Human capital examples. Noskova K.A.

In modern theory, there are three main elements in the human factor:

1) human capital, which corresponds to the income on this capital;

2) natural abilities, to which the rent on these abilities corresponds;

3) pure labor.

All elements together characterize labor in the generally accepted sense, and the first two - human capital.

The economic category "human capital" was formed gradually, and at the first stage it was limited by the knowledge and ability of a person to work. Moreover, for a long time, human capital was considered only a social factor of development, that is, a costly factor, from the point of view of economic theory. It was believed that investments in upbringing, in education, are unproductive and costly. In the second half of the 20th century, the attitude towards human capital and education gradually changed dramatically.

AT economic literature the following definitions of human capital are given:

According to G. Becker, “ human capital" is a set of innate abilities and acquired knowledge, skills and motivations, the appropriate use of which contributes to an increase in income (at the level of an individual, enterprise or society).

S. Fischer gave the following definition: “ Human capital is a measure of the ability to generate income embodied in a person. HC includes innate ability and talent, as well as education and acquired qualifications».

M. Blaug believed that human capital is the present value of past investment in people's skills, not the value of people per se.

From the point of view of W. Bowen, human capital consists of acquired knowledge, skills, motivations and energy that human beings are endowed with and that can be used over a period of time to produce goods and services. F. Machlup wrote that unimproved labor may differ from improved, which has become more productive, thanks to investments that increase the physical and mental capacity of a person. Such improvements constitute human capital.

B.M. Genkin considers human capital as a set of qualities that determine productivity and can become sources of income for a person, family, enterprise and society. As a rule, such qualities are usually considered health, natural abilities, education, professionalism, mobility.

From the point of view of A.N. Dobrynina and S.A. Dyatlov, " Human capital is a form of manifestation of the productive forces of a person in a market economy ..., an adequate form of organization of the productive forces of a person included in a system of socially oriented market economy as a leading, creative factor of social reproduction". Analysis of the content and conditions of capitalization of human capital allows A.N. Dobrynin and S.A. Dyatlov to develop a generalized definition human capital as an economic category of the modern information and innovation society. Human capital is a certain stock of health, knowledge, skills, abilities, motivations formed as a result of investments and accumulated by a person, which are expediently used in the labor process, contributing to the growth of its productivity and earnings..

T.G. Myasoedova presents human capital as a combination of natural abilities, health, acquired knowledge, professional skills, motivations for work and continuous development, a common culture, which includes knowledge and observance of norms, rules, laws of human communication, moral values.

Relationship human potential and human capital is shown in Figure 10.1

Figure 10.1 - Relationship between human potential and human capital

Features of human capital

Unlike physical capital, human capital is not transferred, it is directly related to the person - its carrier. The owner of human capital in a free society can only be the person himself.

This form of capital can also depreciate in a special way if, for example, its owner falls ill, and completely disappears when the owner dies. This makes investing in human capital much riskier than investing in physical capital.

The impossibility of "transferring" it is also associated with the inherent dependence of human capital on the desires of its owner. Based on their tastes, life values or preferences, a person can use the capital contained in it with varying degrees of productivity. The productivity of the amount of human capital available (if it can be measured at all) will vary depending on the propensity of the individual to use it. In reality, there may be a large discrepancy between the stock of human capital that the population has and its amount used in the labor market.

The size of investment in human capital is very difficult, if not impossible, to estimate. Unlike physical capital, the value of which can be calculated directly, human capital is estimated indirectly - by the value of future income. How to estimate these future returns and, accordingly, calculate the real cost of investing in human capital is a serious empirical problem. It is also difficult, almost impossible, to determine the exact amount of human capital.

Unlike physical capital, which is usually invested only for the development of production, funds invested in human capital can be partially used unproductively. Thus, the cost of it cannot be fully attributed to investments. For example, most students studying history, fine arts and literature do this not only and not so much in order to increase the productivity of their work. All this makes it difficult to calculate the cost and return on investment in human capital.

Features of human capital can be represented in Figure 10.2

Figure 10.2 - Features of human capital

The similarities and differences between human and physical capital can be summarized in a table

Table 10.1 - Similarities and differences between human and physical capital

similarity	Differences
are factors of social reproduction included in total capital have the ability to accumulate have the ability to generate income the result of use can have both monetary and non-monetary value susceptibility to physical wear	ch.k. intangible in nature the value of the c.c. and its changes cannot be accurately measured ch.k. not subject to wear and tear ch.k. cannot be transferred

Types of human capital presented in table 10.2

Table 10.2 - Types of human capital

Type of human capital	Characteristic
biological capital	The value level of physical abilities to perform labor operations, the level of public health. Physical strength, endurance, performance, immunity to disease, a long period of employment. It consists of two parts: one part is hereditary, the other is acquired
Labor capital	Knowledge, professional ability of a person to perform a specific job. The more difficult the work, the higher the requirements for qualifications, skills and experience of the employee
intellectual capital	Products of creative activity, inventions, utility models used for a long time can serve as a source of income.
Organizational and entrepreneurial capital	Ability to develop fruitful business ideas, entrepreneurial spirit, determination, organizational talent, possession of trade secrets
Cultural and moral capital	It is important both for the individual himself and for any company and society as a whole. Everyone is interested in the formation and enhancement of human capital; spend resources both on maintaining health, and on the development of culture, and on promoting entrepreneurship

The most important component of human capital is labor, its quality and productivity. The quality of labor, in turn, is determined by the mentality of the population and the quality of life.

Human capital according to the degree of efficiency, as a productive factor, can be divided negative (destructive) and positive (creative) human capital. Between these extreme states and the components of total human capital, there are states and components of capital that are intermediate in efficiency.

Negative human capital- this is a part of the accumulated human capital, which does not give any useful return on investment in it for society, the economy and hinders the growth of the quality of life of the population, the development of society and the individual. Not every investment in upbringing and education is useful and increases HC. An incorrigible criminal, a hired killer is an investment in them lost for society and family. A significant contribution to the accumulated negative HC is made by corrupt officials, criminals, drug addicts, and excessive drinkers. And just loafers, loafers and thieving people. And, on the contrary, a significant share of the positive part of the Cheka is made by workaholics, professionals, world-class specialists. The negative accumulated human capital is formed on the basis of the negative aspects of the nation's mentality, on the low culture of the population, including its market components (in particular, the ethics of work and entrepreneurship). Negative traditions contribute to it state structure and the functioning of state institutions on the basis of lack of freedom and underdevelopment of civil society, on the basis of investments in pseudo-education, pseudo-education and pseudo-knowledge, in pseudo-science and pseudo-culture. A particularly significant contribution to the negative accumulated human capital can be made by the active part of the nation - its elite, since it is she who determines the policy and strategy of the country's development, leads the nation along the path of either progress, or stagnation (stagnation) or even regression. Negative human capital requires additional investment in human capital to change the essence of knowledge and experience. To change the educational process, to change the innovation and investment potential, to change for the better the mentality of the population and improve its culture. In this case, additional investments are required to compensate for the negative capital accumulated in the past.

