Design errors. Typical mistakes in building a private house

Read in this article about what mistakes can be made at the design stage of a house and what this can lead to.

When moving into an apartment, people usually do not think about how accurate the project was. Is the house set up correctly, is the foundation strong, are the structures strong, is the layout correctly marked out, what is the condition engineering networks and the main intra-apartment electrical outlets. Most do not see the point in thinking about such issues, because they trust construction organizations that are under control state structures. Those who are involved in construction know what the initial period is, technical control, delivery and acceptance of works, and many other important points.

The first major mistake is to neglect an experienced project developer

It is a completely different matter when designing country-type houses is carried out: summer cottages or cottages. Here the customer has to be directly involved in the process. In particular, at the stage of searching for a design specialist and a professional work team. If you have a need to design houses https://planners.ru/ an important mistake that is made at the very beginning is the rejection of a professional designer and replacing him with a less experienced specialist. Or a complete disregard for the development of the project.

If construction starts from scratch, not having a project developed by a competent experienced specialist means a huge irresponsibility.

Why is it important to think about how to choose a house designer who can provide a competent project that meets all standards, conditions and requirements? First of all, because people will have to live in this house, use all the systems that will be installed in it and, accordingly, feel either comfort or discomfort.

The second, as a rule, is perceived as a consequence of mistakes made at the design stage.

My own designer

Often, customers turn to construction organization, having in their hands a selected project from the Internet, which, in their opinion, fully corresponds to all preferences. The foundation, the main structures of the house, an extension in the form of an open terrace, balconies, and so on are marked. At the same time, the future owner is sure that such a house will look very nice.

A specialist, developing a project, will link it with local climatic and geological conditions. He will certainly be able to explain to the customer why his opinion is wrong.

Errors at the stage of geological surveys and excavation design

What happens when non-professionals take on the design? The wrong approach to business begins to be traced at the very initial stages. The following calculations are allowed:

1. The soil remains unexplored. Soil compositions and the level of groundwater location are ignored.
2. The marking of the incorrect binding of the construction pit to the terrain is carried out. This is fraught with serious problems in the future related to the legality of the construction of a residential building. Here it is worth mentioning the difficulties that will arise with the organization of drainage, drainage of groundwater from the basement.
3. Incorrectly calculated loads in the project will lead to the destruction of the foundation. There will be a need for additional strengthening of the house, which means additional expenses (usually very large).

What are the errors in the layout of the main structure and outbuildings on the site and what does this lead to in the end

Errors in the planning of the house are expressed in the wrong location of the main structure and additional outbuildings. This also includes the choice of territory for the garden and vegetable garden.

1. The one who will design the main house, following only the wishes of the customer, will create many problems for him in the future. For example, organizing window openings in the main rooms overlooking the garden will eventually darken the rooms. Over time, the seedlings will become trees, and their crowns will block the sun. Such plantings should be removed from windows. Rooms should have good natural light.
2. Placing a building under a toilet at a close distance from housing will create certain inconveniences due to a penetrating smell.
3. Improper determination of the location of the sides of the house in relation to the winds present in the construction area can make the house cold.

Houses are usually placed in such a way that one side is on the shady side. To prevent the wind from penetrating the house, you need to properly position the roof. Wind gusts should not be taken over by a pediment with window openings.

Subsequent adjustment of the project

Additions or changes can be made to any project that do not contradict the basic requirements. A big mistake is a rash initial design. The situation when already in the course of construction it is necessary to resort to serious adjustments. What is the risk? The fact that you have to change not only the parameters of the assigned structures, but also other important elements associated with them. For example, expanding the area of ​​​​rooms can lead to a narrowing of the corridor. As a result, you will have to change the design of the stairs to the second floor if the house is two-level.

What is missing in the implementation of an ill-conceived project of a large house?

1. A two-story wide house, which is being built for the future residence of a large family in it, should have two bathrooms, on the first and second floors. This will save the household from queues in the morning, respectively, help to avoid running around from floor to floor and other conflict situations.
2. Often the importance of secondary rooms is not taken into account in non-professional design. For example, a hallway. It, like the corridor, is narrowed to make the main rooms wider. It is not right. The hallway must be properly calculated. The area should be five meters long and 1.5 to 2 meters wide. In such a territory, you can move freely, as well as conveniently arrange furniture.
3. Planning errors country house may consist in non-compliance with the logic of placing additional premises. An experienced designer will place a pantry near the kitchen, and a dressing room near the bedroom.

