Forms of financial statements of commercial organizations. Accounting statements: types and composition

The composition of the financial statements includes such a form as a report on financial results form 2. Unlike the balance sheet, it reflects dynamic indicators, such as income, expenses, resulting from economic activity profit. This register is formed on the basis of accounting information, and is often requested by the owners, when applying for loans, as well as by the competent authorities.

The legislation specifies that accounting is the obligation of each business entity that is registered with the Federal Tax Service as a legal entity.

However, no exceptions are made or taken into account. organizational form enterprises, the taxation system used, etc. Accounting statements, and as part of it, a statement of financial results, must be sent to the bodies of Rosstat and INFS in without fail.

Non-profit organizations and bar associations are also required to submit a Form 2 income statement, as this form is mandatory for all entities to complete.

Only citizens who, as an organizational and legal form, are exempted from such an obligation. The same right exists for departments. foreign companies. All these entities can draw up reports and send them to the authorities on a voluntary basis. Previously, only companies applying the simplified tax system did not have to draw up and submit reports to the relevant authorities.

The firm may be a small business. In this case, the provisions of the laws for such companies provide for a simplified reporting procedure.

Attention! Even if you use this benefit, the company must draw up and submit accounting forms reporting, but in a simplified form. Companies are required to remember that this composition of reporting includes a statement of financial results form 2 and.

Which form to use - simplified or full

An enterprise that does not meet the criteria for being classified as a small business must take balance sheet form 1 and report on financial results form 2 in full according to the prescribed reporting forms.

Organizations entitled to use simplified reports are determined by the legislation "On Accounting", they include:

• Companies classified as small businesses.
• Non-profit organizations.
• Participants in research projects, developments under the Skolkovo legislation.

Only these entities are given the right to draw up simplified accounting reports. They independently, based on the circumstances and characteristics of the enterprise, can decide on the application of reporting forms. This solution they must be fixed in accounting policy companies.

However, the use of simplified reporting is unacceptable for such business entities as:

• Firms whose reporting must be checked by a mandatory audit. They are determined by the relevant legislation.
• Companies related to housing and housing cooperatives.
• Credit consumer cooperatives.
• microfinance companies.
• Government organizations.
• Parties and their branches in the regions.
• bar associations, law firms, bar associations, legal consultations.
• Notaries.
• Enterprises in the non-profit sector.

Report submission deadlines

Accounting statements, including the balance sheet form 1, income statement form 2, etc., must be sent to tax authorities and Rosstat no later than March 31 of the next year. This time limit exists only for the above listed bodies.

However, for statistics, it is possible that when certain events occur, it will also be necessary to attach an auditor's report to the standard package in relation to the compiled annual report. The company must submit it to Rosstat within ten days from the date of issuance of the opinion by the auditors, but no later than December 31 following the reporting year.

In addition, reports can be submitted to other competent authorities, as well as published due to the nature of the type of activity carried out in accordance with the norms of the law. For example, companies that are tour operators must submit accounting forms to Rostourism within three months from the date of its approval.

The rules of law establish a different reporting procedure for companies registered since October 1. They can exercise the right and submit reports not until March 31 of the next year, but a year later.

For example, Rassvet LLC was registered with the Federal Tax Service on October 23. By decision of the management, the company will submit the annual report by March 31, 2019, including information for the entire period of activity in one report.

Attention! Companies must file reports annually. Reporting, especially the report on financial results form 2, can be submitted not only for the year, but also monthly or quarterly.

As a rule, in this case, its recipients are the owners who use it to accept management decisions, credit institutions for registration of loans and credits, etc. Such financial statements are called interim.

Delivery methods

The income statement form 2, included in the annual report, can be sent to the competent authorities using the following methods:

• Come to the institutions and hand over the financial statements to the responsible person personally on paper in two copies. Sometimes they may also be asked to provide its electronic file. This method not available for companies with more than a hundred employees.
• Send valuable mail via post offices or courier service. The post office will ask for a description of this letter without fail.
• Using electronic document management, you can submit annual reports to all these bodies, if any. For this purpose, it can be used specialized program, site of tax authorities, etc.

Form and sample of filling out the report on financial results in form 2 in 2019

How to fill out income statement form 2: full version

Filling out the report on financial results form 2, you should follow a certain sequence.

The period under review is written under the title of the report. Further in the table, on the right, the date of the report is reflected. Below you need to write down the full or abbreviated name of the company, and the tabular part - the registration code with Rosstat.

Then the TIN of the reporting company is reflected. Further, the name of the main type of activity carried out by the company is written in words, and the OKVED code 2 is indicated in numbers.