Positive human capital(creative or innovative) are defined as the accumulated human capital that provides a useful return on investment in it in the development and growth processes. In particular, from investments in improving and maintaining the quality of life of the population, in the growth of innovative potential and institutional capacity. In the development of the education system, the growth of knowledge, the development of science, the improvement of public health. To improve the quality and availability of information. Cheka is an inertial productive factor. Investments in it give a return only after a while. The value and quality of human capital depend primarily on the mentality, education, knowledge and health of the population. In a historically short period of time, one can get a significant return on investment in education, knowledge, health, but not in the mentality that has been formed over the centuries. At the same time, the mentality of the population can significantly reduce the transformation coefficients of investments in HC and even make investments in HC completely inefficient.

Passive human capital- human capital, which does not contribute to the country's development processes, to the innovative economy, aimed mainly at its own consumption of material goods.

The elements of human capital are shown in Figure 10.3

Forms of investment in human capital

Typical forms of investment in human capital are the following activities:

Education. It may consist of obtaining a formal higher education, and in its subsequent continuation, and attending evening courses to improve, for example, computer literacy. Education in its various forms is the main activity for investing in human capital, since it requires a significant investment of time and money. Education increases the level of human knowledge, and, consequently, increases the volume and quality of human capital. The education level index is a characterizing indicator for the level of investment in educational training. Accumulation occurs in the process of consuming knowledge, as well as acquiring skills and experience in the process of labor activity. Reflects the level of education of individuals throughout their lives, their qualifications, professional experience, achievements and growth.

Education. It can be professional, that is, aimed at acquiring knowledge and skills in the field of professional activity, or special, aimed at acquiring special skills. It can be carried out both in the process of work (apprenticeship), and in isolation from it - in special courses. Training can also be divided into general (literacy) and special (skills for a specific job or institution). Training also makes up a large part of the investment in human capital.

Culture. The importance of the cultural and moral qualities of the population for normal economic activity repeatedly emphasized by the classics of science. The accumulation of characteristic qualities occurs in the process of education, consumption of knowledge, services of institutions of the socio-cultural sphere.

Sport. Accumulation occurs in the process of education of physical culture. It is characterized by the potential for future activity of life, a healthy lifestyle, personal sports achievements, including those at championships and the Olympic Games.

Migration and job search. Labor migration is seen as an investment in human capital, since moving from a place with low wages to an area where they are high leads not only to higher wages, but also to a better use of human skills. Finding a job is considered an investment because it requires significant effort and certain costs to collect information about the labor market.

Health and nutrition. Health and nutrition services of various kinds are also an investment because they increase the return on work by reducing morbidity and mortality and help maintain health.

There are six main stages life cycle human capital:

Origin (the period from the birth of a child to kindergarten).

Elementary development (kindergarten).

Basic development (school).

Professionalization of knowledge (university).

Practical activity (work).

Aging (retirement).

Human capital- assessment of the potential ability embodied in the individual to bring income. Includes innate abilities and talents, as well as education and acquired qualifications.

Are you sure you're human?

The concept of human capital was developed by American scientists, Nobel Prize winners in economics Gary Becker and Theodor Schultz. They showed that investing in human capital can give a high economical effect and that in recent decades they have increasingly determined the development of the economy, especially in industrialized countries.

Human capital- a set of knowledge, skills, skills used to meet the diverse needs of a person and society as a whole. The term was first used by Theodor Schultz, and his follower, Gary Becker, developed this idea, substantiating the effectiveness of investments in human capital and formulating economic approach to human behavior.

Initially, human capital was understood only as a set of investments in a person that increases his ability to work - education and professional skills. In the future, the concept of human capital has expanded significantly. Latest calculations made by experts World Bank, include consumer spending - the cost of families for food, clothing, housing, education, health care, culture, as well as government spending for these purposes.

Human capital in a broad sense, it is an intensive productive factor in economic development, the development of society and the family, including the educated part labor resources, knowledge, tools of intellectual and managerial work, habitat and labor activity, ensuring the effective and rational functioning of human capital as a productive development factor.

Briefly: Human capital is intelligence, health, knowledge, high-quality and productive work and quality of life.

Human capital- the main factor in the formation and development of the innovation economy and the knowledge economy, as the next highest stage of development.

One of the conditions for the development and improvement of the quality of human capital is a high index of economic freedom.

The classification of human capital is used:

1. Individual human capital.

2. The human capital of the firm.

3. National human capital.

In national wealth, human capital in developed countries ax is from 70 to 80%. In Russia, about - 50%.

The concept of human capital is a natural development and generalization of the concepts of the human factor and human resource, however, human capital is a broader economic category. The founders of the theory of human capital (HC) gave it a narrow definition, which has expanded over time and continues to expand, including all new components of HC. As a result, Cheka has become a complex intensive factor in the development modern economy— knowledge economy.

Currently, on the basis of the theory and practice of human capital, a successful paradigm for the development of the United States and leading European countries is being formed and improved. Based on the theory of the Cheka, which was lagging behind, Sweden modernized its economy and returned its leadership position in the world economy in the 2000s. Finland, in a historically short period of time, has managed to move from a predominantly resource-based economy to an innovative economy. And create your own competitive high technologies, without giving up the deepest processing of your main natural wealth- the woods. Managed to reach the first place in the world in terms of the competitiveness of the economy as a whole. Moreover, the Finns created their innovative technologies and products.

All this took place not because the theory and practice of human capital realized a kind of magic wand, but because it became the answer of economic theory and practice to the challenges of the time, to the challenges of the innovative economy (knowledge economy) emerging in the second half of the 20th century and venture science. -technical business.

