Clear distance- 2.40. Clearance distance is the smallest distance between two outer surfaces. Source …
The distance between the inner faces of the structural supports (Bulgarian; Bulgarian) light opening (Czech; Čeština) světlost (German; Deutsch) lichte Spannweite; Lichtweite (Hungarian; Magyar) szabad nyílás (Mongolian)… … Construction dictionary
Clear staircase width- 3.7. The clear width of the stairs is the minimum distance between the inner surfaces of the bowstrings of the stairs. Source: NPB 171 98*: Manual fire ladders. General technical requirements. Test methods 3.8 clear width of stairs: Minimum ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
Floating Dock Clear Width- 21. Clear width of a floating dock Clear width Sun The smallest distance measured perpendicular to the center plane of a floating dock between the protruding structures of its inner sides Source: GOST 14181 78: Floating docks. Terms, ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
span- The distance between the inner faces of the structural supports [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)] Topics other building products EN clear span DE lichte SpannweiteLichtweite FR portee libre ... Technical Translator's Handbook
clear height- 3.1.4 headroom e: The smallest vertical distance above the center line, free from all obstructions (such as rungs, risers, etc.) (see figure 1). Source: GOST R ISO 14122-3 2009: Machine safety. Funds… … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
The clear distance between the supports, measured at the mark of the calculated high water level minus the width of the intermediate supports (Bulgarian; Bulgarian) opening to the bridge (Czech; Čeština) světlé rozpětí mostu (German; Deutsch) ... ... Construction dictionary
* Taking into account the use of one lane for parking of cars.
Notes
1 The width of streets and roads is determined by calculation depending on the intensity of traffic and pedestrians, the composition of elements placed within the transverse profile (carriageways, technical lanes for laying underground utilities, sidewalks, green spaces, etc.), taking into account sanitary and hygienic requirements and civil defense requirements. As a rule, the width of streets and roads in the red lines is taken m: main roads - 50-75; main streets - 40-80; streets and roads local importance - 15-25.
2 In conditions of difficult terrain or reconstruction, as well as in areas with high urban development value of the territory, it is allowed to reduce the design speed for high-speed roads and streets of continuous traffic by 10 km/h with a decrease in the radii of curves in the plan and an increase in longitudinal slopes.
3 For the movement of buses and trolleybuses on main streets and roads in large, large and largest cities an extreme strip 4 m wide should be provided; for the passage of buses during peak hours at a rate of more than 40 units / h, and in conditions of reconstruction - more than 20 units / h, a separate carriageway with a width of 8-12 m is allowed.
On main roads with predominant traffic trucks it is allowed to increase the width of the traffic lane up to 4 m.
4 In climatic subregions IA, IB and IG, the largest longitudinal slopes of the carriageway of main streets and roads should be reduced by 10%. In areas with a winter snowfall of more than 600 m / m, within the carriageway of streets and roads, lanes up to 3 m wide should be provided for snow storage.
5 The width of the pedestrian part of sidewalks and paths does not include the area required for kiosks, benches, etc.
6 In climatic subregions IA, IB and IG, in areas with a snow load of more than 200 m / m, the width of sidewalks on main streets should be taken at least 3 m.
7 In the conditions of reconstruction on the streets of local importance, as well as with an estimated pedestrian traffic of less than 50 people per hour in both directions, it is allowed to install sidewalks and paths with a width of 1 m.
8 When sidewalks are directly adjacent to the walls of buildings, retaining walls or fences, their width should be increased by at least 0.5 m.
9 It is allowed to provide for the phased achievement of the design parameters of the main streets and roads, transport intersections, taking into account the specific size of traffic and pedestrians when mandatory reservation territory and underground space for prospective construction.
10 In small, medium and large cities, as well as in the conditions of reconstruction and in the organization of one-way traffic, it is allowed to use the parameters of the main streets of district significance for the design of main streets of citywide significance.
3.75. The distances between trees and shrubs during row planting should be taken not less than those indicated in Table. eight.
Table 8
|
Plantation characteristics |
Minimum distances between trees and shrubs in axes, m |
|
Light-loving trees |
|
|
Shade Tolerant Trees |
|
|
Shrubs up to 1 m high |
|
|
The same, up to 2 m |
|
|
The same, more than 2 m |
3.76. Distances between the border of tree plantations and cooling ponds and spray pools, counting from the coastal edge, should be at least 40 m.
3.77. The main element of landscaping sites industrial enterprises lawn should be provided.
3.78. On the territory of the enterprise, well-maintained areas for recreation and gymnastic exercises for employees should be provided.
Sites should be located on the windward side in relation to buildings with industries that emit harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
The dimensions of the sites should be taken at the rate of not more than 1 sq.m per one worker in the most numerous shift.
3.79. For enterprises with industries that emit aerosols, decorative ponds, fountains, rain installations, which increase the concentration of harmful substances at the sites of enterprises, should not be provided.
3.80. Along main and industrial roads, sidewalks should be provided in all cases, regardless of the intensity of pedestrian traffic, and along driveways and entrances - with a traffic intensity of at least 100 people. in shift.
3.81. Sidewalks on the site of the enterprise or the territory of the industrial hub should be located no closer than 3.75 m from the nearest normal gauge railway track. Reduction of this distance (but not less than the dimensions of the approach of buildings) is allowed when installing railings enclosing the sidewalk.
The distance from the axis of the railway track, along which hot goods are transported, to the sidewalks must be at least 5 m.
