Significant inequality in the distribution of income is socially dangerous and does not meet the needs of modern production. The solvency of the population, which ensures high aggregate demand, is an important condition economic growth. At the same time, maintaining high standards of the level and quality of life is necessary for the reproduction of a skilled labor force necessary for production in a post-industrial, knowledge-based society.
Today in economic developed countries ah recognizes the right of people to a certain standard of well-being. The means of overcoming inequality and poverty is primarily the state policy of income. It is carried out in two main directions:
1) regulation of income of the population;
2) redistribution of income through the state budget. Income regulation practices include:
State regulation of wages. This measure is of particular importance for such categories of the population as low-skilled workers, women, foreign workers;
Indexation of incomes of the population in order to protect them from inflationary depreciation. Indexation is understood as an increase in nominal income depending on the rise in prices. The state indexes transfer payments. At the firm level, during a period of high inflation, the requirement for wage indexation is usually included in the collective agreement.
Let us dwell in more detail on the problem of state regulation of wages. It currently includes:
Legislative establishment and change of the minimum wage;
Tax regulation of funds allocated for remuneration by organizations, as well as income individuals;
Establishment of state guarantees for wages. The basis of the organization of wages is the consumer budget of the employee. In Russia, as such, the minimum consumer budget of a low standard is used, which really does not allow for the normal existence of a person. However, the minimum wage established by the state is almost three times lower than this subsistence minimum, which contradicts not only the practice of developed countries, but also the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Labor Code of the Russian Federation).
The minimum wage is the lower limit of the cost of unskilled labor, calculated as cash payments per month, which are received by employees for the performance of simple work in normal working conditions. In addition to the tariff part, regulated depending on the minimum wage, the salary structure includes bonuses and remuneration, allowances and additional payments, as well as payments that are not directly related to the results of work. In budgetary organizations and enterprises of the public sector of the economy, wages are regulated on the basis of a unified tariff scale (ETC). ETC is a scale of tariffication and remuneration of all categories of workers - from a worker of the lowest rank to the head of organizations. Tariff system wages is a set of standards by which the level of wages is regulated. These are the tariff scale and tariff-qualification reference books.
The tariff-free wage system is an individual development of individual firms. There is also state regional regulation of wages and incomes of the population, carried out on the basis of regional coefficients and northern allowances. This system was formed in a tough planned economy and in market conditions applied weakly. The tariff-free wage system takes into account two factors:
1) differences in the needs of the population employed equally severity and complexity (qualifications);
2) differences in the level of consumer prices by regions.
In addition, the factor of the need to attract the population to remote areas of the country that are experiencing a shortage of labor is taken into account. In Soviet times, many people were recruited to the Far North and remote areas of the country, since, given the operation of this system, they could earn significant funds at that time.
Currently, depending on the degree of discomfort, assessed by natural-climatic, economic-geographical, socio-psychological conditions and the risk factor of living, five zones are distinguished with coefficients from 1.0 in the most comfortable zone V to 1.8-2.0 in the most uncomfortable zone I.
Northern allowances are applied for continuous work experience in the regions of the Far North and equivalent areas. Their minimum size is 10% of earnings, and the maximum is differentiated by regions of the country and after five years of continuous work experience ranges from 30% of earnings in the European North, in the southern regions of Siberia and the Far East to 100% on the islands of the seas of the Arctic Ocean and on Chukotka.
Coefficients for work in high-mountainous regions are set depending on the degree of decrease in a person's ability to work in the range from 1.0 to 1.4.
This system only applies to state enterprises. At private, mixed and cooperative enterprises, only the minimum level of wages is determined taking into account regional coefficients. Therefore, today this system needs a serious revision.
The income redistribution policy assumes:
Accumulation of funds in the hands of the state for the implementation of social policy by collecting direct and indirect taxes from the population and enterprises;
Provision of social services to the population by financing education systems, medical care, institutions of culture, art, physical culture and sports, leisure, etc.;
System funding social protection including: a system of social guarantees,
the system of pension, medical and social insurance, the system of social support (assistance) to the population.
In the system of state regulation of incomes of the population, a socially equitable distribution of income occupies a central place. The market does not provide social justice in society; on the contrary, it contributes to the deepening of the social differentiation of the population, widens the gap between the rich and the poor, and the state takes over the regulation of the distribution of income. This task is solved in various ways and methods, for example, through the mechanism of taxation and public spending on social security, an increasing share of national income goes from the relatively rich to the relatively poor. In the United States in 1981, without government intervention, the income gap between the richest 20% and the poorest 20% could be 52 times, but thanks to government intervention it was only 9.7 times.
The largest share in the monetary incomes of the population is occupied by wages, which are designed to perform a stimulating function in accordance with the usefulness of labor, its quality and quantity and ensure the reproduction of the labor force. Therefore, the income policy should be built, first of all, on the basis of the policy in the field of remuneration, including all types of remuneration for all categories of workers.
