Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Penza State University
Department of Economics, Finance and Management.
Course work
by discipline: " Economical geography and regional studies"
Topic:«Fuel and energy complex of Russia.
Composition, importance in the economy, development problems, fuel and energy complex and problems of environmental protection.
Completed by: student of group 08BX5
Krivonosova M.A.
Received: Associate Professor Lushnikova N.V.
Course work contains 40 pages, 2 tables, 10 references used.
Keywords:
Fuel and Energy Complex and its Importance in Russia
Composition of the fuel and energy complex: electric power, oil production and oil refining, gas and coal industries. Problems and prospects for the development of each industry.
Problems of the fuel and energy complex and prospects for its development in the long term (until 2030)
Fuel and Energy Complex and the Environment
Introduction 4-5pp.
1. Significance of the fuel and energy complex in Russia 5-6pp.
2. The composition of the fuel and energy complex 6-22pp.
2.1.Electric power economy 6-11pp.
2.2. Oil industry 11-14pp.
2.3. Oil refining industry 14-15pp.
2.4.Gas industry 15-18pp.
2.5. Coal industry 18-22pp.
3. Problems and prospects for the development of the fuel and energy complex 22-34pp.
4. Fuel and energy complex and problems of environmental protection 34-37pp.
Conclusion 37-39pp.
List of used literature 40pp.
Introduction
Developing, humanity begins to use all new types of resources (atomic and geothermal energy, solar, tidal hydropower, wind and other non-traditional sources). However, the main role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy today is played by fuel resources. This clearly reflects the "receipt part" of the fuel and energy balance.
The fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation is the basis of the country's economy, ensuring the vital activity of all sectors of the economy, the consolidation of the country's regions into a single economic space, and the formation of a significant part of budget revenues and foreign exchange earnings. Ultimately, the results of the fuel and energy complex depend on payment balance countries, maintaining the ruble exchange rate and the degree of reduction of Russia's debt burden. The fuel and energy complex is the most important link in the chain of transformations associated with the transition to a market economy.
The fuel and energy complex is closely connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% of funds are spent on its development. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the cost of industrial products in Russia. It uses 10% of the products of the machine-building complex, 12% of the products of metallurgy, consumes 2/3 of the pipes in the country, provides more than half of the exports of the Russian Federation and a significant amount of raw materials for the chemical industry. Its share in transportation is 1/3 of all cargo railways, half of maritime transport and all pipeline transport. The fixed assets of the fuel and energy complex make up about a third of the production assets of the industry.
The fuel and energy complex has a large district-forming function. The well-being of all Russian citizens is directly related to it, such problems as unemployment and inflation.
Uninterrupted operation of the fuel and energy complex is one of the key factors of national economic security, dynamic development foreign economic relations Russia and integration processes within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
1. Importance of the fuel and energy complex in Russia
The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the key factors in ensuring the life of the country. The complex produces more than a quarter of Russia's industrial output and significantly influences the formation of the country's budget.
At present, the fuel and energy complex is one of the steadily operating industrial complexes of the Russian economy. It decisively affects the state and prospects for the development of the national economy, providing: about ¼ of GDP production, 1/3 of the volume industrial production and revenues of the consolidated budget of Russia, about half of the federal budget revenues, exports and foreign exchange earnings.
Fully self-sufficient in fuel and energy resources, Russia is also a major exporter of fuel and energy, they account for about 60% of its export potential.
Russia has always been considered one of the world's leading energy states. In the world production of fuel and energy, it accounts for 23% of produced gas, about 10% of oil (including gas condensate), almost 6% of coal and 6% of electricity. There is full confidence that the role of fuel- energy resources in the formation of a sustainable energy supply will continue into the 21st century.
In Russia, the importance of the fuel and energy complex is especially great.
Firstly, because of the huge resource potential: having 2.4% of the population and 13% of the world's territory, it has 12-13% of the predicted fuel and energy resources, including more than 12% of proven oil reserves, more than 30% of gas reserves , more than 11% of explored coal reserves.
Secondly, it has a unique production, scientific, technical and personnel potential.
Thirdly, the important place of the fuel and energy complex is determined by climatic conditions, under which the provision of energy resources to the economy and the population of the country is a vital factor in the existence of entire regions.
The structure of the Russian economy in the 1990s. changed in the opposite direction to global trends. The share of raw materials, including energy resources, in the structure world GDP is constantly decreasing. In developed countries, GDP growth is mainly accounted for by the manufacturing industry (especially modern high-tech industries) and the service sector.
The situation is opposite in Russia: now the fuel and energy complex in Russia accounts for about 30% of industrial production, 32% of consolidated and 54% federal budget revenues, 54% of exports, and about 45% of Russia's foreign exchange earnings. Over the past 10 years, the share of industries with high value added in the structure of industrial production has decreased.
2. The composition of the fuel and energy complex
The fuel and energy complex of Russia is an interconnected functioning of electric power, oil production and oil refining, gas and coal industries.
2.1 . Electric power industry
The electric power industry is engaged in the production and transmission of electricity and is the largest basic industry in Russia. The entire national economy of the country depends on the level of its development.
A distinctive feature of the Russian economy is the higher specific energy intensity of the produced national income(almost one and a half times higher than in the US). Therefore, it is necessary to widely introduce energy-saving technologies and equipment. However, even in the context of a decrease in the energy intensity of GDP, the specifics of the development of energy production is the ever-increasing need for it in the industrial and social spheres. The electric power industry plays an important role in the transition to a market economy - its development largely determines the way out of economic crisis, solution of social problems. More than 60% of the increase in electricity consumption will be used to solve social problems.
A feature of the electric power industry is that its products cannot be accumulated until further use, so consumption corresponds to the production of electricity both in size (of course, taking into account losses) and in time. There are stable interregional connections for the import and export of electricity. The electric power industry is a branch of specialization of the Volga and Siberian federal districts. Large power plants play a significant regional-forming role. On their basis, energy-intensive and heat-intensive industries arise.
It is impossible to imagine our life today without electrical energy. The electric power industry has invaded all spheres of human activity: industry, Agriculture, science and space. Our way of life is unthinkable without electricity. Such a wide distribution is due to its specific properties:
· Ability to transform into almost all other types of energy (thermal, mechanical, sound, light, etc.);
The ability to relatively easily be transmitted over considerable distances in large quantities;
Huge speeds of electromagnetic processes;
· Ability to crush and change parameters - voltage, frequency.
In industry, electrical energy is used to drive various mechanisms directly in technological processes. The operation of modern means of communication (telegraph, telephone, radio, television) is based on the use of electricity. Without it, the development of cybernetics, computer technology, and the space industry would have been impossible.
The electric power industry plays a huge role in the transport industry. Electric transport does not pollute the environment. A large amount of electricity is consumed by electrified rail transport, which makes it possible to increase the capacity of roads by increasing the speed of trains, reduce the cost of transportation, and increase fuel economy.
Electricity in everyday life is the main factor in ensuring a comfortable life for people. The level of development of the electric power industry reflects the level of development of the productive forces of society and the possibilities of scientific and technological progress.
The electric power industry has about 700 power plants with a total installed capacity of 215 million kW, of which 150 million kW are thermal power plants, 44 million kW are hydroelectric power plants, and 21 million kW are nuclear power plants. About 95% of the capacities of power plants operate in parallel in a single mode as part of the UES of Russia. The length of power transmission lines of all line voltages is 2,500 thousand km, of which 30 thousand km are with voltages over 500 kV and above. Transportation of electric power is referred by Russian legislation to the sphere of natural monopolies. The structure of the industry is formed from 73 regional energy associations (JSC-Energo) and RAO "UES of Russia" with subsidiaries.
Compared to 1990 there was a decrease in energy production. To a large extent, this is due to the aging of power equipment. An analysis of the consumption and production of electricity shows that the most difficult situation with energy supply is in the regions that are supplied with imported fuel. This is due to untimely purchase of fuel and violation of standard stocks in the autumn-winter period, with chronic underfunding of energy enterprises. Similar miscalculations are present both at the regional and federal levels, which indicates insufficient state regulation of the electric power industry. A sharp decrease in capacities causes a critical situation in the supply of electricity to a number of regions of Russia (the Far East, the North Caucasus, etc.).
Data on electricity production are given in table 1:
Production of electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, geothermal and wind power plants (million tons)
| 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 |
| 33,4 | 63,2 | 98,3 | 95,4 | 102 | 108 | 105 | 106 | 111 | 112 | 114 |
In the development of the power industry, great importance is attached to the correct location of the electric power industry. The most important condition for the rational placement of power plants is a comprehensive account of the need for electricity in all industries. National economy country and the needs of the population, as well as each economic region in the future.
