If such an amount exists, then it must be written off by the appropriate posting, and the balance sheet must be reformed before reporting. At the same time, the total value of account 91 “Other expenses and incomes” is written off, as a result of closing 90 and 91 accounts, a financial result from the work of the organization for 99 is formed this year. Automation of accounting The work of a modern accountant implies the competent use of specialized programs. All necessary accounts are closed automatically when the period is closed. The duties of an accounting employee include a thorough check of the results of the conduct and reflection of business transactions. Study of balance sheet and analysis of the account will make it possible to track the correctness of the successive closing of accounts in order to obtain an accurate result of the work.
Analysis of account 90: sale of finished products, goods
Closing account 90 at the end of the year (postings): At the end of the year, account 90 must be closed so that the balance of each sub-account becomes zero.
Attention
In addition, each subaccount is closed to a subaccount 90/9:
- 90/1: we consider the final balance, it is credit, in order for the balance on this subaccount to become equal to zero, you need to post D90/1 K90/9.
- 90/2: we consider the final balance, it is debit, in order for the balance to become equal to zero, we post D90/9 K90/2.
- 90/3: similarly to subaccount 2, we post D90/9 K90/3.
- 90/9: now, if you calculate the final balance on this sub-account after all previous transactions, it will be equal to 0.
Account 90 closed.
At the beginning of the new year, we will re-open account 90 with a zero balance on all sub-accounts and start recording sales transactions anew.
How to close an account 90
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90 account - "sales". sub-accounts 90
In accounting, income and expenses can be of several types:
- on ordinary species activities that reflect on account 90 "Sales";
- others, which are taken into account on account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
The financial result for ordinary activities is reflected in account 90 "Sales".
In accordance with the Chart of Accounts, sub-accounts are opened for it:
- 90-1 "Revenue";
- 90-2 "Cost of sales";
- 90-3 "Value Added Tax";
- 90-4 "Excises";
- 90-9 "Profit/loss on sales".
Closing the month: postings and examples
Info
Account 91 Accounting Postings: No. p / p Debit Credit Content Operations 1 62 90-1 Reflected revenue from the sale of goods (works, services) 2 90-2 41 (42.43, 44) Written off the cost of goods sold (sales expenses) 3 90-3 68 (VAT) Accrued VAT on goods sold 4 99 90-9 Reflected the financial result from the sale (loss) 5 90-9 99 Reflected the financial result (profit) .
. Closing of account "90" and postings At the end of the month, the result of sales is formed on subaccount 90.9.
The balance for each sub-account is calculated. Then the total turnover for all sub-accounts is calculated and the credit turnover is subtracted from the debit turnover.
A positive balance means loss, a negative balance means profit. Profit is reflected in the posting: Dt 90.9 - Kt 99.1, Loss - Dt 99.1, Kt 90.9. At the end of the reporting period, each sub-account is closed at 90.9.
Account 90 "sales" accounting and postings
Main sub-accounts to account 90 1 - the loan reflects the proceeds from the sale of goods, products; 2 - the cost of what we sell is entered in the debit; 3 - the debit reflects VAT accrued from the sale; 9 - at the end of the month, the results are summed up on this sub-account: the financial result from sales for the month is considered, profit is recorded on debit, and loss on credit.
We remember that the account accounting this is a two-sided table, the left side of which is called debit, and the right side is called credit.
Schematically, the score 90 can be depicted in the following way: Home distinctive feature of this account is that it closes completely (to zero) only at the end of the year.
During the calendar year, from month to month, a balance accumulates on each sub-account.
At the end of the year, each sub-account is closed, and the total financial result for the year is considered.
Account 90 in accounting
Postings: November: the closing balance from October for each sub-account will be opening balance, which is shown in green in the figure.
During November there was only one shipment of a batch of products with a cost of 80,000 rubles.
at a sale price of 118,000 rubles. taking into account
VAT. Account 90 looks like this at the end of November: Financial result for the month = 118000 - 80000 - 11800 = 26200.
For each sub-account at the end of November, the monthly turnover is again calculated, to which the initial balance at the beginning of the month is added, after which the balance at the end of November is displayed for each sub-account. December: The closing balance for November will be the opening balance for December (green in the picture below). For the month there were 2 shipments for 23600 (cost 15000) and 70800 rubles. (cost price 50000).
