China is our major economic partner. This is of great interest to him. China's population is the largest in the world. The industrious Chinese have long been known in Russia both for excellently functioning agricultural enterprises and catering establishments, and for light industry products in Russia.
major shopping malls and small shops. And not only in our country. The Chinese diaspora is the largest in many states, including the United States.
Reasons for migrations
Not from a good life, the inhabitants of the Middle Kingdom go abroad, often leaving their families at home. The population of China has been the largest in the world since ancient times. Moreover, it is constantly increasing. In 2013 alone, it increased by 6.68 million people.
The population of China is growing at a fairly rapid pace, although not as much as in the 1960s-1970s. This leads to the fact that it is increasingly difficult for young residents of the country to find Good work. And in search of happiness, they leave their homeland, trying to get settled abroad. Most of them manage to gain a foothold in a foreign country, because diligence - distinguishing feature Chinese.
Population Information
The population of China in 2014 was 1.36 billion people. During the year, 16.4 million children were born in the country, and the number of deaths was 9.72 million people. Population growth in China for the year was 4.9 percent.
The gender structure is dominated by the male population. The number of men at the end of 2013 amounted to 697.28 million, and women - 663.44 million.
17.5% of the population are children under 14 years of age. And the proportion of people over 60 increased to 14.9%. The number of able-bodied population in 2013 decreased by 2.5 million people. China's population is "aging". Many researchers predict a sharp
reduction in the number of able-bodied people when they reach the retirement limit born in the years of peak population growth. The wave of "aging", in their opinion, will overtake China in the next decade and will become a heavy burden on the shoulders of those who continue to work.
The share of citizens was 53.73%. Last year alone, the population of China's cities grew by 19.29 million. Moreover, the growth was mainly not due to natural increase, but due to migration from countryside.
Population changes in China
According to demographers and historians, by the beginning of our era, about 60 million people lived on the territory of present-day China. For a long time, there was practically no accounting of the population, and the data concerned only the number of families. In 1912 and 1928, censuses of the population of China were taken, but they gave only indicative data.
According to the results of the 1953 census, the population was 582.6 million people. The secret census of 1964 gave figures of 646.5 million people. By that time, the birth rate was 34 per 1000, and the death rate had dropped to 8 per 1000. As a result, the population grew by 2.6% annually!
The People's Republic of China is located in Central East Asia, the world's largest country by population.
The ancient Chinese ethnic community developed in the 7th-6th centuries BC. on the Central Chinese Plain due to the contacts of various peoples who spoke Sino-Tibetan, proto-Altaic, Austro-Asiatic and Austronesian languages. The result of the further historical development of China was the presence in modern population a large number national minorities. Despite the fact that national minorities make up only 6.7% of the total population, they are settled in an area that occupies about 60% of the country's area. The population density in these areas is on average 10 people per 1 sq. km. km, while the average density in areas populated by Chinese is more than 250 people per 1 sq. km. km.
The population of China consists of over 50 peoples belonging to various linguistic groups and families; 93.3% of the population are Chinese (Han), the rest are Hui, Uyghurs, Manchus, Lizu, Tibetans, Bui, Miao and others.
National minorities inhabit the entire western part of the country, as well as a number of regions in the south and north of China. In the south and southwest live peoples belonging to the Sino-Tibetan, Paratai and Austroasiatic families. Together they make up 73% of the total number of national minorities. 26% of the total number of national minorities are formed by the peoples of the Altai family and the Koreans, settled in the west and north of China.
The most ethnically complex region is Southwestern China. About 30 nationalities live here in a relatively small area. Peculiar ethnic composition different cities in China. The vast majority of the population of cities are Chinese; along with them live in a small number of Hui, and in Northeast China - and the Manchus. In the cities of southern Xinjiang, mostly only Uyghurs live, and in the cities of Tibet - Tibetans.
The age structure of the country's population is characterized by an intensive process of increasing the proportion of people of working age. In the first years of the existence of the PRC, young people accounted for 34% of the population, in the late 60s - 43%. However, as a result of measures to limit the birth rate, the proportion of the population under the age of 15 has somewhat decreased and now stands at 33.6% of the total population.
A feature of the population structure of China is a significant excess of the male population over the female population (519.4 million, or 51.5%, and 488.7 million, or 48.5%, respectively). In China, the number of men exceeds the number of women by 30.7 million people. For every 100 women, there are 106 men. There are a number of provinces and districts in China with a large male population.
This applies, first of all, to peripheral areas of intensive migration.
