Economic theory, textbook for universities, Vechkanov G.S., 2011.
The textbook corresponds to a typical curriculum for higher educational institutions in the direction of "Economic theory", taking into account the new educational standards of the third generation. The general foundations of economic theory, microeconomics, macroeconomics, mesoeconomics, transitional economy and world economy are considered. The work makes extensive use of the econometric method, which makes it possible to organically combine theory and practice. For the first time in a domestic textbook, the contribution of Nobel laureates to the development of economic theory is described.
The textbook is intended for bachelors studying in the areas of "Management" and "Economics".
Approved by the UMO for education in the field of production management as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty 080502 "Economics and management at the enterprise (by industry)".
1.3. The main directions of the world economic thought.
In world economic science, there are many directions, currents, schools that characterize economic life and science from a variety of positions. The following main directions of economic thought are distinguished in the literature: classical, Marxist, neoclassical, Keynesian, institutional sociological. Each of these directions, in turn, represents a set of currents, schools, theories, etc., differing in certain aspects of theory and methodology. The concept chosen in this section consists in a concise analysis of the theoretical and methodological approaches of these economic trends to the study of economic phenomena and processes.
The classical economic direction is the direction of economic thought, one of the sources of Marxism. The genesis of classical political economy belongs to the manufacturing period of capitalism (the second half of the 17th century), and it completed its journey with the transition to the machine industry (mid-19th century). Representatives of classical political economy for the first time in the history of economic thought began to study the capitalist process of production, laying the foundation for political economy as a science.
Table of contents
Preface to the 3rd edition.
Section I GENERAL FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC THEORY
Chapter 1. Introduction to economic theory.
1.1. Economic sciences as a system.
1.2. The origin of world economic thought. Economic thought of the Ancient world and feudalism.
1.3. The main directions of world economic thought.
1.4. Russian economic thought.
1.5. Economic theory: subject and method.
Chapter 2. Economic laws and categories.
2.1. Economic laws: essence, system, functions.
2.2. Economic categories: essence, types.
Chapter 3. The economic system: essence and mire.
Mixed economy and its models.
3.1. Essence, elements, criteria and types of economic system.
3.2. Typology of economic systems.
3.3. Mixed economy: essence and models.
Chapter 4. Forms of social economy.
4.1. Natural and commodity economy.
4.2. Goods and money.
Chapter 5. Capital. Circulation and circulation of capital. Types of capital.
5.1. Capital: concept. The circulation of money as money and the circulation of money as capital.
5.2. Circulation and circulation of capital. Fixed and working capital. Material and moral depreciation.
5.3. Types of capital.
Section II MICROECONOMICS
Chapter 6. Introduction to microeconomics.
6.1. Microeconomics: subject, object, method.
6.2. Market and price: concepts, structure, relationships.
6.3. Market segmentation.
Chapter 7. Fundamentals of the theory of supply and demand.
7.1. Demand. The law of demand. Demand curve. Changes in demand.
7.2. Sentence. The law of supply. supply curve.
7.3. The interaction of supply and demand. Market balance.
7.4. Industry balance. Stability and instability of equilibrium. Spider model.
7.5. State regulation market. Influence of taxes, subsidies, fixed prices on the market equilibrium.
7.6. consumer surplus and producer surplus.
Chapter 8. Demand and consumer behavior.
8.1. Consumer preferences and utility.
8.2. Quantitative and ordinal utility.
Chapter 9. Individual and market demand.
9.1. Individual and market demand: concepts and factors.
9.2. Elasticity: concept, coefficient, types, forms.
9.3. Elasticity of demand with respect to price and income.
9.4. Cross price elasticity of demand.
9.5. Price elasticity of supply.
Chapter 10. Theory of production.
10.1. Production. Production technology.
10.2. production function. Total, average and marginal product.
10.3. Production function and technological progress.
10.4. Isoquant. Isoquant map. Producer balance.
10.5. Returns to scale.
Chapter 11
11.1. Costs and their classification.
11.2. Profit concepts.
11.3. Costs in the short run.
11.4. Costs in long term.
Chapter 12. Competition and its types.
12.1. Perfect competition: concept and features.
12.2. Firm: concepts. Equilibrium in the short and long run
12.3. Monopolistic competition.
Equilibrium of a monopoly firm.
12.4. Oligopoly. oligopoly models.
12.5. Monopoly. social price monopoly.
12.6. natural monopoly.
Chapter 13. Competitive markets for factors of production.
13.1. Perfect competition in the resource market.
13.2. Industry and market demand for resources.
13.3. Industry and market supply of resources.
Chapter 14
14.1. Monopoly power of sellers of production resources.
14.2. Markets for inputs of production with monopsony power.
Chapter 15. Investments and Capital Markets.