Therefore, when revenue from the sale of goods, products, performance of work or provision of services is recognized in accounting, the posting is usually formed as follows: Debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” - Credit of account 90 Debit of account 90 - Credit of accounts 20 "Main production", 41 "Goods", 43 " Finished products"and others. In addition, the debit of account 90 is debited with the costs associated with the sale, as well as other costs attributable directly to the sales account. For example, general running costs, which can be considered as conditionally constant in accordance with Accounting policy organizations.
Structure analytical accounting For correct operation, account 90 sub-accounts are opened for the following positions:
- 90/1 "Trading revenue";
- 90/2 "Production cost of goods";
- 90/3 "VAT";
- 90/4 "Excises";
- 90/5 "Export duties";
- 90/9 Profit and/or loss from sales.
Each sub-account is filled throughout the year with business transactions.
The formed turnover at the end of each period closes at 90/9 and has no intermediate balance.
The financial and economic result of the work for the month is calculated as the difference between the debit turnover and the total credit turnover on sub-accounts.
Depending on the sign, the resulting value is posted to subaccount 9, which closes to account 99.
Revenue To reflect the assets recognized under RAS (accounting regulations) 9/99, sub-account 90/1 was created as income from the main type of activity.
What does it mean account 90 closes
Account 90 is closed in a certain order, according to the scheme:
- The amount of operations on subaccount 90/1 is calculated, the subaccount is closed by posting Dt 90/1, Kt 90/9.
- Turnovers on expenses are summed up and the total values are posted Debit 90/9, Credit 90/2, 3, 4, 5.
- Turnovers on all sub-accounts and balances 90 must be equal to zero.
- On the 9th subaccount, we determine the financial result, which is calculated as the amount reflected in Dt - the turnover of the account Kt.
Depending on the result obtained, it is written off to account 99.
- Balance on c / c.
Profit, Loss on Sales” should close at the end, i.e.
e. be equal to zero.
Account 90 is not reflected in the balance sheet; all final registers must be checked, possibly for calendar year as a result of an error, this account has an unclosed turnover.
Sub-accounts to account 90 To account 90, in particular, the following sub-accounts can be opened:
- 90-1 "Revenue";
- 90-2 "Cost of sales";
- 90-3 "VAT";
- 90-4 "Excises";
- 90-5 "Export duties";
- 90-9 "Profit/loss on sales".
A specific list of sub-accounts is established by the organization depending on the characteristics of its activities and is approved as part of the working Chart of Accounts in the Accounting Policy for accounting purposes.
Accounting on account 90 As mentioned above, account 90 is designed to summarize information about income and expenses and compare them. The difference in the use of account 90 when forming accounting records will consist in the fact that the debit or credit of this account will reflect a specific business transaction. So, the revenue on the accounting account 90 is reflected in the credit, and the expenses - in the debit.
Good afternoon! The organization was in 2011 on the USN-ke. Since 2012, she switched to OSNO. On the 84th account for Kt, according to the balance sheet, 1,594,514.63, and on the 90th account. according to Dt 908 098.45. Now I have to restore accounting. Tell me, please, how can I close (overlap) these figures?
Closing 90 account:
Debit 99 sub-account "Profit (loss) before tax" Credit 90-9 - reflects the loss on ordinary activities for reporting period.
As of December 31, account 99 “Profit and Loss” should have a net financial result (profit or loss) of the reporting year. Having determined the annual financial result (profit or loss), attribute it to account 84 “Retained earnings ( uncovered loss)" wiring:
Debit 99 sub-account "Net profit (loss)" Credit 84 - written off net (retained) profit of the reporting year;
Debit 84 Credit 99 sub-account "Net profit (loss)" - reflects the net (uncovered) loss of the reporting year.
Those. account 84 is not closed. It collects the final profit or loss. If profit, then the founders can use the funds as they see fit. In this case, account 84 will correspond with accounts, depending on where the profit is directed.
The rationale for this position is given below in the materials of the System Glavbukh
balance reformation
As of January 1 of the next year, the balance of sub-accounts 90-1, 90-2, 90-3, 90-9, 91-1, 91-2 must be zero. To do this, at the end of the reporting year, carry out a reformation of the balance sheet.
Closing order
The procedure for closing the reporting period includes:
- write-off for sold products the total amount of expenses associated with its production and sale (by the end of the reporting period, this amount should be formed);
– comparison of final data on debit and credit turnovers on sub-accounts opened to account 90 “Sales” and account 91 “Other income and expenses”; *
- writing off the positive difference between these data in the credit of account 99 "Profit and Loss" (if profit is received);
- writing off the negative difference between these data to the debit of account 99 "Profit and Loss" (if a loss is received).