For many centuries, China was characterized exclusively by high mortality. Only in the late 1940s and early 1950s was it possible to significantly reduce mortality rates; infant mortality decreased by 3-4 times and amounted to 75 per 1000 children under the age of one year in cities. The number of people dying from infectious diseases has sharply decreased, and the structure of causes of death has also changed. A significant change in mortality, which took place in the 50s, was suspended in the period 1958-1962. Life expectancy at birth in 1981 was 67.9 years (66.4 for men and 69.3 for women).
In the early 1950s, it remained at a high and almost unchanged level, which was determined by the persistence of a complex of factors that determined the traditionally high birth rate in old China. The presence of peaceful conditions during this period of time, the favorable socio-economic situation in the country contributed to the formation of new families. The results of 16 surveys conducted in various provinces of China in 1951-1954 give an average birth rate of 41.6%. In the subsequent period of time, there is a clear trend towards a decrease in the birth rate - by the end of the 70s, the indicator had halved compared with the period of the 50s and 60s. The decrease in the birth rate occurred under the influence of changes in socio-economic conditions, the action of a number of long-term factors, among which it should be noted:
- 1) an increase in the level of general and sanitary culture of the population, which led to a decrease in child mortality; fewer births were required to achieve the desired family size;
- 2) changing the functions of the family, the transformation of traditional family relations, reducing the economic usefulness of children;
- 3) the weakening of the religious norms of traditional Chinese society, the loss of the significance of many religious rituals;
- 4) involvement of women in active labor activity, both in urban and rural areas, dissemination of education.
In the early 1980s, a number of laws and government regulations were adopted to implement birth control. Effective January 1, 1981 new law on marriage, which provides for raising the age of marriage from 20 to 22 for men and from 18 to 20 for women, as well as provisions on birth control.
In China, family planning is seen as a fundamental policy. Since 1981, there has been a state committee birth planning. The purpose of family planning programs is to delay marriage, to increase the spacing of children, and especially to encourage one-child families. There was a sharp change in official views, a break with one of the cardinal principles of the Maoist economic strategy: "a lot of people - it's good to solve cases."
Every Chinese family has the right to have one child. The state introduced such strict restrictions in order to avoid overpopulation and depletion of natural resources. Exceptions are situations where each parent himself is the only child in the family. In this case, the family has the right to have a second child. Rural residents are also allowed to have no more than two children. In case of violation, parents will face a large monetary fine equal to the amount of annual income.
The peculiarity of the demographic policy of the PRC lies in the relatively large role of prohibitive measures, which include administrative and economic sanctions against large, and then two-child families. The contradiction of the demographic policy in the PRC, as well as in India, lies in the fact that the course towards a one-child family does not correspond to the reproductive attitudes of more than 700 million rural population, in the bulk focusing on at least two children. However, in terms of population replacement, the PRC is now closer to industrialized than developing countries. Her policies were a kind of catalyst that accelerated the process of demographic transition in the world.
At present, the one-child family is considered by the Chinese leadership as the only possible method for optimizing the reproduction of the population. However, a study of the current demographic situation in the PRC and the reproductive behavior of the Chinese population shows that in the current conditions, the population is not yet ready to accept and implement attitudes towards a one-child family. The implementation of this policy faces great difficulties, especially in rural areas, where the population is oriented towards a family of less than two children. This orientation is facilitated by traditional beliefs in the need to give preference to sons, the fear of not having support in old age. The consequence of this is the recent increase in the phenomenon of infanticide (murder of newborn girls).
The introduction of a system of industrial responsibility also comes into conflict with the implementation of the one-child family policy. The assignment of individual plots of land to individual families contributes to the interest of the peasants in increasing the size of the family, especially at the expense of male laborers. With such forms of organization of agricultural production, the growth of material well-being creates conditions for the maintenance of more children, which leads to the consolidation of the traditions of having many children, characteristic of China. The Chinese press admits that the system of production responsibility "has dealt a blow to birth planning."
Changes in natural movement of the population (a significant decline in the birth rate, a decrease in mortality and natural population growth) began to manifest themselves especially noticeably in the 70s and early 80s.
In China, the administrative regulation of childbearing is being replaced by financial incentives. Premier Wen Jiabao of the State Council of the People's Republic of China put forward a new slogan for demographic policy: "The fewer children you have, the faster you get rich." China's population reached 1.3 billion on January 6, 2005, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.
