Northwestern Federal District (NWFD)
The NWFD is located in the north and northwest of the European part of Russia and includes 11 subjects of the Federation (Fig. 10.3). The area of the district is 9.9% of the territory of Russia. The Northwestern Federal District is the only one of the federal districts of the Russian Federation that directly borders with the countries of the EU, Central and Northern Europe: Norway, Finland, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus. It plays an important strategic role as a border region. Its internal borders are adjacent to the territories of the Ural, Volga, Central federal districts. The region occupies the entire territory of the European North, has access to the Arctic Ocean and the Baltic, White, Barents, Kara Seas, which creates favorable conditions for the development of export-import relations.
Rice. 10.3.
The population of the Northwestern Federal District is 9.5% of the population of the country. Almost half (50.3%) of the population lives in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region. The rest of the regions are sparsely populated. The average population density (at the beginning of 2014) is 8.2 people. per 1 km 2 (the maximum density falls on St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region - 72.0 people per 1 km 2, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a sparsely populated region). The share of the urban population is 84%, and rural - 16%. Since 1992, the number of residents of the district has been declining, which is associated with negative indicators natural increase and migration processes. The outflow of residents from the Komi Republic, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions is especially intensive. Despite the decline in the total population, the county is experiencing an increase in the economically active population. Both the unemployment rate and the number of unemployed are steadily declining. The unemployment rate in the NWFD (4%) is one of the lowest in Russia. In the structure of the employed population by sectors of the economy, the share of those employed in trade, public catering, consumer services and health care is increasing, while the number of people employed in industry, agriculture, and construction is decreasing.
The territory of the district is distinguished by a variety of natural and climatic conditions. The seas of the Arctic and Atlantic oceans washing its territory influence the formation of the climate, which differs in the north-west of the district by relatively warm winters and cool summers and severe winters and relatively short warm summers in the north. Climatic conditions that ensure the development of agricultural production are limited to the southern territories of the region. They are suitable mainly for livestock breeding. Only the Kaliningrad region is characterized by a more moderate climate. The Northwestern Federal District is a lake region. Numerous lakes are located mainly in the western part; the largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen. Rivers flow through the region. Plain rivers are of navigable importance (Pechora, Northern Dvina, Onega, Neva, etc.), in terms of hydropower, the Svir, Volkhov, Narva and Vuoksa rivers are of the greatest importance.
About 10% of country's GDP(5th place among districts). In terms of per capita GRP, the district is in 3rd place. The development of the economy of the Northwestern Federal District stimulates the presence of significant reserves of mineral raw materials, fuel and energy and water resources, which can not only meet the needs economic complex countries, but also exported to many countries of the world. Almost 72% of reserves and almost 100% of apatite mining, about 77% of titanium reserves, 43% of bauxites, 15% of mineral waters, 18% of diamonds and nickel from the all-Russian indicator are concentrated in the district. The district accounts for a significant part of the balance reserves of copper, tin, cobalt.
Fuel resources are represented by reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, peat. In the northeast of the district is one of the largest coal basins Russia - Pechora - with reserves of high-quality and energy coal. Of particular importance is the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province, where more than 70 oil and gas fields have been discovered. Currently, considerable attention is paid to the development of oil and gas in the shelf zone of the Barents and Kara seas - the Shtokman gas condensate and Prirazlomnoye oil fields. Oil shale reserves occur in the Leningrad region and in the basins of the Sysola, Ukhta, Yarega and other rivers. Peat reserves are large, which are located in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov, Novgorod, Leningrad regions and the Komi Republic.
The Okrug is rich in non-ferrous metal ores (the Tikhvin and Severo-Onega bauxite deposits; the copper-nickel ores of Monchegorsk and Pechenega). Iron ore deposits are located on the Kola Peninsula in the Murmansk region (Olenegorsk and Kovdor deposits). There are large reserves of mining and chemical raw materials in the district (the Khibiny apatite deposit in the Murmansk region, phosphorites occur in the Kingisepp area). Industrial reserves of diamonds have been explored in the Arkhangelsk Region; The Kaliningrad region has huge amber reserves (90% of the world's reserves). The district is rich in various building materials (limestone, clay, glass sand, marble, granite). Their main reserves are located in the Murmansk, Leningrad regions and the Republic of Karelia.