Sidewalks along buildings should be placed:
a) with organized drainage of water from the roofs of buildings - close to the building line with an increase in this case, the width of the sidewalk by 0.5 m (against that provided for by the norms of clause 3. 82);
b) in case of unorganized drainage of water from roofs - at least 1.5 m from the building line.
3.82*. The width of the sidewalk should be taken as a multiple of the traffic lane with a width of 0.75 m. The number of traffic lanes along the sidewalk should be set depending on the number of workers employed in the most numerous shift in the building (or group of buildings) to which the sidewalk leads, at the rate of 750 people. per lane change. The minimum width of the sidewalk must be at least 1.5 m.
With a pedestrian traffic intensity of less than 100 man-hours in both directions, sidewalks with a width of 1 m are allowed, and when people with disabilities using wheelchairs move along them, they are 1.2 m wide.
Sidewalk slopes intended for the possible passage of disabled people using wheelchairs should not exceed: longitudinal - 5%, transverse - 1% At the intersection of such sidewalks with the roadway of the enterprise, the height of the side stone should not exceed 4 cm.
3.83. When sidewalks are placed next to or on a common subgrade with a motor road, they must be separated from the road by a dividing strip with a width of at least 0.8 m. The location of sidewalks close to the carriageway of the motor road is allowed only under the conditions of reconstruction of the enterprise. When the sidewalk adjoins the roadway, the sidewalk must be at the level of the top of the side stone, but not less than 15 cm above the roadway.
Note. For the Northern building-climatic zone, sidewalks and
cycle paths along highways should be designed for
common subgrade with it, separating them from the carriageway by a lawn of at least
1 m, without the installation of a side stone, but with a through fence
between lawn and pavement.
3.84. When reconstructing enterprises located in crowded areas, it is allowed, with appropriate justification, to increase the width of highways due to landscaping strips separating them from sidewalks, and in their absence, at the expense of sidewalks with the transfer of the latter.
3.85*. On the sites of enterprises and territories of industrial hubs, the intersection of pedestrian traffic with railway tracks in places of mass passage of workers, as a rule, is not allowed. When justifying the need for the construction of these intersections, crossings at the same level should be equipped with traffic lights and sound alarms, as well as provide visibility no less than that provided for in the SNiP chapter on the design of highways.
Crossings at different levels (mainly in tunnels) should be provided for in the following cases: crossings of station tracks, including exhaust ones; transportation of liquid metals and slag along the routes; the production of shunting work on crossed paths and the impossibility of stopping it for the duration of the mass passage of people; sludge on the tracks of wagons, heavy traffic (more than 50 deliveries per day in both directions).
When moving around the territory of the enterprise, disabled people using wheelchairs, pedestrian tunnels must be equipped with ramps.
Crossings of motor roads with pedestrian paths should be designed in accordance with the chapter of SNiP on the planning and development of cities, towns and rural settlements.
3.86. Fencing of sites of enterprises should be provided in accordance with the "Guidelines for the Design of Fencing Sites and Sites of Enterprises, Buildings and Structures".
4. LOCATION OF ENGINEERING NETWORKS
4.1. For enterprises and industrial units, design single system engineering networks located in technical lanes, ensuring the occupation of the smallest sections of the territory and linking with buildings and structures.
4.2*. At the sites of industrial enterprises, it is necessary to provide mainly ground and above-ground methods for locating engineering networks.
In the pre-factory zones of enterprises and public centers of industrial centers, underground placement of engineering networks should be provided.
4.3. For networks for various purposes, it should, as a rule, provide for joint placement in common trenches, tunnels, channels, on low supports, sleepers or overpasses in compliance with the relevant sanitary and fire safety standards and safety rules for the operation of networks.
Joint underground placement of pipelines for circulating water supply, heating networks and gas pipelines with technological pipelines is allowed, regardless of the parameters of the coolant and the parameters of the environment in technological pipelines.
4.4. When designing engineering networks at the sites of enterprises located in special natural and climatic conditions, one should also comply with the requirements provided for by the chapters of SNiP on the design of water supply, sewerage, gas supply and heating networks.
4.5. Placement of external networks with flammable and combustible liquids and gases under buildings and structures is not allowed.
4.6. The choice of the method of placement of power cable lines should be provided in accordance with the requirements of the "Electrical Installation Rules" (PUE), approved by the USSR Ministry of Energy.
4.7. When placing heat networks, the intersection of production and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises is allowed.
UNDERGROUND NETWORKS
4.8. Underground networks, as a rule, should be laid outside the carriageway of highways.
On the territory of the reconstructed enterprises it is allowed to place underground networks under highways.
Notes: 1. Ventilation shafts, entrances and other devices of channels and
tunnels should be located outside the carriageway and in places free from
buildings.
2. With channelless laying, it is allowed to place networks within
4.9. In the Northern building-climatic zone, engineering networks, as a rule, should be laid together in tunnels and channels, preventing changes in the temperature regime of the soils of the foundations of nearby buildings and structures.
Note. Water, sewer and drainage networks should be placed
in the zone of temperature influence of heating networks.
4.10. In canals and tunnels, it is allowed to place gas pipelines of combustible gases (natural, associated petroleum, artificial mixed and liquefied hydrocarbons) with a gas pressure of up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / sq. cm) together with other pipelines and communication cables, provided that ventilation and lighting are provided in channels and tunnels in accordance with sanitary standards.