In the coming years, the Beijing authorities predict an annual population growth of 10 million people, but it will gradually tend to zero. By 2030, the population of China should reach an absolute peak - 1.46 billion. At the same time, the number of people of working age will reach a maximum in 2020 and amount to 940 million (65% of the population). By the middle of the 21st century, almost a quarter of China's population will be pensioners (today there are 10% of those).
If the PRC government does not soften family law, according to which urban families are allowed to have only one child, and rural families - two (and then only if the first child was born), then in the 2030s the population of the "Celestial Empire" will begin to decline, as a result which, by the middle of the 21st century, India will become the most populous state in the world.
If in the 1970s the average Chinese couple had 5.8 children, now it is 1.8. To keep the number of inhabitants at a stable level, this figure should be 2.2. However, demographic indicators are characterized by some inertia, and so far the PRC's population is growing - but only at the expense of "old baggage."
The huge population is the main problem for China. First of all, it is not clear what the actual population of the PRC is. According to official information, today about 1.4 billion people live in this country (this is 25% of the world's inhabitants). It is predicted that in 2030 this figure will be approximately 1.6 billion people. However, most Western think tanks already estimate the size of the Chinese population much higher - up to 2.2 billion people. But even according to official figures, there are more Chinese in China than representatives of the Negroid race in the whole world; more than Europeans in Europe, Russia and the US combined.
Such a large human mass exerts a very tangible pressure on the environment, Natural resources and other aspects of the life of Chinese society: after all, everyone needs, at a minimum, food, clothing and footwear, training and employment. Second only to the United States in size, China, with a GNP of about a trillion dollars (1999) in terms of average per capita income per year ($600 for urban residents and $200 for peasants), remains, despite impressive economic success, in the category developing countries.
The population of the PRC is too large for the world to afford to treat it like any other. The issue of providing China with food and industrial raw materials is becoming more and more acute. Population today is an instrument of Beijing's pressure on the developed countries in order to receive more and more investments in order to prevent the growth of domestic political tension. The same argument is also a means of protecting Beijing from possible subversive actions of the West: the more Chinese there are, the fewer people want to “blow up” China.
The need to correct the demographic course of the PRC began to be seriously considered as early as the first half of the 1970s. In just 10 years (from 1964 to 1974), the population of China increased from 700 to 900 million people. However, birth control began to figure in the PRC as an official policy only in the late 70s. Then it became clear that without the introduction of restrictions on population growth, the elementary survival of the country is in question (China, where 1/5 of the world's inhabitants live, accounts for only 7% of the world's arable land).
However, in such a delicate area, acting only with administrative measures and prohibitions is the same as hacking at the living. Therefore, in China they began to combine measures of persuasion and coercion - the country encourages late marriages and late birth of a child, it is strongly recommended to follow the principle of "one married couple - one child." Compliance with these basic postulates of population policy is imputed to Chinese citizens by the main law of the country - Article 49 of the PRC Constitution obliges every married couple to engage in family planning.
The rapid rate of natural population growth complicates the solution of such issues as the provision of housing, food, jobs, social insurance. This set of problems also includes the gradual aging of the population. Improvement in living conditions has contributed to an increase in average life expectancy, now it has risen to 69 years. At present, the aging of the population in the PRC is proceeding at a faster pace than in the countries of Western Europe. By 2020, the average age of the population will be 38 years. This means that there will be 3-4 dependents per worker, and it will not be easy for many to withstand such a family load.
Scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in their "Report on the Prospects for the Implementation of China's Sustainable Development Strategy," stated that the demographic state in China has already entered a stage of development characterized by low fertility and low mortality, and the cumulative percentage of childbearing among women is already approaching that of developed countries. .
Sufficient conditions are ripening in China to ensure zero population growth. China is expected to hit zero by 2030. natural increase population. According to the UN forecast, in 2050 the population of China will decrease to 1.517 billion people. At the same time, India, which continues to enjoy a steady population growth, will surpass China in terms of population and become the largest country in the world in this indicator.
The data listed in the report show that the achievement of the goal of zero population growth will ensure a permanent increase in the gross national product China by 1.2-1.5 percentage points year on year and an additional increase in jobs by 6.5--7 percent. At the same time, the projected average life expectancy of the Chinese will increase sharply, in 2050 each Chinese will have at least 12 years of education.
According to ITAR-TASS information sources, China's population growth will stop by 2040, by which time 1.5 billion people will live in the country. This forecast was made by Vice President of the Demographic Society of China Li Hongwei.