Development of science, formation information society knowledge, education, health, quality of life of the population and the leading specialists themselves, who determine the creativity and innovativeness of national economies, have come to the fore as components of a complex intensive development factor - human capital.

In the conditions of the globalization of the world economy, in the conditions of free flow of any capital, including HC, from country to country, from region to region, from city to city in the conditions of intense international competition, accelerated development high technology.

And huge advantages in creating stable conditions for the growth of the quality of life, the creation and development of the knowledge economy, the information society, the development of civil society have countries with accumulated high-quality human capital. That is, countries with an educated, healthy and optimistic population, competitive world-class professionals in all types of economic activity, in education, science, management and other areas.

Understanding and choosing human capital as the main development factor literally dictates a systematic and integrated approach in developing a development concept or strategy and linking all other private strategies and programs with them. This dictate follows from the essence of the national Cheka as a multicomponent development factor. Moreover, this diktat emphasizes the conditions of life, work and the quality of the tools of specialists that determine the creativity and creative energy of the country.

The core of the Cheka, of course, was and still is a man, but now he is an educated, creative and enterprising person, with a high level of professionalism. Human capital itself determines in the modern economy the main share of the national wealth of countries, regions, municipalities and organizations. At the same time, the share of unskilled labor in the GDP of developed and developing countries, including Russia, is getting smaller, and technologically advanced countries it is already vanishingly small.

Therefore, the division of labor into unskilled labor and labor requiring education, special skills and knowledge is gradually losing its original meaning and economic content when defining human capital, which the founders of the human capital theory identified with educated people and their accumulated knowledge and experience. The concept of human capital as an economic category is constantly expanding along with the development of the global information community and the knowledge economy.

Human capital in a broad definition is an intensive productive factor in the development of the economy, society and the family, including the educated part of the labor force, knowledge, tools for intellectual and managerial work, the environment and labor activity that ensure the effective and rational functioning of human capital as a productive development factor.

Human capital is formed through investments in improving the level and quality of life of the population, in intellectual activity.

Including - in upbringing, education, health, knowledge (science), entrepreneurial ability and climate, in Information Support labor, in the formation of an effective elite, in the security of citizens and business and economic freedom, as well as in culture, art and other components. The Cheka is also formed due to the influx from other countries. Or it decreases due to its outflow, which is observed so far in Russia.

AT composition of human capital includes investments and returns from them in the tools of intellectual and managerial work, as well as investments in the environment for the functioning of the human capital, ensuring its effectiveness.

Komarova A.S.

Formation of the concept of "human capital"

The concept of human capital occupies one of the central places in the modern consciousness of society. Technological progress is increasingly being introduced into people's lives, therefore, more and more requirements are placed on a person, his education, and qualifications. Questions about the role of man in production, the method of production, the transfer of knowledge, etc., are becoming increasingly relevant.

The economic category "human capital" was formed gradually. At first, this meant knowledge and the ability of a person to work. So in the 17th century one of the founders of classical political economy in England, W. Petty, tried to assess monetary value productive properties of the human personality. According to him, the wealth of society depends on the nature of people's occupations and their ability to work. Later, many other scientists dealt with the consideration of “human capital in their works, for example, this was reflected in the works “The Wealth of Nations” (1775) by the Scottish economist, one of the founders of modern economic theory Adam Smith, “Principles of Economic Science” (1890-1891) by the English economist , the founder of the neoclassical trend in economics Alfred Marshall.

In the future, the concept of human capital has expanded significantly. Analysis of statistical data on the growth of the economies of the developed countries of the world in the middle of the 20th century.

Human capital

gave impetus to the development of the theory of human capital.

So American economist Russian origin V.V. Leontief (1905-1999), 1973 Nobel Prize in Economics "for his development of the input-output method", studied US imports and exports of goods. The conclusions of his work were as follows: the labor intensity of goods imported by the United States is quite high, but the price of labor in the cost of goods is much lower than in US exports. The capital intensity of labor in the United States is significant, together with high labor productivity, this leads to a significant impact on the price of labor in export deliveries. The analysis of human capital became popular after the publication of Leontiev's work and received a comprehensive development in the works of Schultz in 1961 and Baker in 1964.

The foundations of the theory of human capital were laid by the American economist, Nobel Prize winner Theodor Schultz (1902-1998). He introduced the concept of "human capital" (Human Capital) into the scientific literature, which he understood as "a set of knowledge, skills, and abilities used to meet the diverse needs of a person and society as a whole." In his publications The Emerging Economic Scene and School Education, The Creation of Capital by Education, etc., Schultz developed a basic theoretical model for the theory of human capital. Gradually, his concept that investment in education (i.e., human capital) is the decisive factor became widespread. By investing in human capital, he meant investing in education in educational institutions, in enterprises, as well as investments in healthcare, education and science.

Nobel Prize Winner 1992 Harry Becker was the first to transfer the concept of human capital to the micro level. According to Becker, the human capital of an enterprise is a set of skills, knowledge and skills of a person.

In his book Human Capital, Becker (1964) developed a theoretical model that served as the basis for further developments in this direction and was recognized as a classic of modern economic science. Becker's merit also lies in the fact that he was the first to determine the economic efficiency of education, using a statistically correct calculation.

According to the definition of the concept of the American-Israeli economist Stanley Fischer, “human capital is a measure of the ability to generate income embodied in a person. Human capital includes innate ability and talent as well as education and acquired skills.” This definition can be considered a narrow definition of human capital.

In further research in this area, the work of the following economists was important (see table).

Table. Contribution to the development of human capital theory

	FULL NAME. scientist, years of life	Main conclusions in the development of the theory of human capital (HC)
	Simon (Semyon) Blacksmith	A high level and quality of accumulated human capital is necessary for the accelerated implementation of institutional reforms. Sufficiently high level and quality of the human capital of the country with a catch-up economy ensures its access to a stable growth of per capita GDP and an increase in the level and quality of life of the population. Cheka is the main dominant of the possible stable growth economies of developing countries.
	Robert Solow	The Solow model (1950-1969) makes it possible to evaluate different options economic policy state, its impact on the standard of living….
	John Kendrick	Defines human capital as the ability to create a product and income over a certain period of time, including non-market forms of income. Health spending over time gives investment effect both in monetary and psychological forms.
	Lester Carl Thurow (born 1938)	Include in human capital such traits as "respect for political and social stability".
	John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)	He wrote: “The man himself ... I do not consider as wealth. But his acquired abilities, which exist only as a means and are generated by labor, with good reason, I think, fall into this category ”; "The craftsmanship, energy and perseverance of the workers of a country are as much considered its wealth as their tools and machines."
	Abalkin Leonid Ivanovich (1930 - 2011)	He considered human capital as the sum of innate abilities, general and special education, acquired professional experience, creativity, moral, psychological and physical health, activity motives that provide an opportunity to generate income.
	Dyatlov Sergey Alekseevich	“Human capital is a certain stock of health, knowledge, skills, abilities, motivations formed as a result of investments and accumulated by a person, which are expediently used in the labor process, contributing to the growth of its productivity and earnings.”
	Simkina Lyudmila Georgievna	Human capital, the enrichment of life based on time saving, is the main relation of modern innovative economic system.

