health care system social services the elderly, etc. Fertility fluctuations through certain time are manifested in the corresponding fluctuations in competitions between applicants upon admission to educational establishments, the level and structure of employment in the labor market, the level of crime, etc. It is known that the general trend in the reproduction of the population of developed countries is its aging. Population aging affects the economy in the following main ways:

Employment and the qualitative structure of the labor force, including the employment of pensioners;

Pension provision and the standard of living of older people as a significant (in terms of aging) part of the entire population;

Health, organization of health care and social services.

Population aging leads to an aging workforce, i.e. to an increase in the proportion of ages over 45. Older people can remain active until the age of 80, after this age it practically stops. Labor activity is high for men and women in the first five years after retirement. So, in the late 90s. In our country, more than a third of female pensioners aged 50-54 and 44% of men aged 60-64 were employed in permanent work. At the age of 65-69 years for men and women, it is sharply reduced to 14%.

Social problems of youth. Youth as an age social group does not occupy a special place in the system of industrial relations. She belongs to various classes and social groups. However, this does not deprive her of social features.

The isolation of young people as a specific social group occurs according to other essential features and grounds than class differences. Here the basis is the presence of common age, socio-psychological and physiological characteristics, specific interests and needs.

Youth as an object of sociological research is a large social group in the age range from 16 to 30 years, which has an internal social class differentiation. The subject of the sociology of youth is the study of the place and role of youth in the social structure of society, the forms of manifestation and mechanisms of action of the laws and patterns of social development in the youth environment.

To clarify the place and role of youth in society, it is necessary to take into account the following points. First, the image of youth depends on the specific social conditions in which it is formed and brought up. Secondly, young people, as an integral part of society, experience its constant ideological and socio-psychological influence, which contributes to the development in young people of traits due to the relations of production that prevail in society. Thirdly, young people, due to the characteristics of their age, have a specific psychophysiological warehouse. This specificity is expressed in increased emotionality, acute susceptibility, impressionability, mobility, and a heightened sense of the new.

Youth problems that have become the subject of sociological analysis are divided into two large groups.

The first includes specific youth social problems: defining the essence of youth as a social group, its place and role in the social class structure; establishing criteria for its age limits; study of the needs, needs, interests and activities of the younger generation; study of the specifics of the process of socialization of boys and girls, their social and professional orientation and adaptation in the team, ideological and moral preparation for work, analysis of the social aspects of the activities of the Komsomol as a youth organization.

Another important area of sociological analysis is such problems that are general sociological and at the same time either mainly concern young people (problems of education, family and marriage), or find a specific manifestation in the youth environment (features of the process of communist education of youth, the effectiveness of its various forms, means and methods, the development of youth social activity, youth participation in socialist competition and the movement for a communist attitude to work, features of the formation and functioning of public opinion among young people, etc.).

Gerontosociology. The sociology of aging or, gerontosociology, is closely related to social gerontology - a complex scientific direction in which the social aspects of aging and old age are also studied by economics, demography, psychology, jurisprudence, social hygiene and other disciplines. Research in gerontosociology is carried out in three main directions. The first one studies the social determinants of the biological and psychological aging of the personality at the late, final stages. life cycle, change with aging of a person's social needs, attitudes, value orientations, interests, motivation, structure of activity and behavior, social activity, and the whole way of life. This also includes the study of an adaptable aging person to new living conditions for him and new social situations. In general, this direction focuses on the individual, personal characteristics of aging and old age.

The second direction in gerontosociology considers various social groups and communities of elderly and old people, as well as groups and communities (formal and informal) in which they are included as members. Studying such groups (family, kinship networks, circle of acquaintances and friends, primary cells of political, industrial, public organizations), sociologists seek to determine the place, functions and role of the elderly in these groups, their relationship with the group as a whole and its individual members, as well as the influence exerted by the immediate social environment, the social environment on aging.

Finally, the third group of problems of gerontosociology is the position of the elderly as a special social and age group, which is an important element of the social and demographic structures of society, influencing various social institutions and processes and, in turn, experiencing the diverse influence of society. This direction studies the activities of institutions and organizations involved in social security, medical, household and other types of social services for the elderly. The subject of research is the social policy of the state in relation to the elderly and old people, their participation in political, economic and cultural life, the prevailing social norms, values and expectations associated with the role of the elderly in society. Within the framework of this direction, the social factors of the demographic aging of the population and social consequences this process,

1. Socio-psychological portrait of a person. Personality socialization

Age structure population aging society as a socio-demographic process

Principles of rehabilitation and adaptation in pre-retirement age and to the retirement period of life

1. Socio-psychological portrait of a person. personality socialization

The socio-psychological nature of the personality:

The concept of personality includes such properties that are stable. And they testify to the individuality of a person, determine his actions that are significant for people. Personality is a person taken in the system of mental characteristics that are socially conditioned by manifestation in public relations, are stable, determine the correct actions of a person who have significant knowledge for himself and those around him (R.S. Nemov.)