One of the principles for locating the electric power industry at the present stage of development of the market economy is the predominant construction of small-capacity thermal power plants, the introduction of new types of fuel. Development of a network of long-distance high-voltage power transmission lines.
A feature of the development of the electric power industry is construction of nuclear power plants, primarily in areas where fuel resources are scarce. NPPs in their placement take into account the consumer factor. It has been established that the energy equivalent of the proven world reserves of nuclear fuel is many times greater than the energy equivalent of the known world reserves of coal, oil and hydropower combined. In addition, the advantage of nuclear power plants over others is that they can be built in any area, regardless of its fuel or water resources.
An essential feature of the development and location of the electric power industry is a wide construction of combined heat and power plants(CHP) for heating various industries and utilities. Cogeneration refers to the centralized supply of heat to cities and industrial enterprises with the simultaneous production of electricity. Cogeneration saves fuel and almost doubles the efficiency of power plants, makes it possible to produce cheap thermal energy for heating, ventilation and hot water supply and, therefore, contributes to a better satisfaction of the household needs of the population.
In practical work on the location of power plants, cooperation between hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants is of great importance. This is due to the fact that the generation of electricity at hydroelectric power stations fluctuates greatly throughout the year due to changes in the water regime of rivers. Combining thermal and hydraulic power plants in one power system makes it possible to compensate for the lack of energy generation at hydroelectric power plants during low-water periods of the year due to electricity generated at thermal power plants.
The structure of electricity generation is approximately as follows: 66.8 are produced by thermal power plants, about 18% - by hydroelectric power plants, the rest (15.2%) - by nuclear power plants.
Basic Provisions new energy policy should become:
1. Simultaneously with the convertibility of the ruble, bringing energy prices in line with world prices with the gradual elimination of price distortions in the domestic market;
2. corporatization of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex with the attraction of funds from the population, foreign investors and domestic commercial structures;
3. support for independent energy producers, primarily focused on the use of local and renewable energy resources;
4. maintaining the integrity of the electric power complex and the UES of Russia.
Based on the predicted volumes of demand for electricity at high rates of economic development, the total production of electricity may increase by 2010 to 1070 billion kWh.
In the future, Russia should abandon the construction of large thermal and hydraulic power plants, which require huge investments and create environmental tension.
Thermal power plants will remain the basis of the Russian electric power industry for the entire period under consideration. The share of capacity of which in the structure of the installed capacity of the industry will remain at the level of 63-65%.
According to specialists' calculations, thanks to the introduction of effective energy-saving technologies in Russia, an annual reduction in electricity consumption by 2010 by 112 billion kW/h can be achieved.
Therefore, it is necessary to increase investments not in the production of electricity, but in energy-saving technologies, as well as in the use of new or alternative energy sources, which will make it possible to save energy resources in the country, especially mineral fuel, and will help reduce the negative impact on the environment.
2.2. Oil industry
Russia has huge oil resources. The main oil regions are Western Siberia, the Volga-Ural region, the North Caucasus and the European North. Particularly promising are the shelves in the European North and the Far East.
At present, the main area of the oil field is the Ural Federal District, where 284.1 million tons of oil were produced, i.e. the deposits of this region provide 66% of the oil produced in Russia. The main deposits are located in the middle reaches of the Ob River - Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Megionskoye, Aleksandrovskoye, etc. The largest in Russia program-targeted territorial production complex is being formed on the basis of oil and gas resources.
In the Volga-Ural region, the most significant oil resources are in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, in the region of the European North - in the Komi Republic, and in the North Caucasus - in the republics of Chechnya and Dagestan. There are oil resources in the Far East - on Sakhalin.
About 2/3 of all producing oil is developed by the most efficient flowing method. A number of regions of the country are promising, especially on the continental shelf of the Barents and Okhotsk Seas in Eastern Siberia.
To date, the exploration of oil fields in the European regions of Russia and Western Siberia reaches 65-70%, while in Eastern Siberia and the Far East it is only 6-8%, and the shelves of the seas are explored only 1%. But it is these hard-to-reach regions that account for 50% of the predicted oil resources.
An extensive system of oil pipelines has been created, transporting oil from production areas to other areas, CIS countries and Western Europe. The largest ones: Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Almetyevsk; Nizhnevartovsk - Samara; Samara - Lisichansk; Shaim - Tyumen; Ust-Balyk - Omsk - Anzhero-Sudzhensk; Tuimazy - Omsk - Anzhero-Sudzhensk; Ust-Balyk - Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent; Aleksandrovskoe - Anzhero-Sudzhensk; Tuimazy - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Angarsk; Almetievsk - Samara - Bryansk - Mozyr - Poland, Germany, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia; Almetievsk - Nizhny Novgorod - Ryazan - Moscow with branches Nizhny Novgorod - Yaroslavl - Kirishi, etc.
The prospective levels of oil production in Russia will be determined mainly by the following factors - the demand for liquid fuel and the level of world prices for it, the development of transport infrastructure, tax conditions and scientific and technological achievements in exploration and development of deposits, as well as the quality of the explored resource base.
Prospective volumes of oil production in Russia will vary significantly depending on one or another variant of the country's socio-economic development, regardless of the dynamics of oil prices.
The strategic objectives of the industry development remain: providing production with the necessary structure of reserves and their regional distribution; a smoother and more gradual increase in production is possible without a premature decline, with stabilization of the achieved level of production for the longest possible time; taking into account the interests of future generations of Russians.
Oil production will be carried out and developed in Russia until 2010 both in traditional oil-producing regions - Western Siberia, the Volga region, the Northern Caucasus, and in new oil and gas provinces - in the European North (Timan-Pechora region), in Eastern Siberia and the Far East , in the south of Russia (North Caspian province).
The main oil base of the country remains the West Siberian oil and gas province. In the Volga-Ural province in the North Caucasus, oil production will fall, due to the depletion of the resource base.
Under favorable conditions for the development of the economy, new centers of the oil industry will be formed in Eastern Siberia and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), on the shelf of Sakhalin Island, in the Barents Sea, Russian sector the Caspian Sea. Oil production will increase in the Timan-Pechora province.
Ensuring the planned production levels and increasing the efficiency of oil production will be based on scientific and technological progress in the industry, improving drilling methods, reservoir stimulation, increasing the depth of extraction of reserves and the introduction of other advanced neti production technologies that will make it possible to economically justify the use of hard-to-recover oil reserves.
2.3. Oil refining industry
Pumping crude oil through oil pipelines to areas of consumption is cheaper than transporting petroleum products. Therefore, many oil refineries are located in areas of consumption, as well as on oil pipeline routes in large cities and on river routes through which oil is transported. The main oil refining centers are Moscow, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl Kirishi, Saratov, Syzran, Samara, Volgograd, Ufa, Perm, Orsk, Omsk, Angarsk, Achinsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Grozny. Large petrochemical complexes have been created in the country - Tobolsk, Tomsk, Nizhnekamsk.
Oil will be mainly used for the production of motor fuels and as chemical raw materials. Projects are being considered under the terms of a joint agreement on the extraction and transportation of oil from Siberia to the countries of Northeast Asia.
In order to meet the prospective levels of Russia's domestic demand for oil products and their exports, the development of the oil refining industry is envisaged, and, above all, on the basis of increasing the efficiency of using oil raw materials. The priority will be a consistent improvement in the quality of motor fuels in accordance with the change in the vehicle fleet, while maintaining the technologically justified use of fuel oil as a reserve fuel at thermal power plants, unconditional satisfaction of the needs of the country's defense capability.
The development of the transport infrastructure of the Russian oil complex is determined by the following main goals:
· Desire to create own oil terminals for offshore oil supplies to traditional and new export destinations;
· The expediency of forming new directions for the export of Russian oil and oil products, including bypassing the customs territory of neighboring states;
· The need to have a sufficient reserve of oil transportation capacities in the world markets;
· The need to expand the most efficient oil pipeline transport.
In order to reduce the country's dependence on the tariff policy of transit states, create new and develop existing export routes, increase the transit of oil from the CIS countries through Russia and reduce the transport costs of Russian companies, it is advisable to provide state support for export-oriented projects bypassing the territory of transit states.
The oil industry includes 13 large vertically integrated oil companies producing 87.7% of the country's oil and 113 small companies producing 9.2% respectively. More than 3% of oil production is carried out by OAO Gazprom.