An important problem in the development of society is the substantiation of the fundamental principles for determining the size and differentiation of wages and incomes in various fields and industries.
basis of justification optimal sizes differentiation of wages and incomes is the regular development of standard consumer budgets for the planned period: the minimum (living wage), the rational consumer budget, the budget of full prosperity (Table 16.2).
In a society of social justice, labor, creative and entrepreneurial activity should be stimulated, and at the same time, supercritical differentiation of citizens' incomes, the stratification of society into rich and poor, should be prevented. The minimum wage level should be derived from the minimum consumer budget. The average level of wages should be derived from a rational consumer budget. The maximum level of wages should be derived from the budget of full prosperity.
Second key principle is the principle of commensuration of labor in various fields and industries. At present, creative work, the work of workers in education, health care, culture, etc., is extremely low valued, that is, such work, the results of which are manifested in the future. At the same time, cost-effectiveness studies, for example, in education show that the cost-effectiveness of higher education is 4-6 times higher than the cost-effectiveness of material production etc. Differentiation of wages should be ensured by the creation of systems of long-term motivation of labor, involving the introduction of growth rates: categories of qualifications and wages. In many industries in various forms, one way or another, there are systems for assessing qualifications by categories (class rating for drivers, categories for engineers, positions for scientists, etc.). It is further necessary to introduce categorization scales in those industries where they do not exist, and to streamline them between different industries.
Table 16.2
The relationship between consumer budgets and wages in the system of long-term motivation
The minimum wage should be set in relation to the subsistence minimum through a "dependant load factor" per worker, which currently averages 1.25. Therefore, the minimum wage for all areas of activity and industries should be set at the level of:
MOT (T) \u003d 1.25 × PM (T), (16.4)
where ILO(T)- Minimum wage for another year "T",
PM(T)- living wage at the beginning of the year "T".
The level of the minimum wage for the coming period is included in the general tariff agreement between the government, the owners of the means of production (employers) and trade unions.
As representatives of the owners of the means of production, both the government itself (representative of the state owner), and unions of entrepreneurs, tenants, joint ventures, industry associations, guilds, etc. can act.
At the same time, the general tariff agreement should also establish average salary through the “rational consumer budget” (RBC) and the maximum wage benchmark, through the “full sufficiency budget” (BAP).
Chapter 16.3. State regulation of social
Infrastructure
Social infrastructure is a complex of elements that provide general terms and Conditions functioning, development and reproduction social sphere.
It includes health care, education, culture, physical culture, sports and tourism, housing and communal services, housing construction and other areas.
Social infrastructure has a huge impact on the formation of a person, his spiritual world, culture, lifestyle, ensures the preservation and strengthening of his health.
The state regulates the activities of institutions and enterprises social infrastructure through a variety of forms and methods, while using the force of law, administrative and economic levers, planning, programming, forecasting.
The state assumes the vast majority of expenses for the maintenance of social infrastructure sectors, preventing the commercialization of many social services.
Directions for improving the efficiency of social infrastructure:
1. Modernization of education
The strategic goal of the state policy in the field of education is to increase the availability of quality education that meets the requirements of the innovative development of the economy, the modern needs of society and every citizen.
The tasks of ensuring quality, accessibility and efficiency are defined in the Concept for the Modernization of Russian Education for the period up to 2010, in the Priority National Project "Education". The following priority areas have been identified:
1. Creation of equal starting opportunities for children in obtaining education and increasing the availability of quality general education;
2. Increase investment attractiveness education systems.
Achievement of these goals is carried out by solving the following tasks:
The first is to ensure the innovative nature of basic education;
The second is the modernization of educational institutions as instruments of social development;
The third is the creation modern system continuous education, training and retraining of professional personnel;
The fourth is the formation of mechanisms for assessing the quality and relevance of educational services with the participation of consumers, participation in international comparative studies.
Fifth - an increase in the availability of quality general education;
Sixth - quality improvement vocational education, its compliance with the needs of the economy and social development.
In the medium term, to achieve the goals set, the following key measures will have to be taken:
1. Ensure the development of the infrastructure for continuing professional education
2. Transition to a two-level system of higher education, create organizational and legal mechanisms for integrating programs of primary and secondary vocational education, including them in the system of continuing professional education.
3. Create a system of pre-school education for children, ensuring 100% coverage of pre-school education programs for children aged 5-6
4.Create conditions for increasing the investment attractiveness of the education system
The implementation of these areas involves an increase general expenses for education from 4.8% of GDP (in 2007-2008) to 7% of GDP in 2020, including spending budget system- from 4.1% to 5.5 - 6% of GDP.
2. Health care reform
The main goal of the state policy in the field of healthcare is the formation of a system that ensures the availability medical care and improving efficiency medical services, the volumes, types and quality of which must correspond to the level of morbidity and the needs of the population, the advanced achievements of medical science.