What errors should be paid attention to when checking a project

1. Absence of signs geological surveys. As a result, this leads to incorrect development of the type of foundation.
2. Inconsistent placement of the structure with the general master plan.
3. Development of the facade ahead of space-planning decisions of the building. A mistake that inexperienced architects make.
4. Reducing the minimum size of bathrooms / nodes, boiler rooms. Development of inconvenient parameters of stairs that constrain movement.
5. Incorrect calculation of the number and parameters of ventilation channels.
6. Roofing limitation. A small overhang makes the house ugly, unfinished.
7. Structural Design Errors building structures. Inaccurate calculations of underground and surface elements (foundations, walls, roofs, and so on).

From Table. It follows from Table 3 that condition V05 is satisfied for the case Fln(P), i.e., the empirical distribution is consistent with the hypothesis of a lognormal distribution. Wherein this law distribution is described by the following numerical characteristics:

Median Me(P) = a = P = 57 MW

Mathematical expectation M (P) \u003d a * e "2 \u003d 66 MW

Mode Mo(P) = a* e~ = 62 MW (5)

Dispersion D (P) \u003d c 2 \u003d a2es\e5 "- 1) \u003d 21116 MW2 a \u003d / SR) \u003d 46 MW

The optimal power of the HPSP in the generator mode is PpA30= М(Р) /Pgen = 66/0.9 = 73 MW (6)

1. The proposed method allows you to determine the optimal capacity of GA3S to level the schedule for the production of B3S, which will be considered a safe reserve.

2. According to the measurement of wind speeds for the year, by calculating the difference between the maximum Pmax and minimum Pmin power by day, it was determined that the empirical distribution is subject to the lognormal law.

Literature

2. KremerN. Sh. Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, 2003. 543 p.

3. Reliability and efficiency in technology. Directory. Volume 2. Mathematical Methods in the Theory of Reliability and Efficiency, 1987. 280 p.

4. V. S. Pugachev, Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics, 1979. 495 p.

Errors in the design of buildings and structures Korneva E. R.

Korneva Elena Romanovna / Korneva Elena Romanovna - undergraduate, Department of Construction Organization and Real Estate Management, Faculty of Management Economics and information systems in construction, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Moscow

Abstract: the article presents the most common mistakes in the design of buildings and structures.

Key words: design, buildings, structures, errors, collapse.

The main cause of accidents, collapses of buildings and structures are mistakes made at the "design" stage, which, as a rule, are caused by the human factor. As a result of miscalculations in the design in construction, 500 - 600 unacceptable deformations of building structures occur annually. Elimination of these defects, strengthening of building structures, foundations of buildings and structures is additional work, cost of funds, expense building materials and labor resources. There are times when a designer's mistake affects people's safety.

Human error is not taken into account in the design. Today, there are no such regulatory documents that contain a reliability factor for taking into account quality shortcomings due to human errors. The means of detecting errors is the control of the design process. Control has not only the direct task of finding errors, its indirect psychological influence on the quality of construction is very important. In practice, control today relies more on the experience and intuition of the project manager and engineering supervision. Design errors are due to:

Incompetence of the designer;

Lack of experience in designing complex structures;

The lack of elaboration in the pessimistic development of events;

Improper organization of labor activity;

The desire of the customer (designer) to save on engineering and geological surveys ( industrial facilities large length);

The unwillingness of the designer to take into account the features of modern building materials and structures;

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Neglect of checking the calculations of structures made in computer software systems;

As a result, the following may occur:

Errors in choosing the bases of the foundation, the design scheme of the foundation (the foundation is the base of the building, the mistake made can lead to unacceptable settlement, roll, resulting in large cracks and the destruction of the building, as a result of this);

Errors in the choice of the structural scheme of the building (result-overload of load-bearing structures, destruction);

The formation of dampness, mold fungus, which leads to early physical deterioration of the building (manifested by the use of modern "euro windows", with effective seals that block access to the outside air by almost 90%, and at the same time the calculation of air exchange according to old regulatory documents);

Incorporation into the project of no longer existing materials taken from old assortments; It is impossible to avoid design errors, but you can minimize them. Minimizing the number of errors can help:

Proper organization of design in accordance with the requirements of GOST ISO 9000-2011;

Organization of free discussions of designers in this field of activity;

Creation of stock reserves for unforeseen situations;

Personal responsibility of participants in the design process;

Availability of complete information and statistical studies in the proposed field of activity;

Opportunity Consideration negative development events and developments with this fallback;

Accounting for the design of modern building materials and structures.

Literature

1. Ledenev VV Accidents in construction. Causes of accidents of buildings and structures, tutorial, Tambov, 2014.

2. Errors in the design of building structures. Foundations and foundations. [ Electronic resource]: Electronic fund of legal and normative-technical documentation. URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/677011171. (date of access: 06/07/2016).