Synthetic account 90 "Sales" is designed to record income and expenses for ordinary activities (clause 5 of PBU 9/99, clause 5 of PBU 10/99). However, no transactions are reflected directly on this account. All indicators needed to determine financial result, are formed on sub-accounts opened to it. Therefore, at the reporting date of any reporting period, synthetic account 90 cannot have either a debit or credit balance.
To account 90, sub-accounts are opened:
- 90-1 "Revenue". As the shipment proceeds from the sale of products (goods, works, services), including VAT and excises, the credit of this sub-account is reflected;
- 90-2 "Cost of sales". In the debit of this sub-account, all costs associated with production and sales are written off;
- 90-3 "Value Added Tax". The debit of this sub-account reflects the amounts of VAT included in the price of products sold (goods, works, services), if the organization applying the special regime issues invoices with allocated VAT;
– 90-9 “Profit / loss from sales”. This sub-account reflects the financial result for ordinary activities. If the total turnover on the sub-account loan is 90-1 more than the amount debit turnovers on subaccounts 90-2 and 90-3, then the difference between them forms a profit. If the total turnover on the sub-account loan is 90-1 less than the amount debit turnovers on subaccounts 90-2 and 90-3, then the difference between them forms a loss.
At the end of the reporting period, the difference between the total debit turnover on subaccounts 90-2 and 90-3 and the credit turnover on subaccount 90-1 (profit or loss) is reflected in account 99 "Profit and Loss" subaccount "Profit (loss) before tax" in correspondence with sub-account 90-9.*
- reflects profit from ordinary activities for the reporting period;
Debit 99 subaccount "Profit (loss) before tax" Credit 90-9
– reflects the loss on ordinary activities for the reporting period.*
Entries on sub-accounts 90-1, 90-2, 90-3, 90-9 are made on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year. These sub-accounts are not closed during the year. Their closure occurs when the balance sheet is reformed.
An example of the reflection in accounting of the financial result from ordinary activities for the reporting period (month) *
Alfa CJSC is engaged in wholesale trade and uses a simplified system. In January, the organization sold goods in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles. The cost of goods sold amounted to 600,000 rubles. The amount of depreciation of fixed assets, storage, transport and management expenses equal to 300,000 rubles.
As of January 31, Alfa's accounting reflects the following data:
- for the loan of subaccount 90-1 - sales proceeds in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles;
- for the debit of sub-account 90-2 - the cost of goods sold in the amount of 600,000 rubles;
- in the debit of account 44 - sales expenses in the amount of 300,000 rubles.
Debit 90-2 Credit 44
- 300,000 rubles. - written off sales expenses for January;
Debit 90-9 Credit 99 sub-account "Profit (loss) before tax"
- 100,000 rubles. (1,000,000 rubles - (600,000 rubles + 300,000 rubles)) - reflected the profit from sales for January.
S.V. Razgulin
Financial results
At the second stage of the reformation, the financial result obtained for reporting year, must be combined with the financial result for previous years.
When closing reporting periods during the year (including December results), the accountant had to:
- write off monthly financial results from core activities and other operations from sub-accounts 90-9 and 91-9 to account 99 “Profit and Loss”; *
- reflect in accounting the amount of accrued tax in connection with the application of the corresponding special regime.
Thus, on December 31, account 99 “Profit and Loss” should have a net financial result (profit or loss) of the reporting year. Having determined the annual financial result (profit or loss), attribute it to account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” by posting:
Debit 99 subaccount "Net profit (loss)" Credit 84
- written off net (undistributed) profit of the reporting year;
Debit 84 Credit 99 sub-account "Net profit (loss)"
- reflects the net (uncovered) loss of the reporting year.
This is where the balance reformation ends.*
An example of a balance sheet reform. The organization applies simplification. Single tax pays from the difference between income and expenses
On December 31, 2012, the accountant of Alfa CJSC closed the last reporting period of 2012. The balance sheet shows:
- on subaccount 90-1 - 10,000,000 rubles;
- on subaccount 90-2 - 8,000,000 rubles;
- on subaccount 91-1 - 300,000 rubles;
- on subaccount 91-2 - 100,000 rubles;
- on the credit of account 99, sub-account "Profit (loss) before tax" - 2,200,000 rubles;
- on the debit of account 99, the subaccount "Single tax" - 330,000 rubles.