The next line indicates the organizational form and form of ownership of the organization and the corresponding codes are affixed next to it. Next, the unit of measurement used is fixed.

The report itself is a table, in terms of which the performance indicators of the company are reflected, and in the columns - their value in the period under consideration and the previous one similar to it. Thus, two periods of activity are compared.

Line 2110 should reflect the received for reporting period income from all activities. This indicator is equal to the credit turnover on the account. 90.1. In this case, VAT should be excluded from the amount of revenue.

In the following lines of this subsection, you can decipher the amount of income by type of activity. Small businesses may not.

Line 2210 reflects the amount of expenses incurred by the enterprise for the manufacture of products or the provision of services (works). The amount on the turnover of the account is reflected. 90.2.

At the same time, depending on the method of cost formation used, the amount of expenses may include administrative expenses or not. If they are not included in the cost, these amounts are reflected in line 2220.

If necessary, a breakdown of expenses by line of business is also made here.

Every company that actively commercial activity, regardless of the taxation system, at the end of the year must draw up and transfer to tax officials a special document called the “Financial Report”, formerly known as the “Profit and Loss Statement” (form 2).

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Why is this document needed?

Movement is recorded in the report financial resources at the enterprise during the reporting period. This includes income, expenses, losses and profits of the organization which are calculated on an accrual basis from the beginning to the end of the year.

Who is compiling the report

Drawing up a report is within the competence of an employee of the accounting department or chief accountant. AT small companies this may be a third-party specialist working on an outsourcing basis.

After registration, the document must be submitted for signature to the head of the company.

Where to apply

Compiled and properly executed statement of financial results must be submitted into a territorial tax service along with other documents included in the financial statements.

Deadline for submission of the financial report

Like any other accounting documents submitted to the tax authorities, this one also has strict deadlines for submission. In this case, the period is three months from the end of the reporting year (that is, the report must be submitted until the end of March). If this rule is violated, the company faces administrative liability in the form of a fine.

Rules for compiling a document

The income statement has two unified forms:

1. usual(includes extended information),
2. simplified(the information in it is more concise).

Regardless of which form the company uses, the report contains the following mandatory data:

• company details,
• the date of the document,
• profit and loss figures,
• final values.

The filling out of the document should be treated very carefully, since errors, and even more so the introduction of unreliable or deliberately false information into it, is fraught with unpleasant consequences.

If any inaccuracies or corrections were made in the process of filling out the document, it is best to print a new form and issue it again.

Rules for preparing a financial report

All information in the form can be entered both in handwritten form and in printed form. The main condition is that it contains the original signature of the head of the enterprise or an employee authorized to act on his behalf.

Starting from 2016, it is not necessary to put a seal on the report, since legal entities are legally exempted from the need to approve their documents using seals and stamps.

The statement of financial results is drawn up in duplicate:

• one is transferred to the tax office,
• the second remains in the organization.

After losing relevance this document is transferred for storage to the archive of the enterprise, where it is kept for the entire period established for such papers.

How to submit a financial statement

Today, the document can be submitted to the tax service in three main ways.

1. First: by a personal trip to the tax office. In this case, the report can be given both directly by the head of the company, and acting on his behalf. confidant(but then you need to have a power of attorney certified by a notary).
2. Second option: send the income statement via electronic means communications: however, here it must be borne in mind that the enterprise must have a registered electronic signature.
3. Third method of submitting the report: sending via Russian post by registered mail with acknowledgment of receipt.

Sample of financial statement format

At the beginning of the form, the date on which the document is filled out is entered. Further on the lines on the left side are entered:

• name of company,
• kind of her economic activity(in words)
• organizational and legal status (IP, LLC, CJSC, OJSC),
• form of ownership (in words).

The table on the right includes:

• the date of the document,
• organization code according to (All-Russian classifier of enterprises and organizations),
• code according to (All-Russian classifier of types of economic activity),
• OKFS codes (All-Russian classifier of forms of ownership),
• unit code (rubles or millions) according to EKEI ( All-Russian classifier units of measurement).

In line under code 2110 include income from standard activities, such as:

• performance of work,
• rendering different kind services,
• sale of goods.