Queuing system. Throughput capacity of the post Seliverstov P. Yu.1, Aubakirov Sh. K.2

"Seliverstov Pavel Yurievich / Selivyorstov Pavel Yurievich - undergraduate, Department of Transport, Transport Engineering and Technology;

2Aubakirov Sherniyaz Kayrollovich - Master's student, Department of Thermal Power Engineering, Faculty of Transport and Energy, Eurasian National University. L. N. Gumilyov, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan

Abstract: the article deals with general concepts on queuing systems, subject, tasks, areas of their application. Also in the article, using the queuing system, the throughput of the washing post of the passenger compartment of the bus fleet is calculated. Key words: queuing theory, queuing system, request flow, queue, failure.

In numerous areas of production, consumer services, economics and finance, systems of a special type that implement the repeated implementation of monotypic problems are of no small importance. Similar systems are called queuing systems (QS). In the property of QS samples in the financial and economic field, one can bring systems that are banks, insurance companies, tax inspections, audit services. In the field of production and service, examples of QS can be: different concepts of interconnection (including telephone exchanges), loading and unloading complex complexes (ports, freight stations), gas stations, shopping centers, hairdressers, ticket offices, currency exchange offices, repair shops, clinics, etc. Such concepts, as well as computer networks, data collection, storage and processing concepts, motor transport concepts, automated production areas and, in the military sphere, the concepts of air or missile defense, can also be considered as specific SMOs. Any QS includes in its own structure

Driving through the streets of residential villages, you involuntarily pay attention to unfinished or abandoned cyclopean buildings. And, sometimes, you can see a residential building where the owners simply do not exploit the second floor. main reason is to underestimate the developer's financial capabilities or overestimate the real need square meters living area.

According to homeowners with big houses area from four hundred to six hundred square meters of living space, the annual cost of operating the cottage is from three hundred to five hundred thousand rubles. Only people with high level income are able to maintain such dwellings.

In the construction market of intellectual property, you can find ready-made projects of residential buildings. There are many collections and magazines where you can see the facades and layouts of cottages, mansions and villas. But for the construction of this is not enough. Requires a whole package of drawings. Minimum cost finished project about five to eight thousand rubles, and the maximum can reach several hundred thousand rubles. Experts will help the developer to develop technical task and formulate design goals.

If an individual developer decides to purchase or order a project from a specialized organization or from a licensed architect, then he should know that the minimum set consists of the following sheets:

1. The general plan of the site with the location of all buildings on a scale of 1:200 or 1:100.
2. Plans of all floors, in scale 1:100 or 1:50; 3. Sections of the building, longitudinal and transverse (along the main premises, the main entrance and stairs), on a scale of 1:100 or 1:50;
3. Facades of the building from all four sides, on a scale of 1:100 or 1:50;
4. Structural solutions (plans, fragments of sections and structural units) of foundations, walls, ceilings, floors and roofs on a scale of 1:100 or 1:50.

It is very important to get your hands on a document of engineering and geological surveys land plot, which will subsequently allow you to correctly solve the construction part of the project, consider the feasibility of building a basement or ground floor, or resolve the issue of the need to lower the groundwater level.

Sometimes, in order to save money, a future developer acquires an outdated project. In this case, it is necessary to check whether the recalculation of the fences of the house has been carried out in accordance with the requirements of the new SNiP for heat engineering.

The finished project is a product for the designer, where he has invested his fantasies and technical solutions based on many years of experience. Therefore, it is better for the developer not to make changes on his own, so as not to violate the unity of the idea and not worsen the conditions of his own residence.

So, the developer has the desired package in his hands project documentation. The prospective homeowner studies the drawings on his own if he can understand them, or engages an architect or civil engineer for advice. What is it for? No design decision can be insured against errors. And if they are not eliminated on paper before the start of construction, then you can get a bunch of problems, the solution of which will require significant financial expenses. Project errors can be hidden in the layout of a residential building, engineering and structural units, and architectural and artistic solutions.

Planning errors

One mistake was mentioned at the beginning of the article - this is an overestimated area of ​​\u200b\u200ba residential building. Modern architects, when designing residential buildings and cottages, try to adhere to the European level of comfort. As a result, a dilemma arises before an ordinary developer, what will he place in a kitchen of thirty-five square meters. Or why, in a huge bedroom, an old wardrobe and a double bed, transported from a former small-sized apartment, look lonely and lost in space. As a result, only part of the premises is used. Living rooms are very large sizes uncomfortable, require the involvement of a designer to work on the interior, whose services to an ordinary developer will cost a lot. With improper furniture, the scale of the room is violated. If the project does not block bathrooms and bathrooms at one vertical or horizontal level, then such a layout will require chimneys and ventilation ducts to be brought to the roof for each room separately, which ultimately complicates the solution of the roof and disfigures the silhouette of the roof with pipes sticking out everywhere.