The following directions and specific measures of the reform correspond to this goal.
The first is the provision of state guarantees for the provision of free medical care to citizens in full:
specification and legislative consolidation of state guarantees regarding the types, volumes, procedures and conditions for the provision of free medical care, including the definition of a set of medical services, technologies and medicines provided as part of the implementation of state guarantees for the provision of free medical care to citizens;
The second is the creation of an effective model for the formation of financial resources for the state guarantees program:
implementation of the transition to single-channel financing of medical care through the system of mandatory health insurance, including legislative consolidation of income sources and spending commitments;
The third is the modernization of the system of compulsory medical insurance and the development of a system of voluntary medical insurance;
Fourth - improving the efficiency of the system of organization of medical care;
Fifth - improving the provision of medicines to citizens on an outpatient basis;
Sixth - development of medical science and innovations in health care, advanced training of medical workers and the creation of a system of motivation for quality work;
The seventh is the creation of a public health system:
formation of a healthy lifestyle and increasing the responsibility of the population for their own health;
creating conditions for a healthy lifestyle.
share public spending in GDP will increase from 3.6% in 2008 to at least 5.2-5.5% in 2020 (taking into account differences in parity purchasing power ruble and currencies of other countries, the share of government spending on health care in GDP will be about 10-11%, which is comparable to the indicators of leading foreign countries).
3. Labor relations employment and migration
The goal of the state policy in the field of labor market development in long term is the creation of legal, economic and institutional conditions that ensure the development of a flexible, efficiently functioning labor market, which makes it possible to overcome the structural discrepancy between supply and demand for labor, reduce the share of illegal and informal employment, increase motivation for work and labor mobility.
Achieving this goal will be carried out by solving the following tasks:
The first is to increase the flexibility of the labor market and stimulate the reduction of illegal employment;
The second is the development of the quality of the labor force and its professional mobility;
The third is the development of labor market institutions, the growth of employment and the efficiency of labor use, including by increasing the territorial mobility of labor resources;
Fourth - the creation of working conditions that allow to ensure the preservation of the working capacity of employees throughout their professional careers;
Fifth, the creation of conditions for attracting foreign labor, taking into account the prospective needs of the economy in workforce and on the basis of the principle of priority use of national personnel.
The key stages and indicators of the implementation of the tasks set are as follows:
Reducing the level of informal employment from 35% in 2008 to 5-10% in 2020;
Increasing the level of legal employment of migrants from 26% in 2008 to 70-80% in 2020;
Coverage of in-house (with a frequency of no more than 5 years) training of 80% of employees of large and medium-sized enterprises, as well as advanced vocational training of 40-50% of workers to be laid off;
Reducing the overall unemployment rate from 6.0% in 2008 to 2-3% in 2020.
To form a flexible labor market, it is necessary to:
Ensure the improvement of labor legislation;
Develop territorial labor mobility;
Improve the quality of employment;
Improve the quality of delivery public services in the field of promoting employment of the population.
Economic immigration policy should ensure the development of permanent immigration, the effective regulation of temporary labor movements, and the effective fight against illegal migration.
Measures to develop permanent immigration should be aimed at attracting qualified specialists and investors to the country, and addressed to those foreigners who want to live in Russia and be its full citizens. To implement the resettlement program, it is necessary:
Develop legislation on immigration that defines the rules for resettlement and integration of immigrants into Russian society;
Approve the main categories of immigrants: reunited with families, economic immigrants, refugees;
Develop targeted state and regional programs for permanent immigration and resettlement of immigrants;
Develop criteria for attracting economic immigrants from the CIS member states and far abroad, taking into account their professional and personal characteristics.
4. Pension insurance reform
The state of the reformed pension system is currently characterized by an insufficient level of pension provision. The average size old-age labor pension does not exceed 1.25 of the subsistence minimum for a pensioner, which is half the level of 1991.
In order to implement the pension reform, a transition was made from a distributive system of financing pensions to a mixed pension system, supplemented by non-governmental organizations, and providing a wide opportunity for insured persons to choose the procedure for forming their pension savings.
The main areas of activity within the framework of the new stage of reforms:
1. The development of the pension system on the basis of the insurance principles laid down in it should be carried out in order to increase the level of pension provision for all categories of pensioners and ensure its financial balance for sustainable functioning in the long term and provide for the achievement of the following targets:
Ensuring, starting from 2010, a minimum level material support a pensioner not lower than the subsistence minimum of a pensioner and an increase in the average size of labor pensions by 2020 to a value that provides at least two and a half of the pensioner's subsistence minimum;
Creation of conditions for increasing the individual coefficient of replacement of lost earnings with an old-age labor pension.