The leading place in the economy of the Northwestern Federal District belongs to the machine-building complex (more than 18% of the volume industrial production county). Machine building complex- multidisciplinary; Historically, heavy engineering develops without a metallurgical base. Leading branches of mechanical engineering: shipbuilding, electrical engineering, power engineering, tractor engineering, agricultural engineering, instrument making, machine tool building, electronic industry. The main part of machine-building enterprises is concentrated in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The Northwestern Federal District occupies one of the first places in Russia in the production of sea vessels of various types, unique steam, hydraulic and gas turbines. The main centers of these industries are located in St. Petersburg, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk, Syktyvkar, Kotlas, Kaliningrad. The automotive cluster in St. Petersburg is actively developing. The area is home to assembly plants for major car brands such as BMW, Ford, Nissan, Toyota, Infiniti.
The Northwestern Federal District has a large military-industrial potential, represented by high-tech industries (rocket and space industry, etc.), which have undergone conversion (the Sevmash plant in Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Region, today produces platforms for offshore oil and gas production, high-tech equipment for pulp and paper mills). The Plesetsk cosmodrome is located in the Arkhangelsk region, which provides the launch of scientific and commercial satellites on orders from Roscosmos and foreign countries. The prospects for the development of the industry are associated with the development of high-tech industries of mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, and with the conversion of defense industry enterprises.
The metallurgical complex accounts for about 17% of the district's industrial output. Ferrous metallurgy is represented by the largest metallurgical plant Severstal JSC (Cherepovets), the Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company, etc. At the same time, it should be noted that a number of negative trends have been outlined in the development of the metallurgical complex of the region, which are associated with the exhaustion of a number of deposits, increasing environmental requirements , the complication of the situation with energy supply and increasing competition from industrial countries. The development of metallurgy industries provides for the introduction of innovative products, diversification of production and entry into new sales markets in Russia and abroad, improvement of methods for processing raw materials and waste disposal, as well as solving environmental problems.
Timber, woodworking, pulp and paper (share 13% of the industrial output of the district), chemical, food (share 18% of the industrial output of the district) industries are also among the leading sectors of the NWFD. The region has the largest timber industry complex in the country (sawmilling, lumber production, furniture industry), which received greatest development in the Arkhangelsk region, the Republics of Komi and Karelia, in the Leningrad and Novgorod regions. The functioning of the chemical industry is closely related to the existing raw material base: the extraction of phosphorites, the production of apatite concentrate, the use of waste from metallurgical production and natural gas, oil products (Kirishi) and oil shale (Slantsy), woodworking waste (Arkhangelsk region). Among the sectors of the food industry, the fishing industry is of all-Russian importance (20% of the all-Russian fish production), in terms of fish production, the district ranks second in the country after the Far Eastern Federal District (Table 10.3).
Table 10.3
Indices of industrial production and production by types economic activity in the Northwestern Federal District and Russia in 2013,
% to the previous year
Agriculture is a traditional sector of the economy of the Northwestern Federal District, but, due to the peculiarities of natural and climatic conditions, it plays a secondary role in the district and has an integrated suburban, dairy and livestock, as well as flax-growing areas (Pskov and Novgorod regions), providing only 7g of needs population in food.
Agriculture is dominated by animal husbandry, reindeer breeding is developed in the Far North (up to 20% of the deer population in Russian Federation). Farming is most widespread in the southern districts of the district (70% of production) - Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod, Vologda and Kaliningrad regions.
The transport complex of the Northwestern Federal District is represented by a developed transport network: all types of transport are developed, but the most important are the railway (70% of cargo turnover), sea and river transport. The port economy contributes to the strengthening of export-import relations in the region. The importance of the recreational economy is growing, which, in addition to the traditional sanatorium and resort services in the area of the Gulf of Finland (Sestroretsk, Repino, Komarov), increasingly performs the function of excursion services of international importance, uniting the museum monuments of St. Petersburg and its suburbs, ancient Veliky Novgorod and Pskov.
The main economic indicators of the Northwestern Federal District in comparison with the all-Russian ones are presented in Table. 10.4.
Table 10.4
share economic indicators NWFD in all-Russian
|
Economic indicators |
Specific weight, % |
|
Gross regional product |
|
|
Fixed assets in the economy |
|
|
Mining |
|
|
Manufacturing industries |
|
|
Production and distribution of electricity |
|
|
Agricultural products |
|
|
Building |
|
|
Commissioning of residential buildings |
|
|
turnover retail |
|
|
Economic indicators |
Specific weight, % |
|
Investments in fixed assets |
|
|
Admission tax payments and fees to the budget system of the country |
31. Northwestern economic region. Composition, territory, population
The North-Western region occupies an area of 1.15% of the territory of Russia. The region borders on Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Belarus and has access to the Baltic Sea.