Sometimes developers, trying to save on windows, underestimate their area, resulting in dark rooms. Or the other extreme, in a relatively small room, huge light openings flaunt across the entire width of the wall. Something is not comfortable for the inhabitants in this room from excessive illumination. Poor proportions and shapes of living quarters cause residents to feel uncomfortable. Against the background of a huge office, a small bedroom may look like just a rest room.

Living spaces with sharp corners create a feeling of constriction and evoke feelings of anxiety.

The functional structure of the house should correspond to the life of the family, their interests. Any visitor to a residential building, where an endless and winding corridor is marked by many doors and stairs, is lost, like Theseus in a labyrinth.

Sometimes there are no summer premises in the project or a small strip of land is allocated near the capital structure. The developer often believes that he will eventually plan and build the summer space himself. As a result, for example, a terrace is added without taking into account zoning and proportions. The building looks bulky or ridiculous.

Engineering design errors

Ventilation ducts of bathrooms are placed near the outer walls, not taking into account the influence of weather conditions. This leads to rapid cooling of the exhaust air. As a result, traction stops. If the rafter legs do not have fillies in the roof structure, then the roof is equipped with a short cornice overhang. The house looks sparse and its walls are more susceptible to the destructive action of precipitation. Designers sometimes sin by overcomplicating design solutions, which increases the cost of production. construction works. Unfortunately, the developer himself is unlikely to be able to analyze these decisions, but an experienced builder will always pay attention to these errors.

Widespread plastic windows with double-glazed windows provide good sealing of the premises, but at the same time, the exhaust ventilation system is not included in the project. As a result, the microclimate worsens.

In the absence of an accurate calculation of the insulation of enclosing structures, the owner of the house is subsequently forced to resort to additional systems heating and cooling. Sometimes you have to see how the cottage is hung with split systems from all sides, like heating pads.

Architectural and artistic errors

The roof of the house of an overcomplicated form looks original against the background of neighboring buildings. But such a construction forms snow bags in winter, as a result, the roof leaks. The dwelling looks unsightly if the main facade is formed by secondary premises (bathrooms, technical premises).

If the main entrance to the house is not architecturally processed, then it seems that the real front entrance is somewhere on the other side.

A residential building in the form of a cube, having architecturally undivided volumes and planes, becomes like a chest or a barn.

Eclecticism (mixing of styles) in the use of means of artistic expression, the lack of compositional unity lead to the effect of bad taste. Such a house looks ridiculous and unattractive. Imagine an ultra-modern cottage with columns and lions at the entrance. Ignoring the proportions of the main dimensions of a residential building, and its individual elements, evoke the same sensations of perception as in the previous case.

If the unity of the form and function of the premises is violated in the project, then certain inconveniences arise in living in such a house. It is accepted, for example, that the bathroom and bathroom are as close as possible to the bedrooms and as far as possible from the kitchen.

Sometimes it is difficult to explain why one house seems light and beautiful, while the other is squat, heavy and angular. These visual sensations are associated with the tectonics of the structure. Tectonics is a plastically mediated construction for the purpose of a certain emotional impact on a person. If the house is compositionally linked with the surrounding nature, then it seems to merge with it and come to life. There is a certain image of a residential building. Good design draws attention. You often hear how people use such a house as a landmark.

An unfavorable impression is caused by a building with both a simplified architecture of the bottom of the building and a complication of the structure of its top. There is an effect of an inverted structure.

The builder must know that a stone house built for him will serve him and his descendants for at least a hundred years, and a wooden house for at least 25 years. Therefore, the dwelling should be comfortable for living, reliably protected from external atmospheric influences, have external architectural expressiveness and be economical in operation.

The idea of ​​building your own home, according to your taste and your ideas about the ideal home, is so tempting. It seems that there is nothing easier, you just have to look at the proposed options, which can be easily found in specialized publications or by visiting the office of a construction or design office, and you will immediately understand whether the project is right for you or not.

Indeed, there is nothing difficult in mentally transferring yourself to the space of such bright and alluring pictures, seeing yourself and your family in a picturesque garden or by the pool drawn by an illustrator, imagining yourself next to this house decorated in a rural style, or your guests admiringly looking at your own castle, decorated with not banal design delights. You already mentally imagine how pleasant it will be to spend summer evenings sitting on the terrace or what a wonderful view will open from the window.

But we will have to stop such tempting dreams and take a more realistic look at a colorful picture in a glossy magazine. And the first thing to remember is that such projects are specially created to capture the imagination of a potential customer, attention is paid to secondary things that are the first to catch the eye, but the really important fundamental and fundamentally important aspects of the project remain in the shadows.