Academician B.G. Ananiev, substantiated that each person has a bright individuality that unites his natural and personal characteristics. As a result, assessing Ananiev in a socio-psychological personality includes the following components:

Temperament;

Character;

Capabilities;

.Orientation of the personality;

.Intelligence;

.Emotionality;

.Volitional qualities;

.Ability to communicate;

Self-esteem;

.Level of self-control;

.Ability to group influence;

The development of the personality of a person continues throughout his life.

Personality socialization

The socialization of the individual is a process; personality formation in certain social conditions, the process of assimilation by a person of social experience, during which a person transforms social experience into his own values and orientations, selectively introduces into his system of behavior those norms and patterns of behavior that are accepted in society or a group. The norms of behavior, norms of morality, beliefs of a person are determined by those norms that are accepted in a given society.

The term "socialization" corresponds to the concept according to which a person (child) is initially asocial or his sociality is reduced to the need for communication. In this case, sociality is the process of transforming an initially asocial subject into a social personality, owning socially accepted patterns of behavior, who have adopted social norms and roles. It is believed that such a view of the development of sociality is primarily characteristic of psychoanalysis.

Understanding the process of assimilation of social norms, skills, stereotypes, the formation of social attitudes and beliefs, teaching the norms of behavior and communication accepted in society, life style options, joining groups and interacting with their members as socialization makes sense if the individual is initially understood as a non-social being, and its non-sociality must be overcome in the process of education in society, not without resistance. In other cases, the term "socialization" in relation to social development personality is redundant. The concept of "sociality" does not replace and does not replace the concepts of training and education known in pedagogy and pedagogical psychology.

There are the following stages of socialization:

Primary socialization, or stage of adaptation (from birth to adolescence, the child learns social experience uncritically, adapts, adapts, imitates).

The stage of individualization (there is a desire to distinguish oneself from others, a critical attitude to social norms of behavior). In adolescence, the stage of individualization, self-determination "the world and I" is characterized as an intermediate socialization, as it is still unstable in the outlook and character of a teenager.

Adolescence (18-25 years) is characterized as a stable conceptual socialization, when stable personality traits are developed.

The stage of integration (there is a desire to find one's place in society, to "fit" into society). Integration goes well if the properties of a person are accepted by the group, society. If not accepted, the following outcomes are possible:

Preservation of one's dissimilarity and the emergence of aggressive interactions (relationships) with people and society;

Change yourself, "to become like everyone else";

Conformity, external conciliation, adaptation.

The labor stage of socialization covers the entire period of a person's maturity, the entire period of his labor activity, when a person not only assimilates social experience, but also reproduces it through the active influence of a person on the environment through his activity.

After the labor stage of socialization, old age is considered as an age that contributes significant contribution in the reproduction of social experience, in the process of transferring it to new generations.

Table 1. Solutions in terms of socialization.

Problems faced by social workers Solutions 1) Communication with clients 1. cultural communication, 2. receive prompt and reliable information about the quality of the conditions provided; 3. identify and study new needs and requests of customers; 4. convince the client of the correctness of his choice. 5.Increase your consumption and gain a foothold in the market. 2) relationship with customers1. show respect; 2. be calm and reserved; 3. do not overestimate your self-esteem; 4. observe ethics; 5. do not be rude. 3) the problem of honesty 1. avoid deception in particular customer fraud; 2. prove your case; 3. change to another worker or client; 4. go on vacation; 5. quit. 4) ethical standards and the correctness of the profession 1. official dress code; 2. cultural communication; 3. not to be influenced; 4.to invest experience and knowledge in activities; 5. Do the work on time and correctly. 5) Announcements social worker in theft 1. to try to prove one's case 2. not to be influenced; 3. pay no attention; 4. go on vacation; 5. change jobs.

Social psychology of conflict

Social conflict (from Latin confliktus - clash) is the highest stage in the development of contradictions in relations between people, social groups, society as a whole, which is characterized by a clash of opposing interests, goals, positions of subjects of interaction. Conflicts may be covert or overt, but they are always based on a lack of agreement between two or more parties.