Having reached a critical point by 2040, the scientist believes, the population of China will begin to gradually decline. The share of elderly people (over 65) will reach 12% of the total population. To date, this figure is 7.6%. In a few decades, the state may even face a labor shortage.
Li Hongwei believes that population policy China after 2040 must be built in such a way as to prevent a sharp decline in numbers. "Important policy changes need to be made before then," he told Xinhua News Agency. However, the scientist predicts, at the present time one should not expect a radical revision of the provisions in this area, since. birth control is an important mechanism of the country's demographic policy.
The Chinese population continues to grow. However, already in the current century, the bulk of the billionth population of China will actively begin to join the ranks of pensioners.
The downward trend in the birth rate, coupled with an increase in life expectancy, is observed in most countries of the European and American continents. hallmark China in this sense is the speed and size of the trend of falling fertility, leading to a sharp increase in the number of older citizens of the country. The main reason for this development was the state social politics birth planning, carried out under the slogan "One family - one child" in order to prevent the growth of the total number of the already multi-million population of the country. As a result, for more than forty years there has been a gradual decline in the birth rate.
By 2020, experts predict the beginning of a decrease in the share of the economically active population (15 years - 64 years) and a gradual increase in the share of the elderly in the total population of the country, and by 2050 the share of the elderly will increase from 10 to 40%. At the same time, the phase of the most intensive aging of the population will be observed in the period from 2015 to 2020. Thus, by this time, the average Chinese family of three will have to provide not only for their own needs and the needs of the child, but also to “feed” four pensioners.
The annual natural increase of the population of China is about 8 million people, the net migration outflow is about 350 thousand people a year
As mentioned above, a sharp drop in the birth rate in China has led to a steady slowdown in population growth, and, against the background of a decrease in mortality, to its rapid aging. As a result, the total fertility rate has fallen sharply - from 44‰ in the early 1950s to 12‰ in 2008 - and will remain relatively stable, dropping to 10‰ in the coming decades (Figure 8).
The crude death rate dropped from 25‰ in the early 1950s to 6-7‰ in the 1970s and has remained at this level to this day. In the coming years, it will begin to increase due to the progressive aging of the population and in the 2030s it will exceed the level of the total fertility rate, as a result of which a natural decline in the population will begin.
Figure 8. Total Birth and Death Rates in China, 1995-2050, middle option 2006 recalculation UN forecast, ‰
The change in the population of China occurs mainly under the influence of natural growth, which now stands at about 8 million people, or 0.5% per year. By 2030-2035, the natural increase will be reduced to almost 0, and then the natural decrease will increase. China's migration exchange with other countries of the world results in a small net outflow compared to the total population of China, amounting to about 350 thousand people, or -0.03% per year. Thus, migration still has virtually no noticeable effect on China's population (Fig. 9). The medium variant of the UN projections for the 2006 revision assumes that the volume of net emigration from China will remain unchanged in the forecast period.
Figure 9. Components of China's population growth, 1995-2050, UN average 2006 recalculation
More powerful migration flows have developed within the country in recent decades. Between 30 and 100 million people moved from rural areas to cities in the mid-1990s. According to the agricultural census, more than 56 million rural workers were involved in non-agricultural work in urban areas. About 40% of construction workers in Beijing in the mid-1990s were migrants. In 2001, about 130 million Chinese lived in areas other than where they were officially registered. The main flows of migrants were directed from the interior regions to the East and Southeast to the coastal provinces.
The most powerful flows of migrants were sent to Guangzhou, located in close proximity to the special autonomous regions of China - Hong Kong and Macau. In 1990-1995, the net migration increase there amounted to 1.8 million people (almost 20% of internal migration), in 1995-2000 - 11.1 million people (34%), in 2000-2005 - 10.3 million people (27%). The migration growth of the population of Shanghai was more modest: 610 thousand people in 1990-1995 (6.6%), 2 million people in 1995-2000 (6.2%) and almost 2.7 million people (7%) in 2000 -2005 years.
Since far from all migrants from rural regions can officially gain a foothold in cities, many of them periodically return to their homes, bringing new urban patterns of behavior, skills and lifestyle, and professional skills to rural life. Migration mobility of the population is gradually increasing, but so far it is predominantly rotational and returnable.
Some labor migrants are sent abroad. In 2007, for example, 140,000 Chinese student interns worked in Japan on three-year labor contracts that tied them to specific employers who often paid them only half the minimum wage.