15.1. Capital: concept, forms. Capital investment.
15.2. Savings offer. Intertemporal budget constraint and intertemporal equilibrium.
Chapter 16
16.1. Partial and general equilibrium. Production efficiency.
16.2. Efficiency in production.
16.3. exchange efficiency.
16.4. Pareto optimality.
16.5. Criteria of public welfare.
16.6. Public choice.
Chapter 17. Markets with asymmetric information.
17.1. Failure of competitive markets.
17.2. Asymmetric information: concept, spheres of activity, means of dissemination.
17.3. Markets with asymmetric information.
Asymmetric information in the labor market.
17.4. The concept of market signals. moral load.
Chapter 18 Externalities and Public Goods
18. 1. External effects and external costs.
18.2. State regulation of externalities.
18.3. Public goods: types and features.
Chapter 19 into development micro economics.
19.1. Nobel Prize.
19.2. J. Akerlof. M. Spence, J. Stiglitz on the theory of asymmetric information.
19.3. D. Kahneman on the methods of psychological research in economics.
19.4. W. Smith on the empirical economic analysis of market mechanisms.
19.5. R. Aumann, T. Schelling on game theory.
19.6. L. Hurwitz, E. Maskin, R. Myerson on the theory of optimal mechanisms for resource allocation.
19.7. O. Williamson and E. Ostrom on the theory of transactions and institutions.
Section III MESOECONOMY
Chapter 20. Agro-industrial complex (AIC): areas, place in the economy, land rent, land price
20.1. Agro-industrial complex: concept, spheres, state of the art Russia.
20.2. Land rent, its forms and types.
20.3. The price of land, approaches to its assessment. Cadastre
Chapter 21. Regional economy and regional policy.
21.1. Regional economy.
21.2. Classification of regions.
21.3. Threats to the regional economy and its crisis situations.
21.4. Regional policy and strategy.
Regional investment policy.
21.5. Local self-government in Russia.
Section IV MACROECONOMICS
Chapter 22. Introduction to macroeconomics.
22.1. The subject of macroeconomics. Key macroeconomic problems.
22.2. Method of macroeconomics.
Chapter 23. Main macroeconomic indicators.
National economic cycle.
23.1. Main macroeconomic indicators.
23.2. National economic cycle.
Chapter 24. The market of goods and services.
24.1. Aggregate demand and its components.
24.2. Consumer choice.
24.3. Demand for investment goods. Keynesian and neoclassical concepts of investment demand.
24.4. Aggregate supply in the short and long run.
24.5. Interaction of aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Model AD-AS.
Chapter 25 valuable papers.
25.1. Money: concept, functions, money supply and its measurement.
25.2. Demand for money. The concept of demand for money.
25.3. Money offer. Money multiplier.
25.4. Equilibrium in the money market.
25.5. Stocks and bods market.
Chapter 26 Model IS-LM.
26.1. The concept of joint equilibrium. Output of IS and LM curves.
26.2. Model IS-LM with flexible prices.
26.3. Analysis of fluctuations in economic activity
using the IS-LM model.
26.4. Investment and liquidity traps.
Chapter 27
27.1. Concepts of labor market and labor force.
27.2. Unemployment and its types.
27.3. Neoclassical concept of employment.
27.4. Keynesian concept of employment.
27.5. State regulation of the labor market.
Chapter 28 inflation and unemployment.
28.1. Causes and factors of inflation development.
28.2. Socio-economic consequences of inflation.
28.3. Relationship between inflation and unemployment.
28.4. AD-AS dynamic model as a tool for analyzing inflationary processes.
28.5. anti-inflation policy.
Chapter 29
29.1. Economic cycle: concept, indicators, types, phases.
reasons, factors.
29.2. Modern theoretical concepts of the economic cycle.
Chapter 30. Economic growth and dynamic equilibrium in the economy.
30.1. Economic growth: concept, indicators, types, factors, results.
30.2. Neo-Keynesian models of equilibrium economic growth.
30.3. Neoclassical models of equilibrium economic growth.
Chapter 31. State regulation of the economy.
31.1. State regulation of the economy: subjects, objects, goals, methods.
31.2. Fiscal policy of the state: goals and types.
31.3. The state budget, budget deficit and its types.
31.4. budget deficit and state debt.
31.5. Fiscal Policy and multipliers public spending, taxes and a balanced budget.
31.6. Monetary Policy: Goals and Instruments.
31.7. Banking system.
Chapter 32. Social policy of the state.
32.1. Social policy of the state: concept, principles
and ways to implement it.
32.2. Incomes of the population: sources of their formation
and inequality of distribution.
32.3. Measuring inequality in income distribution.
32.4. Poverty and its features.
32.5. State redistribution of income.
Social protection population.
Chapter 33. Balance of payments and foreign exchange market.