According to K. Boulding, the conflict arises when the "matured" contradictions are recognized by the parties as incompatible and each of the parties seeks to seize a position that excludes the intentions of the other side. Therefore, conflict contradictions are subjective-objective in nature.

Structure of social conflict

In a simplified form, the structure of social conflict consists of the formula

K=U+O+I+KS;

object - the specific cause of the collision of subjects;

participants - two or more subjects in conflict over some object;

incident - a formal reason for the start of an open confrontation.

The conflict is preceded by the emergence of a conflict situation. These are contradictions that arise between subjects about the object.

Under the influence of growing social tension, the conflict situation is gradually transforming into an open social conflict. But the tension itself can exist for a long time and not develop into a conflict. In order for the conflict to become real, an incident is needed - a formal reason for the start of the conflict.

However, the real conflict has a more complex structure. For example, in addition to subjects, it involves participants (direct and indirect), supporters, sympathizers, instigators, mediators, arbitrators, etc. Each of the participants in the conflict has its own qualitative and quantitative characteristics. An object can also have its own characteristics. In addition, the real conflict develops in a certain social and physical environment, which also influences it. Therefore, a more complete structure of the social (political) conflict will be discussed below.

The essence of social conflict

Sociological understanding and modern understanding of social conflict was first laid down by the German sociologist G. Simmel. In the work “Social Conflict”, he notes that the process of development of society goes through social conflict, when obsolete cultural forms become obsolete, “demolished” and new ones are born. Today, a whole branch of sociology - conflictology - is already engaged in the theory and practice of regulating social conflicts. The most famous representatives of this trend are R. Dahrendorf, L. Koser. C. Bouldinghydr.

The German sociologist R. Dahrendorf created the theory of the conflict model of society. According to the scientist, in any society, social conflicts can arise every moment, which are based on a conflict of interests. Dahrendorf considers conflicts as an indispensable element of social life, which, being sources of innovation, contribute to the constant development of society. The main task is to learn to control them.

The American sociologist L. Koser developed the theory of positive-functional conflict. By social conflict, he understood the struggle for values and claims to a certain status, power and resources, a struggle in which the goals of opponents are to neutralize, damage or eliminate the enemy.

According to this theory, social inequality, which inevitably exists in every society and causes natural social dissatisfaction of people, often leads to social conflicts. L. Koser sees the positive functions of conflicts in the fact that they contribute to the renewal of society and stimulate social and economic progress.

The general theory of conflict belongs to the American sociologist K. Boulding. The conflict in his understanding is such a situation in which the parties are aware of the incompatibility of their positions and at the same time strive to get ahead of the opponent, beat him. AT modern society According to Boulding, conflicts are inevitable, so it is necessary to control and manage them. The main features of conflict are:

the presence of a situation that is perceived by the opposing parties as a conflict;

The participants in the conflict have opposite goals, needs, interests and methods to achieve them;

interaction of the conflicting parties;

results of conflict interaction;

using pressure and even force.

Of great importance for the sociological analysis of social conflicts is the identification of the main types. There are the following types of conflicts:

By the number of participants in the conflict interaction:

Inside personal - the state of dissatisfaction of a person with any circumstances of his life, which are associated with the presence of contradictory needs, interests, aspirations and can cause affects;

interpersonal - disagreement between two or more members of one group or several groups;

intergroup - occur between social groups that pursue incompatible goals and interfere with each other with their practical actions;

According to the direction of conflict interaction:

horizontal - between people who are not subordinate to each other;

vertical - between people who are subordinate to each other;

mixed - in which both those and others are presented. The most common are vertical and mixed conflicts, averaging 70-80% of all conflicts;

By origin:

objectively determined - caused by objective reasons, which can be eliminated only by changing the objective situation;

subjectively conditioned - associated with the personal characteristics of conflicting people, as well as with situations that create barriers to satisfying their desires, aspirations, interests;

According to their functions:

creative (integrative) - contributing to renewal, the introduction of new structures, policies, leadership;

destructive (disintegrative) - destabilizing social systems;

According to duration:

short-term - caused by mutual misunderstanding or mistakes of the parties, which are quickly realized;

protracted - associated with deep moral and psychological trauma or with objective difficulties. The duration of the conflict depends both on the subject of the contradiction and on the character traits of the people involved;

According to its internal content:

rational - covering the sphere of reasonable, business rivalry, redistribution of resources;

emotional - in which participants act on the basis of personal hostility;

According to the methods and means of resolving conflicts, they are peaceful and armed:

By taking into account the content of the problems that caused conflict actions, economic, political, family, household, industrial, spiritual, moral, legal, environmental, ideological and other conflicts are distinguished.