Yes, it's nice to imagine yourself living in such a nice house, with turrets, painted in perfect colors, covered with ivy. But do not forget that such details can easily fit into almost any project, you can decorate a building, place plants or choose the colors of walls or roofs exactly with the wishes of the future owner of the house, any project can be equipped with turrets and unusual flowerpots you like and other details.

So, choosing a project, focusing only on external details, you can make a mistake. It is much more important to pay attention to the general layout of the house, the communications system, the gas and water supply system. That is, on those fundamental points that form the basis of the project and which will subsequently be difficult to change or modernize if something does not suit you during the operation of the house.

Common Mistakes

Usually, all errors when choosing a project for a house and a personal plot arise from the fact that developers simply do not imagine all the moments that residents face country houses. And those who develop the project do not always consider it necessary to inform the customer, not wanting to waste time and trying to close the deal as soon as possible.

When choosing a house project, it is better to consult with those of your friends or acquaintances who have already taken such an important step and acquired Vacation home, which means that he knows firsthand about those potential domestic difficulties that can, and most often inevitably, arise for homeowners. In addition to the general layout, which should suit the owners of the house, you should think about all the potential amenities utility systems, because these problems will inevitably arise in front of you if the purchase of a house is nevertheless completed.

Unfortunately, cases have become frequent when, having chosen a project only according to a sketch, the buyer cannot even formulate what exactly he liked so much in the proposed version. And if the specialist indulges in further questions, it turns out that the house depicted in the project simply looked “beautiful” and “comfortable”, near such a house it was pleasant for the customer to present himself and his loved ones, pictures one more tempting than others swarm in his imagination .

But to compare the project with real conditions, weather surprises, terrain conditions, etc., the customer cannot. Often, even their own needs are not clearly formulated, which means that the solution is not sought in one of the project options.

One of the most important conditions that should be met before choosing or designing the type of future home is a clear statement of all the needs and requests that the house must meet. And these should not be requests, such as “beautiful”, “delightful”, “should immediately please” and so on. The more specifically and correctly the goal and the criteria that it must meet are formulated, the easier it will be not to make a mistake and correctly determine the project.

Choosing a project

The first rule for choosing a project should have been - "do not believe your eyes." In a serious interpretation, this advice sounds like this - you should not rely on the first impression of the visual image of the future home. It is not so easy to do this, because the customer is usually an inexperienced person in drafting projects and chooses more guided by emotions, and not by sound calculation.

If you are looking at a picture, a visual image of your future home and it seems to you that this is your ideal home, then take your time and try to take a sober look at the proposed project or several projects. What you see on paper will not always and not 100% correspond to the real state of affairs, the project was specially created based on your first impression created by specialists who know perfectly well what to emphasize and what, on the contrary, to skillfully hide from perspective of a potential buyer.

Remember that external elements and architectural delights only divert all attention to themselves, while the basis of the project - in fact, the box of the house itself, can go unnoticed. It is paradoxical, but exactly what distinguishes one project from another, what is worth paying close attention to, eludes the future developer. Another reason why you should not attach great importance to the style decision of the house, which is attractive and detailed in the project, is that any style decision, any element of the exterior design can be adapted to the project of your choice.

In other words, choose your base, the box of the house, and an experienced architect or designer, listening to your wishes, will make your ideal home out of it. And surprisingly, the same project will become a medieval castle or a modest village dwelling, or maybe modern cottage designed in a minimalist style. Choosing a project only for outward signs, the buyer runs the risk of eventually getting something that will not meet his needs, and far from what was shown in the picture.

Guided only by the principle of "like - dislike", you run the risk of missing really interesting project, not to notice and not appreciate the house of your dreams, and only because the facade of the house in specific project was done in the wrong style.

I would like to draw the attention of buyers to one more nuance, it would seem quite obvious. The project of the house will most often be presented to you, inscribed in a certain, undoubtedly very attractive landscape. It is understandable, architects strive to show their work in the best possible light, and what can decorate a house better than a well-drawn landscape. The buyer, looking at the project, will imagine how great it is to go out on the porch in the morning and admire the pine forest or look out the attic window and see a picturesque hillock or river there, and how cute these two turrets will look next to an unusual hill.

But in reality, the area on which the house will be built may be very far from the one drawn in the picture, it is even possible that a good project on your site will not look advantageous at all. Ideally, a house of a talented architect should fit perfectly into the surrounding landscape and at the same time demonstrate its advantages and strengths.

"Ready" projects - a good solution or a scam?