33.1. Balance of payments: concept, structure, principles of compilation.
33.2. Regulation of the balance of payments. Estimated balance.
33.3. Currency, its types and convertibility.
33.4. Currency market. Exchange rates and their dynamics.
Chapter 34. Development of macroeconomic science in the works of laureates Nobel prize in economics of the 21st century.
34.2. R. Engle on methods for analyzing time series with time-varying volatility.
34.3. F. Kydland, E. Prescott on the theory of macroeconomic dynamics.
34.4. E. Phelps on the analysis of intertemporal choice in context macroeconomic policy.
34.5. P. Krugman on the new theory of international trade and economic geography.
Chapter 35. Actual macroeconomic problems in Russia.
35.1. Production efficiency is key macroeconomic problem.
35.2. An innovative model of social economic development is Russia's priority.
35.3. On the restoration of the potential of scientific personnel in Russia.
35.4. Welfare and quality of the workforce.
35.5. Intellectual security of the country and its factors.
35.6. Indicative planning: essence and forms.
35.7. Social problems and economic mechanisms their solutions in Russia.
35.8. Graduation of social strata of the population according to the quality of life.
35.9. Stabilization fund and its transformation.
35.10. Problems of Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization.
Section V TRANSITION ECONOMY
Chapter 36
36.1. Transition economy: concept, features, varieties, features, functions.
36.2. Own. Features of privatization in Russia.
Section VI WORLD ECONOMY
Chapter 37 world economy.
37.1. World economy and its structure.
37.2. The international division of labor is the basis of interstate relations.
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General foundations of economic theory. Microeconomics. Macroeconomics. Fundamentals of the national economy.
2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: 2001. - 832 p.
The proposed course contains a systematic presentation of modern economic theory. The textbook discusses the theoretical foundations of economics and analyzes modern processes in economics.
hallmark work is a combination of functional and socio-economic approaches to the economy. The manual outlines the general foundations of economic theory, the theory of efficient use of resources and the foundations of the national economy of Russia.
The textbook allows you to study economic theory and the national economy in accordance with the requirements of the educational standards of the Russian Federation. Addressed to students, graduate students, teachers, scientific and practical workers.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Part I. GENERAL FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC THEORY
Chapter 1
Needs. Resources. boons
Limited goods and resources
Problem of choice
Production
Distribution
Exchange
Consumption
Management and efficiency
Coordination economic activity
Chapter 2. Subject and Methods of Economic Theory
Economy - a system of people's relations
The subject of economic theory
Prehistory of economic theory
The formation of the scientific system of economic theory
Formation of the main directions of economic theory and their evolution
Components of modern economic theory
Characteristics of the methods of economic theory
General methods of economic theory
Modeling methods
Chapter 3. Economic systems. Mixed economy. National economy
Criteria and types of classification of economic systems
Classification based on subject-forming criteria
Classification based on socio-economic criteria
Classification based on the criteria of complexity and variability of systems
Mixed economy and its parameters
Mixed economy models
National economy
Part II. THE THEORY OF THE RATIONAL USE OF LIMITED RESOURCES
Section I. Microeconomics
Chapter 4
Demand. Demand function
Sentence. Offer function
Changes in supply and demand
Chapter 5. Market Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
The interaction of supply and demand. Market equilibrium
Mechanism for establishing balance. Market dynamics
Market regulation
Chapter 6
General concept elasticity
Types of demand and supply elasticity
Application of elasticity in microanalysis
Chapter 7
Consumer preferences and utility
utility function
budget constraint
Chapter 8. Choice of the consumer and function of demand. Individual and market demand
consumer optimum. Equivalence principle
individual demand
Engel curve
market demand
Chapter 9 Welfare concept and economic policy
Substitution effect and income effect
Slutsky equation
compensatory change. Compensated demand
Consumer welfare and economic policy
Chapter 10
Technology and production
production function
Short run production function
Law of diminishing returns
Product curves from a variable factor
Analysis of the long-term production function
Substitution of factors of production
scale effect
Chapter 11
Determination of production costs
Types of production costs
Short run cost curves
Long run cost curves
Isocost
Minimization of production costs
development trajectory
Chapter 12 Firms and Markets
Theories of the firm
Firm types
Firms Goals
Revenue and profit
Profit maximization principle
Definition of market structure
market power
Types of Market Structures
Perfect and imperfect competition
Driving forces of competition
Competitive Strategies of Firms
Pricing Strategies
Chapter 13
Demand for the product of a perfectly competitive firm
Offer in the short term
Offer in the long run
Industry supply in the short run
Industry supply in the long run
Supply elasticity
Efficiency of competitive markets