Data is entered without excises and VAT;

Code 2120 includes expenses for the same standard activities. Indicators here must be entered in parentheses, which will indicate that they are subject to subtraction;

Code 2100 fixes gross profit equal to following formula: string value 2110 minus string value 2120;

Code 2210 here, also in parentheses, the costs incurred in the sale and sale of goods and services are indicated;

Code 2220 takes into account management costs (also in parentheses);

Code 2200: the value calculated by the formula is put here: data 2210 is subtracted from data 2100, then line 2220 is minus, i.e. profit or loss arising from sales;

Code 2310 shows the income of the organization from the authorized shares of other companies;

Code 2320 shows interest received in the form of profit on shares, bonds, deposits, etc.;

Code 2330 shows the interest payable (the value is entered in parentheses);

Code 2340 contains all other income not included in the higher lines (for example, proceeds from the sale of intangible assets, fixed assets, materials, etc.);

Code 2350 in parentheses contains all other expenses (fines, penalties, etc.);

Code 2300 indicates profit before income tax is calculated and deducted. The calculation formula is simple: line 2200 plus 2310 plus 2320 minus 2330 plus 2340 minus 2350;

Code 2410: Here you can see the calculated income tax. If an enterprise uses a “simplification” in its activities, nothing needs to be written here;

Code 2460 includes fines, tax surcharges, penalties, etc.;

Code 2400: contains net profit per year, calculated from the values ​​in the previous rows.

The second part of the document contains background information, which is also divided into separate paragraphs.

Code 2510 includes data on the results of asset revaluation not included in net income;

Code 2520 fixes the result from other operations not included in net profit;

Code 2500 registers the final financial result: i.e. 2510 is subtracted from 2400 and 2520 is added;

Code 2900 shows basic profit or loss per share (i.e. basic profit (loss) divided by the number of shares);

Code 2910 gives information about diluted earnings or losses per share. Calculation formula: (net profit minus dividends on preferred shares) divided by the number of ordinary shares.

After all the necessary information has been entered into the document, it must be subscribe with the head of the company and again date.

The reporting of organizations is classified by type, frequency of compilation, degree of generalization of reporting data.

By type, reporting is divided into accounting, statistical and operational. Accounting reporting is a unified system of data on the property and financial position of the organization and on the results of its economic activities. Compiled according to accounting data.

Rice. five. - Types of financial statements:

Statistical reporting is compiled according to the data of statistical, accounting and operational accounting and reflects information on individual indicators of the economic activity of the organization, both in kind and in value terms.

Operational reporting is compiled on the basis of operational accounting data and contains information on key indicators for short periods of time - a day, five days, a week, a decade, half a month. These data are used for operational control and management of supply, production and sales processes.

According to the frequency of compilation, intra-annual and annual reports are distinguished. Intra-annual reporting includes daily, five-day, ten-day, half-month, month, quarter and half-year reports.

Intra-annual statistical reporting is usually called current statistical reporting, and intra-annual accounting - interim financial statements. Annual reports are reports for the year. According to the degree of generalization of reporting data, primary reports, compiled by organizations, and summary reports, which are higher or higher, are distinguished. parent organizations based on initial reports. Currently, organizations are required to submit interim and annual financial statements. When conducting accounting and preparing financial statements, it is necessary to know and use the following normative documents that determine the accounting procedure in organizations:

• - explanatory note;
• - Report on intended use received funds (form No. 6) - for public organizations and associations;
• - specialized forms of financial statements approved for organizations by ministries and departments in agreement with the Ministry of Finance of Russia;
• - the final part of the audit report issued on the basis of the results of the mandatory Russian Federation audit of financial statements.

The annual financial statements in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation include the same documents.

In order to ensure the reliability of accounting and reporting data before compiling annual accounts organizations are required to conduct an inventory (analysis of movement and balance) of all accounting accounts, including property and monetary obligations.

In the forms of financial statements, all the indicators provided for in them are given. If one or another article (line, column) of the standard form of financial statements is not filled out due to the organization's lack of relevant assets, liabilities, operations, this article (line, column) is crossed out.

If, when compiling standard forms of financial statements, an organization reveals insufficient data to form a complete picture of the property and financial position of the organization, as well as the financial results of its activities, then relevant additional indicators are included in the financial statements of the organization.

At the same time, the organization has the right to submit forms of financial statements on forms made independently. At the same time, the line codes for the indicators provided for in the standard forms and saved by the organization when filling out, as well as the total indicators and line codes of sections and groups of balance sheet items, should be saved.

Financial statements must be prepared in Russian and in the currency of the Russian Federation.

The opening balance sheet data must correspond to the approved closing balance sheet data for the period preceding the reporting period. In the case of a change in the opening balance at the beginning of the reporting period, the reasons should be explained.

Financial statements are signed by the head and chief accountant of the organization. In organizations where accounting is maintained on a contractual basis by a specialized organization or a specialist, the financial statements are signed by the head of the organization, the head of a specialized organization or a specialist in charge of accounting.