To this end, the following areas are expected to be implemented:
1. Development of measures for tax incentives for voluntary pension insurance by: reducing tax base for personal income tax for the amount of contributions under voluntary pension provision and insurance agreements, deducting in full the costs of paying contributions under voluntary pension provision and insurance agreements made by employers for employees to reduce the income tax base;
2. Development of measures to develop mechanisms for compulsory pension insurance, including through wider use of the possibilities of share investment funds for the purposes of asset management of pension funds.
5. Social support of the population
The implementation of the goals of socio-economic development requires the achievement of social harmony, the promotion of mechanisms for social adaptation and social support for the population, and the reduction of social inequality.
This, in turn, will require the modernization and development of the social services sector, targeted programs for the poor and privileged categories of the population. It is necessary to ensure the formation of a system of social support and adaptation that meets the needs modern society which, in addition to social protection, implements the functions of social development and creates accessible mechanisms for a “social lift” for everyone, including socially vulnerable categories of the population.
The main targets of social policy:
Reducing the level of absolute poverty from 13.4% in 2007 to 6-7% in 2020 and relative poverty, or the low-income part of the population from 22% in 2007 to 15% in 2020, an increase in the middle class by 2020 year to more than half of the population;
Differentiation of the population by income level (the ratio of incomes of 10% of the richest and 10% of the poorest) will decrease from 16.8 times in 2007 to 12 times in 2020;
The targeting of the payment of social benefits linked to the level of income of the population (the amount of funds received by really needy families) will reach 70-80% on average in the country by 2012 (in 2007 according to expert opinion- 40 - 50%), and the coverage of the poor by public social programs by 2020 it will reach 100% (in 2007, according to expert estimates - 60%);
An effective system of institutions will be formed to provide support and assistance to the social adaptation of citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation or are in a socially dangerous situation.
The long-term policy of social support for the population includes the following priority areas.
The first is to improve the social climate in society, reduce poverty and reduce the differentiation of the population in terms of income.
However, economic growth does not automatically lead to the elimination of poverty and may be accompanied by increased inequality and social instability. To reduce poverty and differentiate the population by income, a set of social policy measures should be implemented aimed at:
Raising the minimum wage and the wages of employees budget organizations, which will reduce poverty among the working population;
Raising the average size of the old-age labor pension to a level that ensures the minimum reproductive consumer budget;
Increasing the effectiveness of social support for certain groups of the population, including by strengthening targeting regional programs state social assistance;
Enhance Orientation tax system to the problems of equalizing income levels through increased use tax deductions, the introduction of a property tax dependent on its market value, which will allow for a more equitable distribution of the load among population groups with different income levels.
The second is to increase efficiency state support families: development of a system for providing benefits in connection with the birth and upbringing of children;
Third - rehabilitation and social integration of disabled people;
Fourth - social service older citizens and disabled people;
Fifth - the development of the sector of non-governmental non-profit organizations (NPOs) in the field of social services;
Sixth - the formation of an effective system of social support for people in difficult life situations, and a system for the prevention of offenses.
6. Cultural policy
The goal of the state policy in the field of culture is the development and realization of the cultural and spiritual potential of society as a whole and of each individual.
To achieve high-quality results in the cultural policy of Russia, the following priority areas are identified:
The first is the creation of conditions for equal access to cultural goods and services, education in the field of culture and art for Russian citizens;
The second is to improve the quality and accessibility of cultural services;
The third is the preservation and popularization of the cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia;
Fourth - the use of the cultural potential of Russia to form a positive image of the country abroad;
The fifth is the improvement of organizational, economic and legal mechanisms for the development of the cultural sphere.
The principal feature of the state policy in the field of culture Russian Federation when it is implemented in the designated areas until 2020, decentralization of industry management becomes. Under these conditions, project-oriented financing of the activities of cultural institutions will make it possible to introduce them into the system of modern economic relations. The development of the institution of public-private partnership in the field of culture will help attract extra-budgetary funding, reduce budget costs.
It is planned to increase budget spending on culture, cinematography and the media from 0.7% of GDP in 2007 to 1.5% of GDP in 2020.
direct motivation: “The spiritual values of the nation must become the national interests of Russia! We must introduce into the consciousness of compatriots the concept of the moral sovereignty of the nation. Under the sign of value motivation, there are others related to everyday life, to material and everyday problems. Hence the cyclic nature Russian history: in the phase of value inspiration, all types of social creativity are activated. The state is getting stronger, the society is consolidating. In the phase of "faith decline" destabilizing factors sharply increase. In order to overcome the crisis of faith, the value-normative crisis and restore national identity, it is necessary to create a new civilizational (super-ethnic) idea that would highlight the universals of our culture in a new way. A.D. Stepanov, editor-in-chief of the Russian Line Orthodox information agency, emphasizes that the spiritual and moral values of the Russian people are an enduring idea that has been the basis of social harmony for centuries. “Today it is more relevant than ever,” the researcher notes.
