Housing affordability is topical issue for many families, according to statistics, only 10-15% of the population have the opportunity to purchase real estate on own funds. For the vast majority of citizens, their own savings represent a small part of the price of housing, so they have to solve the problem in other ways. There are state subsidy programs on a gratuitous and reimbursable basis, aimed at improving living conditions, providing benefits for the purchase of residential premises or land.
According to the current regulations and developed systems of assistance to those in need, citizens can count on state assistance. First of all, it should be mentioned maternal certificate, provision of housing for social employment - all these are affordable options for solving the housing problem. With the help of the municipality, it is possible to draw up a commercial lease agreement, when part of the payment for rental housing is paid at the expense of the region. In addition to gratuitous subsidies, there is the option of repayable subsidies, installment payments on an interest-free basis, preferential loans and social mortgages.
Provision of social housing
In order for a family or a citizen to participate in any state program to address the housing issue, it is necessary to decide on the available benefits and the opportunity to join the queue of those in need of improved conditions. Art. 51 LC RF establishes a list preferential categories citizens who can receive a gratuitous subsidy or join the queue for social housing.
At the forefront of public housing are people suffering from certain chronic diseases who do not have to share a room with other family members. For example, citizens suffering from an open form of tuberculosis. People living in a dilapidated and dilapidated fund, who do not have running water, central heating, or sewerage, also have priority in providing housing.
Citizens who own real estate or under a social contract of employment cannot become waiting lists if the area is higher than or equal to generally accepted standards. But if unrelated families live in the same building, they have the right to join the queue for social housing.
You can register by providing a package of documents containing confirmation of the right to social recruitment. After receiving the documents, representatives of the department social protection conduct an inspection of housing conditions and draw up an act confirming the stated requirement. The decision of the municipality is issued after consideration by the commission of the issue of registration or refusal, which must be reasoned in writing.
State housing certificate
The second way to get state aid is a housing certificate. This document confirms the right to a gratuitous subsidy that can be used to purchase real estate or pay off a mortgage. You should contact the district administration to find out about the possibility of obtaining a subsidy, because the list of preferential categories is quite wide.
Large families, low-income citizens, employees of budgetary and government organizations, Young professionals. Each region establishes a number of additional, different from federal, conditions for receiving subsidies. After submitting the required package of documents, the applicant will be informed about the assigned amount, since it is always individual and depends on the calculated coefficient.
The coefficient depends on the number of children, place of residence, available housing conditions. For example, the maximum coefficient for the city is 30-40% of the value of the acquired property, and in countryside it is equal to 70%. A prerequisite receiving a subsidy is the availability of own housing, which can be improved, bank funds for the purchase of real estate, an already issued mortgage or a loan agreement.
You can prove your ability to pay by providing a certificate of income from a permanent place of work or mortgage agreement with a note of timely payment. The housing certificate is issued for nine months and only once. Having confirmed his right to participate in the program, the applicant receives a certificate, which he transfers to one of the indicated banks within a month.
After the purchase of the property, the bank transfers the amount of the certificate to the seller, or, in the case of repayment of the mortgage, to the lending bank. The operation takes 14 days, while the owner of the certificate does not receive money in his hands.
Affordable housing for a young family
This program has been running since 2005 and has helped many families. The main condition for receiving a free subsidy is the age of the applicants: spouses must not be older than 35 years. The absence of children is not a reason for refusal, but affects the coefficient for calculating the value financial assistance. Single women with children and guardians of minors can participate in the program.
The grant received can be used in various ways: social mortgage, the purchase of housing by installments from the city fund, for the rental of social housing and the acquisition land plot. The housing issue in a big city can be solved in many ways for a young family if the spouses participate in the Affordable Housing for Young people program.
A young family can take advantage of the rental commercial real estate owned by the city preferential terms. The list of required documents for entry into the program and the conditions for subsidizing can be found in the department of social protection or the district administration. Do not forget about the mother's certificate, which helped many families change their living conditions.
If you want to improve living conditions for yourself and your loved ones, you should use the programs state support accessible to many people in need.