Today, many publications, both paper and online, offer a choice of developer a large number of so-called "ready-made" projects. It seems that there is nothing easier than choosing a house project already created by a specialist, having studied all the details in advance, and then buying this project, significantly saving on the individual work of an architect.

But such a solution still has pitfalls and there are many of them. Firstly, such projects are often unsuitable for work, with seeming diversity, it is not so easy to choose the option you need, looking closely at the details here and there, a discrepancy, ill-conceivedness, lack of reference to real conditions is found.

And even if everything suits you in the project found in the magazine, most likely it will turn out that such a project was only a bait that pushed the customer to contact a certain company, where he would be offered to develop a more individual and, of course, more expensive version of the project.

But even if direct deception does not take place, then it is worth doubting the viability of the option of choosing a “ready-made” project. After all, any project must take into account a lot of nuances of the area, from climate and soil type, to communication infrastructure and the proximity of other objects. All this should be taken into account at either home, which means that an individual approach still cannot be avoided. By devoting more attention to the details of the project and spending more time and effort on it, you will eventually get a house that will satisfy all your needs and will delight you for many years to come. .

Read in the article:

It is hardly possible to find a house whose owners, after the completion of construction, would not regret that they did not take into account something, did not provide, or would not complain about the mistakes made

But the error is different error. Small ones can be tolerated or eliminated at minimal cost. Correcting the rough ones is quite difficult. But there are also fatal errors. And if they take place, the experts put an unequivocal diagnosis of the structure: "fatal". Many mistakes can be made long before construction - during the design of the building.

When to sign the project?

Defects in design are admitted not only by architects, but also by the customers themselves. One of the first mistakes that future owners of a house make is the incorrect determination of its total area. How does this happen? Customers make a list of the premises they need, but the "virtual" design of a suburban facility is carried out by them according to the principle of planning an apartment. Often they forget to calculate the area of ​​stairs, halls, auxiliary premises(boiler room, laundry, etc.) and in the end they are extremely surprised when, during the creation of a preliminary design, it turns out that total area houses increased by 100-200 m². Accordingly, financial costs for design and construction increase, for which customers may not be ready at all.

The development of a country house project is carried out by a design bureau or a private architect in two stages. The first is preliminary design, lasting one to two months. Its result is two or three options for a draft design. The sketch that the clients like will be finalized, and as soon as they sign it, the detailed design stage will begin, which takes two to three months. So the second most common mistake of future homeowners is that they are in a hurry to approve the preliminary design, and then, in the course of preparation working documentation, they have new ideas that require adjustments or reworking of an almost completed project. It is better not to rush, think it over, check everything, and only then put a signature. Otherwise, be prepared for the fact that you will have to pay 30-40% of the total project cost for innovations. These errors can be easily avoided, and their correction requires only financial costs.

Unfortunately, almost every project has some number of bugs. draw beautiful house quite simply, to correctly develop all the structural parts of the structure is not an easy task. Design is a process of taking into account the details, during which the architect has to answer a huge number of questions. It is impossible to answer all of them at the same time with one construction. Something will remain uncovered by attention, and errors can occur here.

It is important which project you choose - standard or individual. Fewer errors are allowed in standard projects, because houses were built on them repeatedly, and if any defects were detected, the project was corrected. There are frequent miscalculations in the design of wooden houses with complex roofs. In structures made of wood, even dried to the indicators specified in SNiPs, there are still shifts in geometric dimensions from exposure to high or low temperatures and humidity. Wooden walls, rafters can change their dimensions by 2% during the year. If this fact is ignored during the design, then when the walls move by 5 mm on the roof in the area of ​​​​adjacencies (in particular, in the valley), wind-hydroprotective and vapor barrier membranes begin to tear, which leads to leaks. A properly designed structural part of the project (using sliding fasteners, a certain type of rafters, etc.) avoids this mistake.

What to consider in a working draft?

The working draft consists of the following documentation:

1. AR - architectural solutions.
2. KR - Constructive decisions.
3. VK - water supply and sewerage.
4. HV - heating and ventilation (air conditioning).
5. EO (electrical equipment).

Before talking about the mistakes that happen in the first section, we recall that the AP includes:

1. General plan of the site with the planting of the house.
2. Floor masonry plans (binding of walls, partitions, door and window openings).
3. Roof plan showing chimneys and chimneys.
4. Drawings of facades with the designation of dimensions and marks of openings, walls, roofs and decorative elements.
5. Cuts.
6. Floor units, roofs.
7. Floor plans and explication.
8. Specification of window and door openings.
9. Stairs external, internal (plans, sections).
10. Porch and terraces (detailed drawings).
11. Calculation of volumes of building materials (number of logs, timber, bricks, cement, sand, etc.).