The balance sheet (form No. 1) is a way of grouping and generalized reflection in monetary terms household funds enterprises by composition and location, as well as by the sources of their formation on a certain date.

Graphically, the balance sheet is a table that is divided vertically into two parts to separately reflect the types of funds and their sources.

On the left side of the table, the funds are shown by composition and placement, and on the right - by the sources of their formation. The left side is called the asset, the right side is the liability. Each separate type of funds in an asset and their sources in liabilities is called a "balance sheet item".

The totals of the sums of the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet are always equal to each other, since they reflect the same funds.

The rules for estimating balance sheet items are established by the regulations on accounting, financial statements and instructions (instructions) for the preparation of financial statements.

Profit and loss statement (form No. 2) contains in its sections information for the reporting and previous periods:

• - on profits (losses) from the sale of goods, products, services;
• - on operating income and expenses with allocation of interest receivable and payable;
• - on non-operating income and expenses and net (undistributed) profit (loss) of the reporting period.

For reference, the report provides data for the reporting and previous periods on dividends attributable to one preferred and ordinary share.

The breakdown of individual profits and losses provides data for the reporting and previous periods on certain types profit and loss. Statement of changes in equity (Form No. 3) consists of four sections and reference.

Section I "Capital" shows the balance at the beginning of the year, receipts, expenditure and balance at the end of the year of the component parts equity.

Section II "Reserves upcoming expenses"and in Section III" Estimated reserves» show the balances at the beginning and end of the reporting period, and the movement of the reserves of future expenses and valuation reserves available in the organization.

Section IV "Changes in Capital" contains information for the reporting and previous periods on the amount of capital at the beginning of the period, its increase, decrease and the amount of capital at the end of the reporting period.

Help provides information about net assets at the beginning of the end of the reporting year and on funds received from the budget and extra-budgetary funds not expenses for ordinary activities and expenses for capital investments in fixed assets. Organizations compile a traffic report Money(Fig. 6). The report consists of four sections:

• - Cash balance at the beginning of the year;
• - Received funds - total and including by types of receipts;
• - Sent funds - total and including the directions of expenses;
• - Cash balance at the end of the reporting period.

Rice. 6. - Cash flow statement:

Information about the cash flow is presented in the currency of the Russian Federation rubles - according to accounts 50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement account", 52 "Currency account", 55 "Special accounts in banks".

Cash flow is shown by type of activity - current, investment, financial. Appendix to the balance sheet (form No. 5) consists of seven sections.

Section 1 “Movement of borrowed funds” shows balances at the beginning and end of the reporting period, received and repaid debts, short-term loans and loans with the allocation of outstanding loans.

Section 2 “Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable” contains data on the balances and movements for the year on short-term and long-term receivables with the allocation of overdue and separately with a duration of more than three months, as well as data on received and issued collateral.

Section 3 “Depreciable property” reflects the balances at the beginning of the reporting year and data on the receipt and disposal of each type of intangible assets and fixed assets and property for leasing and submitted under a rental agreement.

In section 4 “Movement of funds for financing long-term investments and financial investments» contain information about own funds organizations and borrowed funds by their types. At the end of the section, reference is made to data on construction in progress and investments in subsidiaries and affiliates.

Section 5 "Financial investments" indicates the amount of balances at the beginning and end of the reporting year for each type of long-term and short-term financial investments.

Section 6 "Expenses on ordinary activities" reflects the costs of the elements for the reporting and previous years and data on changes in the balance of work in progress, deferred expenses and reserves for future expenses.

Section 7 "Social indicators" provides data on contributions to state off-budget funds and contributions to non-state pension funds.

The report on the intended use of funds received (form No. 6) contains data for the reporting and previous years on the balance of funds at the beginning of the year, the receipt of funds by their types, the use of funds by type and the balance of funds at the end of the year.

An explanatory note to the annual financial statements should contain significant information about the organization, its financial position, comparability of data for the reporting and previous years, valuation methods and significant items of financial statements.

Thus, accounting (financial) reporting is a set of indicators on the results of production, economic and financial activities enterprises based on accounting data.

You can also indicate that the financial statements are a system of indicators that comprehensively characterize the property status and financial results of the economic activity of the enterprise for the reporting period.

Reporting is compiled on the basis of current information about the activities of the reporting object, it summarizes the data of accounting, statistical and operational types of accounting. Thanks to this, it is possible to obtain, on the basis of reporting, versatile information about the economic activities of a business entity and the results of financial and economic activities for various reporting users.

According to the degree of generalization of reporting data, there are primary reports compiled by organizations, and summary reports that are compiled by higher or parent organizations on the basis of primary reports.