Thus, the implementation of an innovative model of Russia's development based on systemic modernization will eventually make it possible to overcome the crisis in the economic, social and spiritual spheres of Russian society, achieve sustainable economic growth, provide favorable conditions for acquiring new knowledge, form new value orientations, create an innovative an ideology that meets the requirements of the era, but based on the preservation of the Russian historical and cultural tradition, taking into account the peculiarities of the national mentality. The development of priority areas based on the use of the strengths of Russian civilization, both in terms of material and spiritual resources, will allow Russia to reach a new level of development and take a worthy position among modern integrating innovative states.
Literature
1. Medvedev D.A. Go Russia! 2009 [ Electronic resource]: http:/www. gazeta.ru
2. Gontmakher E. Russia XXI century. - the image of the desired tomorrow. Report of the Institute Modern Development, M., 2010
3. Discussion about the report of the Institute of Contemporary Development “Russia in the 21st century. - the image of the desired tomorrow. [Electronic resource]: http://www.riocenter.ru. 2010
4. Gontmakher E. Russia XXI century. - the image of the desired tomorrow. Report of the Institute of Contemporary Development, M., 2010
6. Materials of the international scientific and practical conference "Spiritual and moral values, cultural heritage and national interest Russia”, - Institute of Philosophy RAS, April 2008 [Electronic resource]: http://www.rusk.ru/st.php.
SOME ASPECTS OF STATE REGULATION OF POPULATION INCOME IN MODERN RUSSIA
Minakova I.V.,
doctor economic sciences, professor Sukhorukova L.N., applicant Chertova O.Yu.
Kursk State Technical University Kursk, Russia
The state in the field of income distribution in the modern Russian economy. A set of measures has been defined to intensify the state policy of regulating the population's incomes.
One of the most important problems in society, which has been acute at all times, is the problem of a fair distribution of income. History shows that it was on the basis of the division of profits that numerous conflicts and wars broke out. Thus, from the degree of non- 43 -
uniformity of income depends not only on the well-being of the population, but also on the political stability of society.
Estimated World Bank, at the end of the last century, a fifth of humanity had more than 4/5 of the world's income, These are predominantly residents of industrialized countries. While in the countries of Central Africa, a number of states Latin America, countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS in the 90s. standard of living has dropped significantly. Accordingly, the role of the state has increased in ensuring the social protection of the population, the competent development of social policy in order to reduce income differentiation, and fight poverty. It's called poverty main reason crisis of the nation in Russia. Hence the number one task - its elimination. However, not everything is so clear. It is considered, in particular, that the share of economic factor in the current situation - no more than 30%, the remaining 70% are due to the spiritual distress of the people, the loss of moral guidelines, the lack of something to be proud of.
All over the world there is the concept of "social standard of living". And only in Russia, the measure of social well-being is still considered the "minimum wage" - the minimum wage (and this despite the fact that the shadow turnover of money in this part was about 40% until recently). The rest of the population (outside the poor) is divided into the following social groups: low-income (with incomes of 2-2.5 minimum subsistence levels), average (3-3.5 minimum), wealthy and rich (6-7 minimum). Only in last group food, services, recreation - according to need, you can buy housing, have solid savings. In Russia, the population with cash incomes below the subsistence level (the so-called poor population) in 2009 amounted to 28.9 million people (20.2% of the total population), there was also an extremely poor population with an income level of two or more times below the living wage. 45% of Russians note a low assessment of their work. The average monthly accrued wages in March 2010, according to preliminary data, amounted to 20.16 thousand rubles. and compared with March 2009 increased by 10.1%, compared with February 2010 - by 2.3%. At the same time, according to Rosstat, the average salary in the country was the highest among bankers and financiers - 35,424 rubles, oil and gas producers - 33,934, and oil refinery workers - 33,618; the minimum is 3,847 rubles for peasants, 5,039 for shop assistants, 5,097 for teachers, and 5,871 for doctors. Given this level of wages, it is not surprising that 2/3 of our population do not have any savings. For comparison: in the USA, a family with incomes up to $ 800 per person per month is considered “poor”.
Increasing inequality in the distribution of income, their low level among the main part of the population and the concentration of funds by a relatively small group of people reduce aggregate consumer demand, make it one-sided, which does not contribute to the development of production and real sector economy. In this regard, the growing socio-economic stratification is becoming one of the acute problems of our time.
Traditional mechanisms of social protection (guaranteed minimum wage, various benefits) in the context of high inflation and the lack of appropriate indexation have lost their social role. To smooth out the differentiation of incomes of the population, the state should provide for the following public policy measures:
1. Redistribution of income received through the budget using direct methods of regulation - the tax system (transition to progressive system personal income taxation), transfer payments, grants, subventions, subsidies and some other indirect mechanisms. There must be a strict balance between economic efficiency and redistribution.