Chapter 14. Competitive markets for factors of production. Labor market
Competitive demand for a factor of production
Firms and industries
Supply of factors of production
Equilibrium in the factor market
Chapter 15 Capital Markets
Structure and role of capital markets
Equilibrium in the capital market
Chapter 16
General equilibrium and efficiency
Market equilibrium and welfare
Markets and social goals
Chapter 17
Sources of Monopoly Power
Types of monopolies
Monopoly supply in the short run
Monopoly supply in the long run
Economic consequences monopolies
Regulation of the activities of monopolies
Monopsony
Chapter 18
Characteristics of the market of monopolistic competition
Short run equilibrium under monopolistic competition
Long run equilibrium under monopolistic competition
The inefficiency of monopolistic competition
Characteristics of the oligopolistic market
cartel model
Price leadership model
Block Pricing Model
Conscious rivalry model
Cournot duopoly model
Broken demand curve model
Game theory models
Price discrimination
Non-price competition
Advertising
Chapter 19 market economy and their state regulation
Private and social costs and benefits
Positive and negative externalities
The problem of externalities and its solution
The private sector and externalities. Coase-Stigler theorem
State and externalities
Chapter 20 Public Choice and Welfare: The Role of the State
Classification of economic goods. Private and public goods
The free rider problem and the provision of public goods
Demand for public goods and the effective amount of public goods
Provision of Public Goods: Market and State Opportunities
public choice
Section II. Macroeconomics
Chapter 21 Price indices
GDP and other measures of income and product
Types of monopolies
Basic macroeconomic identities
Nominal and real indicators. Price indices
Difficulties in calculating income and product indicators
Chapter 22. Macroeconomic Instability: Business Cycles, Unemployment, Inflation
Economic cycle and dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators. Potential GDP
Forms of unemployment and its natural level. Unemployment regulation
Okun's law
inflation rate. Demand-pull and cost-push inflation
Expected and unexpected inflation
Relationship between inflation and unemployment: general setting Problems
Chapter 23
Aggregate demand and the factors that determine it
Aggregate Supply: Classical and Keynesian Models
Short-term and long-term equilibrium in the model of aggregate supply and demand
Supply and demand shocks. Stabilization policy
Chapter 24. Macroeconomic equilibrium in the commodity market. Keynesian income and expenditure model
General macroeconomic equilibrium and full employment of resources
Components of aggregate demand. consumption and savings. Investments
Actual and planned expenses. Equilibrium in the Keynes cross
Fluctuations in the Equilibrium Level of Output and the Autonomous Expenditure Multiplier
Recessionary and inflationary gaps
The Paradox of Thrift
Relationship between the AD-AS Model and the Keynesian Cross
Chapter 25. Fiscal Policy
Objectives and instruments of fiscal policy
Government Spending Multiplier
Tax multiplier. Balanced budget multiplier
Discretionary fiscal policy and built-in economic stabilizers
Cyclical and structural government budget deficits
Inflationary and non-inflationary ways of financing the budget deficit
Chapter 26 Money market: money demand, money supply, money market equilibrium
Money and their functions. Major monetary aggregates
money supply model. money multiplier
Equilibrium in the money market
Chapter 27. Banking system. Monetary policy
Banking system: Central Bank and commercial banks
Goals and instruments of monetary policy
Transmission mechanism of monetary policy
The relationship of monetary, fiscal and foreign exchange policy
Chapter 28. Macroeconomic equilibrium in the commodity and money markets. Model IS-LM
Relative Effectiveness of Fiscal and Monetary Policies
Derivation of the aggregate demand curve. Economic policy in the AD-AS and IS-LM models under price level changes
Chapter 29 Supply promotion policy
Aggregate supply in the short run
Phillips curve as another expression of the aggregate supply curve. Relationship between unemployment and inflation in the short and long run
Anti-inflation policy
Economic Policy to Stimulate Aggregate Supply
Chapter 30
The concept and factors of economic growth
Keynesian models of economic growth
Solow's Neoclassical Models of Growth
Chapter 31. Choice of macroeconomic policy models
Fiscal and monetary policy in classical and Keynesian models
Problems of implementation of the stabilization policy. Active and passive policy
Firm policy and arbitrary macroeconomic policy
Possible "hard courses" of fiscal and monetary policy. Contradictory goals of macroeconomic regulation and the problem of coordination of fiscal and monetary policies
Chapter 32
Need foreign trade. D. Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage
The Heckscher-Ohlin theory of foreign trade, the possibility of its application
Demand and supply in the world market, the equilibrium price level. Profit from foreign trade
Foreign trade and income distribution
Chapter 33
Import tariff and mechanism of its action. Consequences of introducing tariffs
Arguments in favor of introducing tariffs and counterarguments. Tariff and production subsidy
Export subsidies, dumping and anti-dumping measures in trade policy. Countervailing duties
Non-tariff restrictions in international trade. Comparative analysis of import tariffs and quotas. Ways to host import licenses
Export Duties and Voluntary Export Restrictions (VRE)