When reforming the balance sheet, the Alpha accountant made the following entries:
Debit 90-1 Credit 90-9
- 10,000,000 rubles. - closed sub-account 90-1;
Debit 90-9 Credit 90-2
- 8,000,000 rubles. - sub-account 90-2 is closed;
Debit 91-1 Credit 91-9
- 300,000 rubles. - closed sub-account 91-1;
Debit 91-9 Credit 91-2
- 100,000 rubles. - closed sub-account 91-2;
Debit 99 "Net profit (loss)" Credit 84
- 1,870,000 rubles. (2,200,000 rubles - 330,000 rubles) - included in the retained earnings net profit for 2012.
This completes the reformation of Alfa's balance sheet for 2012.
S.V. Razgulin
Deputy Director of the Tax Department
And the customs and tariff policy of the Ministry of Finance of Russia
E.Yu. Popova
State Councilor tax service RF I rank
O.D. Good
ON. Komova
Deputy Director of the Tax Department
And the customs and tariff policy of the Ministry of Finance of Russia
N.Z. Kovyazin
Deputy director of the department wages, labor protection and social partnership of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia
V.M. Akimova
State Advisor to the Tax Service of the Russian Federation, III rank
G.A. Orlova
Deputy Head of Department legal support FSS of Russia
L.A. Kotova
Deputy Director of the Development Department social insurance and state support Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia
O.F. Tsibizova
Head of the Indirect Tax Division of the Tax Department
And the customs and tariff policy of the Ministry of Finance of Russia
I.I. Shklovets
Deputy Head Federal Service for work and employment
S.S. Bychkov
P.A. Vysotsky
Deputy Head of Rosfinnadzor
O.V. Krasnova
Editor-in-chief of BSS "System Glavbukh"
Stanislav Bychkov
Head of the Department of Methodology of Budgetary Control and Audit of the Department budget policy and methodology of the Ministry of Finance of Russia
Account 90 is a special account used to reflect and analyze the amounts of income received and expenses incurred by the enterprise. Based on the balances this account the financial result of the organization's activities is determined. In the article, we will consider the main operations on account 90 in examples and postings.
Account 90 is used to determine and analyze the amounts and volumes of sales for the main types of activities, in particular:
- works of an industrial/non-industrial nature;
- construction, design, survey work;
- rental services;
- supply of goods (including products of own production);
- granting rights to objects of intellectual property.
Sub-accounts 90 accounts
Accounting for transactions on account 90 is usually carried out according to the following main sub-accounts:
Typical postings for account 90
Let's take a look at 90:
Operations on account 90 by examples
To consider accounting for transactions to reflect sales amounts, VAT and financial results on account 90, we will use illustrative examples.
Implementation postings with deferred payment (account 90.1)
Signal JSC and Faza LLC signed an agreement for the supply of paint and varnish products, according to which the cost of the goods is 857,500 rubles. Faza LLC pays for the goods within 30 days after receiving them. Getting the opportunity to defer payment, Faza LLC pays 0.15% for each day of delay (857.500 rubles * 30 days * 0.15% = 38.588 rubles)
In the accounting of Signal JSC, the following entries were reflected:
Accounting for VAT amounts (account 90.3)
According to the supply agreement, Magnit LLC shipped a consignment of goods (sports equipment) to Marshal JSC. The cost of delivery under the contract is 457,000 rubles, VAT 69,712 rubles. The cost of goods is 305.400 rubles. JSC "Marshal" receives the ownership of the party sports equipment after payment is made.
The following entries were made in the accounting of Magnit LLC:
| Dt | CT | Description | Sum | Document |
| 41 | Shipped a batch of sports equipment | 305.400 rub. | Packing list | |
| 76 | The amount of VAT charged on the value of the shipped goods | 69.712 rub. | Invoice | |
| 62 | Funds from Marshal JSC were credited as payment for sports equipment | 457.000 rub. | Bank statement | |
| 62 | .1 | The amount of revenue received | 457.000 rub. | Bank statement |
| The cost of the shipped batch of sports equipment was written off to expenses | 305.400 rub. | Costing | ||
Reflections of the financial result in postings - closing 90 accounts
According to the results of December 2015, Giant JSC:
- RUB 261,000, VAT RUB 39,814;
- cost of sales - 133.500 rubles.
Determining Reflected financial result (profit) at the end of March 2015 (261.000 rubles - 39.814 rubles - 133.500 rubles)
At the end of the month, it was produced (90.1, 90.2, 90.3).
Starting from 2013, all organizations (including organizations using the simplified tax system and UTII) required to keep records, draw up and submit to the tax authorities and to ROSSTAT a mandatory copy of the financial statements for 2018: the balance sheet and the income statement.