The companies operate 28 oil refineries with a total capacity for primary processing of 296 million tons per year, with a load of 57%. There are 6 lubricants factories and 2 oil shale processing plants. The main transportation of oil and oil products is carried out by AK Transneft and AK Transnefteprodukt, respectively. Oil transportation is classified by Russian legislation as a natural monopoly.
2.4. Gas industry
The gas industry is the youngest and most efficient branch of the fuel and energy complex. In 2005 gas production amounted to 638 billion m³. The main deposits are located in Western Siberia, where three large gas-bearing areas are distinguished:
1. Tazovo-Purpeyskaya (the main deposits are Urengoyskoye, Yambursgskoye, Nadymskoye, Medvezhye, Tazovskoye);
2. Berezovskaya (fields - Pakhromskoye, Igrimskoye, Punginskoye);
3. Vasyuganskaya (fields - Luginetskoye, Myldzhinskoye, Ust-Silginskoye)
In the Volga-Ural province, gas resources are concentrated in the Orenburg, Saratov, Astrakhan regions, in the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan. In the Timan-Pechora province, the most significant deposit is Vuktylskoye in the Komi Republic. Large new gas resources have been discovered, and their exploitation has begun on the continental shelf of the Barents and Kara Seas and in the Irkutsk Region.
Dagestan, Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories have gas resources in the North Caucasus. A number of gas fields were discovered in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the Vilyui River basin. On the basis of gas resources, large gas industrial complexes are being formed in Western Siberia, the Timan-Pechora province, in the Orenburg and Astrakhan regions. The efficiency of natural gas is high compared to other fuels, and the construction of long-distance gas pipelines pays off quickly.
Extraction and processing of oil and transportation of gas is carried out mainly by JSC "Gazprom" - the leading gas company in the world. It produces 94% of Russian gas and provides 100% of its exports.
There are 8 enterprises and 17 enterprises for its transport in 42 subsidiaries of OAO Gazprom. The length of the main gas pipelines in Russia is 151 thousand km, the number of compressor stations is 250 units. with a total capacity of 40 million kW. There are 21 underground gas storage facilities and 6 gas processing plants. The length of gas distribution networks is 378 thousand km. Gas transportation is referred by Russian legislation to the sphere of natural monopolies.
Main gas pipelines: Saratov - Moscow, Saratov - Nizhny Novgorod - Vladimir - Yaroslavl - Cherepovets; Minnibaevo - Kazan - Nizhny Novgorod; Orenburg - Samara - Tolyatti; Stavropol - Nevinnomyssk - Grozny; Ordzhonikidze - Tbilisi; Magnitogorsk - Ishimbay - Shkapovo. But the main gas pipelines from western Siberia are of particular importance: Igrim - Serov; Bear - Nadym - Punga - Nizhnyaya Tura - Perm - Kazan - Nizhny Novgorod - Moscow; Punga - Vuktyl - Ukhta; Urengoy - Moscow; Urengoy - Gryazovets; Urengoy - Yelets; Urengoy - Petrovsk; Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod. A gas pipeline was built to European countries from Yamburg, etc. Construction of a gas pipeline from Yamal along the bottom of the Barents Sea to Central Europe has begun. In the future, Russia will enter the gas market of Northeast Asian countries with China, Korea and Japan.
With a combination of favorable internal and external conditions and factors, gas production in Russia may reach about 645-665 m³ in 2010.
To date, the basic deposits of Western Siberia, which provide the bulk of current production, have already been largely depleted: Medvezhye - by 75.6%, Urengoyskoye - by 65.4%, Yamburgskoye - by 54.1%.
The main gas-producing region of the country remains the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where 72% of all Russia's reserves are concentrated, in particular the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky region.
The Yamal Peninsula, as well as the waters of the northern seas of Russia, will become a strategic priority region for gas production in the long term. Another major gas production area in the period from 2010-2020. will be eastern Siberia. Here, as well as in the adjacent regions of the Far East, gas production will be developed on the basis of the development of the Kovykta gas condensate field in the Irkutsk region, the Chayadinskoye oil and gas condensate field in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), and oil and gas condensate fields in Sakhalin.
Along with the development of large fields, it is advisable to involve in the development of the so-called "Small" gas fields, primarily in the European part of the country. According to available estimates, only in three regions - the Urals, the Volga region and the North-West, these fields can annually produce up to 8-10 billion m³ of gas.
Gasification of regions of Russia will continue, including large industrial centers in the southern part of Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. important place in the fuel supply structure of the village and dispersed consumers, it will retain liquefied gas, the consumption of which is projected to increase by 1.2-1.3 times.
In the gas industry, in order to increase the efficiency of its functioning, it is planned to implement major measures of scientific and technological progress related to the use of advanced technologies for drilling, production, processing, and consumption of gas, improving the gas transportation system, increasing the energy efficiency of gas transportation, sizes, systems for accumulating its reserves, and as well as technologies for liquefying gas for its transportation.
To supply gas to consumers and ensure transit, a significant development of gas transmission systems in Eastern Siberia and the Far East, their connection with the Unified Gas Supply System of Russia is required.
In order to reduce dependence on the tariff policy of transit states. Creation of new and development of existing export directions. To increase the transit of gas from the CIS countries through the territory of Russia and reduce the transport costs of Russian companies, it is advisable to provide state support for export-oriented projects that bypass the territory of transit states, for example, the construction of a gas pipeline - North European.
2.5. coal industry
Russia ranks first in the world in terms of explored coal reserves. The best quality coals are found in the Kuznetsk and Pechora basins. Coal resources are unevenly distributed across the territory of Russia. Over 94% of all coal reserves are in the eastern regions of the country; while its main needs are in the European part.
The most important coal basin in Russia is the Kuznetsk. It accounts for 40% of all production. Its balance reserves are 600 billion. t.; the thickness of the seams is from 6-14 m, and in some places it reaches 20-25 m. Kuzbass coals are distinguished by the highest ash content, high calorie content - up to 8.6 thousand kcal; significant resources of coking coals. In terms of reserves, quality of coal and thickness of the seams, Kuzbass is one of the first places in the world.
The second major coal base is the Pechora basin with reserves of 210 billion tons. Its coals are of high quality, have a calorific value of 4-7 thousand kcal, about a third of the Pechora coals are well coked.
The coal basins of republican significance include the Kansk-Achinsk lignite basin within the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Kemerovo region. Seams of coal come to the surface and create conditions for open-pit mining. The coals of the basin have a relatively low ash content - up to 8-16%, their calorific value is 2.8-4.6 thousand kcal; the thickness of the seams is enormous - from 14 to 70 m. Kansk-Achinsk coals have the lowest cost in Russia. They are used as energy fuel. The Kansko-Achinsk fuel and energy complex (KATEK) is being created here with large thermal power plants already operating and under construction.
Other regions of Russia also have coal resources. So, in the Center there is a coal basin near Moscow, in the Urals - Kizelovsky, Chelyabinsk, South Ural, in Siberia - Minusinsky, Cheremkhovsky, Ulugkhemsky, Tungussky. In the Far East - the South Yakutsk basin with high-quality coals, on the basis of which the TPK is formed, as well as the Bureinsky, Suchansky, Lena basins. Rich in coal and Sakhalin. The eastern regions of Russia have great prospects for the development of the coal industry. However, coal mining is still underdeveloped here.
Coal in Russia is mined by open and mine methods. Open pit mining now accounts for more than 60% of total production.
In the future, coal production will decline, and primarily in European regions. In the Kuznetsk and Kansko-Achinsk basins, some increase in coal production is expected due to the open pit.
The prospective levels of coal production in Russia are primarily determined by the demand for it in the domestic market of the country, due to the level of technological and price competitiveness of coal with alternative energy resources in the conditions of market saturation with fuel.
Under favorable conditions for development, coal production in Russia may amount to 300-335 million tons in 2010.
The coal industry has a sufficient amount of geological reserves of coal and production potential to solve the tasks. Therefore, specific production volumes will be specified depending on the economic demand for solid fuels. Although the planned levels of coal production are provided with explored reserves, however, this does not exclude the need for certain additional geological exploration.
The coal industry has a production capacity for coal mining in the amount of 337 million tons. per year, loaded by almost 74%, including mines - 130 million tons. per year and in open pits - 207 million tons. in year. The number of mines - 154, cuts - 75, processing plants - 65. The total number of organizations in the industry is 562, including 507 joint-stock companies and 55 state-owned enterprises.
It is necessary to increase coal production, primarily in the Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk basins. Having the most favorable conditions for providing the country with high-quality and economical coal fuel and maintaining the importance of coal mining in the fields of Eastern Siberia, Buryatia, Yakutia, the Far East, and in the European part of Russia - Eastern Donbass and Pechora as an important factor in the energy supply of fuel-deficient western regions of the country.