Joint placement in the channel and tunnel is not allowed: gas pipelines of combustible gases with power and lighting cables, with the exception of cables for lighting the channel or tunnel itself; pipelines of heating networks with liquefied gas pipelines, oxygen pipelines, nitrogen pipelines, cold pipelines, pipelines with flammable, volatile, chemically caustic and toxic substances and household sewerage; pipelines of flammable and combustible liquids with power cables and communication cables, with fire-fighting water supply and gravity sewerage networks; oxygen pipelines with gas pipelines of combustible gases, flammable and combustible liquids with pipelines of toxic liquids and with power cables.
Notes: 1. Joint placement in common channels and
tunnels of pipelines of flammable and combustible liquids with pressure
water supply systems (except for fire fighting) and pressure sewerage.
2. Channels and tunnels designed to accommodate pipelines with fire,
explosive and toxic materials (liquids), must have exits to
less often than after 60 m and at its ends.
4.11*. Underground engineering networks should be placed in parallel in a common trench; at the same time, the distances between engineering networks, as well as from these networks to the foundations of buildings and structures, should be taken as the minimum allowable based on the size and placement of chambers, wells and other devices on these networks, the conditions for installing and repairing networks.
Horizontal distances (in the light) from the nearest underground engineering networks, with the exception of gas pipelines of combustible gases, to buildings and structures should be taken no more than those indicated in Table. 9. The distances indicated in this table from gas pipelines of combustible gases to buildings and structures are minimum.
Horizontal distances (in the light) between adjacent underground engineering networks with their parallel placement should be taken no more than those indicated in Table. ten.
4.12. When laying a cable line parallel to a high-voltage line (VL) with a voltage of 110 kV and higher, the horizontal distance (in the light) from the cable to the outermost wire must be at least 10 m.
Under the conditions of reconstruction of enterprises, the distance from cable lines to underground parts and ground electrodes of individual supports of overhead lines with a voltage above 1000 V can be taken at least 2 m, while the horizontal distance (in the light) to the outermost wire of the overhead line is not standardized.
4.13*. When crossing engineering networks, vertical distances (in the light) must be at least:
a) between pipelines or electric cables, communication cables and railway and tram tracks, counting from the bottom of the rail, or highways, counting from the top of the coating to the top of the pipe (or its case) or electric cable, - according to the calculation for the strength of the network, but not less than 0 .6 m;
b) between pipelines and electric cables placed in channels or tunnels, and railways, the vertical distance, counting from the top of the canal or tunnel overlap to the bottom of the rails railways, - 1 m, to the bottom of the ditch or other drainage structures or the base of the railway subgrade embankment - 0.5 m;
c) between pipelines and power cables with voltage up to 35 kV and communication cables - 0.5 m;
d) between power cables with a voltage of 110 - 220 kV and pipelines - 1 m;
e) in the conditions of reconstruction of enterprises, subject to the requirements of the EMP, the distance between cables of all voltages and pipelines can be reduced to 0.25 m;
f) between pipelines for various purposes (with the exception of sewer pipes crossing water pipes and pipelines for toxic and foul-smelling liquids) - 0.2 m;
g) pipelines transporting drinking water should be placed 0.4 m above sewer or pipelines transporting toxic and foul-smelling liquids;
h) it is allowed to place steel, enclosed in cases, pipelines transporting drinking water below sewer, while the distance from the walls sewer pipes before the cut of the case, there should be at least 5 m in each direction in clay soils and 10 m in coarse and sandy soils, and sewer pipelines should be provided from cast iron pipes;
i) inlets of domestic and drinking water supply with a pipe diameter of up to 150 mm may be provided below the sewer without a case, if the distance between the walls of the intersecting pipes is 0.5 m;
j) for channelless laying of pipelines of water heating networks open system heat supply or hot water supply networks, the distances from these pipelines to the sewer pipelines located below and above should be taken as 0.4 m.
4.14. When placing engineering networks vertically on the sites of industrial enterprises and territories of industrial hubs, the norms of the chapters of SNiP on the design of water supply, sewerage, gas supply, heating networks, facilities of industrial enterprises, PUE should be observed.
4.15. When crossing channels or tunnels for various purposes, gas pipelines should be placed above or below these structures in cases protruding 2 m on both sides of the outer walls of the channels or tunnels. It is allowed to lay underground gas pipelines in a case with pressure up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / sq. cm) through tunnels for various purposes.