The analysis of the course of the conflict is carried out in accordance with its three main stages: pre-conflict situation, the conflict itself and the resolution stage.

A pre-conflict situation is a period when the conflicting parties evaluate their resources and forces and consolidate into opposing groups. At the same stage, each of the parties forms its own strategy of behavior and chooses a way to influence the enemy.

The conflict itself is the active part of the conflict, characterized by the presence of an incident, i.e. social actions aimed at changing the opponent's behavior. The actions themselves are of two types:

actions of rivals that are open in nature (verbal debate, physical impact, economic sanctions, etc.);

hidden actions of rivals (associated with the desire to deceive, confuse the opponent, impose on him an unfavorable course of action).

The main course of action in a hidden internal conflict is reflexive control, which means that one of the rivals, through "deceptive movements", tries to force the other person to act in a way that is beneficial to him.

Conflict resolution is possible only when the conflict situation is eliminated, and not only when the incident is exhausted. The resolution of the conflict can also occur as a result of the depletion of the resources of the parties or the intervention of a third party, creating an advantage for one of the parties, and, finally, as a result of the complete exhaustion of the opponent.

Successful conflict resolution requires the following conditions:

timely determination of the causes of the conflict;

definition of the business zone of the conflict - the causes, contradictions, interests, goals of the conflicting parties:

mutual desire of the parties to overcome contradictions;

joint search for ways to overcome the conflict.

There are various conflict resolution methods:

conflict avoidance - leaving the "scene" of conflict interaction physically or psychologically, but the conflict itself is not eliminated in this case, since the cause that gave rise to it remains;

negotiations - avoid the use of violence, achieve mutual understanding and find a way to cooperate;

the use of intermediaries is a conciliatory procedure. An experienced mediator, which can be an organization and an individual, will help to quickly resolve the conflict there. where without his participation it would not have been possible;

postponing - in fact, this is the surrender of its position, but only temporary, since as the forces accumulate, the side will most likely try to return what was lost;

arbitration, or arbitration, is a method in which the norms of laws and law are strictly guided.

The consequences of conflict can be:

Positive:

resolution of accumulated contradictions;

stimulation of the process of social change;

convergence of conflicting groups;

strengthening the cohesion of each of the rival camps;

Negative:

tension;

destabilization;

disintegration.

Conflict resolution can be:

complete - the conflict ends completely;

partial - conflict changes outer shape but stays motivated.

Of course, it is difficult to foresee all the variety of conflict situations that life creates for us. Therefore, in resolving conflicts, much should be decided on the spot based on the specific situation, as well as the individual psychological characteristics of the participants in the conflict.

3. Age structure of society. Population aging as a socio-demographic process

Demographic aging of the population - an increase in the proportion of older people in the total population.

The aging of the population in the modern world is a mass phenomenon. An increasing number of people are entering a period of old age (75 years or more). Every day, about 200 thousand people on the planet overcome the 60-year milestone. Thus, the problem of aging and old age is becoming one of the most important problems of our century. A society affected by the aging process is subject to changes not only demographic, but also economic, social, and psychological.

The decline in Russia's population, which has been observed for more than a decade, is a fair concern for both federal and regional governing bodies. The birth rate is at a very low level, the death rate is high, and the positive balance of migration does not compensate for the negative natural increase. The developed concepts and programs aimed at improving the demographic situation in the country and regions are focused on the noted demographic processes (birth rate, death rate, migration) and do not take into account the structural factor. At the same time, the development of an effective social policy is impossible without taking into account the transformation of the age structure, i.e. population aging.

Demographic aging of the population over the past decades has become a global phenomenon, characteristic not only for developed countries, but practically for the whole world. This process is extremely multifaceted; it covers both medical and hygienic and socio-political aspects of society. A detailed analysis of the dynamics of the demographic situation is necessary for making decisions on issues affecting the interests of society as a whole: health care, education, training and retraining of personnel, insurance, social security, the pension system, and others.

Attention is drawn to the difference in the values of the demographic aging indicator between the urban and rural populations. The rural population is much older than the urban population, despite the fact that the birth rate of the rural population is higher than that of the urban population. And, consequently, it would seem that there should be more young people in the countryside than in the cities. However, in reality the opposite is true. This is the result of the migration of young people from the countryside to the city.