Causes of "selective" protectionist policies and the general trend towards the liberalization of international trade
Chapter 34. Balance of payments
Macroeconomic significance, main items and structure of the balance of payments. Trade balance, balance current operations and balance sheet of capital
Interrelation of accounts of the balance of payments. Exchange Rate Fluctuations as a Tool for Automatic Balance of Payments Adjustment
Official foreign exchange reserves Central Bank. The impact of macroeconomic policy on the state of the balance of payments. Deficit and balance of payments crisis
Chapter 35
Foreign exchange market: basic concepts. Flexible and fixed systems exchange rates
The ratio of nominal and real exchange rates in the short and long term. Factors that determine the dynamics of the nominal exchange rate in the long run
The impact of macroeconomic policy on the dynamics of the equilibrium real exchange rate
Comparative effectiveness of flexible and fixed exchange rate regimes
Chapter 36
Budget Deficit and Public Debt: Definitions, Metrics, and Quantification Issues
Main Causes of Persistent Fiscal Deficit and Growing Public Debt
The primary deficit of the state budget and the mechanism of debt self-reproduction. Public debt, taxes, investment and economic growth
The interaction of internal and external debt. Public debt and balance of payments deficit
Causes of the debt crisis and public debt management strategy
Chapter 37
The impact of monetary and fiscal tax policy to the balance of payments
Model of internal and external equilibrium under a fixed exchange rate. Role distribution rule
Economic policy under a floating exchange rate
Practical application of the internal and external balance model
Factors complicating the implementation of an effective economic policy
Part III. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Section I. Fundamentals of the national model of the economy
Chapter 38
Principles of analysis
Main trends modern development and their reflection in the national economy
Objective foundations of the specifics of the Russian economy
National Economic Development Goals
Distinctive features of the Russian economy
Chapter 39
General content of the transition economy
Varieties of transitional economy
Features of the modern transitional economy
The main features and contradictions of the former economic system
Initial conditions for transformations
Directions of transformations. Formation of a market system
The nature and features of transformations in the transitional economy of Russia
Chapter 40 Property Conversion
legal concept property
Main features economic content property
Ownership. Property Rights Theory
Economic power and economic dependency
Prerequisites and result of the reproduction of the economic process
Historical forms of ownership
Signs of the classification of forms of ownership
The main features of different forms of ownership
Features of shareholding
Criteria for the effectiveness of property transformations
Features of property transformation in the Russian economy
Results, stages and forms of Russian privatization
Chapter 41
Unity of economic and social development
The content of socially sustainable economic development
Fair distribution and the formation of a national model of the economy
Radical character of social transformations
Fundamentals of social policy
Chapter 42
The functions of the state in the economy
Economic policy of the state
Increasing the role of state regulation in a transitional economy
Features of the stabilization policy
Features of structural policy
Section II. Entrepreneurship and individual reproduction
Chapter 43
Economic nature and signs of entrepreneurship
Motive and goals of entrepreneurial activity
Definition of Entrepreneurship
Socio-economic evolution of entrepreneurship
Forms of entrepreneurial activity
Entrepreneurial environment
Entrepreneurship Factors
Carriers of entrepreneurship
Organizational forms of entrepreneurship
Participants of entrepreneurial activity in Russia
Chapter 44
Economic freedom and the challenges of liberalization
Directions of liberalization
Legal support of entrepreneurship
Ownership and entrepreneurship
The impact of privatization on the development of entrepreneurship
Competition and entrepreneurship
Creation of prerequisites for competition
Demonopolization of the economy
Development of small forms of entrepreneurship
Support for competition and antitrust policy
State Enterprise
Contradictions of Entrepreneurship in a Transitional Economy
Overcoming the speculative nature of entrepreneurship and shadow activities
Chapter 45
Enterprise like special shape production organization
Types of enterprises and forms of their association
Financial and industrial groups
Economic Content of Individual Reproduction
Formation of costs of Russian enterprises
Enterprise performance indicators
Enterprise and firm. Formation of the company
The behavior of enterprises in the markets
Modification of enterprise targets
Models of behavioral strategies
Contradictions of individual reproduction in a transitional economy
Section III. Entrepreneurship and individual reproduction
Chapter 46
The content and features of the labor market
Salary and its functions
Features of unemployment in a transitional economy
Features of employment in the transition economy
Labor mobility in the labor market
Methods of state regulation of the labor market
Social partnership
Chapter 47 The problem of poverty
Forms of income of the population
Trends in Income and Living Standards in the Transition Economy
The problem of poverty