Human capital in a broad sense is an intensive productive factor of economic development, the development of society and the family, including the educated part of the labor force, knowledge, the tools of intellectual and managerial work, the environment and labor activity that ensure the effective and rational functioning of human capital as a productive development factor.

The ideas embodied in the theory of human capital have had a serious impact on the economic policies of states. Thanks to it, the attitude of society towards investments in a person has changed. This provided the theoretical basis for the accelerated development of the education and training system in many countries of the world.

Time has shown that the concept of "human capital" has several interpretations and interpretations, depending on the nature of the economic, microeconomic and/or sociological tasks being solved. In the future, a strict differentiation and systematization of such tasks will lead to a corresponding differentiation and classification of interpretations of the concept of human capital.

Literature:

1. Becker G. Human capital: theoretical and empirical analysis. - M., 1964. - 234 p. [electronic resource]‑access mode.‑ http://stepantsova.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/ (date of access: 10/22/2012).

2. Makarova E. O. Human capital in the innovative economy // Bulletin of Kazan State Agrarian University.‑2008.‑№ 2‑ P. 74‑78

3. Korchagin Yu. A. Russian human capital: a factor of development or degradation? - Voronezh: TsIRE, 2005 [electronic resource] access mode.

4. Free encyclopedia: Wikipedia. Human capital// [electronic resource] ‑ Access mode. - URL: ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Human_capital (date of access: 10/18/2012).

ODiplom // Economics // 18.01.2017

Bibliographic description:

Nesterov A.K. Accumulation of human capital [ Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia ODiplom.ru

The accumulation of human capital is characterized by a delayed nature of increasing the efficiency of its use, since the increase in the knowledge and experience of individuals does not appear in practice immediately, as a result, labor productivity increases with a delay.

The need to accumulate human capital

The need to accumulate human capital is due to the existence of a system of human needs.

Structure and features of needs modern man, are presented as a complex system of goals, each of which pursues the satisfaction of specific needs. At the same time, the needs are grouped into material, spiritual and social, and all together they are aimed at achieving the main goal of production. Thus, human needs are the main motive for economic activity in general.

As a result, in order to ensure an increase in his standard of living, a person is interested in the accumulation of human capital, which will increase the value of his work and allow him to satisfy more of his needs, to pay attention to his needs of a higher order. This is the subjective side of the accumulation of human capital.

On the other hand, in modern conditions long-term economic growth is based on technological progress and innovation, which require qualitative improvement human activity. Consequently, the objective side of the accumulation of human capital is associated with an increase in its role as the main factor in economic growth, which is one of the main conditions for the development of the national economy.

From the point of view of modern economic conditions, human capital is characterized by the qualities, abilities and motivations of a person that contribute to his productive labor activity.

Accumulation of human capital manifests itself in the development of 3 components:

Human qualities associated with labor activity - mind, intelligence, energy, reliability, responsibility, etc.
Abilities, skills, abilities of a person: giftedness, imagination, ingenuity, learning ability, professional skills, experience, etc.
Human motivations (related and not directly related to work): goal orientation, communication, teamwork, etc.

Accumulation of human capital

The increasing role of human capital in the modern economy is obvious. It is necessary to create a large-scale systemic framework that stimulates the accumulation of human capital. Given the current conditions, the problems of economic growth and development that the modern economy faces, the accumulation of human capital and its subsequent use will solve many issues related to the development of mankind and economic growth.

In the modern economy, the role of man has greatly increased compared to the last century, which is reflected in the strong influence of human capital on the economic growth and development of the country's economy. Human capital will allow qualitative improvement production processes and creates prerequisites for intensive economic development, reducing the role of extensive economic growth.

Specificity and forms of accumulation of human capital

The accumulation of human capital is of a continuous nature and requires significant investments from a person, both monetary and temporary. At a time when progress in economic development directly depends on the accumulated human capital, the role of man in the economic environment is very large.

The most expedient is economic growth based on a qualitative improvement in production, living conditions and the welfare of the country. All this can be achieved by using human capital as the main factor. Each person should be interested in the constant accumulation of human capital as its owner. The motives for the accumulation of human capital are the needs of a person, which are the main incentives for his behavior in modern market conditions.

The process of accumulation of human capital, as a rule, is prolonged in time, which should be taken into account when determining the pace of economic development. Therefore, as the main motive for investing in human capital, one should use an increase in the level of income, both for the owners of human capital and for enterprises in the country. Income growth in long term as a result of the increase in human capital, it is many times higher than investment costs.

The specificity of the accumulation of human capital lies in the presentation by the market of new requirements for the quality of the labor force. When high requirements for education and professional experience appear on the labor market, then the accumulation of human capital intensifies, at the same time, this process is most pronounced among workers interested in their development.

There is currently significant investment in human capital at 3 levels.

	Description	Characteristic
	State	At the state level in the form of education, healthcare, etc.
	Enterprise level	In the form of sending employees at the expense of the enterprise to paid trainings, seminars, conferences in order to improve their skills or organizing in-house trainings and seminars.
		The third level represents investments in human capital directly by its owner in the form of additional education, self-improvement and acquisition of new professional skills. All these investments ultimately increase the special human capital of the worker.

Description

Characteristic

State

At the state level in the form of education, healthcare, etc.

Enterprise level

In the form of sending employees at the expense of the enterprise to paid trainings, seminars, conferences in order to improve their skills or organizing in-house trainings and seminars.

The third level represents investments in human capital directly by its owner in the form of additional education, self-improvement and acquisition of new professional skills.

All these investments ultimately increase the special human capital of the worker.

Forms of accumulation of human capital

The main form of accumulation of human capital is education, first of all, higher education, in this area knowledge, abilities, skills, and the ability to use them in work activities have priority.

