Plan land plot referred to in the law SPOZU – scheme of the planning organization of the land plot. PZU (SPZU) - a document that, together with an application for a building permit, must be submitted to the owner or tenant of this site in order to begin design and carry out further construction works. ROM is currently provided instead master plan development of a land plot, which was previously required (http://ppt.ru/kodeks.phtml?kodeks=5&paper=51).

Requirements for compiling a ROM

A ROM is carried out according to topographic survey data, which indicates the location of the boundaries of the land plot and basic data on the objects being designed and existing at the time the plan was drawn up. In addition, in the diagram without fail are indicated as follows:

• Designed objects
• Existing capital buildings
• Entrances and approaches to objects
• Underground communications

The designed facilities are tied to those already existing on the site in compliance with the distances provided for by the requirements of sanitary and fire safety standards. The scheme should not conflict with the general town planning plan site and other regulatory documents.

Based on the provisions defined in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87 of February 16, 2008 (http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW section 2 as amended on April 13 .2010) SPOZU should include a set of mandatory elements:

• gpu number,
• land area,
• building percentage calculation,
• structural indicators - composition, total area, number of storeys and height,
• characteristics of the site fencing,
• and symbols used in drawing up the scheme (legend).

Land plot plan for individual housing construction consists of graphic and text parts. In the text part the following information is displayed:

• Description of the site intended for construction and indicators of capital facilities;
• justification of sanitary gaps in relation to the boundaries of the land plot and existing and planned facilities;
• compliance of the site organization plan with existing regulations or documents replacing them on its use;
• exemplary order of improvement.

Graphic part of the ROM performed in any form, without taking into account special drawing requirements, but without fail displays:

• placement of existing facilities and facilities proposed for construction with walkways and entrances;
• the scope of public easements, if any;
• location of sanitary gaps and security zones;
• areas of the site and the adjacent territory to be improved.

When drawing up a land plot plan, the following elements are not required to be indicated in the graphic part - storm drains, building sections, facade schemes and entrances to the site. Please note that when providing a ROM, there may be additional requirements for it, depending on local situational circumstances. However, no additional requirements can go beyond the scope defined in Parts 5-11, Art. 51 Town planning

Computers and any electronics are complex devices, the principles of operation of which are not always clear to most ordinary people. What is a ROM and why is a device needed? Most people will not be able to answer this question. Let's try to correct this misunderstanding.

What is a ROM?

What are they and where are they used? Read-only memory (ROM) is non-volatile memory. Technologically, they are implemented as a microcircuit. At the same time, we learned what the abbreviations for ROM are for decryption. Devices are intended for storing information entered by the user and installed programs. In the read-only memory you can find documents, melodies, pictures - i.e. anything that needs to be stored for months or even years. The amount of memory, depending on the device used, can vary from a few kilobytes (on the simplest devices that have a single silicon chip, an example of which are microcontrollers) to terabytes. The larger the ROM, the more objects can be saved. The volume is directly proportional to the amount of data. If you condense the answer to the question, what is ROM, you should answer: it is one that does not depend on direct voltage.

Hard Drives as Primary Persistent Storage Devices

The question of what is ROM has already been answered. Now we should talk about what they are. Hard disks are the main permanent storage device. They are in every modern computer. They are used due to their wide possibilities of accumulation of information. But at the same time, there are a number of ROMs that use multiplexers, bootloaders and other similar electronic mechanisms). With a detailed study, it will be necessary not only to understand the meaning of the ROM. Deciphering other terms is also necessary in order to delve into the topic.

Expansion and addition of ROM capabilities thanks to flash technologies

If the standard user is not enough, then you can use the additional expansion of the capabilities of the provided ROM in the field of data storage. This is done through modern technologies implemented in memory cards and USB flash drives. They are based on the principle of reusability. In other words, the data on them can be erased and written tens and hundreds of thousands of times.

What is ROM

The ROM contains two parts, which are designated as ROM-A (for storing programs) and ROM-E (for issuing programs). Type A read-only memory is a diode-transformer array that is flashed using address wires. This section of the ROM performs main function. The filling depends on the material from which the ROM is made (perforated and magnetic tapes, punched cards, magnetic disks, drums, ferrite tips, dielectrics and their property of accumulating electrostatic charges can be used).

Schematic structure of the ROM

This electronic object is depicted as a device that, according to appearance resembles the connection of a certain number of single-bit cells. The ROM chip, despite the potential complexity and seemingly significant possibilities, is small in size. When memorizing a certain bit, soldering is performed to the case (when zero is written) or to the power source (when one is written). To increase the capacity of memory cells in read-only memory devices, microcircuits can be connected in parallel. This is what manufacturers do to get a modern product, because a high-performance ROM chip allows them to be competitive in the market.