Chapter 48 social sphere
Social protection of the population
Directions for reforming social protection
Reforming branches of the social sphere
Section IV. Financial relations in a transitional economy
Chapter 49
Contents and functions financial market
The role of the financial market in the transformation of the economy
The stock market and features of its formation
Primary and secondary stock markets
The main types of securities in the transition economy
Shares in a transitional economy
Bonds in transition economy
Securities of countries with economies in transition on world financial markets
Banking system. Role of the Central Bank
Commercial banks: features of their development in a transitional economy
Chapter 50
Features of the budget of the transitional economy of Russia
budget system. Structure of budget revenues and expenditures
Budget potential
Basic budget proportions. budget deficit
Interbudgetary Relations and Budgetary Federalism
Chapter 51
Content and main features of taxes
Tax system and principles of its construction
Functions of the tax system
Types of taxes and their classification
The efficiency of the tax system
Tax administration
Contradiction and main directions of improving the tax system
Features of tax policy in countries with economies in transition
Chapter 52
Funds are a special form of financial relations
Budget funds
Extra-budgetary state social funds
Non-state social insurance funds
Charitable and social investment funds
Sectoral, intersectoral and special funds
Funds for Entrepreneurship Support, Competition Development, Science Support
Mutual funds
Funds of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local non-budgetary funds
Chapter 53
Criteria for classifying public debt
Domestic debt financing of the budget deficit
External debt financing of the budget deficit
Debt load indicators
The evolution of financing concepts budget spending in Russia
Section V. National Social Reproduction
Chapter 54
The content of national reproduction
Results of national reproduction
The main problem of social reproduction
Fundamentals of the continuity of social reproduction
Scheme and models of national reproduction
Proportions of reproduction
The nature of the change in the proportions of the transition economy
Chapter 55
Theoretical principles of SNA
System of basic accounts SNA
Transition to SNA in Russia and other CIS countries
The study of social reproduction based on the SNA
Chapter 56
The content of investments and their forms
Peculiarities investment activity in transition economy
Ways to improve investment activity
Foreign investments and their forms
Regulation of attraction of foreign investments
Stimulation of foreign investment
Chapter 57
The place of the agro-industrial complex in the structure of the economy
Results and contradictions of the transformation of the agro-industrial complex
Causes of the agrarian crisis
Conditions for overcoming the agrarian crisis
Problem economic evaluation lands
Section VI. International economic relations of the national economy
Chapter 58 open economy Russia
Features of Russia's international economic relations
The main features and forms of an open economy
Contradictions and trends in the formation of an open economy in Russia
Foreign economic policy
Foreign trade policy
State regulation of foreign trade activities
Regional aspects of foreign economic policy
Transitional forms of foreign economic activity
economic security
Chapter 59. The Role of the Exchange Rate in Transition Economies
Exchange Rate Functions in a Transition Economy
Choosing an exchange rate system
Stabilization and exchange rate
Chapter 60
Macroeconomic and Analytical Role of the Balance of Payments
Structure of Russia's balance of payments
Trends in Russia's balance of payments
Chapter 61 International economic integration. Problems of development of the CIS
Globalization of the world economy
Stages of development of the integration process
Problems of development of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
16.03.2020
INCLUSIVE HEALTH AND EDUCATION WILL BE DISCUSSED IN RYAZGMU
The resource educational and methodological center for the training of people with disabilities and persons with disabilities, together with the Department of Psychology, Pedagogy and Inclusive Education, FDPO invite you to take part in the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference "Inclusive Healthcare, Education and Personal Health in the Modern World".11.03.2020 CURRENT ISSUES OF NURSING WILL BE DISCUSSED IN RYAZGMU We invite you to take part in the work of the scientific and practical conference "Actual Issues of Nursing", which will be held on June 5, 2020 at the Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlova. 26.02.2020 SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "DOMESTIC TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ARTHROSIS OF LARGE JOINTS" October 7–8, 2020 Ryazan State Medical University named after I.P. Pavlov together with the National Medical Research Center for Traumatology Orthopedics named after N.N. Priorov, the Association of Traumatologists and Orthopedists of Russia (ATOR) and Regional office The Association of Traumatologists and Orthopedists of Russia (ATOR) is holding a conference "Domestic technologies in the diagnosis and treatment of arthrosis of large joints." 25.02.2020 WE INVITE STUDENTS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE OLYMPIAD IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE First-year students of the Faculty of Medicine who do not have debts in the discipline "History of Medicine" are invited to participate.