Currently, organizations are required to submit interim and annual financial statements.

Financial statements- a system of indicators reflecting the property and financial position of the organization at the reporting date, as well as the financial results of its activities for the reporting period.

User financial reporting - legal or individual interested in information about the organization.

- the means of the organization that must work and make a profit.

- sources of education and placement of funds of the organization.

- funds acquired for the purpose of long-term use in the course of the organization's business activities.

- funds that during the reporting period should be used, realized in order to convert them into cash.

Income- an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the repayment of obligations, leading to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (property owners).

Costs— a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the emergence of liabilities, leading to a decrease in the capital of this organization, with the exception of a decrease in contributions by decision of the participants (property owners).

Financial reporting in the organization management system

Under the conditions of financial reporting becomes the main source of information for making informed decisions. An important requirement for making a management decision is the availability of facts relating to financial position organization and results of its activities. Such facts are presented in the form of accounting data, which are collected, grouped, summarized and reflected in the financial statements. In the very general view financial reporting is the end product of an organization.

Financial reporting in a management system is of interest to various user groups, both internal and external.

Internals are directly involved in business in this organization: these are the management of the enterprise and various officials (economists, etc.) who are responsible for the conduct of business and for the results of the organization's activities. The results of the organization's work depend on the correctness and timeliness of management decisions, and many of these decisions are largely based on accounting information and its analysis.

• directly (directly) interested subjects in the activities of the organization;
• entities that have an indirect interest in the activities of the organization.

The first group consists of the owners (shareholders) of this organization, creditors, investors, state tax institutions, employees (employees), other organizations that are current or potential partners of this organization.

Shareholders study information about profitability, about changes in the equity capital of the organization.

Lenders use reporting to assess the solvency of the organization, its reliability as a client and in determining the conditions for issuing loans.

Investors consider reporting from the position of profitability and reliability of investing their funds in this organization.

Tax institutions exercise control over data on accrued and paid taxes.

Potential business partners, as well as companies that already have business relations with this organization, evaluate its financial position, study reports in order to predict price dynamics, search for new opportunities for cooperation.

The second group includes persons who have an indirect financial interest, but protect the interests of the first group. These are various audit and consulting firms, stock exchanges, government bodies, news agencies representatives of the press, trade unions, etc.

Auditing firms give an opinion on the reliability of the reporting provided by the organization.

State bodies study financial reports in order to control the dynamics of prices and the movement of shares, carry out economic planning, improve accounting methods and reporting.

Information agencies and press representatives extract information from reporting data to prepare reviews, assess trends in the development of individual organizations, industries, comparative analysis performance results various companies and calculation of general indicators of financial and economic activity.

From the standpoint of ensuring management activities, financial statements must meet the following basic requirements that meet the interests of users and, above all, investors and creditors:

• contain data for making management decisions in the field of investment policy;
• provide an assessment of the resources available to the organization, taking into account the changes taking place in them and the effectiveness of their use;
• provide an assessment of the dynamics of profitability;
• contain data for a prospective assessment of the organization's position in the market.

Financial reporting requirements

The Accounting Regulation "Accounting Statements of an Organization" (PBU 4/99) defines the following reporting requirements: reliability, neutrality, materiality, integrity, consistency, comparability, observance of the reporting period, correctness of registration.

Requirement credibility means that the financial statements should give a reliable and complete picture of the property and financial position of the organization and the financial results of its activities. Reliable and complete is considered reporting, formed and compiled in accordance with the rules established by national accounting standards.

Requirement neutrality excludes the unilateral satisfaction of the interests of some user groups over others, as well as the influence through selection or form of presentation on the decisions and assessments of users in order to achieve predetermined results or consequences.

Requirement materiality determines the right of the organization to include in the reporting additional indicators and explanations that are not provided for standard forms financial statements, to form a complete picture of the property and financial position of the organization.

Requirement integrity means the need to include in the reporting data on all business transactions carried out both by the organization as a whole and by its branches, representative offices and other divisions.

Requirement sequences consolidates in the practice of preparing financial statements the need to maintain consistency in the content and forms of the balance sheet, income statement and explanations to them from one reporting year to another.

As required comparability financial statements must contain data that allow their comparison with similar data for the previous reporting period.

Requirement compliance with the reporting period means that the period from January 1 to December 31 inclusive is accepted as the reporting year in Russia, i.e. the reporting year coincides with the calendar year.

Requirement correct design associated with compliance with the formal principles of reporting: compiling it in Russian, in the currency of the Russian Federation (in rubles), signing by the head of the organization and the specialist in charge of accounting (chief accountant, etc.).