As of January 1, 2004, the population of the district was 8.9 million people. - 5.4% of the total population of the Russian Federation. The share of the urban population is almost 87%.
The North-Western economic region includes the following entities:
1) St. Petersburg;
2) Leningrad region;
3) Novgorod region;
4) Pskov region.
The area of the district is 1.1% of the area of Russia - 196.5 thousand km2.
The North-Western region is located in the northern part of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, north of 57` with. sh., the southern border of the region runs almost 800 km north of the US border.
The most striking feature of the North-Western region is the discrepancy between the historical role of the region and its very modest territory.
This discrepancy is due to the following features:
1) the location of the area on the outskirts, remoteness from the center of Russia. This situation saved the region from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. As you know, Novgorod is the cradle of the Russian land, a reserve of ancient Russian history and culture;
2) the area is sharply pushed towards Europe. Here are Pskov and Novgorod the Great - the most noble cities, for a long time connected with European countries through trade as part of the Banza (a medieval union of the Baltic states); 3) seaside and border position of the region.
The North-Western region is inferior to most of the economic regions of the Russian Federation in terms of population and territory, therefore it is called the region of one city - St. Petersburg. It contains 59% of the region's population and 68% of its urban population.
The district occupies one of the leading places in terms of economic development, in terms of the scale and diversity of industrial production, research and development products, the training of highly qualified specialists National economy, the rate of formation market relations, the scale of participation in the world economic relations of Russia.
The North-Western region is located on the Russian Plain. The climate in the area is maritime, temperate continental. The air has high humidity, the soils are sod-podzolic.
This text is an introductory piece. From the book Small Journeys Around the Big City author Velichko Mikhail FedorovichWestern District For residents of the left bank of the regional center, it will probably be the first and main area for one-day trips, simply because of its easy accessibility. Its paths cross the mountain-wooded places between the Yenisei and the Ob-Yenisei watershed. Here are located
TSB From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(CE) author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (CE) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (CE) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (CE) of the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (South) of the author TSB From the book Regional Studies author Sibikeev Konstantin From the book Regional Studies author Sibikeev Konstantin From the book Regional Studies author Sibikeev Konstantin From the book Regional Studies author Sibikeev Konstantin From the book Regional Studies author Sibikeev Konstantin26. Northern economic region. Composition, Territory, Population The northern economic region covers a vast expanse of the European part of the country with an area of 1,500 thousand km2, facing the Barents and White Seas of the Arctic Ocean. Its composition includes
From the book Regional Studies author Sibikeev Konstantin31. Northwestern economic region. Composition, territory, population The North-Western region occupies an area of 1.15% of the territory of Russia. The district borders on Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Belarus and has access to the Baltic Sea. The population of the district is
From the book Regional Studies author Sibikeev Konstantin34. Central economic region. Composition, territory, population In the central economic region, the population is 30.3 million people, or 20.4% of the population of Russia; by population density (62.6 people/km2). In the north of the region, the density is 15-20 people/km2, in the west and
From the book Regional Studies author Sibikeev Konstantin41. Volga-Vyatka economic region. Composition, territory, population The Volga-Vyatka economic region is located in the central part of the European territory of Russia, in the basins of the Volga and Vyatka rivers. It includes the republics of Mari El, Mordovia, Chuvash and
From the book Regional Studies author Sibikeev Konstantin46. North Caucasian economic region The North Caucasian economic region includes Rostov region, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territory, the republics of Adygea, Dagestan, Ingush, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkess, North Ossetia,
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The North-West region is the smallest in Russia, its area is just over 200 thousand square kilometers. It includes three regions (Novgorod, Pskov and Leningrad), as well as St. Petersburg itself and the enclave of the state - the Kaliningrad region.
Introduction
From the 18th century to the present day, the Northwestern Economic Region has been performing important role a link between the Russian Federation and Europe, the very “window” that Peter the Great spoke about. Thanks to its access to the Baltic Sea, it allows developing partnerships with Finland, Latvia and Estonia, but that's not all - the Kaliningrad region borders on Poland, Lithuania and Belarus, which is also beneficial in economic terms. Thus, we can conclude that the path of its development was predetermined by the geographical position.