2. Free access for the poor to education and training.
3. Undoubtedly, the process of improving and developing employment policy is very important. An active policy should be implemented in the labor market, expanding employment opportunities, especially for young people. In conditions of low investment activity increased attention should be paid to the introduction of jobs with relatively low cost, promoting the spread of individual entrepreneurship and employment in such areas as social services, housing construction. It is necessary to organize incentive measures with the help of various tax incentives, create additional jobs in small businesses and encourage the provision of work there to socially vulnerable categories of the population.
4. Another promising area of income redistribution is the development of a system of social insurance for the population. Today in Russia there is a system of unified insurance premiums, regardless of the level of earnings and income of the insured persons.
In conclusion, we note that in the interests of all residents of the country, the state is obliged to pursue an active state social policy aimed at ensuring its citizens the most important social rights, which, of course, include the right to work and decent pay, housing, education, health care, social security, etc., i.e. to a decent standard of living. In the absence of such a policy, increased inequality and poverty will impede the development of Russia's domestic market, the formation of a middle class, i.e. solvent majority of the population. Healthy and sustainable economic growth cannot rely solely on the rich and the super-rich in an environment of mass poverty.
Literature
1. Kusner Yu.S. Dynamics of income distribution in Russia / Yu.S. Kusner, G.M. Mkrtchyan, I.G. Tsarev // ECO: Economics and organization industrial production. - 2006. - No. 9. - S. 2534.
2. Oktyabrsky P.Ya. Russia today: our income / P.Ya. Oktyabrsky // Questions of statistics. - 2007. - No. 12. - S. 34-39.
3. Sulimova T. Income growth as one of the ways to overcome poverty in society / T. Sulimova // Social politics and social partnership. - 2010. - No. 3. - P.31-35.
VALUE-ORIENTED APPROACH IN DESIGN PROJECTING AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE FORMATION OF SOCIO-CULTURAL STANDARDS
CONSUMER
Prokopyeva I.A.,
Senior Lecturer
Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin
Yekaterinburg, Russia
In conditions economic downturn and the loss of value dominants of the past period, design activity as a kind of rational design creativity is becoming more and more relevant. Of particular importance is the socio-cultural role of design as shaping the attitude of the young generation to the objective world and orienting to the perception of this world from the standpoint of value-semantic characteristics. Sociocultural values are a guideline for a person’s activity and behavior only if he has a value consciousness and relationships, which can be greatly facilitated by design products.
The phenomenon of the twentieth century - design has objectively become the most versatile and in demand of the types of design. Design as a type of artistic design combines scientific and technical, functional and figurative-artistic approaches. By function, designers understand not only the utilitarian and technological meaning of a thing, but also its artistic and emotional value. The value-oriented component of design is the most important
21st century design proposes to shift the point of perception from the sphere of action of the mind to the subconscious. The designer seeks to “shift” the viewer from his usual position of relying on thinking into the realm of feelings, sensations, and emotions.
The modern information (post-industrial) society puts creative thinking above following a single model for all and requires the development of individuality. The design thinking of a designer is the perception of the world as an integral object, and the perception of the world around them occurs through the subject environment (concrete things endowed with a form). Therefore, the designer's language is form. When speaking to the consumer in this specific language, the designer must keep in mind the socio-cultural context of the objects he designs.
Before designing, a designer needs to master the language of form. The beginning of development occurs with the development of the very concept of "form".
Turning to the historical heritage of the development of the concept of "form", we see that depending on the worldview of people who lived in different historical periods, this concept was different. But it is safe to say that the basic concept of "form" was developed by Aristotle,
State regulation of income of the population
First of all, income regulation is manifested in the wage regulation mechanism, which is a combination and interaction of three mechanisms:
1) government intervention(the role is more social than economic; the character is more indirect than direct);
2) collective agreement (national, industry, company) regulation;
3) labor market, subject to the action of the law of value.
An experience state regulation income of the population indicates that government bodies are involved in the regulation of wages in the following areas:
the establishment of a guaranteed minimum wage (USA, France, Spain, etc.), but it can also be established on the basis of national agreements;
tax system (in relation to income and wages);
marginal wage growth during a period of rising inflation (or compensation for a drop in income during a period of rising prices);
direct regulation of wages in public sector economy (however, it is limited, since most of the state-owned enterprises operate on the principles of complete economic independence and payback);
institutional bases of collective agreement regulation.
The minimum wage rate is set for an adult whose age varies by country. The minimum rate for a young person is set as a percentage of the minimum adult rate. The duration of the probationary period differs depending on the category of personnel and the country.
Collective agreement regulation is carried out by business organizations and trade unions at the national (state), sectoral and company levels. If at the state level the role of regulation is rather social, then at the industry level it is not only social, but also economic, stimulating, and at the firm level it is primarily a stimulating role. There is a certain hierarchical subordination so that the established minimum wage on a national scale is not lower (possibly higher) at the industry and firm levels.
As we move to the primary level, collective agreements are more and more detailed, taking into account the characteristics of the industry, firms and their economic capabilities.