At the same time, the share of raw materials in the industry has sharply increased and the share of high-tech industries has decreased, which are most in need of cooperation, including with other industries (science, education, etc.)
Nevertheless, the fuel and energy complex of Russia, which lost more than a quarter of its capacities after the collapse of the USSR, managed, on the whole, to continue uninterruptedly performing the former economic, production and technological functions, despite all the dramatic turns in the historical fate of Russia. This happened due to the huge margin of safety laid down during the creation of the domestic fuel and energy complex, the capabilities of state centralized grid energy supply systems. Moreover, it was the energy sector that in the past years laid down the main burden of stabilizing the economy at the transitional stage of development to a modern market economy, a socially oriented state.
When they say that the energy sector of Russia is the basis, the engine, the core structure Russian economy, in fact, points are emphasized, without which the existence and survival of Russia as a state is unthinkable.
We are talking, firstly, about the fuel and energy complex as a powerful source of budgetary funds or even a donor to the state treasury.
Secondly, its historically formed social mission is emphasized. In the specific life of post-Soviet Russia, this is the ability, relying on energy resources and the financial capabilities of the fuel and energy complex, to mitigate the social consequences of market reforms.
Thirdly, it is customary to talk about the relative stability of the fuel and energy complex in comparison with a number of other industrial sectors that have found themselves in a stage of deep crisis. At present, the fuel and energy complex is one of the steadily operating industrial complexes of the Russian economy.
Fourthly, Russia's energy sector is a factor in its energy security against energy shortages. It ensures energy independence and security of the country.
Fifth, finally, everyone who cares about the future of Russia sees in the fuel and energy complex or the energy sector (these are actually equivalent concepts) a hope for a sustainable energy supply in the 20th century, especially in the context of various threats, risks, and man-made disasters that abound in modern life. .
Now Russia occupies a leading place only in terms of resource potential and production of primary energy resources: 1st place in gas production, 2nd place in oil, 4th place in electricity, 6th place in coal production.
In terms of consumption of primary energy resources per capita, despite the high energy intensity of the economy, Russia is increasingly lagging behind developed countries.
3. Problems and prospects for the development of the fuel and energy complex
The last decade was marked by major structural changes in the fuel and energy complex, the destruction of the old organizational structures, established economic ties and the creation of new management structures, new production and economic relations.
At the same time, regional energy companies are exposed to various factors of uncertainty, leading to shortfall in profits, and, consequently, to unstable development. These, first of all, include the restructuring of the energy sector, the results of the first stages of which not only did not bring the desired results, but even worsened financial position companies. As a result, all the forces and means of regional energy companies are directed to their sustainable functioning. This leads to an increase in the cost of production of electrical and thermal energy. At the same time, there was a problem associated with building up production capacity to compensate for the decommissioning of old production facilities, which in turn requires huge costs.
Also, the factors hindering the development of the energy sector include:
· The continuing shortage of investment resources and their irrational use. Given the high investment potential of the fuel and energy industries, the inflow of foreign investment into them is less than 13% of the total volume of capital investment financing. At the same time, 95% of these investments are in the oil industry. In the electric power industry, conditions for the necessary investment backlog have not been created, as a result of which these industries can become a brake on the economic growth that has begun;
· Energy equipment used in the power industry is uneconomical. There are practically no progressive combined-cycle plants, waste gas purification plants in the country, renewable energy sources are used very little, the equipment of the coal industry is outdated and technically backward, the potential of nuclear energy is not used enough;
· Lack of market infrastructure and a civilized, competitive energy market, this is due to the fact that the construction of thermal power plants was tied to specific industrial facilities, and there are no transmission lines for part of the electrical transmission to the side;
· The necessary transparency of the economic activities of natural monopoly entities is not ensured, which negatively affects the quality state regulation their activities and the development of competition;
· Continued high pressure on the environment from fuel and energy activities. Thermal power plants are the main air pollutants in the structure of the fuel and energy complex, especially those that operate on coal. Today, when the Kyoto Protocol has been signed and ratified by the Russian Federation, this problem of energy companies is becoming one of the most urgent;
· Lack of developed and stable legislation that fully takes into account the specifics of the functioning of fuel and energy enterprises.
Taking into account the decisive role of the fuel and energy complex in the economy of our country, the restoration of the fuel and energy complex, including its position in the world market, is becoming a priority state task.
The severity of the problems in the development of the fuel and energy complex will largely be determined by the ratio of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of economic growth. The exhaustion of many extensive factors that have been operating for decades necessitates the transition to a qualitatively new type of economic growth. Its main distinguishing features are:
global technological revolution
· Transition from a resource-consuming model of economic development to a knowledge-intensive one
Increasing the productivity of the use of all factors of social production
Improving the well-being of the population, not so much by increasing the number of material and spiritual benefits, but by improving their quality,
· Inclusion in the concept of well-being of a healthy environment.
The fuel and energy complex for many states is a kind of locomotive of the economy, helping not only to stay afloat, but also to achieve some progress. However, if you do not invest in the fuel and energy complex, then gradually the efficiency of its activities will decrease. This is especially true for the oil sector, which without investment can quickly "die", and its resurrection is a long and extremely expensive process.
Due to the instability of the legal foundations of economic activity in Russia and for a number of other reasons, the investment attractiveness of the fuel and energy complex for domestic and foreign investors has decreased, although the need for them has increased many times over. In the context of a significant increase in the cost of extraction and production of fuel and energy resources, the need for a sharp increase in capital investments in the fuel and energy complex and the tightening of environmental requirements, the strategic importance of increasing the energy efficiency of the economy as the most important tool for meeting the energy needs of society has increased.
It is necessary to develop and implement government measures to stimulate investment activity in the oil industry, including the oil refining industry, including the expansion of the system of production sharing agreements (PSA), especially in the field of risky business.
The main feature and task of the oil refining industry is to increase the depth of oil refining from 70% at present to 85%. This will allow, with a 20% increase in oil refining, to increase the production of motor fuels by 1.7 times with a simultaneous decrease in the production of fuel oil by 1.8 times, which will affect the fuel balance of the electric power industry.
In the gas industry economic changes related to the prospective state of the raw material base of the industry and its fixed assets, manifest themselves even more acutely than in the oil sector. The basic gas fields in Western Siberia are significantly depleted (Medvezhye - by 78%, Urengoyskoye - by 67%, Yamburgskoye - by 46%) and have entered the phase of declining production. Discovered new fields (Yamal and Zapolyarnoye in Western Siberia, on the shelves of the Okhotsk and Barents Seas, Kovykta in Eastern Siberia, etc.) are several times more expensive than those in operation, and by 2020 more than 80% of the gas in the country should be produced. In addition, the condition of the existing fixed assets of the industry, the depreciation of which has exceeded 60%, requires large investments for their renewal, maintenance and modernization. At the same time, the harsh and economically unjustified artificial containment of state-regulated gas prices does not allow the formation of investment sources that ensure even a simple reproduction of fixed assets.
Taking into account the above, it is necessary to ensure a rapid increase in investments in the gas industry to 11-12 billion dollars in 2020. Combined with rising transportation costs, it is objectively necessary to sharply increase gas prices. Calculations have shown that such an increase in gas prices will lead to a corresponding increase in electricity prices in addition to their objectively necessary increase for the formation of investments, which will negatively affect the competitiveness of domestic producers and the inflationary environment. However, the implementation of such a price state policy in the gas sector and in the electric power industry is objectively necessary, since without these measures, the country will not be provided with the necessary energy resources.
The coal industry has a sufficient base to fully meet the needs of the Russian economy, but its development is complicated by a number of factors.
Firstly, these are restrictions on the use of coal for environmental reasons, and secondly, in terms of the volume of transportation by rail.
It is fundamentally important that, in contrast to the rapidly rising in price of gas, coal prices should increase by 2010 only by 10-15%, with their subsequent stabilization and some reduction (excluding inflation). This can happen as a result of the involvement in the extraction of more efficient coal reserves, the improvement of the economic organization of the industry and, most importantly, the introduction of the latest scientific and technical developments in the extraction, processing and transportation of coal. The reduction in the cost of coal production is envisaged in the period 2010-2030, which serves as an important argument for increasing its role in the country's fuel balance.
The specificity of the development of the Russian fuel and energy complex is due to a number of factors. Firstly, it is a climatic, natural and geographical factor: Russia is the coldest country in the world, almost half of its territory falls on the permafrost zone. Secondly, consumption centers are remote from energy bases. Thirdly, access to non-freezing ports is limited. Fourthly, transport and energy communications, being very long, have limited reserves of their capacity.
