V. Germany operates approx. 3,000 cooperative banks, they are called in the cities. Volksbank, and countryside-. Raiffeisenbank. Cooperative banks are relatively small credit institutions, the number of which is last years constantly decreasing due to their merger. The basis for the creation of cooperative banks c. Germany was served by the idea of "help through self-help", which appeared more than 125 years ago, was based on the principle of self-government and joint responsibility. Today, cooperative banks offer a versatile range of services, despite their focus on non-linear and savings deposits, as well as for issuing short-term and medium-term loans to its members. It should be noted that the volume of long-term loans is constantly growing. If earlier the members of the cooperative bank were artisans, people engaged in crafts, and farmers, now the bulk are workers and employees.
Settlement transactions between individual cooperative banks go through regional central banks, the tasks of which approximately correspond to the tasks of fat centers in the organization of savings banks. This banking group consists of four institutions. the supreme organization of the cooperative banking group is DG Bank (DeutscheGenossenSchaftsBank AG), which has the right to issue shares and perform banking operations of all kinds. How versatile commercial Bank, it operates all over the world.
Specialized banks
Together with commercial banks acting universally, c. Germany has a number of specialized banks. This includes mortgage banks and other credit institutions that issue loans secured by real values, specialized credit institutions; banks that provide loans with installment repayment, credit institutions that issue loans for individual construction; postal bank; credit institutions of industry, etc. More than one-fourth of the business turnover of all credit institutions takes place through specialized banks. Germany. Approximately one in three big bank with a business turnover of about 25 billion euros - a specialized bank.
The main group of specialized banks consists of 30 private mortgage banks, specialized banks that provide loans for land and utility loans. They issue long-term loans to finance housing construction and reconstruction of residential buildings, as well as for industrial and agricultural investments (secured land plots). The second main type of operations is the provision of communal loans. Federation, Länder and municipalities, other corporations and institutions of public law. Municipal loans significantly exceed loans for housing construction. Two credit institutions of this group finance shipbuilding (on the basis of medium-term and long-term credits). These banks receive the necessary funds for lending through the sale of letters of letters and bonds of the municipal loan on the capital market.
About ten public mortgage banks, as well as private mortgage banks specializing in the provision of mortgage and utility loans. These lending institutions date back to the 18th century. In those days, they were created as social-legal forced associations of landowners with the aim of issuing cheap loans for Agriculture. Among the private and public savings banks that issue loans for individual construction, more than 30 finance private houses and apartments on the principle of collective savings. The attractiveness of saving money lies primarily in the right of the depositor to receive a loan for housing construction with a relatively low and stable interest rate for the entire duration of the loan. Accumulative deposits for housing construction in a savings bank with a certain amount of income of the depositor are encouraged by a state premium (up to 10 percent) or these contributions (up to a certain maximum amount) are not taxed. Come to the tax office.
The group of specialized banks also includes about 30 guarantee banks and guarantee societies for lending. They are self-help institutions for medium and small enterprises. The main task of these credit institutions, which have existed since the mid-1950s, is to eliminate the unfavorable conditions for small and medium-sized enterprises that may arise due to their weak financial security. In addition, banks and companies are also indicated to provide guarantees in case of losses from enterprises in the handicraft, trade and industrial fields of activity. The latter, in turn, serve as guarantees for banks that provide them with credit.
At the beginning of 1990, his commercial activity began the postal bank as a specialized bank for settlements and deposit operations. So far in. Germany there were 2 postal savings banks and 14 post fat roustans. They were enterprises of the German Federal Post. A postal bank is an institution whose property belongs to. Federation. The Postal Bank has more than 20,000 branches throughout the territory. Germanic.
About 20 credit institutions from the group of special banks have the organizational and legal form of trading companies. For example,. AKA Ausfurkredit-GeselSchaft GmbH, a limited liability company and a recovery credit institution (KFW) finance mainly exports to developing countries, a credit institution for recovery provides loans for capital investment in economically weak regions. Germany. Other lending institutions provide support government programs for the development of industry, finance social housing construction, small and medium-sized enterprises, and agriculture.
banking unions
To represent the interests of banks in relations with the legislature, s. Federal Bank, s. Office for the supervision of credit business and other government agencies, as well as with the public, all groups of banks are organized into credit unions. credit unions take part in parliamentary hearings when the parliament (Reichstag) makes the most important legislative decisions, cooperate with. nor German federal bank and. Federal Office for Supervision in the development and unification of the rules of banking. significant role in this. Federal Association of German Banks.
Federations operating at the level, central banking unions of private banks, savings banks and cooperative banks have regional and even local organizations. In addition, banking unions include audit associations. Regardless of the state control body, they exercise control over the activities and liquidity of the banks that are part of the union. Degree of cooperation government agencies to control with these unions is quite large. For example, a license (permit for the right to engage in activities) issues. Credit Supervisory Authority, which is obliged to take into account the opinion of the relevant banking union (in 32. ZKD). The respective unions for groups of banks are also involved in the organization of the deposit insurance system. it salient feature the German depositor protection system, thanks to which cash on the accounts of customers are saved almost in full obsyazі.