Housing cooperation - best way solution of the housing problem in Russia. It does not involve buying an apartment at exorbitant prices on credit, nor does it involve spending significant public funds, as is the case with the mass construction of rental housing. What exactly is housing cooperation good for, says Roman Vasilenko, doctor economic sciences, Chairman of the Board of the housing cooperative "Best Way"
In his May decree, the resident said that in order to solve the housing problem in the country, it is necessary to build 120 million square meters housing per year. But today, in the housing market, according to Rosstat, at best, 80 million square meters are being built. m per year.
In mass sectors housing construction there is a decrease in profitability construction business(and it should be quite high, since regulatory risks are significant in this area). Even in major cities In many subsidized regions profitability fell a few years ago, and there were built mainly houses under state resettlement programs.
A commercial developer, especially in the provinces, cannot sell the required volume of apartments at prices that will cover the cost of construction, taking into account the margin (which should be rather big, again, given the high regulatory risks), for two main reasons.
First, the demand for both primary and secondary market. Citizens' incomes have been falling for several years. At the same time, the interest rate on mortgage loans is now higher than a year ago, and the volumes mortgage lending.
Moreover, in banking system Russia still has extremely stringent requirements for obtaining loans that do not correspond to economic realities, because of this, entire categories of those in need of apartments do not pass through the bank filter.
Mortgage loans in our country are very expensive - they are three to four times more expensive than mortgage loans in developed countries peace
Secondly, the costs of developers are growing. With the reform of equity financing - the introduction of escrow accounts - they cannot receive financing in the same volumes and on the same terms.
What to do in this situation? A typical answer, including in the corridors of power, is to increase the volume of mortgage lending and state subsidy programs interest rate.
This is definitely the way to go. But it should be remembered that mortgages in our country are very expensive - they are three to four times more expensive than mortgages in the developed world, and remain so even with subsidized interest rates. That is, a square meter, overvalued due to inflation of the developer's costs, becomes truly golden with the help of a mortgage.
Can he afford to return a big, expensive mortgage loan a family that is at risk of losing one of their sources of income? The question is rhetorical.
In addition, mortgages are designed in such a way that if there is a failure in making payments, associated, for example, with the loss of income by one of the family members, the household can lose both the apartment and the payments to the bank that have already been made for it. Mortgage holidays will reduce the severity of the problem, but there is no desire on the part of banks to widely use this tool. It is likely to be used in exceptional cases.
The third solution housing issue does not involve the purchase of an apartment on credit and does not require significant financing of construction at the expense of the state
Another way to “lift” the housing construction market, proposed by experts, is the massive construction of rental housing at public expense. The rental housing construction program was developed by the Russian Ministry of Construction in the early 2010s. But we do not see large-scale construction of rental housing, although this important way problem solving used all over the world. Money for it federal budget there is. But is the Ministry of Finance ready to agree not to create reserves, but to spend funds? So far, apparently not.
Is it possible to rely on funding from the subjects of the Federation? Even in Moscow, the Moscow Region, St. Petersburg, the Sverdlovsk Region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and other rich regions where large budget construction is underway as part of resettlement programs, we do not see mass construction of rental housing. I would like to hope that the approaches in the provinces will be revised.
But there is a third way to solve the housing problem and raise housing market. It does not involve the purchase of an apartment on credit and does not require significant financing of construction at the expense of the state. This is a housing cooperative.
This direction was actually banned in the first post-reform decade, although housing cooperatives were popular in Soviet times: apartments with the help of housing cooperatives were purchased by those who could not expect to quickly get an apartment in turn at the enterprise or in the executive committee's turn. The young reformers believed that housing cooperation was a non-market way. But it is quite widely used in developed countries as a way to solve the housing problem, parallel to the mortgage. In post-war Germany, for example, this method was even a priority in relation to mortgages.
It is clear that the queue for the purchase of an apartment will move faster, the faster the mutual fund is replenished
The essence of housing cooperation is that an apartment is bought together - at face value. Cooperative funds are provided on interest-free terms: cooperative — non-profit organization, it is, in fact, a mutual aid fund. The cooperative finances its activities through entrance and membership dues, but even taking them into account, the apartment turns out to be much cheaper than a mortgage.