These factors largely indirectly, through the influence of the fuel and energy complex, also determine the specifics of the development of the entire economy. In view of the special role of the Russian energy sector in the global division of labor in the late 20th and early 20th centuries, the processes taking place in it will affect not only the domestic but also the economies of foreign countries.
Despite a number of objective difficulties, the fuel and energy complex mainly meets the country's needs for fuel and energy and fully controls the Russian energy market. This situation is determined not only by the quality of the functioning of the complex, but also by a decrease in domestic demand for fuel and energy, which during the years of reforms amounted to 30.3% for primary energy resources and 23.7% for electricity, with a general drop in industrial production by more than 50%.
The “Basic Provisions of the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2020” approved by the Government of the Russian Federation do not actually provide for a significant change in the structure of the country’s fuel and energy balance, which is formed mainly on the basis of hydrocarbon raw materials (gas, oil) with a slight (2-3%) increase in the coal component. Reproduction of the raw material base is not carried out. At the same time, gas exports are projected to grow by more than 20%, with a slight reduction in supplies of oil and oil products abroad. By the beginning of the 20th century, the export of oil and oil products exceeded domestic consumption by 1.27 times, and gas exports accounted for more than 50% of domestic consumption.
The long-term strategy for the development of the fuel and energy complex, up to 80% of the primary energy resources of which will be irreplaceable reserves of gas and oil, in the future poses a real threat to Russia's energy security.
When forming options for the development of the fuel and energy complex of the state in the medium and long term, for their comparative assessment, it is important to fully take into account the possibility of implementing various kinds of strategic threats to energy security and the requirements for the reliability of fuel and energy supply to the country's consumers in the current plan, and especially for emergencies. Energy security is understood as the state of protection of citizens and the economy of the state from the threat of a shortage in meeting their needs with economically accessible fuel and energy resources of acceptable quality in the long term and current plan, including during emergencies. Strategic threats are real threats that, when implemented, lead to a long-term shortage of fuel and energy resources, which leads to a curbing of economic growth and a deterioration in the socio-economic situation of the country. Such threats for Russia in the next 10-15 years can be considered a lack of investment for the development of the fuel and energy complex, a decrease in annual gas production in the country, an unacceptably low rate of replacement of aging fixed assets and a decrease in the specific energy intensity of GDP. The main factors determining the level of energy security of the state are:
· The ability of the economy and the fuel and energy complex to carry out an uninterrupted supply of energy carriers in sufficient volume, creating energy prerequisites for the stable functioning and development of the economy and maintaining the necessary standard of living for the population;
· Ability of consumers to use energy efficiently;
· Balanced supply of fuel and energy resources and demand for them, taking into account economically justified volumes of import and export of fuel and energy resources;
· Socio-political, legal, economic and international conditions for the development of fuel and energy industries and increasing the efficiency of the use of fuel and energy resources by their consumers.
The ideology of liberalization is at the heart of the reforms of the Russian economy. The trigger for liberalization processes was the “shock therapy” scenario that began in the 1990s, which was aimed at limiting the state’s share in the economy. The next stage in the process of reforming the Russian economy is the liberalization of the energy and gas markets.
The energy and gas supply system of Russia is the fundamental elements of the national economy, on the reliable and efficient functioning of which its normal operation and the life of all Russian citizens directly depend. The state of the electric power industry largely determines the level and efficiency of the economy of any country.
The gas industry and the electric power industry are the backbone of the Russian economy. Their scale is astounding - Russia has about 1/3 of the world's natural gas reserves (most of which are concentrated in the 20 largest gas fields), and currently supplies about a quarter of all gas to the world market.
Thus, in terms of scale, the Russian electric power industry is the largest in the world, and in terms of electricity production, Russia is second only to the United States. Tax payments from the gas industry and the electric power industry provide approximately 30% of all federal budget revenues, and 20% of all export revenues came from natural gas exports. The share of gas in the total volume of production and domestic consumption of energy resources is about 50%, in the structure of fuel exports from Russia - 45-46%. The gas industry occupies 8% in the structure of GDP. In Russia, the gas industry and the electric power industry are closely interconnected not only as sources of potentially interchangeable resources, but also due to the fact that almost 40% of domestic gas consumption is for electricity generation.
Experts draw attention to the fact that the economic development of the country continues to be extensive, which is at odds with the main trends in the evolution of the world economy. Of course, here the “world economy” refers mainly to the economies of highly developed countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. External factors still play an important role in the Russian economy - the conjuncture of world markets and prices, the dynamics exchange rates etc. innovation activity remains weak, the manufacturability of production is not growing, fixed assets are physically and morally aging.
According to all the main economic indicators (BBB structure, industry structure, exports, the degree of dependence of the budget on world prices in the energy markets, etc.), Russia belongs to the countries with a raw-material way of life. In the last decade, the role of the primary industries has increased even more, and the problem of economic restructuring has become more acute.
All structural transformations in the economy should be considered from the standpoint of the simultaneous rise and development of both raw materials and processing, and science-intensive and high-tech industries, with the only difference being that the growth rates priority industries should be higher.
Thus, at present, the task of overcoming the systemic economic crisis in Russia is not only to transfer the economy to the trajectory of competitiveness, but also to change economic growth. Here an important role belongs to the scientific and industrial policy of the state, which determines the general economic strategy as the most promising basis for development.
It must be borne in mind that the priority development of the primary industries, which have become the leading ones in the Russian economy by now, is not capable of solving the problem of economic recovery for a long time. Primary industries are the basis of the industrial economy of Russia, which gives it special stability, but not its main driving force, and these two concepts cannot be replaced (for example, in Japan there is practically no raw material base, but there is an efficient economy). Moreover, the potential of this driving force, irreplaceable by nature, is steadily drying up (oil, for example, is only 50 years old)
For the past 10-15 years, in the economically highly developed countries of the world, there has been a steady trend towards a decrease in the material component in the cost of products and services (only 10-15%) and an increase in the share of costs for the acquisition of knowledge and information.
Russia, according to some estimates, has 28% of the world's reserves of mineral resources and by 2015 will increase their domestic consumption and external supplies by 2 times. Development on this basis will lead to a certain increase in GDP, but there will be no radical improvement in the standard of living - according to this indicator per capita, Russia is now ten times behind the highly developed countries. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the strong competition and high saturation of the world market for oil and gas raw materials, which bring the main foreign exchange income, as well as (due mainly to geographical and climatic reasons) the extremely high capital intensity of domestic raw materials industries and the cost of their products. For example, the threshold of non-negative profitable Russian oil is 2.5 or more times higher than the oil of the OPEC countries. In addition to the geographical and climatic conditions of development, there is an additional group of factors that have a negative impact on the competitiveness of Russian oil and gas exports:
· High level transport tariffs and costs,
· High level of taxation
· High cost of geological exploration and development of deposits, etc.
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the low competitiveness of enterprises in the fuel and energy complex of Russia has become one of the main crisis-forming factors in the Russian economy, and therefore it is necessary to adjust further reforms in the energy sector, taking into account the aspects of ensuring competitiveness enhancement within the framework of the priority of federal state interests.
Prospects for the development of the fuel and energy complex
for the period up to 2030. (developed by INP RAS)
The fuel and energy complex of Russia is characterized by a number of features that seriously affect the scale and structure of energy consumption, the economics of energy production and prices in the domestic market. The most significant factors include:
Continuing population decline with increasing complexity demographic characteristics;
· A large territory of the country, which makes the transport component largely determining the efficiency of energy use by domestic consumers. At the same time, ensuring the reliability of export ties is a serious factor in strengthening national energy security;
· Russia is the coldest country in the world. Therefore, reliable provision of the country's thermal needs is a significant factor in the formation of the energy balance of the country and its regions;
· Preservation of the outdated technical and technological composition and structure of the energy complex (especially in terms of its domestic monopolies), formed in a different, non-market economic environment;
· Low reliability, high maintenance costs and maintenance of obsolete technologies and worn-out equipment, including power equipment;
· Stable disparity in fuel and energy prices that do not meet market conditions and differ from the level and structure of world market prices;
· Preservation of the possibility of the formation of dangerous centers of internal social tension, if the provision of energy and prices for it are linked to the incomes of the population;
· Greater dependence of the national economy on the energy complex as a supplier of fuel and energy, one of the main sources of tax and foreign exchange earnings.