Rice. 1. Northwestern region on the map of the Russian Federation.
District population
The area was inhabited in the times of Kievan Rus, and modernity is characterized by a high population density and at the same time not too significant of its population. The population of the North-Western economic region is mainly concentrated in the Northern capital, where 5 million people live out of the eight that make up the total population. And in general, the level of its urbanization is the highest in the Russian Federation (87%). The remaining three million people are mainly concentrated in such major cities like Pskov, Novgorod and others. The main labor resources are also concentrated there.
Due to the fact that more than half of the population of this administrative unit lives in St. Petersburg, it is called "a district of one city."
Rice. 2. St. Petersburg.
Resources and industrial potential of the North-Western region
There are mineral resources in the Northwestern region, but in very small quantities. For the most part, these are oil shale, limestone, phosphorites and clay. The richest in natural resources is the Kaliningrad region, famous for its amber deposits.
The water resources here are very rich - these are seven lakes and wide water arteries that can be seen on the map. There are good pastures and forests in the area.
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who read along with thisDue to not a large number minerals, the main part of the industry concentrated here is manufacturing. These are two branches of mechanical engineering - requiring the use of highly qualified personnel (radio electronics, instrumentation, etc.) and important for the development of the economic complex of Russia (car building, machine tool building, etc.).
In St. Petersburg, Boksitogorsk, Volkhovo and Pikalevo there are factories that smelt non-ferrous metals, and in the city of Kirishi there is an oil refinery. Phosphorus and complex fertilizers are produced in Kingesepp, while nitrogen and complex fertilizers are produced in Veliky Novgorod.
One of the main economic characteristics district - the use of forest raw materials, moreover, in the format of a full cycle. However, more products are produced than raw materials are consumed, that is, part of it is imported from other regions.
In the North-Western region, 35% of the total volume of timber is harvested in the country.
An important sector of the economy is the production of energy resources, which operate both on their own and on imported raw materials. The largest electric power enterprises are the Volkhovskaya and Narva hydroelectric power stations, as well as the Leningrad nuclear power plant.
Rice. 3. Leningrad NPP.
The region has developed shipbuilding, production of equipment for power plants, light industry, chemical (drug manufacturing) and science-intensive industries. Non-ferrous metals are smelted at the Boksitogorsk and Volkhov plants, and scientific and technical support is also significantly developed (a fifth of all Russian scientists work here).
Agriculture and transport
This industry is aimed at providing food to the population of cities. The composition of the agro-industrial complex is as follows: pig breeding, poultry farming, animal husbandry (meat and milk production), growing vegetables, including greenhouse ones. Novgorod region attracted attention foreign investors- behind last years built here large enterprises from Cadbury and Dirol.
Most of the transport routes converge to St. Petersburg.
What have we learned?
Despite its rather small area and limited mineral resources, this area is an important part of the country's economy due to its geographical location. Most of its population lives in St. Petersburg, and manufacturing is dominated by industry. Machine building, woodworking and power generation are the most developed in the region. In addition, the scientific and technical industry has received significant development, and Agriculture focused on supplying large cities with its products.
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Northwestern economic region- one of 11 major economic regions. It occupies an area of 195,247 km 2, which is 1.14% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population living in the North-Western Economic Region in 2015 amounted to 8,237,041 people, which is 5.63% of the total population of Russia. Population density - 42 people / km 2. The area is characterized increased rate urbanization. About 87% of the population lives in cities, according to this indicator, the district ranks first in the country.
The economic region includes 4 subjects (regions) of the Russian Federation.
- St. Petersburg (city of federal significance)
Saint Petersburg (City)
5 392.992 thousand people(2020)
- Leningrad region
Saint Petersburg (City)
1 846.913 thousand people(2019)
- Pskov region
Pskov (City)
629.659 thousand people(2019)
- Novgorod region
Veliky Novgorod (City)
600.382 thousand people(2019)
Economic and geographical position
The Northwestern economic region is located in the northern part of the Non-Chernozem Zone, on the Russian (East European) Plain. It has common external borders with Latvia, Estonia, Belarus and Finland, has access to the Baltic Sea through the Gulf of Finland, borders on the Central and Northern economic regions of Russia.