In the second half of the 1990s, the average annual number of labor migrants leaving China in search of work increased sharply, amounting to 375,000 people against 75,000 people in 1990-1994.
In 2006 the amount money transfers migrant workers from China back home amounted to 22 billion US dollars. Only India (27 billion) and Mexico (25 billion) received more from labor migration, out of a total global remittance of $208 billion.
Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision, Highlights. - New York, 2007. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2006/2006Highlights_finalrevised.pdf
World Population Prospects: the 2006 Revision Population Database - http://esa.un.org/unpp/index
Population Reference Bureau.
Managing Migration: The Global Challenge // Population Bulletin. March 2008 Vol. 63 N 1.
Kam Wing Chan. Internal Labor Migration in China: Trends, Geographical Distribution And Policies // United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development. New York, 21 - 23 January 2008. Pp. 93-122
I came across an interesting article about the real population in China and the overestimation of this figure by official government sources. Very informative, I advise everyone to read it. Even if you think that this material cannot be trusted, it will be very informative!
If you look at China, there is a very big bewilderment: where do the 1.5 billion people who supposedly live in China live and what do they eat? The twenty largest urban centers give a population of just over 200 million people ...
Today, patriotic circles often mention the desire of the Anglo-Saxon world to drag us into a war with China. Very similar to that. In this regard, it is often heard from various domestic experts that the Chinese are about to throw hats on us, take all of Siberia and other catastrophic forecasts for themselves. Could this be?
I served 3 years as an urgent Far East in the border troops, he studied patriotism on the example of the heroes of Damansky, however, as it seems to me, the devil is not so terrible ...
As you know, China, in addition to being the world's factory, is also famous for its huge population of about 1.347 billion people (some experts do not stand on ceremony and talk about 1.5 billion - Russian 145 million people as a statistical error) , and the average density is about 140 people per 1 sq. km. km) and a fairly decent territory (3rd in the world after Russia and Canada - 9.56 million sq. km).
There is a story that either the orderly, or some other assistant to Suvorov, writing down a report to the capital about the next victory, according to Alexander Vasilyevich, was surprised at the inflated numbers of enemy soldiers killed. To which, Suvorov allegedly said: “Why feel sorry for their adversaries!”
About the population
The Chinese, followed by the Indians, the Indonesians, and indeed the whole of Asia, have clearly grasped that the population of their countries is the same strategic weapon as bombs and missiles.
No one can truly say what it really is. demographic situation Asia, in this case China. All data is estimated, at best, information from the Chinese themselves ( last census in 2000).
Surprisingly, despite the government's policy of the last 20 years aimed at limiting the birth rate (one family - one child), the population is still growing at 12 million people a year, according to experts, due to the huge base (i.e. initial) digit.
I'm certainly not a demographer, but 2+2=4. If you have 100 people: two died in a year, one was born, a year later 99. If 100 million or 1 billion, and the ratio of births and deaths is negative, then what is the difference in the initial figure, the result will be negative. The Chinese and demographic experts are paradoxically positive!
A very confusing question. For example, in the monograph by Korotaev, Malkov, Khalturin "The Historical Macrodynamics of China" there is an interesting table:
1845 - 430 million;
1870 - 350;
1890 - 380;
1920 - 430;
1940 - 430,
1945 - 490.
I came across an old atlas, which said that in 1939, i.e. before the 2nd World War, there were 350 million people in China. One does not need to be an expert to see the huge discrepancies and the absence of any coherent system in the behavior of the Chinese population.
Either a drop of 80 million in 25 years, then an increase of 50 million in 30 years, then no change in 20 years. The main thing is that the initial figure of 430 million is taken absolutely from the ceiling, who considered their adversaries. But the fact seems to be obvious - for 95 years from 1845 to 1940 the number of Chinese has not changed, as it was, and remains.
But over the next 72 years (taking into account disastrous wars, hunger and poverty, more than 20 years of containment policy) growth of almost a billion!
For example, everyone knows that the USSR lost 27 million people in the Great Patriotic War, but few people know that China is the second country in terms of human losses - 20 million people. Some experts (perhaps like our Chubais) speak of 45 million. And despite such monstrous losses and all sorts of hardships from 1940 to 1945, a huge increase of 60 million! Moreover, in addition to the World War, there was also a civil one in China, and 23 million people now live in Taiwan, who were considered Chinese in the 40th year.