Population aging increases the demographic burden on the working population, on the system of medical and social services for the elderly, etc. Fluctuations in the birth rate after a certain time are manifested in the corresponding fluctuations in competitions between applicants when entering educational institutions, the level and structure of employment in the labor market, the level of crime, etc. It is known that the general trend in the reproduction of the population of developed countries is its aging. Population aging affects the economy in the following main ways:

employment and the qualitative structure of the labor force, including the employment of pensioners;

pensions and the standard of living of older people as a significant (in terms of aging) part of the entire population;

health, organization of health care and social services.

Principles of rehabilitation and adaptation in pre-retirement age and to the retirement period of life. Life expectancy and species

The duration of the working period in the conditions of modern work and workload, production and the prevention of professional aging are primarily associated with the creation of such working conditions that would correspond to functionality organism. Age-related decline in functionality to the physiological limit, uniting professional and general ability to work, is not a pathology. Professional - labor rehabilitation is defined as a set of periodic, industrial, pedagogical, organizational, medical and other necessary measures aimed at maintaining, improving and restoring professional working capacity person.

Labor rehabilitation: consists in the professional reorientation of the training of a professionally significant function of training and retraining in labor skills, transfer to facilitated working conditions. And finally, preferential pensions from the main job, transfer of auxiliary types of work to home pipes, physical activity at home

Occupational rehabilitation - includes production adaptation, which involves an adequate workload, a rational work regime. Reduced form of work, shortened working hours. personality conflict aging rehabilitation

Social rehabilitation - consists in preparing for a rational lifestyle for the pre-retirement period, the need to activate public life in a team and restore different kinds mentorship, organize interest clubs, amateur performances.

One of the important tasks of comprehensive pre-retirement preparation is the formation of a conscious attitude towards one's health. The need for obtaining and using appropriate geohygienic knowledge.

The attitude of an aging worker to a decrease in his professional performance depends not only on the level of his physiological functions and mental state, but also on the people around him.

Earlier on many industrial enterprises, on the basis of hospitals and polyclinics, rehabilitation departments were created and functioned, a medical examination was carried out for workers experiencing difficulties in performing professional duties.

The main thing in the work of doctors of rehabilitation departments was the prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system, which is the main cause of people's disability.

The problem of rehabilitation and professional reorientation is socio-economic, and the methods of its solution are biomedical and psychological.

The effectiveness of rehabilitation includes: physiological efficiency, that is, improvement in professional status, economic efficiency, that is, an increase in the duration of labor, social efficiency, that is, the elimination of harmful environmental influences.

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The age structure of the population is the distribution of people by age groups and contingents in order to study demographic and socio-economic processes.

This approach helps to form well-founded assumptions about future trends in mortality, fertility and other important processes taking place on Earth. It even allows you to predict the demand for services and goods. What is the essence of this approach and what are its features? This is what will be discussed now.

Distribution principle

To begin with, it is important to make a reservation that the concept of the age group is often identified with such a term as "generation". It is not right. A group is just a collection of people united by the same age. But the generation includes citizens who were born in a certain period.

In the age structure of the population, the composition of the population is usually considered in ten-year, five-year, and one-year groups. The lower border is indicated, which is logical, but the upper one remains open. Usually they simply indicate "Over 75".

Division by ability to work

In Russia, it is most often used. The population is divided into age groups according to their ability to work. Looks like this in the following way:

From 0 to 15 years old. Citizens who are not of working age due to youth.
Men from 16 to 59 years old and women from 16 to 54 inclusive. People of working age.
Men and women over 60 and 55, respectively. Retirement age exceeding the working capacity.

This is a conditional grade. It is used to determine the level of the economically active population. And here it is necessary to note an important nuance. And, of course, we are talking about raising the retirement age.

The need to increase this figure has been discussed for a long time. This is justified by the fact that many citizens simply do not have enough experience to receive decent payments.

The changes already took place a year ago, on January 1, 2017. Slightly, however, only for six months. Men can now retire at sixty and a half, and women at fifty-five and a half.

An annual increase is planned. According to forecasts, in 8-12 years in our country, men will retire at 65 years old. Women are 63 years old. And this change is difficult to characterize as positive. After all, now to receive payments, a person must have at least 20 years of experience in a particular area. And before, until 2017, it was 15.