In terms of territory and population, the North-Western economic region is inferior to most economic regions of the Russian Federation. The economic and geographical position of the region is determined, first of all, by its importance as the largest seaport of Russia on the Baltic coast, the second largest city in the country, in which 62% of the total and about 70% of the urban population of the North-Western economic region are concentrated. The average population density of the region significantly exceeds the average density in Russia, the share of the urban population exceeds 80%.
The national composition of the population is homogeneous, the share of Russians is about 90%. The Vepsians live in the east, the Izhors, Karelians and Vods (a few representatives of the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group of the Ural family) live in the west. The Setos are Orthodox Estonians.
The North-Western economic region occupies one of the leading places in the country in terms of economic development.
Natural conditions and resources
The North-Western economic region is located on the northern outskirts of the East European Plain, which is mainly due to the flat nature of the relief. The climate is temperate continental with warm humid summers and severe snowy winters. Soils are podzolic and (especially in the north) swampy, low-humus, requiring land reclamation measures, a large amount of fertilizers for agricultural work.
forest resources
A significant part of the territory (about 30%) is located in the forest zone, the forest cover decreases from the northeast to the southwest. Most of the region is dominated by coniferous forests, the southwest is located in the zone of mixed forests.
Water resources
The North-Western economic region is rich in water resources - about 7 thousand lakes (including Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen, Chudskoye, Pskov), numerous rivers (including the Neva, Volkhov, Svir). Lake Ladoga with a water area of 17.7 thousand square meters. km of freshwater lakes is second only to Baikal. Lake Onega - 9.7 thousand square meters km, Peipus and Pskov lakes - 3.6 thousand square meters. km, Lake Ilmen - 1 thousand square meters. km. Despite the abundance of water resources, their uneven distribution across the region limits the development of water-intensive industries in a number of cities. Intensive water consumption has created in many settlements the region is deficient in water resources. Economic emissions and effluents have led to the pollution of rivers and lakes. At present, much attention is paid to environmental protection issues in the North-Western Economic Region, environmental protection measures are being taken.
Minerals and non-metallic resources
The mineral reserves of the Northwestern economic region are relatively small.
There are practically no natural fuel and energy resources, the region meets its needs for oil, natural gas and coal by importing them from other regions. Peat extraction is concentrated mainly in. Peat is used as fuel for power plants and also in agriculture.
The North-Western economic region has large reserves of fusible (deposits in and regions of the Novgorod region) and refractory clays (11 deposits, including large deposits in the Borovichsko-Lyubitinsky mining region and the Vitzy deposit). Limestone reserves are significant (Pikalevskoye, Slantsevskoye, Volkhovskoye deposits in, Okulovskoye deposit in the Novgorod region), used in the chemical, pulp and paper, aluminum industries and agriculture. Bauxite is mined in the region, which is an important raw material base for the aluminum industry. In the area of the Leningrad region there is a large deposit of phosphorites (Kingisepp deposit of phosphate ores), which are of export importance. In addition, the North-Western Economic Region has significant reserves of granite, marble, quartzite (the Kaarlakhta deposit in the region), mineral paints - ocher, umber, Prussian blue (in the region), manganese, sand and other raw materials.
Economy
Agro-industrial complex
In the agro-industrial complex of the North-Western economic region, agriculture occupies a central place, which, first of all, is focused on meeting the needs of the urban population with food. A fairly long growing season (from 100 days in the east to 140 in the south) makes it possible to grow fodder crops, grain, vegetables, potatoes, and flax. The most developed agricultural area is located in the southwest with a milder climate and favorable soil conditions. Agricultural land occupies more than 1/3 of the land area here. In agricultural land accounts for 1/5 of the land, in - only 1/10. Dairy, pig, poultry and vegetable farms of the Northwestern economic region are concentrated near cities.
Industry
The modern specialization of the North-Western economic region is due, first of all, to the presence in the region of the largest industrial center - which largely determines the pace of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. At present, due to the relatively low reserves of its own resources, the main role in the economy of the economic region belongs to the manufacturing industry, in particular, two main areas:
- industries focused on highly skilled labor resources (radio electronics, instrumentation, electrical engineering);
- industries that have developed in the process of establishing the economic complex of the country (shipbuilding, including military, car building, power engineering, including nuclear, machine tool building and others). The main part of machine-building enterprises is concentrated in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region.
important place in the economy of the North-Western economic region are:
- woodworking and pulp and paper industry;
- light industry (including textile, porcelain and faience, leather and footwear);
- food industry;
- fuel and energy complex;
- production of building materials.