These features determine the following targets for substantiating the prospects for the long-term development of the country's fuel and energy complex for the period up to 2030:
· Ensuring the country's internal needs for energy resources is the main task of the fuel and energy complex throughout the entire forecasting period;
· Market factors are decisive when choosing technologies for extraction, production, transport and use of energy resources;
· Ensuring the security and reliability of energy supplies is a promising task;
· The role of the electrification of the country as the most significant factor in the growth of labor productivity and ensuring the energy comfort of the population is increasing;
· The role of state regulation in protecting the environment and the safety of work and life of people is increasing;
· The energy intensity of the gross domestic product should be reduced by changing the structure of production towards industries with higher added value and lower energy intensity, the development of innovative and energy-saving technologies.
4. Fuel and Energy Complex and the Environment
Our country, as you know, plays an important role in ensuring global energy security. But our foreign partners often care only about the interests of countries that consume energy resources and are interested in their stable supplies from Russia. And such an approach, which does not take into account the interests of sustainable development and environmental security of our country, cannot be shared by the state. The year 2006 was declared the Year of Global Energy Security by the world community. Energy development issues were at the center of discussion at the Summit of the Heads of the Eight Leading States of the World in St. Petersburg.
Meanwhile, the ecological state of the domestic fuel and energy complex, primarily in its resource base, already today raises serious concerns. Of course, this applies not only to environmental pollution during the extraction itself, as well as the transportation of fuel, but also sometimes simply to the predatory attitude of mining companies towards the fields being developed.
Table 2: Air emissions of pollutants
For example, in our oil fields, the fuel recovery is significantly lower than in foreign ones - it is often economically more profitable for entrepreneurs to move to the next well after extracting “easy production” than to increase the specific oil recovery. Therefore, proceeding from the state interests, it is important to increase the efficiency of using deposits, this is all the more important since geological exploration has been curtailed in recent years - over the past 10-15 years not a single new large mineral deposit has been discovered.
The extraction of energy resources is also associated with the production of a large amount of waste, which additionally pollutes the environment. So, when extracting 1 ton of oil, more than 1 ton of waste is “produced”, and when extracting 1 ton of coal, at least 6 tons. In addition, during the extraction of the same oil, a large amount of associated gas is completely uselessly burned in flares.
The solution to these problems can only be achieved through the introduction of new, more advanced technologies that can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment. The development of innovative activity requires, in turn, an appropriate legislative framework. It is necessary to create a legislative mechanism for stimulating innovation, attracting investment in science-intensive sectors of the economy, including energy. We still have the necessary scientific base, including in the military-industrial complex - suffice it to mention, for example, gas turbine thermal power plants and efficient wind power plants developed at our aircraft plants.
Work in this area focuses on several areas:
· Natural resource support for the country's fuel and energy complex and energy supplies for export;
· Ensuring the functional safety of the fuel and energy complex by creating the legal framework for technical regulation; including the development of the legal framework for the environmentally safe development of nuclear energy;
· Legal regulation of energy conservation and improvement of the overall energy efficiency of the economy based on innovation, including the development of the use of renewable energy resources.
It is believed that the improvement of tax legislation should continue. In particular, it is expedient to make the mineral extraction tax differentiated. The object of taxation should be deposits. Subsequently, the issue of stimulating the development of Russian oil and gas engineering by reducing the tax base of domestic oil and gas companies by the amount of funds allocated by them for the development and purchase of domestic machinery and equipment for production may also be considered.
The rights of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of subsoil use need to be expanded, in particular, the principle of “two keys” deserves legal formalization. A major problem is deposits at the stage of declining production - for large companies working with them becomes unprofitable.
This is all the more relevant in the light of the progressive shortage of energy resources for domestic consumption, primarily in the electric power industry. It is necessary to build a policy of global leadership in ensuring energy security based on the interests of increasing the production of processed products of primary energy resources for domestic consumption. The solution of these problems is based on the ways of outstripping growth in the volume of energy construction and the revival of domestic energy engineering, which is impossible without the regulatory (stimulating) role of the state.
The problems of improving the environmental situation in the fuel and energy complex are closely linked to the tasks of increasing the energy efficiency of our entire economy and reducing the energy intensity of manufactured products. The introduction of energy-saving equipment and technologies will not only reduce, but also significantly reduce the burden on the environment by reducing the mass of fuel burned.
There are also specific problems of intellectual property in the fuel and energy sector. A major legal issue, for example, is the issue of ownership of geological information about deposits, including those obtained through surveys funded by private investors. Proposals are being prepared for the further development of legislation and an important economic and legal experiment to test new organizational and technological solutions to improve the technical and economic efficiency of fuel and energy companies and their environmental safety.
Conclusion
The fuel and energy complex is the most important subsystem of the region's economy, which has a strong influence on its growth rates, on the efficiency of the development of consumer industries, energy resources, on the labor balance of the territory, on the level and quality of life of the population, on incomes and expenses of the regional budget, etc. .
The fuel and energy complex includes the oil, gas, coal industry and electric power industry. The branches of the fuel and energy complex are closely connected with all sectors of the Russian economy.
Currently, non-payments for fuel and energy are a serious problem in the fuel and energy complex. The central problem is the inconsistency of technical and technological features and the current state of the fuel and energy complex and infrastructure industries with the task of reducing the cost of energy in market conditions. The necessary constant rise in the cost of energy and the growth of technological and economic risks are not so much the result of creating market relations in the fuel and energy sector, how much is the result of an underestimation of the real consequences in the social sphere, the economy as a whole from hasty reform actions.
The fuel and energy complex is of great regional importance. It creates the prerequisites for the development of fuel-intensive industries and serves as the basis for the formation of industrial complexes, including electric power, petrochemical, coal-chemical, and gas industries. The condition and technical level of the operating capacities of the fuel and energy complex are now becoming critical. More than half of the equipment in the coal industry, 40% of gas pumping units have exhausted their design life, half of the equipment in oil production and more than 40% in the gas industry have over 60% wear. The wear of equipment in oil refining and electric power industry is especially high.
The most important task for the further development of the fuel and energy industry in the conditions of the formation and development of market relations is the implementation of measures for the protection of nature and rational use of natural resources. In the oil and gas industry, this is an increase in oil recovery, a more complete extraction of oil from the bowels, and the utilization of associated gases. Since the oil industry is a major consumer of water, the task is to reduce the consumption of clean fresh water, introduce recycling water supply, and stop the discharge of polluted water into water bodies. The tasks of more economical use of land resources for oil and gas producing and oil refining enterprises have been set. In the coal industry, the most important environmental task is land reclamation, since open-pit mining, which will increase in the future, violates significant areas of land. As a result of mining, the soil layer above the mines and adits is deformed. When burning coal, a necessary condition is the creation of powerful filters for cleaning polluting emissions from the air basin.
The environmental policy in the fuel and energy complex should be aimed at reducing the technogenic impact on the environment, since now it accounts for about 48% of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, 36% of wastewater and over 30% of solid waste from all pollutants.
Anti-crisis measures in the sectors of the fuel and energy complex in the coming years involve: restoring the pre-crisis level and increasing gas production in the developed regions; expand the capacity of gas pipelines and build a new Yamal export gas pipeline to Central Europe; to slow down the decline in oil and condensate production, carry out work on the reconstruction of the oil refining industry with an increase in the depth of oil refining to 67%; to stop the decline in coal production while restructuring towards increasing open-pit mining in the eastern regions of the country.
Particularly important is the task of forming a fuel and energy market controlled by the state with the help of pricing and tax policies, creating a competitive environment and attracting foreign investment.
The regional strategy of Russia in the fuel and energy complex is aimed at developing market relations and maximizing energy supply to each region independently. Prospects for the development of branches of the fuel and energy complex involve the implementation of an energy-saving policy, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, and the accelerated development of the gas industry.
As a result of the implementation of the energy strategy as one of the stages of the long-term state energy policy in Russia, an efficiently developing fuel and energy complex and a competitive energy market will emerge that meet the energy needs of a growing economy and integrate into world energy markets. .
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In the light of recent events related to the fall in oil prices, the war of sanctions between Russia, the US and the EU, the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation has become quite vulnerable not only because of the objectively tightened requirements for the cost of hydrocarbon production, but also in terms of difficulties with the supply of specialized equipment to Russia. In this regard, it is necessary to consider and evaluate current situation, prospects and stages of development of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) of the Russian Federation, identify the main development trends and develop a list of tasks necessary for the most complete implementation of the strategic goals of both the fuel and energy complex and the country as a whole. Also, based on the results of the analysis, it is required to form a reasonable forecast for the development of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation.