It is necessary to hand over the balance sheet of a small business in two addresses, places. The obligation to submit a mandatory copy of the accounting (financial) statements to the state statistics authority (Rosstat) at the place state registration arises in accordance with the law on accounting 402-FZ.
But the second copy of the financial statements - the balance sheet and the income statement must be submitted to tax office- Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. This obligation arises according to. Where does it say in p / p 5 p. 1 that the taxpayer is obliged to submit to tax authority at the location of the organization annual accounting (financial) statements no later than three months after the end of the reporting year.
Note : Except when the organization is in accordance with federal law dated December 6, 2011 No. "On Accounting" is not required to keep accounting records. These include, in particular, individual entrepreneurs.
Before compiling financial statements for the year, the accountant needs to summarize the activities of the organization and close the accounting accounts, according to which the financial result of the organization's activities is determined.
The work must also be guided by, the provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and data tax registers organizations.
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How to close reporting periods in accounting and determine financial results during the year
It is clear that this is an unusual and complicated matter for beginners, so we will briefly and in an accessible form describe this process.
To determine the financial result of the organization, you need to close the reporting period. In accounting, a month is recognized as a reporting period (clause 48 PBU 4/99).
All accounts related to the display of production costs, revenue (income), and the formation of a financial result for compiling the balance sheet of a small business can be conditionally divided into three groups:
1 . Accounts that, in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2000 N 94n "On Approval of the Chart of Accounts for Accounting for the Financial and Economic Activities of Organizations and Instructions for Its Application", do not have a balance at the end of the month - 25 "General production expenses" 26 " General running costs".
2 . Accounts that, in most cases, have a balance - work in progress, but can be completely closed (20 "Main production", 23 " Auxiliary production”, 29 “Service industries and farms”)
3. Accounts that generally do not have a balance at the end of the month, but have a balance for each sub-account - 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”.
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Write-off of expenses on expense accounts
Write-off of expenses on account 26 "General business expenses"
The procedure for closing an account 26 depends on the chosen accounting policy, or rather, the method of forming the cost of production.
The cost price can be formed: 1) in full production cost; or 2) at reduced cost of production.
Note: For small businesses, the second option is more convenient.
When choosing an accounting policy at full production cost» monthly expenses can be written off by postings:
Debit 20 "Main production" Credit 26
Debit 23 "Auxiliary production" Credit 26
Debit 29 "Service industries and farms" Credit 26
When choosing an accounting policy at reduced production cost» general business expenses can be fully attributed to the cost of:
D 90.2 "Cost of sales" Credit 26.
Write-off of costs on account 25 "General production costs"
Account 25 is closed monthly by debiting the amount of expenses from the account with the following entries:
Debit 20 "Main production" Credit 25
Debit 23 "Auxiliary production" Credit 25
Debit 29 "Service industries and farms" Credit 25
depending on the activities associated with these costs.
Write-off of costs from account 44 "Sale costs"
Write-off of costs from account 44 "Sale costs" occurs monthly in full or in part by posting:
Debit 90.2 “Cost of sales” Credit 44 - sales expenses written off.
Closing of account 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 29 "Service production and farms"
At the end of the month, accounts 20,23,29 can be closed with postings:
Debit 90.2 "Cost of sales" Credit 20
Debit 90.2 "Cost of sales" Credit 23
Debit 90.2 "Cost of sales" Credit 29
Service sector organizations can completely close these accounts (without leaving work in progress on the balance of accounts).
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Closing of accounts 90 “Sales” and 91 “Other income and expenses”
At the end of each month, organizations determine the financial result from the activities carried out (profit or loss).
The financial result of the organization's activities is determined as follows:
The amount of the organization's revenue (Turnover on the Credit of account 90.1) minus the cost of sales (the amount of turnover on accounts 90.2, 90.3,90.4,90.5).
If the difference between the Revenue (minus VAT and other similar payments) and the Cost is positive, then the organization made a profit in the reporting month.
The amount of profit is reflected in the posting:
Debit 90.9 Credit 99 - profit is reflected at the end of the month.
If the difference is negative, then the organization has received a loss.
The amount of the loss is reflected in the posting:
Debit 99 Credit 90.9 - reflects the loss at the end of the month.
Thus, the sub-accounts of account 90 “Sales” have a balance at the end of each reporting month, but account 90 itself should not have a balance at the end of the month.
At the end of the year, all sub-accounts of account 90 that have a balance must be closed.
Sub-accounts are closed by the following transactions:
D 90.1 K 90.9 - closing of account 90.1 "Revenue" at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.2 - closing of account 90.2 "Cost of sales" at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.3 - closing of account 90.3 "Value Added Tax" at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.4 - closing of account 90.4 "Excises" at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.5 - closing of account 90.5 "Export duties" at the end of the year.