Table 9
|
Horizontal distance (clear), m, from underground networks to |
|||||||||||||
|
building foundations |
foundations fencing supports, |
axes of railway track |
tram axles |
highways |
foundations of overhead power transmission line supports |
||||||||
|
Network engineering |
and facilities |
galleries, flyovers pipelines, contact network and communications |
gauge 1520 mm, but not less than the depth of the trench to the bottom of the embankment and excavation |
side stone, the edge of the carriageway, reinforced roadside lane |
outer edge of the ditch or the bottom of the embankment |
up to 1 kV and outdoor lighting |
St. 1 to 35 kV |
||||||
|
1. Water supply and pressure sewerage |
|||||||||||||
|
2. Gravity sewers and drains |
|||||||||||||
|
3. Drains |
|||||||||||||
|
4. Combustible gas pipelines a) low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf / sq. cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
b) average pressure of St. 0.005 (0.05) to 0.3 MPa (3 kgf / sq. cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
in) high pressure sv 0.3 (3) up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / sq. cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
d) high pressure over 0.6 (6) up to 1.2 MPa (12 kgf / sq. cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
5. Heating networks (from the outer wall of the channel, tunnel or shell of the channelless laying) |
2 (see note 4) |
||||||||||||
|
6. Power cables of all voltages and communication cables |
|||||||||||||
|
7. Channels, tunnels |
|||||||||||||
|
* Refers only to distances from power cables. The distance from communication cables must be taken according to special standards approved by the USSR Ministry of Communications. |
|||||||||||||
|
Notes*: Notes 1 and 2 have been deleted. 3. In the Northern building-climatic zone, the distance from the networks according to pos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 during construction with the preservation of the permafrost state of the foundation soils should be taken according to the heat engineering calculation, during construction, when the foundation soils are used in a thawed state, - according to Table. 9. 4. The distance from heat networks with channelless laying to buildings and structures should be taken as for a water supply system. 5. It is allowed to provide for the laying of underground engineering networks, with the exception of fire water supply networks and gas pipelines of combustible and toxic gases, within the foundations of supports and overpasses of pipelines, galleries, contact networks, provided that measures are taken to exclude the possibility of damage to networks in the event of settlement of foundations, as well as damage foundations in the event of an accident on these networks. |
|||||||||||||
Table 10
|
Horizontal distance (clear), m, between |
||||||||||||||
|
combustible gas pipelines |
heating networks |
|||||||||||||
|
Network engineering |
sewerage |
drains or drains |
low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf / sq. cm) |
medium pressure St. 0.005 (0.05) to (3 kgf/sq.cm) |
high pressure St. 0.3 (3) to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/ sq.cm) |
high pressure sv 0.6 (6) up to 1.2 MPa 12kgf/sq.cm) |
power cables of all voltages |
communication cables |
outer wall of a channel, tunnel |
shell bezka- wearable pad |
llamas, tunnels |
|||
|
1. Plumbing |
(See note 2) |
|||||||||||||
|
2. Sewerage |
(See note 2) |
|||||||||||||
|
3. Drainage and gutter |
||||||||||||||
|
4. Gas pipelines of combustible gases: a) low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf / sq. cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
b) average pressure over 0.005 (0.05) up to 0.3 MPa (3 kgf/sq.cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
c) high blood pressure 0.3 (3) to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/sq.cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
d) high pressure over 0.6 (6.0) up to 1.2 MPa (12 kgf / sq. cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
5. Power cables of all voltages |
||||||||||||||
|
6. Communication cables |
||||||||||||||
|
7. Heating networks: a) the outer wall of the channel, tunnel |
||||||||||||||
|
b) channelless laying shell |
||||||||||||||
|
8. Channels, tunnels |
||||||||||||||
|
* In accordance with the requirements of the PUE. Notes: * Note 1 is excluded. 2. The distances from the sewer to the drinking water supply should be taken: to the water supply from reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement pipes laid in clay soils - 5 m, in coarse and sandy soils - 10 m; to the water supply from cast-iron pipes with a diameter of up to 200 mm - 1.5 m, with a diameter of more than 200 mm - 3 m; to the water supply from plastic pipes - 1.5 m. The distance between the sewerage and industrial water supply networks, regardless of the material and diameter of the pipes, as well as the range and characteristics of the soil, must be at least 1.5 m. 3. When two or more gas pipelines of combustible gases are jointly placed in one trench, the distances between them in the light should be for pipes with a diameter of: up to 300 mm - 0.4 m, more than 300 mm - 0.5 m. 4. The table shows the distances to steel gas pipelines. The placement of underground gas pipelines from non-metallic pipes should be provided in accordance with the SNiP chapter on the design of internal and external gas supply devices. Notes 5 to 9 have been deleted. |
||||||||||||||
4.16. Crossings of pipelines with railway and tram tracks, as well as with roads, should be provided, as a rule, at an angle of 90 degrees. AT individual cases with appropriate justification, it is allowed to reduce the angle of intersection to 45 °.
The distance from gas pipelines and heating networks to the beginning of the wisecracks, the tail of the crosses and the points of attachment to the rails, suction cables should be taken at least 3 m for tram tracks and 10 m for railways.
4.17. The intersection of cable lines laid directly in the ground with the tracks of electrified rail transport should be provided at an angle of 75 - 90 ° to the axis of the track. The crossing point must be at least 10 m for railways and at least 3 m for tram tracks from the beginning of the wits, the tail of the crosses and the places where suction cables are attached to the rails.
In the event of a cable line transitioning into an overhead cable, it must come to the surface at a distance of at least 3.5 m from the bottom of the embankment or from the edge of the railway or highway bed.
GROUND NETWORKS
4.18. When placing networks on the ground, it is necessary to provide for their protection from mechanical damage and adverse atmospheric effects.
Ground networks should be placed on sleepers laid in open trays, at elevations below the planning elevations of the sites (territory). Other types of ground-based placement of networks are allowed (in channels and tunnels laid on the surface of the territory or on continuous bedding, in channels and tunnels of a semi-buried type, in open trenches, etc.)
4.19. Pipelines for combustible gases, toxic products, pipelines through which acids and alkalis are transported, as well as domestic sewage pipelines are not allowed to be placed in open trenches and trays.
4.20. Ground networks are not allowed to be placed within the strip allocated for laying underground networks in trenches and channels that require periodic access to them during operation.
OVERGROUND NETWORKS
4.21. Above-ground engineering networks should be placed on supports, overpasses, in galleries or on the walls of buildings and structures.
4.22. The intersection of cable racks and galleries with overhead power lines, intra-factory railways and roads, cable cars, overhead communication and radio lines and pipelines should be carried out at an angle of at least 30 °.