AT nationwide(sectoral) collective agreements regulate (establish) the minimum wage for the nation as a whole or for sectors of the economy and the general procedure for indexing wages.
Sectoral collective agreements regulate: the minimum wage rate for the main professional and qualification groups, forms and systems of wages, allowances and additional payments, the wage indexation mechanism, the amount social benefits and benefits.
Company collective agreements regulate the size and differentiation of tariff rates, allowances and additional payments, wage indexation, the system of participation in profits and equity capital, the amount of social payments and benefits. They also reflect working time (duration of the working week, holidays, etc.). First of all, such collective agreements regulate the remuneration of workers. For managers and specialists, these issues are stipulated in contracts.
Market self-adjustment cannot be considered as a market element. The labor market presents a wide dispersion of wages in public and private companies, the unorganized sector, where there are no unions. The labor market is the area where, ultimately, public assessment various kinds labor. It is represented by the average salary for various professional and qualification groups, categories, industries, regions, length of service, gender, and age.
Both the state and private companies are interested in identifying the average wage. The state periodically conducts surveys, and private companies and the informal labor market provide all the necessary information. The obtained data on average wages are placed by the administration of companies in the middle of the range of wages for each category.
The average salary reflects the public assessment of labor. It is not only a link between the labor market and a particular firm, but also serves as a tool equal pay for equal work.
All enterprises (firms) strive to comply with this principle, as it allows:
1) restrain the growth of wages;
2) to prevent the leakage of the most qualified personnel.
Market bootstrapping is a systematic, self-adjustment of wages by each firm, taking into account the average wage for all specified parameters.
Protecting nominal incomes from inflation is an integral part of income policy. In developed capitalist countries, it is carried out by indexing income both at the state level (based on relevant legislation) and at the level of individual firms (companies) through a collective agreement. The indexation system provides for a differentiated approach (from full compensation for the lowest incomes and its complete absence among high-income groups of the population).
All RCs provide state (and not only) support for the incomes of poor families, there are certain systems of social security (insurance), support for self-employed workers, etc. In connection with national characteristics and economic opportunities, their great diversity is noted. For example, in the USA on state At the (government) level, two groups of programs can be distinguished:
1) social security programs(partially compensate for the loss of earnings from pensioners, the unemployed, due to temporary disability, dependents who survived the insured, etc.);
2) state aid programs(charitable programs) - the establishment of benefits for those who cannot work (the elderly, the blind, the disabled), assistance to single-parent families, etc.
When improving the state income policy in Russia, the experience gained in the PRS over 200 years market relations, should be taken into account.
The essence of the state income policy is the redistribution of income through the state budget through differentiated taxation of various groups of income recipients and social payments to the population.
Fixed assets and methods of state regulation of income:
Determination of the minimum hourly or tariff rate of wages;
Social partnership - coordination of public interests between the government, employers and trade unions;
Indexation of income in terms of inflation;
Differentiation of income by industry and region, etc.
The main principles of the state policy of regulating the income of the population:
Stimulation of labor and entrepreneurial activity, innovative potential of the employee;
Rejection of the principle of universal automatic indexation and compensation of income due to rising prices;
Overcoming unfair differentiation of incomes of workers in various industries and regions, incomes of various social groups;
Linking measures to increase incomes with the stabilization of monetary circulation;
Ensuring social protection of the population.
The main features of the reform include: the establishment of minimum wage guarantees; abandoning maximum wage limits; introduction of a single tariff scale for budgetary organizations; improvement of the principles of sectoral and territorial regulation of wages.
One of the negative factors of reforming the economy is a significant differentiation of incomes of the population .
During the reform period, the differentiation in the amount of income received in Russia increased from 4 to 15 times (about 3.5 percent of the population can be classified as rich, and about 20 percent of the population are below the poverty line).
For industrialized countries, the ratio of the minimum and average wages is 1:2; in Russia this ratio is much higher (only recently, after the minimum wage was increased to 4,330 rubles per month by the end of 2008, has it decreased somewhat). Distinctive feature Poverty in Russia is the presence of a significant segment of the population that receives only the minimum wage.
State protection of consumers.
In market economic conditions, the problem arises that a significant part of manufacturers and entrepreneurs are not prepared for conscientious commercial activities and, consequently, there is a problem of ensuring the safety and quality of goods.
Most actual problems protection of consumer rights in Russia arise when selling goods; carrying out construction works; rendering household services; provision of housing and communal services; receiving educational services; receiving medical services; use of urban and other transport services; protecting the rights of depositors in banks, investment companies, pension funds.
The main tasks of the consumer protection system:
Creation of an effective system of consumer protection;
Formation of public structures for the protection of consumer rights;
Organization of legal protection of consumers;
Organization of propaganda for the protection of the legitimate rights of consumers, the obligations of sellers;
Development and implementation of a set of measures to prevent access to the market for hazardous to health and low-quality goods, works, services;
Creation of a system of legal education of the population in connection with the protection of consumer rights;
Ensuring equal access to goods and services for all categories of the population and providing consumers with the right to freely choose goods and services.