However, as a result of the formation of the PRC in 1949, the population of the PRC has already reached 550 million people. For 4 years, we do not count those who fled to Taiwan, and the growth is simply a galloping 60 million people. Then there was the Cultural Revolution with countless repressions and the eating of sparrows in the famine years, and the population grew faster and faster.
And yet, we almost believe and count on our knees. 430 in 1940. This is a lot, of course. 430 million. Approximately half of the woman (in Asia, women are even less, but let). About 200. Of these, grandmothers and girls - another 23. Women give birth approximately from 15 to 40 = 25 years, and live beyond 70. We get 70 million. We believe that there are no childless and lesbians in China, + allowance for my demographic unprofessionalism = 70 million childbearing women in 1940.
How many children did these young ladies have to give birth to, so that in 9 years there would be 490 million Chinese, a 15% increase? War, devastation, no medicine, the Japanese are atrocious ... According to science, if my memory serves me right, in order not to simply reduce the population, you need to give birth to 3-3.5. And an additional 90 million for 70 million women in labor, another 1.2 people. Physically, for 9 years, 4-5 children is not easy, but possible, but ....
The Internet writes that according to the 1953 census, 594 million, and in 1949, not 490, but 549 million. Forty-five million in 4 years. In 13 years, the population has grown from 430 to 594, by 164 million, more than a third. Thus, 70 million women in 13 years gave birth to 3.5 each for reproduction + about 2.5 (163:70) = 6.
Someone will object that in Russia there was also a boom at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. But in Russia at that time, the Japanese did not massacre 20 million people + 20 million did not flee to Taiwan. And, returning to the table, what prevented the Chinese from increasing by at least 10 million in the previous 100 years? Immediately, in 13 years, 164 million, as if from a bush, into hunger and war. Yes, I almost forgot, such trifles as the Korean War, where about 150 thousand more childbearing Chinese men were killed, are completely ridiculous to consider. In the following decades, the Chinese bred and multiplied simply beyond measure.
I think they just draw their Chinese out of thin air, like the Fed dollars. Nobody argues, there are a lot of Chinese, as well as Indians and Indonesians, there are still plenty of Nigerians, Iranians, Pakistanis. But many many strife. And the Indians - well done, picked up the initiative in time.
Now a little about the territory. China is big, but... Take a look at the administrative map of China. There are so-called autonomous regions (Ary) in China. There are 5 of them, but now we are talking about 3: Xinjiang Uighur, Inner Mongolia and Tibetan.
These three ARs occupy respectively 1.66 million sq. km, 1.19 million sq. km. km and 1.22 million sq. km, only about 4 million sq. km, almost half of the territory of China! Live in these territories, respectively, 19.6 million people, 23.8 million and 2.74 million, a total of about 46 million people, about 3% of the population of China. Of course, these areas are not the most wonderful for living (mountains, deserts, steppes), but no worse than Outer Mongolia or our Tuva or, for example, Kyrgyzstan or Kazakhstan.
Most Chinese live between the Yellow River and the Yangtze and on the warm coast (South and Southeast). Speaking of Mongolia. If Inner Mongolia is larger in territory than France and Germany combined, then Mongolia-Outer Mongolia is almost 1.5 times larger than Inner Mongolia = 1.56 million square meters. km. There is practically no population of 2.7 million people (the density is 1.7 people per sq. km, in the PRC, let me remind you, 140, including the above-named Ars, where the density is respectively: 12, 20 and 2 people sq. km; in Mesopotamia under 300 a person lives per square kilometer, cockroaches, and only if you believe the statistics).
The resources, for which the Chinese allegedly go to Siberia, at the risk of running into Russian atomic bombs, in Mongolia, and in Kazakhstan the same, are full, but there are no bombs. Not only that, why not move the idea of reunification-unification of the Mongolian people under the wing of the Celestial Empire?
There are 150-200 thousand Chinese in Russia. Total! total population Khabarovsk, Primorsky Territories, Amur Region and the Jewish Autonomous Region (about 5 million) cannot be compared, of course, with the border province of Heilongjiang (38 million), but still.
However, the Mongols are sleeping peacefully (the Chinese and Russians in Mongolia combined 0.1% of the population - about 2 thousand somewhere), the Kazakhs are also not very tense.
It seems to me that Burma, with its 50 million population and a fairly large territory of 678 thousand square meters, needs to be afraid. km. The same South China billion hangs over it, it is in Myanmar that the dictatorial regime is, they are the villains of the Chinese minority (1.5 million !! people) oppress. And, most importantly, the equator is near, the sea coast is huge and warm, warm.