The main goal of Russia's energy policy is to achieve maximum efficiency in the use of energy resources and the potential of the fuel and energy complex as a whole. A competent energy policy should become the main mechanism for sustainable economic growth and improving the overall quality of life of the country's population. Of course, alternative strategies to ensure the country's food independence, import substitution also pursue these goals, but the last decades of the development of the Russian Federation indicate that the fuel and energy complex is the main national economic sector of the country.
The main goals of the development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia within the framework of the strategy until 2020 imply:
1. Getting on the path of energy efficient development (including the implementation of the task of reducing the energy intensity of production).
2. Implementation of various kinds of innovations in the fuel and energy complex, both in terms of management and production and exploration.
3. Deeper integration into the global energy system, which is difficult due to the deterioration of relations with the EU.
4. Achieve higher competitiveness on the global stage.
It should be noted that the main priority for the development of the fuel and energy complex is the development of the market infrastructure of the complex, and special attention is paid to pricing policy, reducing the cost of production, as well as other costs associated with the functioning of the fuel and energy complex.
The directions presented in the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2020 are being implemented in practice. At this stage of the implementation of the strategy, the electric power industry has been reformed, the nuclear power industry has been reformed, the market is being liberalized and the most favorable conditions are being created. tax conditions in the oil and gas industry. In the Russian Federation, the development of the petrochemical and oil refining industries is actively stimulated and supported, and all kinds of administrative barriers in the activities of energy companies are being eliminated.
Today, in the context of falling world oil prices, which is due to the factors of increasing the average volume of oil production per rig, as well as the excess of the actual supply of oil on the world market over demand, it is very problematic for Russia to develop projects with high production costs, which include projects in the Arctic shelf, deep oil fields.
Such problems make us think not so much about the size of the profits of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation, but about the sustainability of its functioning and development. It should be noted that the goals of the development of the oil complex, according to the strategy for the development of the fuel and energy complex until 2030, which was developed by the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, are:
Uninterrupted and cost-effective satisfaction of demand for oil and oil products in the domestic market (the main indicator for solving this problem is the dynamics of gasoline prices in the regions of the country);
Participation in ensuring global demand for oil and oil products, provided that the possibility of harming the internal needs of the state is excluded (here there is a conflict of interests between the state and oil companies that prefer to sell oil abroad rather than refine it in Russia, supplying the country with gasoline and other refined products);
Ensuring the stability of revenues to the state budget in accordance with the role assigned to the fuel and energy complex in the formation of the gross domestic product;
Renovation of the complex by attracting investments and introducing innovations;
Improving the environmental and economic efficiency of the complex.
Speaking about the cost of production of one ton of oil in Russia, it should be noted that it increased from 7491.9 rubles in 2012 to 8603.4 rubles in 2014.
The following development trends influence the prospects for the development of the oil complex:
Depletion of West Siberian deposits and the emergence of a need for the development of oil resources in the Arctic shelf and the Far East;
Increase in the total production of the share of hard-to-recover reserves;
An increase in the number of complex oil and gas fields and the associated need for the utilization of methane, helium and associated petroleum gas, which significantly increases production costs;
Rise in the cost of the logistics component.
Conduct extensive exploration work and develop new deposits;
Form new large oil complexes that provide for oil production with associated utilization of petroleum gas;
To carry out the improvement of technologies and the introduction of innovations in the process of oil production and oil refining;
Develop and improve transport infrastructure, including the construction of new pipelines;
To improve the quality of manufactured refined products in order to achieve their competitiveness in the world market;
Minimize losses at all stages of the technological process.
The objectives of the development of the gas complex are:
Uninterrupted and stable satisfaction of external and internal demand for gas;
Formation and development unified system gas supply throughout the Russian Federation;
Improving the organizational structure of the gas industry in order to increase its economic performance;
Ensuring stable receipts to the state budget of funds from the operation of the gas complex of the Russian Federation.
According to the REGNUM news agency, in 2014 gas production in the Russian Federation decreased by 4.2% compared to 2013 and amounted to 640.237 billion cubic meters.
The largest gas producing company in Russia in 2014 was Gazprom with a production volume of 432.025 billion cubic meters. Novatek, with a gas production volume of 53.556 billion cubic meters, is in second place with a significant lag.
Based on the above information, it can be predicted that in the near future Gazprom will maintain its leading position in gas production. The reason for the leadership of "Gazprom" is the development by the company of most of the fields existing in Russia and significant state support. It is worth noting that the Russian Federation ranks second in the world in terms of gas production and is second only to the United States with a production volume of 690 billion cubic meters.
So, let's define the main trends in the development of the Russian gas industry:
The emergence of the need to develop new, more expensive gas production centers in connection with the depletion of fields in the Tyumen region;
Increase in the share of hard-to-recover reserves;
Increase in the cost of production and transportation of gas production products;
The rapid development of liquefied natural gas production in the world.
Compensate for the decline in gas production through the development of new fields;
Diversify export supplies (especially to China);
To intensify exploration and development of new natural gas fields;
Update equipment and pipes in a timely manner to minimize natural gas losses;
Develop production and export of liquefied natural gas;
To develop and improve the gas processing and geochemical industries.
In general, according to the author of the work, the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation has good development prospects, since there is a huge potential for undeveloped deposits. However, it is worth intensifying work in the field of increasing the export of processed products, which requires the construction of new high-tech oil refining enterprises, which will make it possible to obtain additional income by increasing added value. In an even more effective version, it is necessary to increase the country's internal demand for fuel and other refined products, which requires strengthening the entire economy of the country, re-equipping it in production, and increasing labor productivity.
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fuel and energy complex is a group of industries involved in the extraction and processing of fuel, the generation of electricity and its delivery to the consumer. Almost 30% of the funds allocated by the state for industry are spent on the development of the fuel and energy complex in the Russian Federation. The fuel and energy complex is connected with other intersectoral complexes. For example, the transport complex transports goods for the fuel and energy complex, MK produces equipment and machines. The basis of Russia's exports - oil, gas, coal to foreign countries - also falls on the fuel and energy complex, they account for 40% of the total exports in the country.
TEK is divided into:
1) fuel industry (Coal mining and processing, oil, gas, shale and peat. Fuel processing takes place at mining sites, on freight traffic routes, in fuel consumption areas.)
2) electric power industry (Production of electricity at thermal power plants (CHP, IES), hydroelectric power stations, nuclear power plants. Transmission of electricity through power lines.)
The fuel and energy complex includes oil and gas pipelines that form a single network.
Energy is the foundation of the economy, the basis of all material production, a key element of the country's life support and the basis of the country's export base. The electric power industry is one of the most important indicators of the level of development of the economy and the country. The use of energy resources is one of the indicators of the level of development of civilization. Without fuel and electricity, the development of any sector of the economy is impossible.
Energy is one of the factors in the location of the economy, since the fuel and energy complex is located near large sources of energy (coal and oil basins), powerful power plants, in which entire industrial areas grow, cities and towns are created, i.e., the fuel and energy complex plays a district-forming role. Technological progress is increasing the distances over which fuel and electricity are transmitted. This contributes to the development of areas that are poor in their own energy sources, and a more rational distribution of the economy.
The role of the electric power industry and the fuel industry that provides it in transferring the entire economy to a modern technical basis was defined in the GOELRO plan in 1920, since all equipment was based on the use of electricity. Therefore, the scale, technological level, and pace of development of all sectors of the economy depend on the fuel and energy complex. The introduction of progressive engineering and technologies associated with scientific and technical progress into the economy requires the supply of energy to the labor of workers, that is, the cost of all types of energy per worker employed in production.
Russia is the only country in the world that is almost completely provided with its own energy resources, but they are distributed unevenly across the country. Over 90% of the reserves are in Siberia and the East. Western Siberia produces 70% of oil and gas, 50% of coal, and 75% of energy is consumed in the European part of the country. This is the main economic and geographical problem of the Russian energy industry, since it requires transportation over long distances.
Tasks for the long-term development of the fuel and energy complex:
Increasing investment
Introduction of new technologies in all branches of the fuel and energy complex, as well as the creation of energy-saving technologies
Revision of mutual settlements with the CIS countries, since the fuel and energy complex also serves the CIS countries
Use of non-traditional energy sources
Types of energy resources:
1) Fuel (coal, oil, gas, shale, peat).
2) Water resources (power of falling water, ebbs and flows).
3) Nuclear resources - atomic energy of uranium, radium, thorium.
4) Non-traditional resources (solar, wind, geothermal energy).