An example of successful operation banking system. Germany can serve. Its two-tier structure, in which the functions of the central bank and the functions of commercial banks are clearly distinguished. An experience. Gerchchina in the development of the banking system can be useful for the further development of the banking system of Ukraine.
Created by commodity producers on a shared basis to meet mutual needs for credit and other banking services Oh. K. b. represent the financial and organizational centers of cooperative credit institutions, united, as a rule, according to sectoral or territorial characteristics. The legislation of the Russian Federation does not allocate K.b. as a special category of banks.
Economics and law: a dictionary-reference book. - M.: University and school. L. P. Kurakov, V. L. Kurakov, A. L. Kurakov. 2004 .
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1. A cooperative bank is a bank established by business entities, as well as by other persons, on the principle of territoriality on the basis of voluntary membership and pooling of share contributions for joint monetary activities. Local and central cooperative banks may be established in accordance with the law.
2. The authorized capital of a cooperative bank is divided into shares.
3. Each participant of a cooperative bank, regardless of its participation (share) in the authorized capital of the bank, has the right to one vote.
1. The legal status of a cooperative bank is regulated in detail in the Law of Ukraine “On Banks and banking» dated December 7, 2000 (art. 8).
The minimum number of participants in a local (within the region) cooperative bank must be at least 50 persons. In the event of a decrease in the number of participants and the inability of the cooperative bank to increase their number to the minimum within one year necessary activity such a bank is terminated by changing the legal form or liquidation.
The participants of the central cooperative bank are local cooperative banks. To the functions of the central cooperative bank, except for statutory, belong to the centralization and redistribution of resources accumulated by local cooperative banks, as well as control over the activities of cooperative banks at the regional level. Local cooperative banks and the central cooperative bank can attract deposits (deposits, including on current accounts) only from their members. Cooperative banks are not subject to restrictions, established by law of Ukraine "On Banks and Banking Activity" for operations of banks with related parties.
The governing bodies of a cooperative bank are the general meeting of participants (shareholders), the supervisory board and the board of the bank. The control body is the audit commission of the bank.
2. Part 2 of the commented article provides that the statutory fund of a cooperative bank is divided into shares.
Level minimum size authorized capital for local cooperative banks - at least 1 million euros, for a central cooperative bank - at least 5 million euros.
3. In accordance with the principles of organizing a cooperative, the size of the share of a participant in a cooperative bank does not affect its significance in making decisions on general meeting participants and voting. However, the size of the share of participants is important in the distribution of profits and losses of a cooperative bank based on the results fiscal year carried out in proportion to the size of the share of each participant.
it credit organizations based on the cooperative ownership of their members. The purpose of their activities is not to make a profit, but to meet the needs of members of a credit cooperative in banking services. Such banks arose on the basis of credit cooperatives that served small business entities (merchants, artisans, small industrialists, farmers) and individual depositors. The resources of these banks can be formed both on the basis of deposits and loans from large commercial banks. Loans are provided primarily to members of the cooperative. Cooperative banks arose in the middle of the 19th century, their creation was due to the fact that operating banks provided loans mainly to large and medium-sized entrepreneurs and refused to finance small enterprises due to their economic instability. Therefore, the latter became dependent on usurers who charged high interest on loans. To avoid this and receive loans on acceptable terms, small producers began to unite in credit cooperatives.
The first credit cooperatives arose in Germany, and then in other countries of Western Europe and Asia. The beginning of the development of the cooperative credit movement in Germany was the one that arose in the 19th century. the idea of "helping ourselves" (Lige ruigs selebz1; Lige), which was based on the principles of joint and several responsibility. The purpose of the creation of the first credit cooperatives was to promote the development of the activities of artisans and farmers, since with widespread industrialization it became increasingly difficult for individual private households to obtain loans for further development due to the lack of serious guarantees of repayment from artisans and farmers. Until recently in Germany there was a three-level structure of the organization of the cooperative credit system. The top rung was occupied by the German Co-operative Bank (Deustsche Geossenschäisbachk - d0-Bank). At the second stage were the cooperative central banks of the regions, and at the bottom, representing the local level, were the credit cooperatives themselves. From the mid 1960s. in the German banking market, cooperative banks control almost 1/5 of the country's banking market, and in the investment sector, their share is even 1/4.
In France, credit cooperatives exist in the form of people's banks, united by the Paris Central Office of People's Banks. In the United States, there are farmer credit cooperatives - associations of federal loan banks, which are controlled by state federal loan banks. In Japan, agricultural, fishing, and urban credit cooperatives, united by prefectural federations and controlled by the Central Agricultural and Forestry Cooperative Bank, have become widespread.
Source: Ed. G. N. Beloglazova. Money. Credit. Banks: Textbook. Ed. G. N. Beloglazova - M.: Higher education, 2009. - 392 p.. 2009 (original)