Composition of financial statements

The financial statements of the organization is a system of indicators reflecting the property and financial position of the organization at the reporting date, as well as the financial results of its activities for the reporting period.

The composition and forms of financial statements of organizations are established by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

• 1. - Form No. 1.
• 2. - form number 2.
• Notes to the balance sheet and income statement:
• 2.1. Statement of changes in equity - Form No. 3.
• 2.2. Cash flow statement - Form No. 4.
• 2.3. Appendix to the balance sheet - form No. 5.
• 2.4. Explanatory note.
• 3. An auditor's report confirming the accuracy of the organization's financial statements, if in accordance with federal laws subject to mandatory audit.

All elements of financial statements are related and reflect different aspects of the same business transactions and phenomena. The balance sheet contains information about the financial position of the organization at a certain date. The Profit and Loss Statement reflects information on the formation and use of the organization's profits. Statement of Changes in Capital - data on the movement of the organization's equity capital, funds and reserves and provides an opportunity to evaluate changes occurring in the organization's equity capital. The cash flow statement contains information about the cash flow of an organization in cash and non-cash forms. Directions of cash flow are considered in the context of the main activities of the organization: current, investment and financial.

Of great importance for the correct understanding and interpretation of the balance sheet, profit and loss account are the explanatory note and interpretation of individual reporting indicators. The purpose of these elements of financial statements is to disclose the content and approaches to the formation of certain indicators of financial statements, the accounting policy of the organization.

The explanatory note includes information and additional data not reflected in the forms of annual financial statements. This information contains a brief description of the organization's activities, key performance indicators and factors that influenced the economic and financial results, as well as data useful for obtaining a more complete and objective assessment of the property and financial position of the organization. Integral part explanatory note should be analytical information (indicators of the financial position of the organization).

The organization may provide additional information related to the financial statements that is useful to users of the statements. Such information can be presented in the form of analytical tables, graphs and diagrams and include information on the dynamics, the most important economic and financial indicators activities of the organization for a number of years, plans for the development of the organization; data on expected capital and long-term financial investments; characterize the organization's borrowing policy, risk management, the organization's research and development activities, environmental protection measures, etc.

Balance sheet

(Form No. 1)- a static document, as it is drawn up on a specific date and characterizes the financial position of the organization as of this date. It contains information about the resources (asset), liabilities and equity of the enterprise (liability). In domestic practice, the balance sheet is usually presented in the form of a two-sided table, the left side of which is an asset, the right side is a balance sheet liability. Asset items are arranged according to a certain system, which is based on the degree of liquidity, liability items - according to the degree of urgency of repayment of obligations. Building an asset balance Russian enterprises is carried out in ascending order of the degree of liquidity, liabilities - according to the increasing urgency of repayment (return) of obligations.

According to the definitions adopted in domestic practice, an asset is considered as a property mass (organization's funds), which should work and bring profit to the organization, and a liability - as obligations for the received values ​​(services), which are sources of formation and placement of the organization's funds.

Consider the main components of the balance sheet.

Fixed assets include intangible assets, fixed assets and financial investments.

Intangible assets are various rights to objects of intellectual (industrial) property, to use isolated natural objects, etc. Intangible assets are long-term assets that do not have physical form, but having value and profit-making organizations. In financial statements, intangible assets are reflected at their residual value.

Fixed assets are long-term used assets that provide income to the organization. This type assets are reported at residual value

Long-term financial investments are defined as long term investment organizations into subsidiaries and affiliates, authorized (share) capital of other organizations established on the territory of the Russian Federation or abroad, government securities, bonds and other securities of other organizations, as well as loans granted to other organizations. Long-term financial investments are shown in the financial statements in the actual amount of the cost of their acquisition.

current assets include stocks, financial investments, cash.

Inventories include raw materials, supplies and other similar items, work in progress, finished goods and goods.

Accounts receivable in the reporting is subject to division depending on the terms of its repayment into receivables, payments on which are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date (long-term), and receivables, payments on which are expected within 12 months after the reporting date (short-term) .

Short-term financial investments are the liquid part current assets and represent a temporary placement of free funds of an organization for the purpose of making a profit - buying back its own shares from shareholders, investing in securities of other organizations, government securities, etc., providing loans to other organizations. In the reporting, this type of financial investment is shown at actual acquisition costs.

Chapter " Capital and reserves" reflects the organization's own capital. The organization's own capital includes authorized, additional and reserve capital, retained earnings.

Long term and Short-term liabilities represent the borrowed capital of the organization.

long term duties- liabilities of the organization that are repayable for a period of more than 12 months and include long-term loans banks and other loans.