4.23*. It is not allowed to place overground networks:
a) transit on-site pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases along overpasses, free-standing columns and supports made of combustible materials, as well as along the walls and roofs of buildings, with the exception of buildings of I, II, IIIa fire resistance degrees with production of categories C, D and D;
b) pipelines with flammable liquid and gaseous products in the galleries, if the mixing of products can cause an explosion or fire;
c) pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases, along combustible coatings and walls;
on the coatings and walls of buildings in which explosive materials are placed;
d) gas pipelines of combustible gases;
on the territory of warehouses of flammable and combustible liquids and materials.
Note. The onsite pipeline is transit in relation to
those buildings whose technological installations do not produce or consume
liquids and gases transported through the specified pipelines.
4.24. Aboveground pipelines for flammable and combustible liquids, laid on separate supports, overpasses, etc., should be placed at a distance of at least 3 m from the walls of buildings with openings, from walls without openings this distance can be reduced to 0.5 m.
4.25. On low supports, pressure pipelines with liquids and gases, as well as power and communication cables, located:
a) in the technical lanes of the sites of enterprises specially designated for these purposes;
b) on the territory of warehouses for liquid products and liquefied gases.
4.26. The height from ground level to the bottom of pipes (or the surface of their insulation) laid on low supports in a free area outside the passage Vehicle and the passage of people, should be taken at least:
with a pipe group width of at least 1.5 m - 0.35 m;
with a pipe group width of 1.5 m or more - 0.5 m.
The placement of pipelines with a diameter of 300 mm or less on low supports should be provided in two rows or more vertically, minimizing the width of the network route.
4.27*. The height from ground level to the bottom of pipes or the surface of insulation laid on high supports should be taken:
a) in the impassable part of the site (territory), in places where people pass - 2.2 m;
b) at the intersection with roads (from the top of the carriageway) - 5 m;
c) at the intersection with internal railway access roads and common network tracks - in accordance with GOST 9238-83;
d) excluded;
e) at the intersection with tram tracks - 7.1 m from the rail head;
f) at the intersection with the contact network of the trolleybus (from the top of the pavement of the carriageway) - 7.3 m;
g) at the intersection of pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases with internal railway sidings for the transport of molten iron or hot slag (up to the rail head) - 10 m; when installing thermal protection of pipelines - 6 m.
Minimum clear distances from pipelines to building structures and to adjacent pipelines
| Nominal diameter of pipelines, mm | Distance from the surface of the heat-insulating structure of pipelines, mm, not less than | ||||
| up to the wall | before overlapping | to the floor | to the surface of the heat-insulating structure of the adjacent pipeline | ||
| vertically | horizontally | ||||
| 25-80 | |||||
| 100-250 | |||||
| 300-350 | |||||
| 500-700 | |||||
| 1000 - 1400 | |||||
| Note - When reconstructing heat points using existing building structures, deviations from the dimensions indicated in this table are allowed, but taking into account the requirements of clause 2.33. |
table 2
Minimum aisle width
| Name of equipment and building structures between which passages are provided | Clear passage width, mm, not less than |
| Between pumps with electric motors up to 1000 V | 1,0 |
| The same, 1000 V or more | 1,2 |
| Between pumps and wall | 1,0 |
| Between pumps and distribution board or instrumentation board | 2,0 |
| Between the protruding parts of the equipment (water heaters, mud collectors, elevators, etc.) or protruding parts of the equipment and the wall | 0,8 |
| From the floor or ceiling to the surface of the heat-insulating structures of pipelines | 0,7 |
| For maintenance of valves and compensators (from the wall to the valve flange or to the compensator) with a pipe diameter, mm: | |
| up to 500 | 0,6 |
| from 600 to 900 | 0,7 |
| When installing two pumps with electric motors on the same foundation without a passage between them, but providing passages around the double installation | 1,0 |
Table 3
Minimum distance clear between pipelines and building structures
| Name | Clear distance, mm, not less than |
| From protruding parts of fittings or equipment (taking into account the thermal insulation structure) to the wall | |
| From the protruding parts of pumps with electric motors up to 1000 V with a discharge nozzle diameter of not more than 100 mm (when installed against a wall without a passage) to the wall | |
| Between protruding parts of pumps and electric motors when installing two pumps with electric motors on the same foundation against a wall without a passage | |
| From the valve flange on the branch to the surface of the thermal insulation structure of the main pipes | |
| From extended valve stem (or handwheel) to wall or ceiling at mm | |
| The same for mm | |
| From the floor to the bottom of the heat-insulating reinforcement structure | |
| From wall or valve flange to water or air outlets | |
| From the floor or ceiling to the surface of the thermal insulation structure of branch pipes |
APPENDIX 2
METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE CALCULATED THERMAL CAPACITY OF HEATING AND HOT WATER SUPPLY WATER HEATERS
1. Estimated thermal performance of water heaters, W, should be taken according to the calculated heat fluxes for heating, ventilation and hot water supply, given in project documentation buildings and structures. In the absence of project documentation, it is allowed to determine the calculated heat fluxes in accordance with the instructions of SNiP 2.04.07-86 * (according to aggregated indicators).
2. The calculated thermal performance of water heaters for heating systems should be determined at the design outdoor air temperature for heating design, ° C, and taken according to the maximum heat fluxes, determined in accordance with the indication of clause 1. With independent connection of heating and ventilation systems through a common water heater, the calculated thermal performance of the water heater, W, is determined by the sum of the maximum heat flows for heating and ventilation:
.