Closing of account 91 "Other income and expenses"
At the end of each month, organizations determine the financial result on account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
The balance of other income and expenses is the difference between the turnover on the Credit of account 91.1 “Other income” and the turnover on the Debit of account 91.2 “Other expenses”. If the balance of the account is credit - the organization has made a profit, debit - a loss.
The financial result for other income and expenses is reflected in the following entries:
Debit 91.9 Credit 99 - reflected profit from other activities;
Debit 99 Credit 91.9 - reflected the loss from other activities;
At the end of the year, all sub-accounts of account 91 are closed by postings:
Debit 91.1 Credit 91.9 - subaccount 91.1 is closed at the end of the year.
Debit 91.9 Credit 91.2 - closed sub-account 91.2 at the end of the year.
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Closing of account 99 “Profit and Loss” at the end of the year
If at the end of the year the organization made a profit, then the posting is formed:
Debit 99 Credit 84 - reflects the net profit of the reporting year.
if loss , then posting:
Debit 84 Credit 99 - reflects the uncovered loss of the reporting year.
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A simple form of accounting for micro-enterprises
The right to keep records by groups of articles of financial statements, without applying double entry by accounts.
The easiest way to organize accounting - do not use double entry at all, that is, do not make any postings at all. True, only micro-enterprises can use this method (clause 6.1 PBU 1/2008). And only if it does not distort information about the company, that is, it will allow you to draw up financial statements.
The article will help to draw up a balance sheet, the balances and turnovers are considered in detail, for which accounts they make up Balance sheet and the Statement of Financial Results for Small Business Entities (KND Form 0710098). Download forms of balance sheet and income statement. Simplified financial statements for small businesses. Download the program Taxpayer version 4.45.2
Internet reporting. Contour.Extern
FTS, PFR, FSS, Rosstat, RAR, RPN. The service does not require installation and updating - the reporting forms are always up-to-date, and the built-in check will ensure that the report is submitted the first time. Send reports to the Federal Tax Service directly from 1C!
Each company uses in its accounting 90 account "Sales", which allows you to reflect those income and expenses that relate to ordinary activities - the sale of goods, products, services, works. This account is complex, as it includes several mandatory sub-accounts.
Sub-accounts of account 90:
Accounting features
The peculiarity lies in the fact that the records for the first four sub-accounts are accumulated during the year. At the end of the year, the account is closed, as a result of which the balance of all sub-accounts is reset to zero.
The financial result is calculated at the end of each month and is reflected in the 9th sub-account of the 90th account, so the total balance on account 90 at the end of the month is zero.
Accounting example:
The organization is engaged in the sale of goods subject to VAT. The cost price is collected from the purchase price of goods, reflected on account 41, and the sales costs collected on account.
The initial data is as follows:
- a batch of goods with a total value of 100,000 rubles was purchased;
- selling expenses amounted to 10,000 rubles;
- the sale of this batch was carried out for a total cost of 236,000 rubles, including VAT.
Postings on account 90:
During each month, revenue is reflected, the cost is formed and VAT is charged on all operations related to ordinary activities.
At the end of the month, the financial result for the month is considered, which is reflected on the 9th subaccount of account 90 in correspondence with the 99th account.
At the end of the year, the procedure for closing account 90 should be carried out.
How to close 90 account?
On each separate sub-account (from the 1st to the 4th), a balance is accumulated - credit for the first sub-account, debit for the rest.
At the end of the year, each sub-account has a total balance accumulated over 12 months. The task is to reset this balance for each sub-account, thus the entire account 90 will have a balance of 0.
How account 90 is closed:
- 1st subaccount - D90.1 K90.9 is posted for the amount of the credit balance at the end of the year;
- from the 2nd to the 4th subaccount - posting D90.9 K90.2 (90.3, 90.4) in the amount debit balance for each sub-account;
- 9th sub-account - as a result of the actions indicated above, the balance on it will be equal to 0.
Thus, the postings for closing account 90 look like:
- D90.1 K90.9 - the first one closes;
- D90.9 K90.2 - the second closes;
- D90.9 K90.3 - the third closes;
- D90.9 K90.4 - the fourth closes.
The balance for each sub-account and for account 90 as a whole is 0 at the end of the year. At the beginning of the year, the account should be reopened, starting again to accumulate cost, revenue and taxes on it.
An example of closing account 90:
We have such numbers at the end of the year. Black reflects the final balance for each sub-account at the end of the year.