Memory volumes when used in various pieces of equipment

The amount of memory varies depending on the type and purpose of the ROM. So in simple household appliances like washing machines or refrigerators, you can have enough installed microcontrollers (with their reserves of several tens of kilobytes), and in rare cases something more complex is installed. It does not make sense to use a large amount of ROM here, because the amount of electronics is small, and complex calculations are not required from the equipment. For modern TVs, something more perfect is already required. And the pinnacle of complexity is computer technology like computers and servers, the ROM for which, at least, can hold from several gigabytes (for those released 15 years ago) to tens and hundreds of terabytes of information.

Mask ROM

In cases where the recording is carried out using a metallization process and a mask is used, such a read-only memory device is called a mask. The addresses of the memory cells in them are fed to 10 pins, and a specific microcircuit is selected using a special CS signal. Programming of this type of ROM is carried out at factories, as a result, manufacturing in small and medium volumes is unprofitable and rather inconvenient. But in large-scale production, they are the cheapest among all persistent storage devices, which made them popular.

Schematically, they differ from the total mass in that in the memory matrix, the conductor connections are replaced by fusible links made of polycrystalline silicon. At the production stage, all jumpers are created, and the computer considers that logical units are written everywhere. But during the preparatory programming, an increased voltage is applied, with the help of which logical units are left. When low voltages are applied, the jumpers evaporate, and the computer reads that there is a logical zero. This is how programmable read-only memory devices work.

Programmable Read Only Memory

EPROMs have proved to be convenient enough in the process of technological production so that they can be resorted to in medium and small-scale production. But such devices also have their limitations - for example, you can write a program only once (due to the fact that the jumpers evaporate once and for all). Due to this impossibility to reuse the read-only storage device, it has to be discarded if it is written by mistake. As a result, the cost of all manufactured equipment increases. Due to the imperfection of the production cycle, this problem occupied the minds of developers of memory devices quite strongly. The way out of this situation was the development of ROM, which can be reprogrammed many times.

ROM with UV or electrical erasure

And such devices received the name "permanent storage device with ultraviolet or electric erasure." They are created on the basis of a memory matrix in which memory cells have a special structure. So, each cell is a MOSFET, in which the gate is made of polycrystalline silicon. It looks like the previous version, right? But the peculiarity of these ROMs is that silicon is additionally surrounded by a dielectric with wonderful insulating properties - silicon dioxide. The principle of operation here is based on the content of the induction charge, which can be stored for decades. There are features for erasing. Thus, an ultraviolet ROM device needs to be exposed to ultraviolet rays coming from outside (ultraviolet lamp, etc.). Obviously, from the point of view of simplicity, the operation of permanent memories with electrical erasure is optimal, since for their activation it is necessary to simply apply voltage. The principle of electrical erasure has been successfully implemented in ROMs such as flash drives, which you can see on many.

But such a ROM circuit, with the exception of the construction of the cell, is structurally no different from the usual masked read-only memory. Sometimes such devices are also called reprogrammable. But with all the advantages, there are also certain limits to the speed of erasing information: this action usually takes about 10-30 minutes.

Although rewritable, reprogrammable devices have limitations in use. Yes, electronics ultraviolet erasure can survive from 10 to 100 rewrite cycles. Then the destructive effect of radiation becomes so tangible that they cease to function. You can see the use of such elements as storage for BIOS programs, in video and sound cards, for additional ports. But the principle of electrical erasure is optimal with respect to overwriting. Thus, the number of overwrites in ordinary devices ranges from 100,000 to 500,000! There are separate ROM devices that can do more, but most users won't need them.

Each project must have its own symbol. I have to work with many design organizations. Sometimes, it seems that some do not understand how to designate project documentation.

Designation project documentation consists of two parts: the basic designation and the brand of the set of drawings is indicated through a hyphen.

XXXX-YY-ZZ

ХХХХ - designation of the design organization;

YY - number of the building or structure according to the general plan;

ZZ is the brand of the main set of drawings.

For example, 2014-1-EM1, 2014-1-EM2, 2014-2-EP.

The capital letter "H" is added through the dot to the designations of the sketch drawings.

Example: XXXX-YY-ZZ.N

Text documents included in the list of attached documents must have a designation with the addition of the corresponding capital letters through a dot:

CO - for equipment specification;

LO - for the questionnaire;

LS - for local estimates;

VM - for the list of requirements for materials;

BP - for a statement of the volume of installation and construction work.

Example: 2014-1-EM.LO1

I want to note that in our country (where I worked and work) it is customary to assign the letter “C” to the specifications, and “OL” to the questionnaires.