Suppose there are ten people in a cooperative. First, an apartment is bought for one, then for the second, then for the third. They begin to receive repayments, new shareholders come to the cooperative - due to this, the queue for buying an apartment moves.
It is clear that it will move faster, the faster the mutual fund is replenished. Therefore, of fundamental importance for the development of housing cooperation is, firstly, the possibility of replenishing the share fund from the state budget, and secondly, attracting new members.
The budgetary replenishment of the share fund in Germany reached a quarter of the volume of the share fund, it was common in our country in Soviet times. And the attraction of new members is ensured primarily by the interregional model of the cooperative and how quickly the queue for an apartment moves. It is clear that the faster it moves, the more willing to become shareholders of the cooperative.
The low speed of the queue for the purchase of an apartment is in fact the only real risk associated with cooperatives. The cooperative has no risk of dying under the burden of non-payments - for one simple reason: it buys an apartment for the shareholder, but in the ownership of the cooperative, and only at the time of the full return of the cooperative funds does it become the private property of the shareholder.
The position of housing cooperatives in Russia is ambivalent
In case of non-payment by the shareholder, the cooperative has the opportunity to sell the apartment. That is why the cooperative is not interested credit history shareholder, he easily goes to draw up an individual payment schedule, if the shareholder has temporary financial difficulties - the cooperative is protected from non-payments by the shareholder. If the shareholder is definitely unable to pay, he leaves the cooperative, but at the same time, according to the LCD, all share payments made by him are returned to him.
Housing cooperatives in Russia began to revive primarily with the advent of special provisions about LCD in Housing Code. And now there are many housing cooperatives in the country, although no one keeps accurate statistics. There are quite a few small cooperatives - for example, cooperatives with developers. There are fairly large cooperatives created with the financial support of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation and municipalities - as a rule, these are cooperatives for state and municipal employees.
The position of housing cooperatives in Russia is twofold. On the one hand, there are norms of legislation - housing and civil, more or less allowing normal work. On the other hand, there are many conflicts in the legislation that hinder truly large-scale work. For example, the question of the possibility of making maternity capital as a share contribution.
We need special legislation on housing cooperation, which can be prepared, for example, according to the German model, where detailed legislation has been developed over many decades. the legislative framework LCD activities. And by at least, part of the funds allocated to subsidize the mortgage interest rate could be used to finance mutual funds housing cooperatives.
The best world practices of housing cooperation can form the basis for the large-scale development of this area of housing construction in our country. And it is absolutely necessary to develop it for the fastest solution of the housing problem in Russia.
Instruction
Shared construction An agreement is concluded between the developer and the participant, according to which, a person invests money in the project, and construction company must build housing in certain lines. The advantage of this method is that an apartment can be purchased at a fairly low price and there are no overpayments on the loan, since in this case payment is often made at. The downside is that it will be possible to move into such an apartment only after the completion of all work and the delivery of the house. In addition, there is always a risk that the construction will not be completed. According to the law on participation in shared construction multi-apartment and other real estate objects and on amendments to some legislative acts Russian Federation”, the construction company must provide participants with guarantees for the completion of construction. But often they look for workarounds for this laws, in which case they reduce their responsibility. For example, instead of an agreement on participation in shared construction, civil acts are concluded that do not already have the same legal force as the first ones, respectively, and the protection of participants in shared construction in this case is lower. Therefore, if you decide to participate in such a project, then you need to choose very carefully. Preference should be given to companies with a good reputation, and which have a positive experience in this matter. And before concluding a contract, it is better to consult a lawyer in order to protect yourself as much as possible.
Mortgage If you don't want to wait until construction is completed, but want to move into your apartment today, then it's worth taking part in a mortgage. Today, all banks have various mortgage programs. Some of them require an initial fee, while others can do without it. When applying for a mortgage loan, many factors are taken into account: your family income, your age, education, work experience, whether you own real estate that could act as collateral, and how much you are applying for. If your family's income is small, then in some banks, the earnings of your parents are also taken into account. Before you take out a loan, decide what you want to buy. You can buy an apartment with a mortgage Vacation home, or you can take the money and build what you want yourself. Housing can be purchased both in the primary and non-secondary real estate market. Depending on your goals, you should choose a mortgage program. Also note that there are various federal and regional programs, which allow some groups of the population (for example, young families) to take a loan on favorable terms.