Also, experts do not believe that these reforms will help the country get out of economic crisis. The percentage of working people aged 45 to 65 will increase dramatically, and young citizens, on the contrary, will no longer find jobs in budgetary structures. They will try their luck either in other countries, or organize their own business. And they will have nowhere to earn experience, since all the places will be occupied by people who could go on a well-deserved rest.

And these conclusions, by the way, are made taking into account the notorious age structure of the population. Therefore, it was decided to increase the pension threshold gradually. A sharp jump will not lead to anything good.

Measurement and classification

Talking about the age and sex structure of the population, it is necessary to make a reservation that certain classifications are used for its research. The Chinese is considered the most ancient, and it looks like this:

Up to 20 years. Youth period.
20 to 30. Age when people enter the tank.
From 30 to 40. The period during which citizens actively perform public duties.
From 40 to 50. The time when people learn their own delusions.
From 50 to 60. It is believed that this is the last creative period.
From 60 to 70. Retirement is called the desired age.
From 70 and up. Old age.

There is also Zumberg's classification, it is more concise. There are only three stages: children (from 0 to 14), parents (from 15 to 49), grandparents (from 50 and older).

It is important to note that the sex and age structure of the population differ in developed countries and not very productive. In successful countries, the percentage of older people is much higher. But in developing more children.

The ratio of the total number of pensioners and very young members of society to able-bodied citizens is called the demographic burden. It is of two types. One is called "gray" (the ratio of the pension to the working population), and the second is "green" (the ratio of children to workers).

Demographic changes

They are constantly observed in the age structure of the population. Recently, the birth rate has been decreasing, but the average life expectancy is increasing. This cannot be called a demographic crisis. The proportion of the population of older ages is simply increasing. This phenomenon was given its name - demographic aging.

There were prerequisites, of course. This phenomenon was the result of long-term demographic changes. These include mainly shifts in the nature of mortality, fertility, population reproduction, and also migration.

You can refer to the UN statistics. In 2000, the world population aged 60 and over was about 600,000,000. And this figure is three times greater than that observed in 1950. Over time, by 2009, it had grown to 737,000,000 people. Moreover, experts, having studied in detail the factors of the age structure of the world's population, came to the conclusion that in 2050 the proportion of the elderly will exceed 2 billion.

Which of the countries is "leading" in terms of this indicator? The age structure of the population with a high proportion of the elderly is observed in Japan. At the time of 2009, the total number of inhabitants of this country accounted for 29.7% of those over 60. The smallest figure is in the UAE and Qatar. There are only 1.9% of the elderly.

Aging society

it global problem, which is the largest in economic terms. According to UN forecasts, in a little more than 30 years about a quarter of the world's population will be pensioners. And in developed countries, for every working person, there will be one elderly person who is unemployed due to age.

Addressing the problem of an aging society requires integrated approach, which includes social, economic and technological aspects. First of all, there is an expectation that the increase in the age of the so-called "active old age" will increase. We are talking about those cases when older people lead a full, eventful life, and at the same time look younger. Fortunately, there are many of them.

Medicine is advancing by leaps and bounds, so maintaining visual youth and good health is a reality. And thanks to the automation of production, aging people with deteriorating conditions were able to continue working. Plus, there was distant work which is convenient for the elderly. And many managed to master it.

But it is worth returning to the topic of changing the age structure of the population. To assess the aging process of society, a convenient scale is used, compiled by the demographer J. Beau-Garnier. It was finalized by E. Rosset, and this is what happened (see table below).

What are the forecasts for Russia? If already in 2000 the last level of demographic old age (18.5%) occurred in the Russian Federation, then by 2050, according to experts' calculations, it will grow to 37.2%.

Influencing factors

It is impossible not to mention them. Factors affecting the age structure of the population include:

Life expectancy of people, the ratio of births and deaths.
biological features. Different nations have a different ratio of the birth rate of girls and boys.
Losses during the wars. The most terrible factor, which is the most serious.
Migration. According to statistics, in countries that actively accept citizens of other states, there is a large number of men of mature age.
The economic state of the country.

The last of the factors many call the key. Not surprising, because it affects the availability of jobs and the health of the population.

Sex and age structure

The ratio of women and men can hardly be called equal. There are fewer representatives of the strong part of humanity. This is all because of the gender imbalance, the demographic effect that comes from wars and domestic policy(one family - 1 child).

In the last century, the ratio was kept at such indicators: 52% of women and 48% of men. Now the representatives of the strong part of humanity has become 1% less. It would seem that one percent is so little. Yes, only now there are about 7.6 billion people on Earth. And if translated into a ratio, then this 1% will turn into 76,000,000 men.