Efimova E. Economics: Textbook
Introduction. ECONOMY AS A SCIENCE 7
Topic 1. Subject and method of economics 7
1.1. The subject and functions of the economy 7
1.2. Methods of economic research 8
1.3. Economic indicators 10
Topic 2. History of the development of economics as a science 13
2.1. The origin and development of economic science 13
2.2. Modern economic theories 16
Section 1. GENERAL BASES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. twenty
Topic 3. Needs and resources 20
3.1. Economic Needs and Benefits 20
3.2. Production and factors of production 23
3.3. Manufacturing Capabilities 25
3.4. The Problem of Choice and Economic Systems 28
Topic 4. Ownership and management 32
4.1. Economic agents 32
4.2. Ownership as a relation of appropriation 34
4.3. Property as a bundle of partial powers 37
Topic 5. Forms of ownership 40
5.1. Forms of private property 40
5.2. State property 43
Topic 6. Market economy 46
6.1. Commodity production - condition and prerequisite
the existence of a market 46
6.2. Money: essence, functions and types 49
6.3. The main features of the market economy 52
6.4. Circulation of goods and money. Market types 55
Topic 7. Fundamentals of the theory of consumer behavior 59
7.1. Utility: total and marginal 60
7.2. Quantitative (cardinalistic) theory
consumer behavior 62
7.3. Ordinal (Ordinalistic) Theory of Consumer Behavior 65
Topic 8. Supply and demand 70
8.1. Law of Demand 70
8.2. Non-price factors of demand 72
8.3. Elasticity of demand 74
8.4. Offer: concept, factors, elasticity 77
Topic 9. Market equilibrium 82
9.1. Market price formation 82
9.2. Market Disturbances 85
9.3. Market Equilibrium and Efficiency 88
Topic 10. Competition and monopoly 91
10.1. Competition: essence and methods 91
10.2. Monopoly: essence, origin, types 95
10.3. Imperfect competition market 97
Topic 11. Economic harm of monopolies and antimonopoly activities of the state 101
11.1. Economic consequences of market monopolization 101
11.2. State against monopolies 104
Section 2. MICROECONOMICS 109
Topic 12. Firm in the system of market relations 109
12.1. Firm: essence and main characteristics 109
12.2. Organizational and legal forms of the Firm 114
12.3. Business combinations 118
Topic 13. Fundamentals of the theory of production 121
13.1. Production function 122
13.2. Production volume indicators 125
Topic 14. Production costs 128
14.1. Production costs: economic and accounting 129
14.2. Production costs in the short run 131
14.3. Production costs in the long run 134
Topic 15. Profit maximization conditions 138
15.1. Firm income 139
15.2. Volume of production that maximizes profit 142
15.3. Individual Firm Supply and Market Supply 146
Topic 16. Factor income: wages 149
16.1. Labor market. Labor supply 150
16.2. Demand for labor 153
16.3. Wages in conditions of perfect and imperfect competition 155
Topic 17. Factor income: rent, interest, profit 160
17.1. Ground rent 160
17.2. Interest on capital 162
17.3. Profit 166
Topic 18. Limitations and "failures" of the market 169
18.1. Exchange, transfer of ownership and transaction costs 169
18.2. Market and uncertainty 171
18.3. Externalities and public goods 175
18.4. Market distribution and social justice 177
Section 3. MACROECONOMICS 181
Topic 19. National economy 182
19.1. National economy as an object of macroeconomic analysis 182
19.2. National output 184
Topic 20. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply 194
20.1. Aggregate demand 194
20.2. Aggregate supply 198
Topic 21. Consumption, savings and investment 202
21.1. Consumption and savings 202
21.2. Investment demand 206
Topic 22. Macroeconomic balance 210
22.1. Conditions for macroeconomic equilibrium 211
22.2. Changes in macroeconomic equilibrium 219
Topic 23. Money market 225
23.1. Amount of money in circulation 225
23.2. Demand for money 228
23.3. Money offer 231
23.4. Money market 234
Topic 24. Macroeconomic instability 238
24.1. Unemployment: concept, types, consequences 239
24.2. Inflation: concept, types and methods of calculation 245
24.3. Causes and consequences of inflation 249
Topic 25. State in a market economy 253
25.1. Economic functions of the modern state 254
25.2. State regulation of the economy: goals and methods 258
Topic 26. State budget 265
26.1. The budget system of the country. budget revenues and expenses 265
26.2. Theory of taxation. Tax system 269
26.3. Budget deficit and public debt 276
Topic 27. Fiscal policy of the state 284
27.1. Fiscal policy mechanism 284
27.2. Types and effectiveness of fiscal policy 288
Topic 28. Modern banking and credit system 292
28.1. Credit: essence, functions and types 292
28.2. Commercial banks and the country's central bank 297
Topic 29. Monetary (monetary) policy of the state 303
29.1. Monetary Policy Mechanism 304
29.2. Types and effectiveness of monetary policy 308
Topic 30. Macroeconomic dynamics 313
30.1. Economic growth, essence, types 314
30.2. Content and general features of the economic cycle a 321
Topic 31. Transition economy 329
31.1. The necessity and main directions of the transition from a planned economy to a market economy 330
31.2. Privatization is a necessary condition for the transition to the market 335
31.3. The role and functions of the state in a transitional economy 338
Glossary
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
MOSCOW STATE INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
E.G. Efimova
ECONOMY
Tutorial
Recommended by the Interuniversity Center for Economic Education
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation as a teaching aid
for students of higher educational institutions studying
on non-economic specialties and directions
Moscow 2005
Reviewers: V.I. Mazurkevich, head. Department of Economics and Enterprise Management of the Moscow state university Engineering Ecology, Ph.D., Professor
D.E. Sorin, Head of the Center for Political Economy Research, Institute of Economics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Economics, Professor
Efimova E.G.