Modern wages can be thought of as two components: the first is the level of income that a person would receive without higher education, and the second is the return on investment made in education. Investment in education includes the direct cost of education and the opportunity cost of forgone income during education. According to this approach, the real value of education for the owner of human capital and for the economy and society as a whole is manifested in the fact that an employee with a higher level of education, and therefore, with a larger amount of human capital, has higher incomes.

It is traditionally believed that the income of people with higher education is approximately 1.3-1.5 times higher than the income of people with secondary specialized education, however, a number of professions that require higher education are paid less than many working professions. Therefore, this statement should not be taken as an absolute truth. However, it must be taken into account that having a higher education provides a certain increase in earnings.

The presence of human capital not only affects the receipt of a higher income, but also increases the chances of getting a position in a more profitable vacancy. The level and quality of education and employment have a pronounced relationship with each other. This trend is typical for both large cities and relatively small ones. The level of unemployed people with higher education is lower than those with secondary or specialized secondary education.

Therefore, more high level education and, accordingly, a larger amount of human capital strengthens the competitive position of workers in the labor market. It should be noted that this is the main competitive advantage in the labor market. Second on the list is professional experience.

The next most important form of accumulation of human capital is the acquisition of practical production skills, professional training.

The total investment in vocational training and advanced training is roughly comparable to the investment in traditional education.

It is necessary to note the difference between special and general vocational training.

Special professional training and advanced training is financed at the expense of the enterprise and provides employees with professional skills, abilities and knowledge that will be useful to them specifically at this enterprise. Therefore, the main income from special vocational training is received directly by the company that financed the training. Thus, leaving the enterprise, the employee is unlikely to be able to use the human capital accumulated during such training.
General vocational training will allow a person to gain knowledge, skills and abilities in a particular field of activity and can be used in various enterprises.
What is human capital?

The individual makes the investment in general professional training himself, but in the future the costs of increasing human capital will be offset by higher wages.

It should be noted that both of these approaches to the accumulation of human capital are popular in Russia.

Also, Russian enterprises that invest in human capital seek to organize such working conditions so that employees do not leave the enterprise, as this leads to the loss of invested funds. The most popular among Russian companies corporate trainings, team competitions, practical group classes of a narrow focus related to the specifics of work are used.

If earlier, the number of employees who improved their professional training on their own initiative was relatively small, today the trend has changed, the development of their own professional skills is in great demand. An obvious trend in positive side, however, less than the desired level, since the main type of vocational training that people undergo on their own initiative is professional development courses. Other types of general vocational training are less in demand.

In addition, it should be noted that public sector employees, public institutions, state-owned companies improve their professional training much more often than employees commercial organizations. For a number of professions in the public sector, it is mandatory to improve professional training every 1, 2 or 3 years.

In commercial enterprises, many employees do not feel the need to accumulate human capital through professional development, believing that training should be at the expense of the employer and on his initiative. But private firms, especially small ones, are reluctant to invest in the development of their employees. Whereas in public sector there are special programs that require mandatory advanced training. In this case, the investor vocational training often it is the state that acts.

The third form of accumulation of human capital is independent development, which consists in obtaining additional education, new professional skills, etc. by its direct owner.

This form is the least common, the weak interest in self-improvement can be explained by the low level of motivation for the accumulation of one's own human capital among the bulk of the population. Often a person does not see the prospects for an increase in wages if he undergoes advanced training. Therefore, it is necessary to stimulate employees in the form of an increase in their wages, depending on the level of qualification and professional knowledge.

Accumulation of human capital with age

According to the general provisions of the theory of human capital, the salaries of workers grow with age, because in youth there is great investment in education, professional experience and training, then their intensity decreases, and workers begin to enjoy the fruits of their labors in the formation of human capital.

With age, the accumulation of human capital continues through the formation of professional skills and the accumulation of experience, and with it the level of income increases.

According to the general trend in the formation and development of human capital, an employee reaches the maximum of his income in the region of 45-50 years. After this milestone, the overall level of income begins to decline, as human capital depreciation factors come into play: knowledge and skills become obsolete, health problems appear, the level of perception decreases, passivity increases, etc.

The additional level of income due to the presence of higher education begins to decline from the age of 40-45, by the time of retirement it ceases to have any effect on the level of income. This is explained by the fact that the beginning of the accumulation of the main part of human capital coincides with the receipt of higher education (22-25 years old), after which a person sets foot on the labor path and begins to supplement it with professional experience. Having started labor activity, a person constantly improves his professional level, increasing human capital.

Starting from the age of 30-35, a person has already accumulated a sufficient amount of knowledge and acquired the necessary professional skills, therefore, he is most highly valued by the modern economy and employers. In the same period, with workers who have not developed their human capital all this time, the opposite situation occurs. Their accumulated human capital in the form of education received and the funds invested in it have depreciated, so it is more difficult for them to find high-paying jobs. This is partly due to the lack of strong-willed qualities for professional self-development, and partly due to the low quality of professional experience, which hinders work in the changed conditions.

In the period from 30-35 years old to 40-45 years old, a person must develop his human capital through professional development, special training and qualitative growth, so that after 40-45 years of professional experience provides a higher additional level of income than from higher education.

Thus, we can conclude:

The accumulation of human capital does not stop with the receipt of higher education, certain professional skills, work experience, special skills, etc., but must continue through additional general and special professional development. The more educated, qualified and developed a specialist is, the more chances he has to get a job with a high level of remuneration.

Among the features of the development and accumulation of human capital in Russia, it is necessary to note the positive trends in the growth of the number of workers who increase their human capital by improving their skills and acquiring new professional skills. This is definitely a plus. At the same time, the general low culture among workers and employers regarding the refinancing of human capital is a limiting condition for intensive economic growth. In modern conditions, human capital in Russia is the main factor of intensive economic growth. It is by increasing human capital that it is possible to increase the level of economic development, improve the sectors of the national economy, technological modernization of production, increase labor productivity and stimulate economic growth in the face of modern challenges faced by Russia.

Literature

Alaverdov A.R. Management of human resources of the organization. – M.: Synergy, 2012.
Lukyanchikova T.L., Semenova E.M. Effective management of the human capital of an enterprise in the interests of its innovative development. // Management Accounting. - 2014. - No. 2. - S. 28-38.
Mau V.A. Development of human capital. – M.: Delo, 2013.
Personnel Management. / ed. E.B. Kolbachev. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2014.