In continuation of the theme of the age and sex structure of the population, it is worth saying that such disproportions are an obstacle to creating families. Fortunately, the violations that occurred during the Great Patriotic War have already been smoothed out to a certain extent. Now disproportions are observed due to differences in fertility and mortality. But they are not catastrophic. The census data will help to verify this:

1959 For every 1,000 men, there are 1,249 women.
1989 For every 1,000 men, there are 1,138 women.
1999 For every 1,000 men, there are 1,129 women.

Interestingly, in cities, the number of men under the age of 25 is greater than the number of women who are in the same category. AT rural areas other indicators. There, the male number is higher than the female in all categories up to 50 years. It is believed that this is due to the migration of girls to big cities.

The situation in Asia on the example of China

This is also a very interesting topic. The age structure of the population of Asian countries is significantly different from that of European countries. Especially China. After all, this is the state with the most large population in the world. The country has conducted a census six times, and the last one was in 2010. At that time, 1,339,724,852 people lived in China. And only the mainland was taken into account. Taiwan (23.2 million), Macau (550 thousand) and Hong Kong (7.1 million) were not taken into account.

In 10 years, the population of China has grown by ~94,600,000 people. And according to the official population counter, in 2016 the figure rose to 1,376,570,000.

Interestingly, there are 119 men for every 100 women in China. There are more representatives of the strong part of humanity in all age categories. The only exceptions are pensioners. The data is like this:

From 0 to 15 years old. For every 100 women, there are 113 men.
From 15 to 65 years old. For every 100 women, there are 106 men.
From 65 and up. For every 100 women, there are 91 men.

It is impossible not to mention the “one family - 1 child” policy adopted in the country in order to reduce the birth rate. To normalize the demographic situation, they began to popularize late marriages, complicate the process of creating a family, perform free abortions, etc.

Average Age

They are also interesting to consider. The statistics are quite recent, for 2015. The average age of the population is also called the median. It divides all citizens living in the country into two groups - younger than the specified indicator and older. It is difficult to list all states, so the data is selective:

Monaco - 51.7.
Germany and Japan - 46.5.
Great Britain - 40.4.
Belarus - 39.6.
USA - 37.8.
Cyprus - 36.1.
Armenia - 34.2.
Tunisia - 31.9.
UAE - 30.3.
Kazakhstan - 30.
Maldives - 27.4.
South Africa - 26.5.
Jordan - 22.
Congo - 19.8.
Senegal - 18.5.
South Sudan - 17.
Niger - 15.2.

In Russia, the average age of the population is 39.1 years. Compared to most European countries, where the scores are above 40, we still have a young society.

Social structure of the population

It also needs to be talked about. This concept implies the functioning in society of such elements and structures as the production team, family and social groups. This is important, since all of the above is a source of population reproduction, means of subsistence and protection of vital interests.

The social structure, according to the scheme proposed by the Soviet sociologist A.V. Dmitriev, consists of five groups:

Elite. The upper stratum of society. It consists of the old party elite, which has grown together with the new political one.
Working class. This group is also subdivided into layers according to various characteristics (industry, classification, etc.).
Intelligentsia. This includes writers, teachers, doctors, military men, etc. In general, educated people with a respected specialty.
"Bourgeoisie". Businessmen and entrepreneurs.
Peasantry. They are doing housekeeping.

The changes taking place in society allow us to make predictions for the future. To predict how the society and the quality of life of the population (freedom, security, well-being, etc.) will be transformed functionally and spatially.

About population reproduction

Finally, it is worth talking about the demographic crisis. talking plain language, is a population decline. Given that the population of the Earth at the beginning of the 21st century was 6 billion, and by 2011 it had crossed the line of seven billion, there is no need to talk about a demographic crisis. If the dynamics remain the same, then by 2024 the number of people on our planet will be 8 billion.

But if we talk about Russia, then the population decline is still observed. From 1925 to 2000, the birth rate in our country decreased by 5.59 children. The most noticeable decline occurred in the 80-90s. It was during this period that the death rate exceeded the birth rate.

Now the situation has somewhat smoothed out. But the birth rate cannot be called active. Scientists identify the following reasons that affect this:

Demoeconomic factors. People have neither demographic nor economic motivation.
social factors. People have no desire to have children or are unable to support them (a reference to a declining standard of living).
Medico-social factors. The quality of life and health is declining. The state does not support public health, mortality is growing, mass alcoholism and drug addiction are observed. People do not want to have children in such conditions that they do not have to live in them.

social structure – it is a set of interconnected and interacting social groups, as well as social institutions and relations between them.