Short-term liabilities payable within
12 months by using current assets for this purpose or refinancing by accepting other short-term (current) liabilities.

Gains and losses report

(form No. 2) shows the effectiveness of management decisions in the financial and economic sphere of the organization, reflecting and summing up the income and expenses of the organization.

Consider the main elements of the income statement.

Chapter " Income and expenses from ordinary activities

1. Revenue (net) from the sale of goods, products, works, services (minus value added tax, excises and similar obligatory payments) is determined based on the assumption of temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity.
2. The cost of goods, products, works, services sold is the accounted costs for the production of products, works, services in the share related to the products, works and services sold in the reporting period.
3. Gross profit is defined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the cost of goods, products, works and services sold.
4. Commercial expenses show the level of costs associated with the sale of products (works, services) from manufacturers and goods from trade and marketing organizations.

Management expenses are a set of administrative and management expenses, expenses for the maintenance of general economic personnel not related to production process, expenses for payment of information and consulting services and other similar expenses.

The calculated result, obtained from the deduction from the proceeds from the sale of the cost of selling and administrative expenses, characterizes the profit or loss on sales.

Chapter " Operating income and expenses includes the following articles:

1. Interest receivable - accrued (received) interest on bonds, promissory notes, deposit accounts, government securities, granted credits and loans, etc.
2. Interest payable includes accrued (paid) interest on bonds, shares, credits and loans granted to the organization, etc.
3. Income from participation in other organizations - income (dividends) from equity participation and financial investments in the authorized capital of other organizations, dividends on shares of other organizations that are the property of the compiler of the reporting.
4. Other operating income includes income net of value added tax from the sale and other disposal of fixed assets and other property, valuable papers and foreign currency; income from the rental of property; receipt of compensation for the costs of maintaining mothballed production capacity and facilities for canceled orders and discontinued production with no output.
5. Other operating expenses include the residual value of retired property, plant and equipment and other depreciable assets; expenses related to the servicing of securities; rental expenses; the cost of maintaining mothballed production facilities and facilities; costs for canceled production orders and for production that did not produce products; costs associated with obtaining operating income; accrued amounts of taxes and fees paid in accordance with the legislation at the expense of financial results.

Non-operating income include income from write-offs accounts payable and depositors for which the terms have expired limitation period; receipts for the repayment of previously written off receivables; recovery of unused reserves for doubtful debts; awarded (recognized as debtors) fines, penalties, forfeits, other sanctions for violation of business contracts; proceeds to compensate for losses caused third parties; profit of previous years, revealed in reporting year; the value of the surplus property taken into account, identified during the inventory; exchange differences arising from the revaluation in in due course property and liabilities denominated in foreign currency; income related to gratuitous receipt assets.

Other non-operating expenses include markdown losses production stocks, goods and finished products; uncompensated losses from downtime due to external reasons; accrued provisions for doubtful debts; losses from write-offs of receivables and other unrealistic debts; recognized (awarded) fines, penalties, forfeits, compensation for losses under business contracts; losses on operations of previous years identified in the reporting year; losses from writing off shortages of property identified during the inventory; losses from writing off debt due to the insolvency of the debtor; legal costs; exchange differences arising from the revaluation in accordance with the established procedure of property and liabilities denominated in foreign currency; losses on operations with containers.

Income tax and other similar obligatory payments represent the amount of corporate income tax and other obligatory payments accrued since the beginning of the year in favor of the budget.

Profit from sales in the amount with interest receivable, income from participation in other organizations, other operating income and non-operating income minus interest payable, other operating expenses, non-operating expenses and income tax gives the result of the financial and economic activities of the organization - profit or loss from ordinary activities.

Extraordinary income and expenses are the results of the consequences of emergency circumstances of economic activity ( natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.).

Net profit of the organization for the reporting period or loss form, based on the profit or loss from ordinary activities, taking into account the impact on the result of the consequences of emergency circumstances of economic activity in the event of their occurrence.

Cash flow statement (Form No. 3) summarizes the organization's cash flows. Directions of cash flow are considered in the report in the context of the main types of activities of the organization - current, investment and financial.

Current (production and economic) activity is an activity that brings the organization the main revenue.

Investment activities— acquisition and sale of long-term assets and financial investments that are not cash equivalents.

Financial activities- a set of transactions that lead to changes in the size and structure of the organization's own and borrowed capital, with the exception of current accounts payable.