Let's take a look at the first item on the list. architectural solutions. The correct landing of the house on the site is one of the most important tasks of the architect. In order to successfully cope with it, he must receive from customers not only a plan of the site belonging to them, but also, if possible, plans of neighboring properties with buildings marked on them. And best of all, if the architect himself comes to your site to understand its features and take them into account during the design.

What is it for? In order to organically fit the building into the surrounding landscape; so that subsequently the windows of your living room do not go out onto a neighbor's garage or a blank fence; so that the shadow from a nearby cottage does not fall on your house, breaking its insolation, etc. This is especially important in the case when the building density of the territory is very high. The layout of the rooms should be planned in such a way that the windows of the living quarters “do not look” into the neighboring ones.

When designing wooden house it is important to consider that the distance to the neighboring (also wooden) building must be at least 15 m in accordance with fire safety rules

Before ordering a house project, the owners of the site, as a rule, already assume where exactly the cottage will stand. Some even insist on their point of view if their opinion does not coincide with the recommendations of the architect. Alas, such perseverance can lead to sad consequences. Here is one of the real life examples. The owner of the site built the house first on the territory to be built. The building is located in such a way that from the border with neighboring area it is 1.5 m away. And according to SNiP 30-02-97, this distance should be at least 3 m. And now the neighbor of this homeowner, who has started building his house, is suing the first developer who violated the requirements of the law. It is difficult to answer what such a trial will lead to. But the court has the right to order the demolition of a building erected without taking into account current regulations. If your site is so narrow that it is impossible to comply with the requirements of the SNiPs mentioned above, there is still a legal solution to the issue. In the event that your neighbors do not mind that your cottage is 1.5-2 m from the border of the plots, their consent should be notarized. Now your construction will be protected by law.

When planning the architectural appearance of the house and determining its area, correlate them with the characteristics of the site. Often, the owners suffer from gigantomania, and as a result, a building of three or four floors grows on a small piece of land, occupying almost the entire territory. Alas, there is no beauty here. This can be understood only if the acute housing problem of several families of relatives is solved in this way. No matter how beautiful the house is architecturally, but without the surrounding trees, bushes, flowering flower beds, it will look like a box. The ratio of buildings and landscaped areas of the site should be at least 50:50. Moreover, landscape designers are advised to make an advantage in favor of green spaces.

It is better to order an interior design and landscape organization project at the same time as a house project in order to avoid moving sockets and switches, punching holes in the foundation, etc.

It is also important to correctly orient the cottage to the cardinal points. If the living room windows face south, the room is threatened with excessive insolation: furniture upholstery and curtains will quickly burn out, and indoor plants will have a hard time. Sometimes a house is designed in such a way that it is dark all day long. Only in the evening the sunset ray of the sun flashes - and that's it.

Another unfortunate option for the location of the building on the cardinal points: the living room is poorly lit, and the sun is already peeking into the bedroom at five o'clock in the morning in the summer. Experts advise orienting the windows of the living room and the nursery to the southeast, bedrooms to the west. The exception is the bedrooms for "larks" - their windows can look east. The dark and cold north side is suitable for the windows of bathrooms, a boiler room and other utility rooms. Sometimes the layout allows you to do without windows on this side of the house.

Another important point when landing a house on the site - accounting for the wind rose. If you neglect this, then it may, for example, turn out that the terrace on which you planned to sunbathe or enjoy morning and evening tea drinking is blown by all the winds, and staying here is uncomfortable.

Do you need copyright supervision?

If the project is drawn up correctly and thoroughly checked (for this you can involve specialists from companies involved in construction expertise), in the future it is important to protect yourself from possible mistakes of builders. Far from always they know how to read the drawings and understand the nuances of certain designs. And sometimes they simply inattentively and negligently treat their work, which sometimes leads to completely ridiculous mistakes. For example, the foundation of the house is turned in the wrong direction, as a result of which the “front entrance” looks into the garden or the neighboring bathhouse.

In order not to encounter certain construction errors, enter a clause on architectural supervision (AN) in the contract with the architect. AN is the observation of the representative of the designer (architect) over the compliance of construction with project documentation. The functions of AN include: control of the correct execution design solutions(architectural, stylistic and planning) and compliance with construction technology; assistance in the selection of construction and finishing materials, giving recommendations on their application, etc.

Errors in design solutions

We talked about possible mistakes in the architectural part of the project, we will consider typical mistakes in its constructive part. First of all, this is not right choice foundation type. Competent designers will not take a step in calculations without geosurvey data. They need to answer a number of technical questions: what types of soils lie under the future building, how deep are groundwater, etc. To determine the physical and mechanical properties of soils, they invite specialists from the organization that carries out engineering and geological surveys at the construction site and issues official conclusion. Their services are paid for (30,000-45,000 rubles or more, depending on the number of wells needed to take a soil sample) by the project customers.