Main elements social structure act social groups and social institutions.

The basis for the formation and reproduction of social groups (communities) is social division of labor.

Another key element of social structure is social institution. In sociology, the concept of "institute" (from the Latin Institutum - establishment, device) - denotes a set of norms and institutions that regulate various areas human activity and organizing them into a system roles and statuses with the help of which the basic vital and social needs are satisfied.

The first building blocks of social structure are statuses and roles. Social statuses and roles are linked functional relationships thanks to social division of labor. This division occurs when different functions are assigned to different groups of specially trained people. It is called specialization. Specialists somehow have to cooperate, they cannot do without each other: the doctor needs boots, bread, a house and the education of children, so he exchanges the products of his labor for the goods and services of a shoemaker, baker, builder and teacher. And they, in turn, do the same. This is how the functional connection of statuses and roles is formed on the basis of specialization and cooperation of labor. BUT specialization and cooperation of labor are the essence of the social division of labor.

The word "status" - translated from Latin means legal status, condition. In sociology, under tatoos understood social status person in society. Social status - this is a generalized characteristic covering the profession, economic situation, political opportunities, demographic characteristics of a person. For example, "engineer" is a profession; "a wage worker who receives an average income" - economic traits; member of the United Russia party - political description; "a man aged 35, Tatar" - demographic properties. All these characteristics describe the social position of the same person, but from different angles. Each person is characterized by a certain set of statuses. The most characteristic status of a person, according to which others distinguish him, is the main one. The status of the person in which he is born is called ascribed status, and the biologically inherited status is called innate. People with similar social positions belong to the same social groups.

The totality of large social groups (filled statuses) forms the social composition of the population. This general term reflects horizontal differentiation of the population by sex, age, race, religion, nationality, place of residence, etc., i.e. describes everything related to the attributed (inherited) status. Horizontal differentiation, (or heterogeneity, translated from Greek - heteros - heterogeneity, heterogeneity) emphasizes the diversity of society, any social differences, including unrelated with inequality. In modern civilized societies, these parameters are of a nominal (conditional) nature, and they are not compared according to the “higher-lower” principle.

Social structure is the totality of all statuses that exist at a given historical moment in a given society..

Each status has certain social roles.

social role – it is a behavior model focused on a given status; in other words, it is a model of behavior aimed at fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to a specific status . For example , about t teacher surrounding expect one kind of behavior, but from a homeless person - a completely different one. Thus, there is an intermediate link between status and role - expectations of people. Expectations can somehow be fixed, and then they become social norms. Each status is assigned certain rights and obligations, which can be formal (statutory) or informal. .

Rights and obligations are elements of the social division of labor.

There are the following types of social division of labor: sex and age, professional, political and economic.

According to the types of social division of labor, types of social structure: gender, age, social and labor, territorial-settlement, ethnic and other structures.

The gender structure of society this is the distribution of the population into groups based on sex and the emerging system of relationships between them.

The age structure of society - this is the distribution of the population by age groups and the emerging system of relationships between them. The birth and death rates of the population, and in some cases immigration, play a decisive role in the age distribution.

Labor and age structure of society represents the distribution of the population depending on its ability to work. There are three age groups: the population of working age and the population younger and older than working age.

Territorial-settlement structure of society – it is the socio-spatial organization of society, the resettlement of the population over a certain territory.

The territorial-settlement structure is represented, on the one hand, by territorial communities (territorially limited populations of people), and, on the other hand, by the relationship between these communities.

Social and labor structure covers the working-age population and includes the following communities: social and labor groups, social and professional groups and professions.

Ethnic structure of society - This is the distribution of the population into groups on the basis of belonging to a particular ethnic community.

In this way, social structure created social division of labor and reflects the horizontal differentiation of society, those. differentiation arising from the natural differences of people. But the natural differences of people are only the natural background of their social life, which excludes a hierarchical approach.

The hierarchical structure of society describes vertical differentiation or social stratification. If we arrange large social groups vertically and build them according to the degree of difference in income, power, education and prestige, then we get the concept social stratification. It should be especially noted that social stratification, or social stratification, reflects not just the different position of people, groups, strata in society, namely unequal their position. Inequality - it is the criterion by which we can place some groups above or below others.