Rent If you are afraid to participate in shared construction or a mortgage, or you simply do not have the funds for a down payment, but you still want to live in a separate apartment, you can rent it. Even in the smallest town, there are enough ads for renting apartments and rooms. If you have chosen this option for solving the housing issue, then the main selection criteria for you should be your financial position and protection from unscrupulous landlords. To avoid unpleasant situations, it is better to rent a house through a real estate agency, where an agreement will be concluded between you and the owner of the apartment. Or, if you found accommodation yourself, it is still worth taking the time to draw up some kind of agreement and have it notarized so that it is legally binding.
Housing for young families is helped by the state. A young family is a very vulnerable part of society. Family budget they usually have quite a meager due to low wages young people, domestic problems generate tension in family relations, moreover, the majority do not have their own housing. The state is trying to support young families to the best of its ability by providing benefits for obtaining housing on a mortgage, but not every Russian family that has recently married can pull these benefits.
You should be puzzled by the issue of obtaining housing for your family immediately after registering a marriage. To do this, you need to go to the administration of your city or village and find out what benefits exist in your region, the rate of square meters of housing per person, and how to join the queue for housing.
The federal program, which provides housing for young families, has been extended until 2020, and the regions are developing additional benefits, so you have a real chance to buy your own home.
But since 2015 there have been some changes. If your family was on the waiting list before 2011, then you can use the preferential subsidy and mortgage not only for construction or purchase new apartment or at home, but also to buy an apartment in an old house. Starting this year, state assistance is provided only when buying a new or under construction apartment, or building your own house.
After visiting the administration, you must collect documents in order to join the waiting list for housing.
You will need:
- Your passports, and if you have children, their birth certificates;
- Marriage certificate;
- Information about your salaries;
- Certificates from the passport office about registration and family composition;
- Account statements;
- The act of checking your housing;
- An extract stating that your family members do not have their own housing.
If in the apartment where your family is registered, the norm of square meters per person is less than the norm of your region, then you should be registered as a young family in need of their own housing.
Minus federal program that the more affordable housing becomes, the larger the queue of young families becomes, which, as the queue progresses, may cease to be young.
But you're lucky, and your turn is about to come. What to do next?
How to get housing?
If during the waiting time you were not able to accumulate the amount needed to add to the subsidy for buying an apartment, then you will have to go to the bank for a mortgage. A subsidy will be allocated to you only if you present the official permission of the bank to issue you a loan. The amount of the subsidy is 30% of the purchase price for a childless family, 35% for a family with a child.
Your family's income must meet the requirements of the bank so that they can be sure that you are able to pay the required amount.
So, to become a member of the program, you must:
- be a young family living in a registered marriage;
- be under the age of 35;
- be a citizen of Russia;
- have permanent income to pay loan installments, or to accumulate (take from parents) the required amount;
- be recognized as needing housing;
- stand in line to receive it.
After receiving a loan and purchasing a home, you can reduce the repayment period. With the birth of a child in your family, the loan amount is reduced by 30%, the second child will bring the release by another 30%, and with the birth of the third baby, your mortgage will be considered fully repaid, and you will receive the status large family and finally become the owners of your home.
You can receive a grant to:
- pay a down payment to the bank on a mortgage;
- pay a contribution to a housing cooperative, both construction and savings;
- buy a house or apartment;
- pay for the construction of your house;
- pay off the balance of the mortgage debt if you took out a loan earlier.
As you can see, the program is designed for young families with an average income, which is its significant disadvantage, because incomes in a young family, as a rule, are not high. If parents do not come to the rescue, who scrape out all their savings or take out loans for this, an ordinary young family has little chance of participating in this program.
And yet it real opportunity purchase housing for young families. Let's hope that our government, which continues to work on the problem of affordable housing, will find an opportunity to help those young families who do not have enough income to buy their homes through a mortgage.