3. The calculated thermal performance of water heaters, W, for hot water supply systems, taking into account heat losses by supply and circulation pipelines, W, should be determined at water temperatures at the break point of the water temperature graph in accordance with the instructions in clause 1, and in the absence of project documentation - according to heat fluxes determined by the following formulas:
For consumers - according to the average heat flow for hot water supply for the heating period, determined according to clause 3.13, and SNiP 2.04.01-85, according to the formula or depending on the accepted heat reserve in tanks according to Appendices 7 and 8 of this chapter (or according to SNiP 2.04.07-86* -);
For consumers - according to the maximum heat fluxes for hot water supply, determined according to clause 3.13, b of SNiP 2.04.01-85, (or according to SNiP 2.04.07-86 * - 
).
4. In the absence of data on the amount of heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, heat flows to hot water supply, W, are allowed to be determined by the formulas:
with storage tanks
in the absence of storage tanks
where is a coefficient that takes into account heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply systems, taken according to Table. one.
Table 1
In the absence of data on the number and characteristics of water fittings, the hourly consumption of hot water for residential areas allowed to be determined by the formula
where is the coefficient of hourly unevenness of water consumption, taken according to Table 2.
Note - For hot water systems serving both residential and public buildings, the coefficient of hourly unevenness should be taken as the sum of the number of inhabitants in residential buildings and the conditional number of inhabitants in public buildings, determined by the formula
where is the average water consumption for hot water supply during the heating period, kg / h, for public buildings, determined according to SNiP 2.04.01-85.
In the absence of data on the purpose of public buildings, it is allowed when determining the coefficient of hourly unevenness according to Table. 2 conditionally take the number of inhabitants with a coefficient of 1.2.
table 2
Continuation of the table. 2
APPENDIX 3
METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATION OF HEATING WATER HEATERS
1. Calculation of the heating surface of heating water heaters, sq.m, is carried out at the water temperature in the heating network, corresponding to the design outdoor temperature for heating design, and for the design performance, determined according to Appendix 2, according to the formula
2. The temperature of the heated water should be taken:
at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the return pipeline of the heating systems at the outside air temperature;
at the outlet of the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the supply pipeline of the heating networks after the central heating station or in the supply pipeline of the heating system when the water heater is installed in the IHS at an outdoor temperature.
Note - When heating and ventilation systems are connected independently through a common water heater, the temperature of the heated water in the return pipeline at the inlet to the water heater should be determined taking into account the water temperature after the ventilation system pipeline is connected. When the heat consumption for ventilation is not more than 15% of the total maximum hourly heat consumption for heating, it is allowed to take the temperature of the heated water in front of the water heater equal to the temperature of the water in the return pipeline of the heating system.
3. The temperature of the heating water should be taken:
at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the supply pipeline of the heating network at the inlet to the heating point at the outside air temperature;
at the outlet of the water heater - 5-10 °C higher than the temperature of the water in the return pipe of the heating system at the calculated outdoor air temperature.
4. Estimated water consumption and, kg / h, for the calculation of water heaters of heating systems should be determined by the formulas:
heating water
heated water
With independent connection of heating and ventilation systems through a common water heater, the estimated water consumption and, kg / h, should be determined by the formulas:
heating water
heated water
where , - respectively, the maximum heat fluxes for heating and ventilation, W.
5. Temperature head, °С, of the heating water heater is determined by the formula
APPENDIX 4
METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATION OF WATER HEATERS OF HOT WATER SUPPLY CONNECTED IN A SINGLE-STAGE SCHEME
1. The calculation of the heating surface of hot water heaters should be carried out (see Fig. 1) at the temperature of the water in the supply pipeline of the heating network, corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature, if there is no break in the temperature graph, and according to the calculated performance, defined according to appendix 2
where is determined in the presence of storage tanks according to formula (1) app.2, and in the absence of storage tanks - according to formula (2) app.2.
2. The temperature of the heated water should be taken: at the inlet to the water heater - equal to 5 °С, if there are no operational data; at the outlet of the water heater - equal to 60 °С, and during vacuum deaeration - 65 °С.
3. The temperature of the heating water should be taken: at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the supply pipeline of the heating network at the inlet to the heating point at the outside air temperature at the break point of the water temperature graph; at the outlet of the water heater - equal to 30 °C.
4. Estimated water consumption and, kg / h, for calculating the hot water heater should be determined by the formulas:
heating water
heated water
5. The temperature head of the hot water heater is determined by the formula
6. The heat transfer coefficient, depending on the design of the water heater, should be determined according to Appendix 7-9.
APPENDIX 5
METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATION OF HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED IN A TWO-STAGE SCHEME
The calculation method for hot water heaters connected to a heating network according to a two-stage scheme (see Fig. 2-4) with a limitation of the maximum consumption of network water for input, used to date, is based on an indirect method, according to which the thermal performance of the first stage of water heaters is determined by the balance load of hot water supply, and the second stage - by the difference in loads between the calculated and the load of the first stage. In this case, the principle of continuity is not observed: the temperature of the heated water at the outlet of the water heater of the 1st stage does not coincide with the temperature of the same water at the inlet to the 2nd stage, which makes it difficult to use it for machine counting.
The new calculation method is more logical for a two-stage scheme with a limitation on the maximum consumption of network water for input. It is based on the position that at the hour of maximum water withdrawal at the outside air temperature calculated for the selection of water heaters, corresponding to the break point of the central temperature graph, it is possible to stop the supply of heat for heating, and all network water is supplied to hot water supply. To select the required size and number of sections of the shell-and-tube or the number of plates and the number of strokes of the plate water heater, it is necessary to determine the heating surface according to the calculated capacity and temperatures of the heating and heated water from the thermal calculation in accordance with the formulas below.