From the sovereign states of the CIS:
Ukraine is provided with coal and partly with oil and gas
Kazakhstan - coal and oil (Magyshlak peninsula and Tengiz field)
Azerbaijan - oil and gas
Turkmenistan - gas and oil
Uzbekistan - gas
In other states, either there are no fuel resources at all or there are small deposits (Moldova - no, Georgia - coal, Armenia - hydroelectric power stations, Kyrgyzstan - coal).
TEB - fuel and energy balance.
The development of the economy is associated with the continuous growth of the fuel and energy complex while pursuing a strict energy saving policy. To take into account the proportions in the extraction various kinds fuel, energy production and distribution among various consumers, use the thermopile.
The ratio of production of various types of fuel and energy production (income) and their use in the economy (expenditure) is called TEB. Since an unequal amount of fuel is released during the combustion of 1 kg of fuel, the fuel balance is calculated in units of conventional fuel. To compile the fuel and energy balance, all types of fuel are converted into conditional ones. The calorific value of 1 kg of coal is defined as 2000 kcal, and the heat coefficient = 1. 1 kg - 2 kW / hour of electricity, taking into account the efficiency of power plants.
In the fuel and energy complex system from mining and electricity generation at power plants to fuel and electricity consumption, the coefficient beneficial use resources = 43%. This means that 57% is lost annually in power plants during transportation. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures aimed at saving fuel and electricity.
Thus, from 50 to 93, TB turned from coal to oil and gas. Starting from 1990, open-pit gas and coal have been of prospective importance. In general, while oil and gas accounts for about 70% of all production and use of fuel.
graduate student
Status and development prospects of the fuel and energy complex
Russia has significant reserves of energy resources and a powerful fuel and energy complex, which is the basis for the development of the economy, an instrument for conducting internal and foreign policy. The country's role in the global energy markets largely determines its geopolitical influence.
The modern Russian economy is energy wasteful. The energy intensity of Russia's GDP (calculated at parity purchasing power currencies) exceeds the world average by 2.3 times, and for EU countries - by 3.1 times. In the last twenty years, energy-efficient economic growth has been observed in developed countries (on average, only 0.4% of the increase in energy consumption accounted for 1% of GDP growth). As a result, the energy intensity of GDP on average around the world decreased over this period by 19%, and in developed countries - by 21-27%.
The fuel and energy complex of Russia has always played an important role in the country's economy. During the years of reforms, due to a sharp drop in production volumes in other sectors of the economy, its role has increased even more. This was largely facilitated by both the rich natural fuel and energy resources of the country - 1/3 of the world's natural gas reserves, 1/10 of oil, 1/5 of coal and 14% of uranium are concentrated on the territory of Russia - and the unique production potential created over many years.
At present, the fuel and energy complex is one of the steadily operating industrial complexes of the Russian economy. It decisively influences the state and prospects for the development of the national economy, providing: about 1/4 of GDP production, 1/3 of industrial production and consolidated budget revenues of Russia, about half of federal budget revenues, exports and foreign exchange earnings.
At the same time, mechanisms and conditions of management remain in the fuel and energy complex, which are not adequate to the principles of a market economy, and there are a number of factors that negatively affect the functioning and development of the fuel and energy complex.
The main factors hindering the development of the complex are:
· high degree of depreciation of fixed assets (more than 50%). There is a high accident rate of equipment due to the low production discipline of the personnel, management deficiencies, as well as the aging of fixed assets. In this regard, the possibility of emergency situations in the energy sector increases;
· the shortage of investment resources and their irrational use remaining in the sectors of the complex (except oil). Given the high investment potential of the fuel and energy industries, the inflow of foreign investment into them is less than 13% of the total volume of capital investment financing. At the same time, 95% of these investments are in the oil industry. In the gas industry and in the electric power industry, conditions for the necessary investment backlog have not been created, as a result of which these industries can become a brake on the fuel and energy complex as a whole;
· Deformation of the ratio of prices for interchangeable energy resources has led to a lack of competition between them and a demand structure characterized by an excessive focus on gas and a decrease in the share of coal;
lagging behind the production potential of the fuel and energy complex from the world scientific and technical level. The share of oil production due to modern reservoir stimulation methods and the share of oil products obtained by processes that improve product quality are low. Power equipment used in the gas and electric power industries is uneconomical. There are practically no progressive combined-cycle plants, waste gas purification plants in the country, renewable energy sources are used very little, the equipment of the coal industry is outdated and technically backward, the potential of nuclear energy is not used enough;
lagging behind in development and an objective increase in the costs of developing a promising raw material base for the production of hydrocarbons, and especially the gas industry;
· Lack of market infrastructure and a civilized, competitive energy market. The necessary transparency of economic activities of subjects of natural monopolies is not ensured, which negatively affects the quality of state regulation of their activities and the development of competition;
· the continuing high burden on the environment from fuel and energy activities. Despite the decline in the extraction and production of fuel and energy resources over the past decade, the negative impact of the fuel and energy complex on the environment remains high;
· high dependence of the oil and gas sector and, as a result, state revenues, on the state and conjuncture of the world energy market. There is a trend towards a further increase in the share of oil and gas in the structure of Russian exports; at the same time, the potential for the export of other energy resources, in particular electricity and coal, is not being sufficiently used. This testifies to the continuing narrowing of the country's export specialization and reflects to a sufficient extent the backward structure of the entire Russian economy;
· Lack of developed and stable legislation that fully takes into account the specifics of the functioning of gas industry enterprises.
The structure of fossil energy resources, the size of their reserves, quality, degree of knowledge and directions of economic development have a direct impact on the economic potential of the country, the social development of regions.
Russia has significant hydrocarbon resources.
Forecast oil resources are estimated at 44 billion tons, gas - 127 trillion cubic meters.
The current state of the mineral resource base of hydrocarbon raw materials is characterized by a decrease in the current explored reserves of oil and gas and low rates of their reproduction. The volume of exploration work does not ensure the reproduction of the mineral resource base of the oil and gas industry, which in the future, especially in the context of a rapid increase in oil production, may become a serious threat to the energy and economic security of the country.
The structure of explored oil reserves continues to deteriorate. There is an advanced development of the most profitable parts of fields and deposits. The newly prepared reserves are concentrated mainly in medium and small deposits, and are largely hard to recover. In general, the volume of hard-to-recover reserves makes up more than half of the country's proven reserves.
The structure of gas reserves in Russia is more favorable than that of oil, but there is also a trend towards an increase in the share of complex and hard-to-recover reserves. The problems of their development are related to the reduction of highly productive reserves located at shallow depths in industrial development, difficult natural and climatic conditions and the remoteness of future large gas production centers from the established centers of gas industry development (Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the Yamal Peninsula, the Barents and Kara sea), the prospects for the emergence in the coming years of significant reserves of low-pressure gas, an increase in the proportion of proven reserves of fatty, condensate and helium-containing gases, which require the creation of a gas processing infrastructure for effective development.
The gas reserves of the basic developed fields in Western Siberia - the main gas producing region of the country (Medvezhye, Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye) have been depleted by 55-75% and have passed or will pass into the stage of declining production in the coming years.
The Russian Federation has significant balance reserves of coal (more than 200 billion tons - 12% of the world), actually explored - 105 billion tons. The geological resources of coal are estimated at 4450 billion tons (30% of the world). However, coal reserves are distributed extremely unevenly: over 80% of all reserves are concentrated in Siberia, and only 10% fall on the share of the European part of Russia.
By types of coal in the structure of explored reserves of the Russian Federation, brown coals predominate - 51.2%, black coals account for 45.4%, anthracites - 3.4%. The reserves of coking coal grades amount to 40 billion tons. Of this amount, the reserves of especially valuable grades of coal are 20 billion tons (including industrial categories involved in the development - over 6 billion tons), which are concentrated mainly in deep horizons (more than 300 m) and require additional geological study and significant capital expenditures for development. The average provision of mines with coking coal reserves at present is no more than 13 years.
The main reserves of coking and other hard coals of all grades - from long-flame to anthracite, are concentrated in one of the main coal basins Russia - Kuznetsk. The explored raw material potential of the Kuznetsk basin is 57.3 billion tons. The largest raw material base for power engineering is brown coal of the Kansk-Achinsk basin.
In connection with the rise in oil and gas prices, it becomes expedient to increase the share of consumption of solid fuel - coal. The share of coal consumption in Russia does not exceed 20%, although in developed countries this share reaches 50%. This can reduce energy prices in the domestic market and reduce dependence on oil and gas.
The state must increasingly resort to the use of such an instrument as the Fuel and Energy Balance. This tool is able to optimize the production, consumption and export of energy resources.
The result of the state policy for the development of the coal industry should be the most efficient, reliable and balanced supply of the country's needs with energy resources.
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