To close an account, you need to complete the following transactions:
|
Sum |
Operation | Debit |
Credit |
| Closing sub-account 1 | 90.1 | 90.9 | |
| Closing sub-account 2 | 90.9 | ||
| 180000 | Closing sub-account 3 | 90.9 |
In accounting, income and expenses can be of several types:
- for ordinary activities, which are reflected on account 90 "Sales";
- other (operating and non-operating), which are taken into account on account 91 "Other income and expenses".
The financial result for ordinary activities is reflected in account 90 "Sales". In accordance with the Chart of Accounts, sub-accounts are opened for it:
- 90-1 "Revenue";
- 90-2 "Cost of sales";
- 90-3 "Value Added Tax";
- 90-4 "Excises";
— 90-9 “Profit/loss from sales”.
Do it like this:
a) the credit balance of sub-account 90-1 is closed by posting:
Debit 90-1 Credit 90-9
- sub-account 90-1 is closed at the end of the year;
b) the debit balances of subaccounts 90-2, 90-3, 90-4, etc. are closed with postings:
Debit 90-9 Credit 90-2 (90-3, 90-4…)
— sub-accounts 90-2 (90-3, 90-4…) are closed at the end of the year.
As a result of the postings made, the debit and credit turnovers on the subaccounts of account 90 will be equal. Thus, as of January 1 of the next year, the balance both on account 90 as a whole and on all sub-accounts opened to it will be equal to zero.
In 2005 ZAO Aktiv received proceeds from the sale of goods in the amount of 1,180,000 rubles. (including VAT - 180,000 rubles). The cost of goods sold amounted to 600,000 rubles. Expenses for the sale of goods - 170,000 rubles.
Debit 62 Credit 90-1
— 1,180,000 rubles. - reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods;
Debit 90-3 Credit 68 subaccount "Calculations
- 180,000 rubles. - VAT charged;
Debit 90-2 Credit 41
— 600,000 rubles. - written off the cost of goods sold;
Debit 90-2 Credit 44
- 170,000 rubles. - written off selling expenses;
Debit 90-9 Credit 99
— 230,000 rubles. (1,180,000 - 180,000 - 600,000 - - 170,000) - sales profit is reflected.
On December 31, 2005, the Asset accountant must close all sub-accounts to account 90. To do this, you need to make the following entries:
Debit 90-1 Credit 90-9
— 1,180,000 rubles. - sub-account 90-1 is closed at the end of the year;
Debit 90-9 Credit 90-2
- 770,000 rubles. (600,000 + 170,000) - sub-account 90-2 is closed at the end of the year;
Debit 90-9 Credit 90-3
- 180,000 rubles. - Sub-account 90-3 is closed at the end of the year.
Accounting for operating and non-operating income and expenses is kept on account 91 “Other income and expenses”. The following sub-accounts are opened for this account:
— 91-1 “Other income”;
- 91-2 "Other expenses";
— 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses”.
After you have closed sub-accounts to account 90, you need to close all sub-accounts opened to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
Do it like this:
Debit 91-1 Credit 91-9
- subaccount 91-1 is closed at the end of the year;
Debit 91-9 Credit 91-2
- Sub-account 91-2 is closed at the end of the year.
In 2005, CJSC Aktiv received income from the lease of property in the amount of 2360 rubles. (including VAT - 360 rubles). The costs associated with the provision of property for rent amounted to 3600 rubles. Leasing out property is not a normal activity for Aktiva.
The accountant of "Active" made the postings:
Debit 76 Credit 91-1
- 2360 rubles. - accrued rent during the reporting period;
Debit 91-2 Credit 68 subaccount "Calculations
- 360 rubles. - VAT charged on rent;
Debit 91-2 Credit 02 (70, 69…)
— 3600 rub. - reflects the costs associated with the lease of property;
Debit 99 Credit 91-9
- 1600 rubles. (2360 - 360 - 3600) - reflected the loss from other activities of the organization.
To do this, you need to do the wiring:
Debit 91-1 Credit 91-9
- 2360 rubles. - subaccount 91-1 is closed at the end of the year;
Debit 91-9 Credit 91-2
— 3960 rub. (360 + 3600) - sub-account 91-2 is closed at the end of the year.
Greetings! Today we will look at the process of "closing the month" in a real company providing services. We will see how our accounting theory works in practice. At the same time once again learn to "look into the turnovers."
According to the basics of accounting theory and our new knowledge, let's try to predict what we should see after the “closing of the month”. For clarity, we will take as a basis the Turnover Balance Sheet (OSV) of our enterprise. Here is an example of OSV.