1. The calculation of the heating surface, sq.m, of hot water heaters should be carried out at the temperature of the water in the supply pipeline of the heating network, corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature, if there is no break in the temperature graph, since in this mode there will be a minimum temperature difference and values of the heat transfer coefficient, according to the formula
where - the calculated thermal performance of hot water heaters, is determined according to Appendix 2;
The heat transfer coefficient, W/(sq.m °C), is determined depending on the design of the water heaters according to Appendix 7-9;
The average logarithmic temperature difference between the heating and heated water (temperature head), °C, is determined by the formula (18) of this appendix.
2. The distribution of the calculated thermal performance of water heaters between stages I and II is carried out on the basis of the condition that the heated water in stage II is heated to a temperature of = 60 ° C, and in stage I - to a temperature determined by a technical and economic calculation or taken at 5 ° C less than the temperature of the network water in the return pipeline at the break point of the graph.
Estimated thermal performance of water heaters of stages I and II, W, is determined by the formulas:
3. The temperature of the heated water, °C, after the first stage is determined by the formulas:
with dependent connection of the heating system
with independent connection of the heating system
4. The maximum flow rate of heated water, kg / h, passing through the I and II stages of the water heater, should be calculated based on the maximum heat flow for hot water supply, determined by formula 2, appendix 2, and heating the water to 60 ° C in the II stage:
5. Heating water consumption, kg/h:
a) for heating points in the absence of ventilation load, the heating water flow rate is assumed to be the same for stages I and II of water heaters and is determined:
when regulating heat supply according to the combined load of heating and hot water supply - according to the maximum consumption of network water for hot water supply (formula (7)) or according to the maximum consumption of network water for heating (formula (8)):
The largest of the obtained values is taken as the calculated one;
when regulating the heat supply according to the heating load, the calculated heating water consumption is determined by the formula
; (9)
. (10)
In this case, it is necessary to check the temperature of the heating water at the outlet of the water heater of the 1st stage at according to the formula
. (11)
If the temperature determined by formula (11) turned out to be below 15 °C, then it should be taken equal to 15 °C, and the heating water flow rate should be recalculated using the formula
; (12)
b) for heating points in the presence of a ventilation load, the flow rate of heating water is taken:
for stage I
; (13)
for stage II
. (14)
6. Temperature of heating water, °С, at the outlet of the second stage water heater:
7. Temperature of heating water, °С, at the inlet to the water heater of the 1st stage:
. (16)
8. Temperature of heating water, °С, at the outlet of the water heater of the 1st stage:
. (17)
9. Average logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water, °C:
. (18)
APPENDIX 6
METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATION OF HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED ACCORDING TO A TWO-STAGE SCHEME WITH STABILIZATION OF WATER CONSUMPTION FOR HEATING
1. The heating surface of water heaters (see Fig. 8) for hot water supply, sq.m, is determined at the temperature of the water in the supply pipeline of the heating network, corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature, if there is no break in the temperature graph, since in this mode, there will be a minimum temperature difference and values of the heat transfer coefficient, according to the formula
where - the calculated thermal performance of hot water heaters, W, is determined according to Appendix 2;
The average logarithmic temperature difference between the heating and heated water, ° C, is determined according to Appendix 5;
The heat transfer coefficient, W/(sq.m °C), is determined depending on the design of the water heaters according to Appendix 7-9.
2. The heat flow to the second stage of the water heater, W, with a two-stage scheme for connecting hot water heaters (according to Fig. 8), necessary only to calculate the heating water flow rate, with a maximum heat flow for ventilation of no more than 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating is determined by formulas:
in the absence of heated water storage tanks
in the presence of heated water storage tanks
, (3)
where - heat losses of pipelines of hot water supply systems, W.
In the absence of data on the magnitude of heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply systems, the heat flow to the second stage of the water heater, W, can be determined by the formulas:
in the absence of heated water storage tanks
in the presence of heated water storage tanks
where is the coefficient taking into account heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply systems, is taken according to Appendix 2.
3. The distribution of the calculated thermal performance of water heaters between stages I and II, the determination of design temperatures and water flow rates for calculating water heaters should be taken from the table.
| Name of calculated values | Scope of the scheme (according to Fig. 8) | |
| industrial buildings, a group of residential and public buildings with a maximum heat flow for ventilation of more than 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating | residential and public buildings with a maximum heat flow for ventilation not more than 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating | |
| Stage I of the two-stage scheme | ||
| Estimated thermal performance of the 1st stage of the water heater |  |  |
| , with vacuum deaeration + 5 | ||
| The same, at the outlet of the water heater |  |
|
| Without storage tanks | ||
| With storage tanks | ||
| Heating water consumption, kg/h |  |  |
| II stage of the two-stage scheme | ||
| Estimated thermal output of the second stage of the water heater |  |
|
| Temperature of heated water, °C, at the inlet to the water heater | With storage tanks Without storage tanks  |
|
| The same, at the outlet of the water heater | = 60 °С | |
| Heating water temperature, °C, at the water heater inlet | ||
| The same, at the outlet of the water heater |  |
|
| Consumption of heated water, kg/h | Without storage tanks | |
| Heating water consumption, kg/h | With storage tanks in the absence of circulation In the presence of circulation,  | With storage tanks |
| Notes: 1 For independent connection of heating systems, instead of ; 2 The value of subheating in stage I, °С, is taken: with storage tanks =5 °С, in the absence of storage tanks =10 °С; 3 When determining the estimated flow rate of heating water for the 1st stage of the water heater, the flow rate of water from ventilation systems is not taken into account; 4 The temperature of the heated water at the outlet of the heater in the CHP and ITP should be taken equal to 60 °C, and in the CHP with vacuum deaeration - = 65 °C; 5 The value of the heat flow for heating at the break point of the temperature graph is determined by the formula. |
APPENDIX 7
THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF HORIZONTAL SECTIONAL SHELL-TUBE WATER-WATER HEATERS
Horizontal sectional high-speed water heaters according to GOST 27590 with a pipe system of straight smooth or profiled pipes are distinguished by the fact that two-sector support partitions are installed to eliminate tube deflection, which are part of the tube grid. This design of the support baffles facilitates the installation of tubes and their replacement under operating conditions, since the holes of the support baffles are located coaxially with the holes of the tube sheets.