The founders of the theory of human capital

The theory of human capital was developed by supporters of free competition and pricing in Western political economy by American economists Theodor Schultz and Gary Becker. For creating the foundations of the theory of human capital, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics - Theodor Schultz in 1979, Gary Becker in 1992. Among the researchers who contributed largest contribution in the development of the theory of human capital, also include M. Blaug, M. Grossman, J. Mintzer, M. Perlman, L. Thurow, F. Welch, B. Chiswick, J. Kendrick, R. Solow, R. Lucas, Ts. Griliches, S. Fabrikant, I. Fisher, E. Denison and other economists, sociologists and historians. invested significant contribution Simon (Semyon) Kuznets, a native of Russia, who received the Nobel Prize in Economics for 1971. Among modern Russian researchers of human capital problems, one can note S.A. .A.Kurgansky and others.

The concept of "human capital" is based on two independent theories:

1) The theory of "investment in people" was the first of the ideas of Western economists about the reproduction of human productive abilities. Its authors are F. Machlup (Princeton University), B. Weisbrod (University of Wisconsin), R. Wikstra (University of Colorado), S. Bowles (Harvard University), M. Blaug (University of London), B. Fleischer (Ohio State University ), R. Campbell and B. Siegel (University of Oregon) and others. Economists of this movement proceed from the Keynesian postulate of the omnipotence of investments. The subject of the study of the concept under consideration is both the internal structure of the “human capital” itself and the specific processes of its formation and development.

M. Blaug believed that human capital is the present value of past investments in people's skills, and not the value of people in themselves.
From the point of view of W. Bowen, human capital consists of the acquired knowledge, skills, motivations and energy that human beings are endowed with and which can be used over a certain period of time in order to produce goods and services. F. Machlup wrote that unimproved labor may differ from improved labor that has become more productive, thanks to investments that increase the physical and mental abilities of a person. Such improvements constitute human capital.

2) The authors of the theory of "production of human capital" are Theodor Schultz and Jorem Ben-Poret (University of Chicago), Gary Becker and Jacob Mintzer (Columbia University), L. Thurow (MIT), Richard Pelman (University of Wisconsin), Zvi Griliches (Harvard University) and others. This theory considered fundamental to Western economic thought.

Schultz, Theodore-William (1902-1998), American economist, Nobel laureate (1979). Born near Arlington (South Dakota, USA). He studied at the college, graduate school of the University of Wisconsin, where in 1930. received a doctorate in economics Agriculture».

He began teaching at Iowa State College. Four years later he headed the Department of Economic Sociology. Since 1943 and for nearly forty years he has been a professor of economics at the University of Chicago. He connected the activities of the teacher with active research work. In 1945, he prepared a collection of materials from the conference "Food for the World", which paid special attention to the factors of food supply, the structure and migration of the agricultural labor force, the professional qualifications of farmers, agricultural production technology and the direction of investment in farming. In "Agriculture in an Unstable Economy" (1945), he spoke out against the illiteracy of land, as it leads to soil erosion and other negative consequences for the agricultural economy.

In 1949-1967. T.-V. Schultz is a member of the Board of Directors of the National Bureau economic research USA, then economic consultant International Bank reconstruction and development, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), several government departments and organizations.

Among his most famous works are " Agricultural Production and Welfare, Transforming Traditional Agriculture (1964), Investing in People: The Economics of Population Quality (1981) and etc.

The American Economic Association awarded T.-V. Schultz medal named after F. Volker. He is an honorary professor at the University of Chicago; he has received honorary degrees from the Universities of Illinois, Wisconsin, Dijon, Michigan, North Carolina and the Catholic University of Chile.

According to the theory of human capital, two factors interact in production - physical capital (means of production) and human capital (acquired knowledge, skills, energy that can be used in the production of goods and services). People spend money not only on fleeting pleasures, but also on monetary and non-monetary income in the future. Investments are made in human capital. These are the costs of maintaining health, getting an education, the costs associated with finding a job, obtaining the necessary information, migration, and vocational training at work. The value of human capital is estimated by the potential income that it is able to provide.

T.-V. Schulz claimed that human capital is a form of capital because it is a source of future earnings or future satisfactions, or both. And he becomes human because he is an integral part of man.

According to the scientist, human resources are similar, on the one hand, to natural resources, and on the other hand, to material capital. Immediately after birth, a person, like natural resources, does not bring any effect. Only after appropriate "processing" does a person acquire the qualities of capital. That is, with the growth of costs for improving the quality of the labor force, labor as a primary factor is gradually transformed into human capital. T.-V. Schultz is convinced that, given the contribution of labor to output, human productive capacity is superior to all other forms of wealth combined. The peculiarity of this capital, according to the scientist, is that, regardless of the sources of formation (own, public or private), its use is controlled by the owners themselves.

The microeconomic foundation of the theory of human capital was laid by G.-S. Becker.

Harry-Stanley Becker (born 1930) is an American economist and Nobel laureate (1992). Born in Potsville (Pennsylvania, USA). In 1948 he studied at the J. Madison High School in New York. In 1951 he graduated from Princeton University. His scientific career is associated with Columbia (1957-1969) and Chicago Universities.

HUMAN CAPITAL

In 1957 he defended his doctoral dissertation and became a professor.

Since 1970 G.-S. Becker served as chair of the social sciences and sociology department at the University of Chicago. He taught at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. Collaborated with the weekly "Business Week".

He is an active supporter of the market economy. His legacy includes many works: The Economic Theory of Discrimination (1957), The Treatise on the Family (1985), The Theory of Rational Expectations (1988), Human Capital (1990), Rational Expectations and consumption price effect” (1991), “Fertility and economics” (1992), “Training, labor, labor force quality and economics” (1992), etc.

The cross-cutting idea of the scientist’s works is that, making decisions in his own Everyday life, a person is guided by economic reasoning, although he is not always aware of it. He argues that the market of ideas and motives operates according to the same patterns as the market for goods: supply and demand, competition. This also applies to issues such as marriage, family, education, choice of profession. In his opinion, many psychological phenomena are also amenable to economic evaluation and measurement, such as, for example, satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the financial situation, the manifestation of envy, altruism, egoism, etc.