Isn't that what we expect to see?
- 26 account should be at the end of the month without a balance.
those. BalanceClosingDebit(SKD) = 0 - Without a balance, there must be 90 and 91 accounts
- In Turnovers for the period, 99 accounts should have some amounts
We start the procedure "closing the month"
Let's see how our "turnover" has changed.
I will comment a little.
Look, the 26th account “closed” at the end of the month - it became 0. This is good. Here is the boo wiring showing how it happened.
As you can see, the expense accounts "transfer" their accumulated amounts from their Credit to Debit to the account for recording the financial result.
Remember the financial result formula? What accounts are involved?
So, in Debit 90 and 91 accounts, the expenses of our company for the current month are collected. Now we can calculate the financial result for each of them. The calculation of the financial result is some kind of action on 90, 91 accounts. As you remember, 90 and 91 accounts after summing up the financial result should be equal to 0. And the final result financial activities will be on the 99th account.
Zero balances on 90 and 91 accounts should be in the whole account. Sub-accounts of these accounts will have balances until December 31, before the procedure - balance reformation. But more on that later.
This is how the situation for 90, 91 and 99 accounts looks like in our SALT. This situation occurs after the "transfer" of expenses to account 90, BUT before closing 90, 91.
Look, I've highlighted the key accounts from the entire SWS to show the "closing of the month" intermediate stage. We see that the 26th account was closed: the balances on it are equal to zero. And, in our case, the amount of the 26th account was displayed in the Debit of the 90th account.
In our example, the firm has only 26 accounts. If there were 44 accounts, it would also be closed and the amount from it would be transferred to the Debit of 90 accounts.
Thus, Debit 90 of the account collects amounts from the company's expense accounts, plus accumulates the cost of goods sold, products. The cost price, as you understand, is available for manufacturing and trading firms. We have only accumulated expenses from account 26.
Now we see that on accounts 90 and 91 different amounts were formed for the Debit turnover (DO) and Credit turnover (KO). It turns out that for each of these accounts, there is a closing balance: 1705778.54 and 11374.53.
Now for us there is no big difference where this balance is - in Debit or Credit. We only care about one thing:
Closing 90 and 91 accounts involves such actions so that the balance turns to zero. Those. we must make such entries for each account in correspondence with 99 so that our numbers - 1705778.54 and 11374.53 - go away. Those. the remainder would be zero. This is the rule for closing 90 and 91 accounts in general - for them the balance must be equal to zero.
And in order for the balances to become zero, we must transfer the existing differences between TO and KO (these are the final balances) by posting to account 99. In other words,
- for account 90 we will "add" 1705778.54 to Debit.
- for 91 accounts we will "add" to Credit 11374.53
The next report shows how we “add the necessary numbers” through postings, thereby closing accounts 90 and 91. The closure of these accounts will be correct if after - the balances on them at the end of the period (month) become 0.
As you can see, the closing of accounts 90 and 91 goes through their internal sub-accounts 90.9 and 91.9 in correspondence with account 99. Where 90.9 (91.9) will stand in the Debit or Credit of the transaction depends on where there are not enough amounts so that the account at the end of the period gives 0.
Conclusion
Now we have considered the most-most-most simple option, what the “turnover” and the principle of “closing the month” look like for companies providing services.
For trading organizations, SALT looks a little different. For example, we will see 41 and 44 accounts. For production - there will be 20, 25, 40, 43, 44.
All enterprises can have 76 and 73 accounts.
In addition, many enterprises have 01 accounts with their subsidiary accounts 02 and 08 accounts.
All this diversity is not as difficult as it seems at first glance.
Whatever accounting accounts you have to deal with in accounting, everything will come to the “turnover”, where it will be necessary to take the amounts from all accounting accounts of Expenses and “move” them to accounts 90 and 91. Then, from accounts 90 and 91, move the resulting balances to account 99. And so every month until December. In December, at the "closing of the month" there will be another operation called "balance sheet reformation".
For the “closing of the month” process, there are a few more basic knowledge that affect the rules for transferring amounts to account 90. We consider all this in practical classes and learn how to solve such problems. accounting situations from the event to the close of the month.
Addition
The article raised questions, which was to be expected. Accounting is not a difficult subject, but all its numbers, rules make it difficult, confusing and confusing. The very first questions showed that more explanations should be given to this article. The following article answers two important questions:
- should more details be given in the OSV
- in OSV on account 26 different amounts - is this a mistake in the article?