As practice shows, quite a few of them refuse to spend money on these seemingly completely futile work. However, in regions with difficult soils (and the Moscow region also belongs to them), without the data obtained during the survey, it is difficult to develop an optimal foundation design for a particular site, as well as answer the question of whether it is advisable to make a basement and arrange a cellar, a sauna, a cinema hall there. etc. Savings on such research can lead in the future to the appearance of cracks in the foundation, its subsidence and other unpleasant consequences.

The cost of the foundation is approximately 15-20% of the cost of the box of the house, but the cost of reworking it reaches 50-70% of the total cost of construction

The right choice of material for the walls is also important. For example, not all developers know that it is better to build a house for seasonal living from wood, and not from brick. It is very difficult to warm up a brick structure after a long absence - this will take several days. And if you come only for the weekend, then there is no need to talk about a comfortable stay in the house during the cold season. The brick is hygroscopic, and therefore the walls that have collected moisture in the fall will freeze in the winter, which can lead to the gradual destruction of the masonry. Be sure to pay attention to the thickness of the walls that the architect lays in the project. So, brick walls must have a thickness of at least 52 cm. In addition, they must be insulated with heat-insulating material (layer - from 100 mm). All wooden houses do not meet modern requirements for thermal protection of residential buildings, therefore they also need to be insulated. Otherwise, you will have to spend significant amounts on heating. Are you ready for these expenses?

The next important element in the design of the house is the roof. Of course, the complex geometry of the roof makes the architectural appearance of the house more interesting. But this is only one side of the coin. And here is the second: the likelihood of leaks increases, pockets are formed for the accumulation of snow, installation becomes more complicated and, finally, the cost of the project increases significantly. Experts in the field of building expertise unanimously argue: the simpler the shape of the roof, the better.

The more complex the geometry of the roof, the more protrusions and breaks on it, the higher the likelihood of leaks and the more difficult it is to maintain gutters

What to consider in the project of a wooden house?

When working on a wooden house project, it is very important to take into account the shrinkage processes that will occur to it over several years. For example, the nominal shrinkage for a wall beam (any) is 25-30 mm per floor. So, when designing a truss structure, rigid fastening of the rafters to the walls of the house is unacceptable - in this case, sliding supports are used. If this is not done, then the rafters will burst the walls or the truss structures will bend, and the roof may leak. Rigid fixation of support pillars is also unacceptable, but meanwhile this can often be found. For their fastening, jacks should be used. Otherwise, the doors on the upper floors will stop opening and closing, or the wall beam will “open”. One of the typical mistakes is the wrong distance between the beams. interfloor overlap(should be no more than 65 cm), as a result of which the overlap is “unsteady”, weakened

Continuing to talk about the shortcomings in the constructive part of the project, let's focus on the toughest nut to crack - the stairs. Main mistake when designing stairs, it is associated with non-compliance with the parameters of the angle of ascent and descent on which the ease of use of the design depends. The slope of 30 ° is considered optimal, the width of the tread (the horizontal plane of the step) is 34-37 cm, the height of the riser (the vertical part of the step that closes the gap between adjacent treads) is 14-17 cm.

For those who are planning a pool in the house, we advise you to contact only highly qualified specialists who have been designing pools for at least five to seven years. Among the mistakes made when creating a project for these hydraulic structures, the most common is a violation of the organization of heating, ventilation, drainage, and electricity supply. Illiterately calculated air exchange system leads to mold and streaks on the walls, fogging of windows. And leaks in the pool can even destroy the foundation of the building. But there are some silly mistakes too. One of them is the organization of pool lighting with the help of lamps mounted in the ceiling above it. How to change a burned out light bulb? This will be possible only once every three to five years, with a full descent of water.

In addition to aesthetic advantages, your future home should be functional. Therefore, before signing the sketch, try to revive the picture created by the architect. The more such “revivals” occur, the fewer errors and rework you will encounter in the future.

Why forget about the tambour?

One of the most common mistakes is the lack of a vestibule. It seems that they simply forget about it when designing. But for a house, especially a wooden one, the presence of a vestibule is very important, since it prevents the main rooms from cooling down. Its depth should be at least 1.2 m. Do not confuse the vestibule with the hallway or combine them. These two rooms serve different functions. There are no trifles in designing a cottage. Any oversight, flaw can lead to inconvenience. So, for example, for some reason, quite often they forget to arrange a canopy over the porch. As a result, when it rains, water fills the steps, in winter - snow falls asleep. And if the building has a low base, then the front door can also fall asleep with snow.

10 most common mistakes in the structural part of the project