Internationally recognized consumer rights: the right to meet basic needs; the right to safety; the right to be informed; the right to choose; the right to be heard; the right to compensation for harm; the right to consumer education; the right to a healthy environment.
The consumer protection system can be divided into the state system and the public consumer protection system (the latter in market economy prevails). The system of state protection of consumer rights is represented by the following state bodies:
Antitrust Service and ministries;
Committees for certification, metrology, standardization;
Committees for Environmental Protection; sanitary and epidemiological supervision;
Customs Committee; judicial authorities; industry state inspections;
Various interdepartmental commissions for the prevention of receipts on domestic market substandard goods.
The system of public protection of consumer rights consists of: consumer organizations established on a sectoral or territorial basis; chambers of commerce and industry; unions; labor collectives; colleges of lawyers, advocates; local authorities.
Labor market regulation
Labor market- a set of socio-economic, social relations, a set of special norms and standards that are formed regarding the implementation of supply and demand for labor and provide effective use work with appropriate remuneration.
The purpose of the state employment policy- Promoting full employment and enabling enterprises to freely hire workers and ensure the rights of citizens.
Areas of activity of the state in this area:
Development legal framework;
Development of a system of vocational training and retraining of the unemployed;
Creation of employment services and labor exchanges;
Development of the benefit payment system;
Creation of a nationwide, computerized information and reference system for the registration of the unemployed, for the payment of benefits, etc.;
Providing the necessary transfers for the regions;
Measures of indirect regulation of the labor market that the state uses include: monetary policy, tax policy, depreciation policy; development of programs for social insurance unemployment, employment assistance programs, programs to increase the number of jobs in the public sector; development of anti-discrimination programs by gender, age, skin color, etc.
One of the most necessary elements of the market infrastructure is the labor exchange.
Labor exchange- an organization that specializes in mediation between employees and employers for the purpose of buying and selling labor. It allows citizens to reduce the time it takes to find a job, to streamline the hiring of labor by enterprises.
Labor exchanges can be state, private and public. Basically, labor exchanges exist in the form of labor and employment centers.
The main task of labor and employment centers is to prevent long-term unemployment and minimize the time for finding a job.
Private labor exchanges carry out their activities on the basis of contracts with employers. Government Services employment work according to the approved budget, which is made up of funds state fund promotion of employment, self-contributions of workers, additional sources (financing is carried out by some enterprise, etc.).
Methods of state regulation of employment:
- economic methods: concessional lending and taxation budgetary policy stimulating entrepreneurs to maintain and create jobs, implement professional education personnel;
- organizational methods: the creation of an employment and employment service, information system serving the labor market, state system professional orientation of youth, training and retraining of personnel;
- administrative and legislative methods: regulation of the order of imprisonment employment contracts, working hours, overtime work, the introduction of mandatory deductions for entrepreneurs in national funds on ensuring employment, determination of quotas for employment, regulation of the period of working life.
The tasks of state bodies for the social protection of the population.
The transition to a market economy requires fundamental changes in the system of social protection of the population. The main principles of the new concept of social protection are:
The universality of social rights (socio-economic and legal guarantees cover all citizens without exception and all spheres of human life)
Increasing role personal income in raising the standard of living of the population while eliminating egalitarianism in the distribution of transfers and subsidies. The transition from a model focused on low price labor force and a high share of free goods and services, to a new model based on the high price of labor and payment for meeting the growing needs of the population.
· Widespread use in the practice of socio-economic planning and management of systems of evidence-based social standards. The most important of them (living wage, minimum wage, pensions, etc.) must be approved in legislative order at the national level.
· Flexibility of the system of social guarantees, taking into account the dynamism of socio-economic processes in market conditions to prevent possible social tension.
The role of state bodies of different levels in the observance of social guarantees for the population is different.
At the federal level, there are minimum dimensions state guarantees, general programs are carried out, distribution relations are regulated through the federal budget and trust funds.
Local authorities develop and implement their own programs, ensure the implementation of general state programs to protect citizens on their territory. They can raise the level of guarantees for certain groups of the population, introduce additional guarantees for their territory with funding from their budget.
Most sectors of the social sphere - health care, physical education, preschool education, education, housing and communal services - are included in the scope of partial self-financing. Needs in excess of the level determined by the standards, provided free of charge, are paid by the able-bodied population from personal funds and collective funds of enterprises that will be able to conclude contracts for servicing employees, create hospital and insurance funds, directing part of the earned funds for these purposes. For the socially weak strata, the corresponding services will be provided mainly free of charge, at the expense of the budgets of all levels (from federal budget those services that are guaranteed at the federal level, and from other budgets - additionally guaranteed at the appropriate level, will be paid for).