Each support is installed with an offset relative to each other by 60 °C, which increases the turbulence of the coolant flow passing through the annular space, and leads to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient from the coolant to the tube wall, and, accordingly, the heat removal from 1 sq.m of the heating surface increases. Brass tubes with an outer diameter of 16 mm and a wall thickness of 1 mm are used according to GOST 21646 and GOST 494.
An even greater increase in the heat transfer coefficient is achieved by using profiled tubes in the tube bundle instead of smooth brass tubes, which are made from the same tubes by extruding transverse or helical grooves on them with a roller, which leads to turbulence of the near-wall fluid flow inside the tubes.
Water heaters consist of sections that are interconnected by coils along the pipe space and branch pipes - along the annulus (Fig. 1-4 of this appendix). Branch pipes can be detachable on flanges or one-piece welded. Depending on the design, water heaters for hot water supply systems have the following symbols: for a detachable design with smooth tubes - RG, with profiled tubes - RP; for a welded structure - respectively SG, SP (the direction of flows of heat-exchanging media is given in clause 4.3 of this set of rules).
Fig.1. General form horizontal sectional shell-and-tube water heater with turbulator supports
Fig.2. Structural dimensions water heater
1 - section; 2 - kalach; 3 - transition; 4 - block of supporting partitions; 5 - tubes; 6 - support partition; 7 - ring; 8 - bar;
Fig.3. Connecting kalach
Fig.4. Transition
Example symbol split-type water heater with an outer diameter of the section body of 219 mm, a section length of 4 m, without a thermal expansion compensator, for a nominal pressure of 1.0 MPa, with a pipe system of smooth tubes of five sections, climatic version UZ: PV 219 x 4-1, O-RG-5-UZ GOST 27590.
Technical characteristics of water heaters are given in Table 1, and nominal dimensions and connecting dimensions - in Table 2 of this Appendix.
Table 1
Technical characteristics of water heaters GOST 27590
| Outer diameter of the section body, mm | Number of tubes in a section, pcs. | Cross-sectional area of the annulus, sq.m | Cross-sectional area of pipes, sq.m | Equivalent diameter of annular space, m | Heating surface of one Section, sq.m, with length, m | Thermal performance, kW, section length, m | Weight, kg | |||||||||
| Pipe system | ||||||||||||||||
| smooth (version 1) | profiled (version 2) | sections length, m | kalacha, performance | transition | ||||||||||||
| 0,00116 | 0,00062 | 0,0129 | 0,37 | 0,75 | 23,5 | 37,0 | 8,6 | 7,9 | 5,5 | 3,8 | ||||||
| 0,00233 | 0,00108 | 0,0164 | 0,65 | 1,32 | 32,5 | 52,4 | 10,9 | 10,4 | 6,8 | 4,7 | ||||||
| 0,00327 | 0,00154 | 0,0172 | 0,93 | 1,88 | 40,0 | 64,2 | 13,2 | 12,0 | 8,2 | 5,4 | ||||||
| 0,005 | 0,00293 | 0,0155 | 1,79 | 3,58 | 58,0 | 97,1 | 17,7 | 17,2 | 10,5 | 7,3 | ||||||
| 0,0122 | 0,00570 | 0,019 | 3,49 | 6,98 | 113,0 | 193,8 | 32,8 | 32,8 | 17,4 | 13,4 | ||||||
| 0,02139 | 0,00939 | 0,0224 | 5,75 | 11,51 | 173,0 | 301,3 | 54,3 | 52,7 | 26,0 | 19,3 | ||||||
| 0,03077 | 0,01679 | 0,0191 | 10,28 | 20,56 | 262,0 | 461,7 | 81,4 | 90,4 | 35,0 | 26,6 | ||||||
| 0,04464 | 0,02325 | 0,0208 | 14,24 | 28,49 | 338,0 | 594,4 | 97,3 | 113,0 | 43,0 | 34,5 | ||||||
| Notes 1 The outer diameter of the tubes is 16 mm, the inner diameter is 14 mm. 2 Thermal performance was determined at a water velocity inside the tubes of 1 m/s, equal flow rates of heat exchange media and a temperature difference of 10 °C (temperature difference in heating water 70-15 °C, heated water - 5-60 °C). 3 Hydraulic resistance in tubes is not more than 0.004 MPa for a smooth tube and 0.008 MPa - for a profiled tube with a section length of 2 m and, respectively, not more than 0.006 MPa and 0.014 MPa with a section length of 4 m; in the annulus, the hydraulic resistance is 0.007 MPa with a section length of 2 m and 0.009 MPa with a section length of 4 m. 4 The mass is determined at an operating pressure of 1 MPa. 5 Thermal performance is given for comparison with heaters of other standard sizes or types. |