Opponents G.-S. Becker argue that by focusing on economic calculations, he downplays the importance of moral factors. However, the scientist has an answer to this: moral values are different for different people, and it will take a long time until they become the same, if this is ever possible. A person with any morality and intellectual level seeks to receive personal economic benefits.

In 1987 G.-S. Becker was elected president of the American Economic Association. He is a member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts, the US National Academy of Sciences, the US National Academy of Education, national and international societies, editor of economic journals, as well as an honorary doctorate from Stanford, Chicago, Illinois, Jewish universities.

The starting point for G.-S. Becker had the idea that when investing in training and education, students and their parents act rationally, taking into account all the benefits and costs. Like "normal" entrepreneurs, they compare the expected marginal rate of return on such investments with the rate of return on alternative investments (percentages on bank deposits, dividends from valuable papers). Depending on what is more economically feasible, they decide whether to continue education or stop it. Rates of return regulate the distribution of investment between different types and levels of education, as well as between the education system and the rest of the economy. High rates of return indicate underinvestment, low rates indicate overinvestment.

G.-S. Becker made a practical calculation economic efficiency education. For example, income from higher education is defined as the difference in lifetime earnings between those who graduated from college and those who did not go beyond high school. Among the costs of education, the main element was recognized as "lost earnings", that is, earnings that students did not receive during the years of study. (Essentially, lost earnings measure the value of students' time spent building their human capital.) Comparing the benefits and costs of education made it possible to determine the return on investment in a person.

G.-S. Becker believed that a low-skilled worker does not become a capitalist due to the diffusion (dispersal) of ownership of corporate shares (although this point of view is popular). This happens through the acquisition of knowledge and skills that have economic value. The scientist was convinced that lack of education is the most serious factor holding back economic growth.

The scientist insists on the difference between special and general investments in a person (and, more broadly, between general and specific resources in general). Special training gives the employee knowledge and skills that increase the future productivity of its recipient only in the firm that trains him (various forms of rotation programs, familiarizing newcomers with the structure and internal routine of the enterprise).

In the process general training the employee acquires knowledge and skills that increase the productivity of its recipient, regardless of the firm in which he works (learning to work on a personal computer).

According to G.-S. Becker, investments in the education of citizens, in medical care, in particular in children's, in social programs, aimed at maintaining, supporting, replenishing personnel, are equivalent to investing in the creation or acquisition of new equipment or technologies, which in the future will be returned with the same profits. So, according to his theory, the support of schools and universities by entrepreneurs is not charity, but concern for the future of the state.

According to G.-S. Becker, general training is paid in a certain way by the workers themselves.

In an effort to improve their qualifications, they accept lower wages during the training period, and later have income from general training. After all, if firms financed training, then every time such workers were fired, they would get rid of their investments in them. Conversely, special training is paid for by firms, and they also receive income from it. In case of dismissal at the initiative of the company, the costs would be borne by employees. As a result, the general human capital, as a rule, is developed by special “firms” (schools, colleges), and the special one is formed directly at the workplace.

The term “special human capital” has helped explain why long-serving workers change jobs less often, and why firms tend to fill vacancies through internal job travel rather than through external recruitment.

Having studied the problems of human capital, G.-S. Becker became one of the founders of new sections of economic theory - the economics of discrimination, the economics of foreign economics, the economics of crime, etc. He threw a "bridge" from economics to sociology, demography, criminalistics; he was the first to introduce the principle of rational and optimal behavior in those industries where, as researchers previously believed, habits and irrationality dominated.

The economic growth of the state can be increased by financing various sectors of the economy: human capital, the quality of the workforce, culture and infrastructure. One of the most important tasks of the country is the direct accumulation of spiritual, material and intellectual abilities of a person. The main purpose of the country's spending is precisely investing in human capital. To increase the significant opportunities of society, it is necessary to increase the potential of each member of society, by increasing the potential, we will achieve a dynamic rate of economic growth. The development of human capital in Russia involves:

- creating quality conditions for the development and improvement of the abilities of each person, improving the living conditions of Russian citizens;
- increasing the competitiveness of human capital.

At present, a lot depends on the degree of human capital formation, including economic growth.

Human capital is the knowledge and skills learned by a person, which play a very important role for him. important role in labor productivity.

The formation of human capital can be grouped into the following groups: institutional, socio-demographic, integration, socio-mental, environmental, economic, production.

In order to ensure the implementation of functions in terms of the formation of human capital in Russia, the following is guaranteed:

- increasing the availability of housing for citizens through mortgage mechanisms;
- accessibility of the consumer lending market;
- promoting the improvement of the quality of life and personal well-being;
- Assistance in facilitating pension insurance mechanisms.

The conceptual model of human capital formation is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - The concept of the human capital formation model

The formation of human capital is a process of increasing the productive qualities of the workforce, providing a high level of education and skill. For the long-term economic growth of the country, the formation of human capital is of decisive importance. The interaction of people with each other affects the dissemination of knowledge.

On average, the process of forming human capital takes approximately 15-20 years, this most often leads to a high level of several generations of people within the country.

The leading role in the formation of human capital is assigned to the sphere of culture, which is due to the following circumstances:

- transition to a more advanced type of economic development;
- development of the market of services in the field of culture.

Human capital is formed from childhood and is considered formed at the age of 23-25. Every child at the age of 3-4 years has a culture of completely free access to any information. The development of a child's abilities gives him the opportunity to freely manage his talents, to put as many concepts, skills, and abilities into his toolkit as possible. The development of the child is influenced by the results of his education, which later may affect the development of the labor market. The amount of human capital acquired in the learning process depends on innate abilities. The main period for the formation of human capital is the age from 13 to 23 years. This is a period of hormonal explosion, puberty, when nature gives a growing body a surge of tremendous energy. This energy must be transformed (sublimated) at the stadium in order to improve health, on the student bench and in the theater, in order to receive education and culture, learn to set and achieve goals in life, and overcome obstacles. A person can become a skilled worker by acquiring human capital, which is characterized by a high content of knowledge, contributes to innovation and the development of new ideas. The formed human capital provides a person with a stable income, status in society, self-sufficiency.

A feature of the process of forming human capital is that:

- life expectancy makes the acquisition of human capital relatively more attractive to people of any ability level;
- increased innate abilities facilitate the acquisition of human capital.

Knowledge and skills embodied in a person are difficult to separate from human health, which also determines labor productivity. public policy in the field of health is the key to the effective formation of human capital. Availability to medical care and proper nutrition increases life expectancy and helps people become more efficient at work. As the life expectancy of the population increases, it is beneficial for society to use the experience and skill of people, which allows them to do their job more efficiently.