But even the Burmese comrades, as they say, do not worry, and we are in a panic.
Well, okay, the Chinese communists are afraid of the Americans in Taiwanese affairs to put things in order, but Vietnam frankly runs up, shouting that it is not afraid, constantly reminds of the last scuffle, Laos and Cambodia undertook to supervise, the newly minted Big Brother. China and Vietnam are arguing about the oil islands, and so is the world.
Weird Chinese. The people are already sitting on each other's heads, and they are not even developing their vast territories, not to mention weak neighbors such as Burma and Mongolia. But they will definitely attack Buryatia, the 150,000th expeditionary force has already been sent out, half of them got stuck in Moscow for some reason, someone in warm Vladivostok, but this is nonsense, at the first call - to Siberia.
Well, perhaps that's all, as a first approximation.
This is supported by data from an independent demographic statistics. According to studies, every fifth person on the planet is Chinese. It would seem that demographic issues should not be raised in this country. But in practice this is not the case. The government must decide on the social security of its citizens, and given their number, this is not so easy to do. In this regard, China is seriously engaged in birth planning.
Numerical characteristic of China
Everyone knows that the Chinese are the most numerous nation on Earth. However, it is rather difficult to give an exact figure. Official figures for the PRC claim that there are more than one and a half billion citizens. But no one can say whether this is really so, since a full-fledged population census has never been conducted here.
Initially, it was decided to carry out this process for each yard. In the past, people were counted based on salt intake per household or postal orders. Since that time, China's population policy has changed. We will find out further about what this led to.
After the fall of the Empire, the population corresponded only four times:
- in 1953 China's population was 588 million people;
- in 1964 - 705 million people;
- in 1982, one billion people;
- in 1990, 1.13 billion people.
Distinctive features of China
In China, not all territories are populated. Due to the diverse climatic zones, the multifaceted Chinese nature, overpopulated and deserted areas have appeared.
Mostly people settled on the plains, near the sea. The population prefers to have constant access to water, and therefore, to settle in those places where there are streams or rivers. The Chinese economy is still heavily dependent on Agriculture. Therefore, the state continues to promote the creation of farms and public fields. And this is possible only on fertile soils.
The main occupations of the peasants were fishing and rice cultivation. Both require active interaction with water resources. So the deltas of the main rivers Zhujiang and Yangtze are even overpopulated. The south of China's Great Plain and the Sichuan Basin also became locations for metropolitan areas. The population of China in these places exceeds one billion people.
But where the mountains are, cities and villages are extremely rare. Often, land in the highlands is set aside for the cultivation of plants suitable for the area itself.
Gender composition
The Republic of China has long pursued a policy of having only one child per family. Boys were preferred. In order to reduce the birth rate, a family that had more children than allowed was subject to fines, which determined the laws of China.
In terms of sex ratio, today 51.6% of the population is male. Moreover, this figure is increasing from year to year. But China's population policy has not always been so harsh.
Economic justification
The Republic of China is considered one of the most actively developing countries. It is characterized by the processes of the formation of the economy, a change in the political course and the transition to high-tech production processes. The main task in such a situation, according to the decision of the authorities, is to limit the birth rate. What is the reason? The answer is simple: the Chinese economy is simply not able to feed such a large number of citizens.
That is why, since the mid-sixties of the last century, the PRC has limited population growth by imposing bans on the number of children in one family.
At first it was possible to have three offspring. But over time, the law limited the rules to two. And a little later, families with one baby became relevant.
Advertising for demographic purposes
The government has thought about how to actively implement a program for future family planning. The Chinese are given as an example that people who have only one child can afford to provide him with a decent future, dress him, shoe him, and give him what he deserves.
Such agitation in the cities had a positive effect on the inhabitants. Couples try to limit themselves in the number of children. The authorities encourage law-abiding citizens.
For those who have only one baby, certain benefits are provided. So, they can get housing in the first place, arrange a child for free in a kindergarten, give him an education at the best university. Children from rural areas are given large plots of land.
This demographic policy of China has brought positive results. Population growth has been halted. However, hunger also contributed to this factor.
The first reforms carried out by Mao Zedong caused an unprecedented economic recession, and as a result, in three years, from 1959 to 1961, according to various estimates, about 16,000,000 people died.