As you can see, the number of the contract of the general designer (as well as the contract, if any) and the year are added here.

1 Electrotechnical working documentation. General requirements and recommendations on composition and design. (Instead of VSN 381-85). Moscow 1993.

2 Instructions for the preparation of project documentation.

3 GOST R 21.1101-2009. System of design documents for construction. Basic requirements for design and working documentation.

And what rules for the designation of PSD do you adhere to?

Let's consider all stages of the project in order:

• Stage 2 - PD. Project documentation

Stage 1 - PP. Pre-project studies (Draft design)

At this stage, the concept of the future object is being developed, the main technical and economic characteristics are being determined. The sketch determines the landing of the object on the ground, its volumetric-spatial solution, and the structural scheme. Also at this stage, the main engineering loads for water, heat and electricity, the so-called. load calculation.

Development Stage "PP" is not mandatory, but helps to save time and money in further design.

Stage 2 - PD. Project documentation

Unlike the draft Stage "Project"(“PD” or simply “P”) is mandatory and subject to agreement in government bodies executive power. Based on the results of the approval of the Stage "Project", a permit for the construction of the facility is issued. The composition and content of this stage is regulated by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87 of February 16, 2008. Of course, the composition will be individual for each project, but we will try to make the most complete list all possible sections and subsections of the Stage "PD":

Stage 3 - RD. working documentation

Stage "RD" is needed primarily by builders, since it is most fully and in detail developed design solutions, which were only indicated in the “PD” Stage. Unlike "P", "Worker" includes drawings of nodes, axonometric diagrams and profiles engineering networks, specifications, etc. On the other hand, on working stage the documentation is deprived of some sections, the completeness of which was exhausted at the design stage (for example, POS, EOS, KEO, ITM GOiChS, etc.). As in Stage "P", the composition of the "RD" will be individual for each project, but we will try to compile the most complete list of all possible sections of the Stage "Working documentation":

GOST R 21.1101-2013 Project documentation system:

4.2. working documentation
4.2.1. As part of the working documentation, transferred to the customer, include:
- working drawings intended for the production of construction and installation work;
- attached documents developed in addition to the working drawings of the main set.
4.2.2. The composition of the main sets of working drawings includes general data on working drawings, drawings and diagrams provided for by the relevant standards of the Design Documentation System for Construction (hereinafter referred to as SPDS).
...
4.2.6. The attached documents include:
- working documentation for building products;
- sketch drawings general types non-standard products made in accordance with GOST 21.114;
- specification of equipment, products and materials, carried out in accordance with GOST 21.110;
- Questionnaires and dimensional drawings, performed in accordance with the data of equipment manufacturers;
- local estimate by forms;
- other documents stipulated by the relevant SPDS standards.
The specific composition of the attached documents and the need for their implementation are established by the relevant SPDS standards and the design assignment.
...
4.2.8. In the working drawings, it is allowed to use standard building construction, products and assemblies by referring to documents containing working drawings of these structures and products. Reference documents include:
- drawings of typical structures, products and assemblies;
- standards, which include drawings intended for the manufacture of products.
Reference documents are not included in the working documentation transferred to the customer. The design organization, if necessary, transfers them to the customer under a separate agreement.

SNiP 11-01-95 Composition of working documentation:

5.1. The composition of the working documentation for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures is determined by the relevant state standards SPDS and specified by the customer and the designer in the agreement (contract) for the design.

5.2. State, industry and republican standards, as well as drawings of typical structures, products and assemblies, to which there are references in the working drawings, are not part of the working documentation and can be transferred by the designer to the customer, if it is stipulated in the contract.

Sample ROM project section - planning organization of a land plot for an apartment building.

Scheme of the planning organization of the land plot Section ROM.

LIST OF DRAWINGS OF THE ROM SECTION

1. ROM-1 Situational plan. M1:5000;

2. PZU-2 Scheme of the planning organization of the land plot. M1:500;

3. PZU-3 Planned-altitude bindings of residential buildings. M1:500;

4. PZU-4 Relief organization plan. M1:500;

5. PZU-5 Plan of earth masses. M1:500;

6. PZU-6 Territory improvement plan. M1:500.

Explanatory note section PZU residential multi-apartment

1.1 Characteristics of the land plot.

The construction site is located at the address: Ulyanovsk, Zasviyazhsky district, quarter 5 residential area West-1 of the Simbirsk Ring complex and is limited by:

From the west - the territory kindergarten and highway A-151 with exit to Moscow highway,

From the east - residential buildings under construction and st. General Melnikov,

From the south - residential development and Alexander Park.