E 91 Economics: Textbook. - M.: MGIU, 2005. - 368 p.
ISBN 5-276-00580-X
The study guide contains a systematic presentation of the course economy studied by students of non-economic specialties. Based on the achievements of modern economic thought the main issues of micro- and macroeconomics. The presentation of theoretical problems is accompanied by an analysis of their state in modern Russia. The manual contains extensive factual and statistical material.
The publication is intended for distance learning students and can be used as an independent tutorial or complete with an electronic information and training system.
BBK 65.01
E.G. Efimova, 2005 MGIU, 2005 IDO, 2005
FEDERAL AGENCY OF EDUCATION
THE MOSCOW STATE INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF DISTANT EDUCATION
Elena G. Efimova
ECONOMICS
Manual
Recommended by the Inter-University Center of economic Education
of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
as the manual for non- economist students
Moscow 2005
Reviewers: V.I.Mazurkevich, Head of Department "Economics and Management of
Enterprise" of the Moscow State University of Engineering Ecology, Cand. of Econ. sci., Professor
D.E. Sorin, Head of the Center of Politico- economic Researches of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doct. of Economics. sci., Professor
Efimova E.G.
E 91 Economics: Manual. - Moscow: MSIU, 2005. - 368 pp.
ISBN 5-276-00580-X
The manual contains a systematic course of economics studied by students of non economic specialties. Main items of micro-and macroeconomics are considered basing on the modern achievements of economic ideas. Consideration of theoretical problems is accompanied by the analysis of their state in modern Russia. The manual compiles extensive actual and statistical material.
The edition is intended for the distant-learning students and can be used both as an independent manual or together with an electronic informational-training system.
BBK 65.01
E. G. Efimova, 2005 MSIU, 2005 IDE, 2005
Foreword
The main argument in favor of studying economics by students is non-economists is that economy explores problems that affect all people without exception. All people are involved in the sphere economic life(they make purchases, receive income, pay taxes, etc.). Every person sooner or later asks questions: what determines wage why prices are rising, why in one country the standard of living is higher than in another, what is more profitable - to work for hire or to organize your own business.
As the author of the world-famous textbook wrote, " Economics", laureate Nobel Prize P. Samuelson, "for a person who has not systematically studied economic theory, presents great difficulty not only in answering these questions, but even in trying to think them over properly. He is like a deaf person trying to give his own assessment of a piece of music.
The study economy gives students not just ready-made knowledge in the field economic theory, but forms economic image thinking introduces them to methods economic analysis
needed to understand economic processes and phenomena occurring in the life of society. According to the largest economist 20th century J. M. Keynes: " Economic theory... is more a method than a teaching, an intellectual tool, a technique of thinking, helping the one who owns it to come to the right conclusions.
The textbook should help students in independent work on the course of the economy. The presentation of theoretical material in it is combined with an analysis of the state of one or another economic problem in Russia. This will allow students to better understand the past and present of Russia, to understand the essence of ongoing economic reforms
, development prospects Russian economy.
Along with the theoretical material, the textbook contains questions for self-control, the answers to which contribute to the understanding of the material being studied. The conclusions at the end of the chapter allow you to summarize the material studied.
The book can be used as a stand-alone study guide or in conjunction with an electronic information and training system.
Foreword
Economics investigates problems which concern all people with no exception and this is the major argument for the benefit of studying economics by non-economist students. All people are involved in the sphere of economics (shopping, receiving incomes, paying taxes, etc). Everyone sooner or later is to answer the questions: what does the salary depend on, what is the reason of price growth, why living standards differ in different countries, what is more preferable - to be hired or organize own business?
According to the author of the world famous textbook "Economics", Nobel prize winner P. Samuelson, the person who did not regularly study the economic theory should suffer difficulties not only in answering these questions, but even attempting to consider them in the proper way , and this person resembles a deaf person, trying to estimate a piece of music.
Studying economics gives students not only ready knowledge in the field of economic theory, but provides them with economic mentality, acquaints them with methods of economic analysis necessary for understanding the economic processes and phenomena of social life. According to the greatest economist of the XX century. J.M. Keynes the economic theory is more likely a method, rather than a doctrine, an intellectual tool, a method of thinking, helping those who possess it to come to correct conclusions.
The manual should help students in self-sufficient study of economics. The theoretical material in this manual is combined with the analysis of economic problems in Russia. It will allow students to better understand the past and the present of Russia, the essence of economic reforms, as well as the prospects of development of the Russian economy.
Alongside with theoretical material, the textbook contains questions for self-testing, answers to which promote understanding of material studied. Conclusions at the end of the chapter allow to generalize the material.
The book can be used as an independent manual or together with electronic informational-training system.