The information contained in the cash flow statement is necessary to evaluate:

• the prospective ability of the organization to generate positive cash flows (exceeding cash receipts over expenses)
• the ability of the organization to fulfill its obligations for settlements with creditors, payment of dividends and other payments;
• need for additional funding;
• the effectiveness of operations to finance the organization and investment transactions in cash and non-monetary forms.

The cash flow statement contains information that supplements the data in the balance sheet and income statement. The report provides an opportunity to obtain information on whether the achievement of profitability is ensured by sufficient cash inflows necessary to expand ongoing operations, and whether the cash inflow satisfies the required level of liquidity of the organization. The report reflects investments in subsidiaries and other business companies, capital investments into fixed assets, to increase working capital, contains data on the withdrawal of funds from the investment sector and gives an idea of ​​the organization's activities to attract financial resources to finance its development and other needs.

Statement of changes in equity (Form No. 4) contains information about the increase in capital in total, including through additional issue shares, property revaluation, property growth, reorganization legal entity, at the expense of income, as well as information due to which the capital was reduced. In particular, by reducing the par value of shares, reducing the number of shares, reorganizing a legal entity, at the expense of expenses.

Appendix to the balance sheet (form No. 5) gives an idea of ​​the performance of the organization, information about which is not available in the above reports. For example, creditor and accounts receivable, urgent and overdue, depreciable property, social indicators, etc.

Explanatory note to the financial report should reflect the characteristics of the organization's activities, main activities, the average annual number of employees, the composition of the members of the executive and control bodies of the organization.

Audit report

Audit report should be compiled by an independent auditor and evaluate the reliability of the data presented in the financial statements.

In accordance with PBU 4/99, financial statements are presented as one system data on the property and financial position of the organization and on the results of its economic activities, compiled on the basis of accounting data in accordance with established forms.

Financial statements are a collection of various forms compiled on the basis of data financial accounting in order to collect and summarize the information necessary for further planning of the company's activities.

There are four main types of financial statements, as well as additional applications. According to the duration of the settlement period, each of the types can be annual or intermediate.

Recommended forms of accounting financial statements, as well as instructions for filling them out, are established by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. Each of these types of financial statements discloses certain information necessary for specific purposes.

Balance sheet- a form of financial reporting that reveals the characteristics of the asset and liability of the company in monetary terms. Externally, the balance sheet is a table containing information on the property (asset) and financial (liability) state of the enterprise on a certain date. The main characteristic of such a form of financial reporting as a balance sheet is a valuation, that is, all the indicators under consideration have a monetary dimension. Building a balance is based on the balance between the sources of capital and its direction.

Gains and losses report- a type of financial statements containing information on income and expenses, as well as financial results, presented in the amount of an accrual total from the beginning of the year to the reporting date. This form of financial reporting of the enterprise allows you to evaluate the activities of the organization for certain period. Unlike the balance sheet, which is a static characteristic, the income statement reflects the dynamics of the business process.

Statement of changes in equity- a form of accounting financial statements showing the movement authorized capital, reserve capital, additional capital, as well as reflecting all changes in the value retained earnings (uncovered loss) enterprises. This type of financial statements of the enterprise consists of two parts, presented sequentially one after the other. The first part discloses information for the previous reporting period, the second - for the period under review. Small business entities not subject to mandatory audit, and non-profit organizations may not include a statement of changes in equity.

Cash flow statement- a form of financial statements that characterizes the difference between the inflow and outflow of funds for the reporting and previous reporting period. This type of financial statements reflects information on the actual receipt and expenditure of funds, that is, on debit and credit turnover on accounts 50 "Cashier" (not counting the amount on the subaccount " Cash documents"), 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts", 55 "Special bank accounts" and 57 "Transfers in transit".

Appendix to the balance sheet. Explanations to the balance sheet and income statement disclose information related to the accounting policy of the organization and provide users with additional data that is not appropriate to include in the balance sheet and income statement, but which are necessary for users of financial statements to really assess the financial position of the organization , its financial results and changes in its financial position.

Report on the intended use of the funds received. In addition to the above forms of financial statements, in cases provided for by federal laws, accounting statements are subject to mandatory audit. The final part of the audit report issued on the basis of the results statutory audit financial statements must be attached to these statements. At the same time, one should not forget that the financial statements are open to users - founders (participants), investors, credit organizations, creditors, buyers, suppliers, etc., and the organization must provide an opportunity for users to familiarize themselves with the financial statements.

Filling out forms of financial accounting and reporting of an enterprise is one of the most important sources of obtaining information about the activities of an enterprise, the main criterion for the usefulness of which is the reliability, completeness, relevance, and materiality of the content of financial statements. Therefore, in order to avoid errors and financial losses, it is better to entrust the formation of such a report to professionals.