At the construction site, there are facilities of TP and RP, which are preserved at the beginning of construction. Engineering communications are taken out.

The relief of the site is mostly flat with a difference in elevations of 111.30-110.00 m. The topographic plan at a scale of 1:500 was made by Sovetnik LLC in 2014.

According to engineering and geological surveys carried out in 2013. CJSC "UlyanovskTISIZ", the site from the surface has an unsuitable layer of soil and vegetation soil with a thickness of 0.4 m, to be cut and further use for the device of the designed sections of lawns, then there are hard, hard- and soft-plastic loams with a thickness of 2.0-4.2m. Further along the section, sands of various sizes occur.

Groundwater is revealed at a depth of 6.5 to 7.2 m from the earth's surface, at absolute marks 102.85-104.2m.

1.2 Justification of the boundaries of sanitary protection zones.

Projected residential buildings located in residential buildings, storage and industrial facilities within a radius of up to 500m are absent.

1.3 Justification of the planning organization of the land plot.

Projected residential buildings number 24 and 25 of 9-storey buildings (for 3 and 7 entrances) are oriented with facades from the north-eastern side of the site border - to Kamyshinskaya street, from the south-western side - to an unnamed passage, and a transformer station is located in the courtyard area substation, gas control substation (existing), recreation areas for children and adults, playground for physical education.

1.4 Engineering preparation of the territory.

The main activity for engineering training territory is:

The territory is planned in elevations close to the existing ones, which is due to the previously designed sections of residential buildings and a kindergarten. There are recesses from 0.10 to 0.50m.

In accordance with the Conclusion on engineering and environmental surveys carried out by Simbirskizyskania LLC in 2012. The studied soil samples at the projected site in terms of sanitary and epidemiological requirements for soil quality are classified as "Clean".

1.5 Organization of the relief.

The vertical planning of the territory is solved mainly in small embankments with a height of 0.1-0.5m, and excavations up to 0.5m (filled soil).

Main excavation on site:

• arrangement of a trough for motorways, sidewalks, landscaping,
• excavation development,
• embankment device.

At the same time, for the organization of the embankment, the project plans to use soil from excavations, from the trough of roadways, sidewalks and landscaping with moving into the embankment with a compaction coefficient of up to 0.95m, and under driveways with asphalt concrete coating - with a compaction coefficient of 0.98.

Drainage at the site is solved by means of storm sewer with rainwater wells.

1.6 Improvement of the site and roads.

Roads on the site are placed taking into account the requirements of " federal law. Technical regulation on fire safety requirements” article 67, paragraph 24 and 25 at a distance of 8m from the building and a width of at least 6.0m.

Roadways are designed with urban profile with curbstones, the width of the carriageway is from 6m to 7m. Sidewalks are provided with a width of 1.5-3.0m. The structures of roadways and sidewalks are designed with asphalt concrete pavement and are shown in the drawing "Plan of landscaping".

The entire territory free from buildings and transport communications is completely landscaped with the organization of lawns and planting shrubs in groups.

The territory improvement project also provides for the construction of recreation areas in the required (calculated) volume: for the adult population - 100m2 and "for children's games" - 400m2, a playground for physical education - 1100m2, a dog walking area - in the conditional border of a neighboring house. For sports activities, the project provides for the construction of a mini-football field with a coating of non-waterproof special mixture. In accordance with SNIP 2.07.01-89*, the minimum area of ​​recreation areas is:

Recreation area for adults

1035х0.1=104m2

Playground for children

1035x0.4=414m2

Playground for physical education

1035x0.5=517m2

Where 1035 is the population in residential buildings 24,25,

0.1; 0.4 - normative indicators per 1 inhabitant.

The utility site (for the garbage collector) is located between the houses on the outside along the perimeter of the projected site, taking into account the sanitary gap of 15 m from the windows of residential buildings and from recreation areas.

1.8 Transport.

Road transport access to the design site is provided from the street. Kamyshinskaya. The width of the carriageway is from 6m to 7m.

On the yard and along the perimeter of the site, the project provides for the construction of open parking lots with asphalt concrete coating, common to all 4 houses. The total number is 180 m / places.

The minimum number of parking spaces in the parking lot is calculated according to SNiP 2.07.01-89*:

N = (1035x350/1000) = 362m/places where

N is the number of parking spaces;

1035 - the number of residents of houses 24-25;

350 - the level of motorization per 1000 inhabitants;

Thus, the required temporary storage of 25% units is provided at the site. cars, i.e. 91 units, also the possibility of storing personal vehicles for residents of houses is provided in noun. garages up to 800m away.

For parking of vehicles of low-mobility groups of the population, the project plans to organize 2 parking spaces in the yard area.