Large families
The population decline during the Great Chinese Famine paid off. Now China's demographic policy is aimed only at preventing spontaneous population growth. In the Republic of China, a couple who has two children must waive the bonus they receive for one child, and refund everything that the state has previously paid them. Also, this family will be fined additionally. They will be required to pay an amount that, depending on the salary and place of residence, will range from a couple of hundred to a couple of thousand.
late wedding
The country's authorities are confident that the most deliberate marriage is the one that takes place in adulthood. In China, the bar for the permitted time of marriage has been raised. So, girls can tie themselves up only from the age of twenty. Guys are allowed to marry only after reaching the age of 22.
However, those young people who are still studying at the university cannot get married. The administration often excludes such students for such a reckless act. But despite this, in last years boys and girls often think about the wedding at a young age. An ancient custom is becoming popular again. The characterization of China would be incomplete without dwelling on this point in more detail.
Features of marriage traditions
Traditions continue to play an important role in the life of this nation. Despite all the efforts of modern politicians to renew the state, medieval rituals are still preserved in some villages and settlements.
Even in the capital of China, Beijing, until recently, the parents of the bride and groom agreed on marriages. It was the mother and father who chose the right partner for their child for life. To refuse a candidate agreed upon at the council of senior relatives meant to reject the whole family.
But lately the situation has begun to change. Girls and boys themselves prefer to look for a mate. Moreover, representatives of the beautiful half of humanity often take a leading position in this process.
As for divorces, the statistics in China on them are small. In Western countries, divorce is ten times more common. Nevertheless, in the Celestial Empire they are also thinking about the problem with the increased number of divorces.
The territory of China is quite extensive. Many different ethnic groups live here. They have completely different rules. They can have as many children as they want. They are not eligible for benefits. In addition, since the territory of China is quite vast, many indigenous people tend to move from large cities to calmer and less populated regions. Therefore, the migration of the population within the country is clearly expressed here.
Problems of society. China's population policy in brief
Due to the policy of population reduction, the Chinese in modern world began to suffer from the problems caused by such a policy. Thus, the population does not have a proper balance between the generation that is being born and the dying. As a result, in the People's Republic of China, the number of pensioners far exceeds the number of young people.
In 2000, according to official estimates of social institutions, it turned out that on average the inhabitants of the country live 71 years. More than ninety million Chinese have already reached the age limit of 65 years. There are 7% of them in the country.
Now the state is trying to draw the attention of all citizens to the fact that the problem of the older generation is only increasing. It exists, and no one has yet been able to solve it. Very soon, the country's losses in the payment of pensions, material maintenance, the issuance of free medicines to old people will exceed the earnings of young Chinese who go to the treasury.
On the other hand, China's policy is aimed at reducing the population even more in the next 20 years. According to experts, China will soon overtake other countries in all social indicators.
Children problem
However, most believe that China's future is in jeopardy. To replace the fighting, open to any task, children from large families came pampered loners who can not cope even with elementary tasks.
Having grown up with his parents as the only pet, the Chinese continue to enjoy the guardianship of his elders on the most insignificant issues. In some of them, egoism is too strong to do the right things, make some sacrifices for the good of the nation and think about someone other than themselves. Traditions that would teach how to raise one child have not yet been developed in China.
The press is full of headlines about how children dare to act too selfishly, which can usually shock people from other countries. Mothers and fathers pamper their children by helping to brush their teeth, tie their shoelaces, take a shower until the age of ten. As a result, they cannot even get dressed without outside help.
Parents become overprotective. They plan the whole life of their child. Often, without asking the opinion of a son or daughter, they are sent to study for those specialties that are highly valued in China. This does not take into account the level of abilities of the future student, his hobby, inclination to the subject.
Parents try to arrange a child in life. Traditionally, a boy brings happiness to the house, and with the birth of a girl, it ends. The man can usually stay with his parents while the woman goes to her husband's house. The village family is also trying to give birth to a boy so that he will help more on the field.
All this makes politicians think seriously. The territory of China is far from fully developed. There is a need to populate desert regions. It is quite possible that in the near future this fact will be the reason for a local change in demographic policy.
The realities of modernity
The peculiar demographic policy of China and certain foundations and prejudices in society lead to the fact that young women get rid of pregnancy if an ultrasound scan shows that a girl may appear. Often near the hospital, in the trash cans on the street, buried in the ground, they find the bodies of newborn babies.
The state forbids the killing of children. However, it also imposes a fine for the birth of a second child. In this light, it becomes quite understandable why women in the PRC dare such horrors.
Such features of China give scientists a reason to argue that if the number of births does not increase by 2050, then the main part of the country's population will be pensioners aged fifty to ninety years.