The basis for the formation of human capital is the acquisition of new knowledge and skills. The formation of skills is becoming a priority for the country's economic development. Education is an important tool for building human capital. Education contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of people and the exercise by them of their civil rights and obligations. Education enriches a person's life by developing cognitive and social skills and informing people about their civil rights and responsibilities.

Workers with higher education are more productive than those with secondary education. Workers with a secondary education are more productive than those with a primary education, and workers with a primary education are more productive than those with no education.

Educated people are more skilled and capable of doing their job effectively, have a wider arsenal of tools to solve problems and overcome difficulties. They are also better suited to more demanding jobs, which are often associated with higher wages and greater economic benefits.

For well-being, human well-being, the formation and accumulation of human capital is the main goal of the state's economic policy. State forms education is one of the most important means of building human capital among the poor. People from low-income segments of the population, having no access to physical and financial resources, while having a high cost of their own human capital, acquire the opportunity to earn and influence the level and quality of life.

Countries can invest in public schools as well as adult education to reap these benefits and also help build human capital.

Building human capital through education and training encourages investment, stimulates the development and deployment of new technologies, and increases productivity per worker. However, the relationships between education, inequality, human capital creation, and economic development and growth are complex and often unique to a country's context.

The accumulation of human capital precedes economic growth and serves as the basis for economic growth. The process of human capital accumulation is an investment in education and training. Investing in education is a tool that influences the labor income of people's life cycle. The degree of accumulation of human capital varies by culture, country, region of residence of the holder of human capital. Human capital can accumulate until a person retires. The accumulation of human capital, being endogenous, responds to incentives associated with changes in technological knowledge. Human capital accumulation tends endogenously to zero some time before retirement. Older workers have low motivation for professional training (retraining).

Developed countries have more financial resources for investment in the accumulation of human capital. In less developed countries, labor productivity is very low. To increase this potential, there is a need for the formation of human capital. In developing countries, the formation of human capital is carried out by providing public services on the introduction of new production methods and the creation of an education system.

The development of human capital occurs through the creation of comfortable living conditions: income growth, good roads, landscaped yards, modern medical and educational services, as well as a cultural environment.

The state of human capital in the least developed countries is reflected in the indicators of the Human Capital Index, related to the level of education, health and nutrition:

- percentage of the population that is undernourished;
- mortality rate among children under five years of age;
- general indicator of children's education in secondary school;
is the adult literacy rate.

The complementarity of human and physical capital in the economy leads to an acceleration of investment in human and physical capital in long term.

Along with the priority development of human capital and the service economy, the most important sector for the implementation of knowledge, employment and income generation in the next 10-15 years will be the basic industries, transport, construction and the agricultural sector. It is in these sectors that Russia has significant competitive advantages, but it is here that major barriers to growth and efficiency gaps have accumulated. Intensive technological renewal of all basic sectors of the economy, based on new information nano- and biotechnologies, is the most important condition for the success of innovative socially oriented development and the success of the country in global competition.

Increasing the productive qualities of the labor force can be increased by providing a higher level of education and skills.

The formation of human capital increases the income, level and quality of life of people, and is also an important factor in improving labor efficiency.

Human capital

Human capital- a set of knowledge, abilities, skills used to meet the diverse needs of a person and society as a whole. The term was first used by Theodor Schultz, and his follower, Gary Becker, developed this idea by substantiating the effectiveness of investments in human capital and formulating an economic approach to human behavior.

Human capital in a broad sense, it is an intensive productive factor of economic development, the development of society and the family, including the educated part of the labor force, knowledge, the tools of intellectual and managerial work, the environment and labor activity that ensure the effective and rational functioning of human capital as a productive development factor.

Briefly: Human capital- this is intelligence, health, knowledge, quality and productive work and quality of life.

Human capital is the main factor in the formation and development of the innovation economy and the knowledge economy as the next highest stage of development.

One of the conditions for the development and improvement of the quality of human capital is a high index of economic freedom.

Use the classification of human capital:

individual human capital.
The human capital of the firm.
national human capital.

In the national wealth, human capital in developed countries is from 70 to 80%. In Russia, about 50%.

Background

Elements of the theory of human capital (HC) have existed since ancient times, when the first knowledge and the education system were formed.

In the scientific literature, the concept of human capital (Human Capital) appeared in the publications of the second half of the 20th century in the works of American economists Theodor Schultz and Gary Becker (1992). For creating the foundations of the theory of human capital (HC), they were awarded the Nobel Prizes in Economics - Theodor Schultz in 1979, Gary Becker in 1992. Simon (Semyon) Kuznets, a native of Russia, who received the Nobel Prize, made a significant contribution to the creation of the theory of human capital (HC). in economics for 1971

The theory of human capital is based on achievements institutional theory, neoclassical theory, neo-Keynesianism and other particular economic theories. Its appearance was the response of economic and related sciences to the demand for real economy and life. There was a problem of in-depth understanding of the role of man and the accumulated results of his intellectual activity on the pace and quality of development of society and the economy. The impetus for the creation of the theory of human capital was the statistical data on the growth of the economies of the developed countries of the world, which exceeded calculations based on accounting classical factors growth. An analysis of the real processes of development and growth in modern conditions has led to the establishment of human capital as the main productive and social factor in the development of the modern economy and society.

T. Schultz, G. Becker, E. Denison, R. Solow, J. Kendrick, S. Kuznets, S. Fabrikant, I. Fisher, R. Lucas and other economists, sociologists and historians contributed to the development of the modern theory of human capital .

The concept of human capital is a natural development and generalization of the concepts of the human factor and human resource, however, human capital is a broader economic category.

Broad definition of human capital

The concept of human capital (Human Capital) appeared in the publications of the second half of the 20th century in the works of American economists Theodor Schultz and Gary Becker (1992). For creating the foundations of the theory of human capital (HC), they were awarded the Nobel Prizes in Economics - Theodor Schultz in 1979, Gary Becker in 1992. Simon (Semyon) Kuznets, a native of Russia, who received the Nobel Prize, made a significant contribution to the creation of the theory of human capital (HC). in economics for 1971

The founders of the theory of human capital (HC) gave it a narrow definition, which has expanded over time and continues to expand, including all new components of HC. As a result, HC has become a complex intensive factor in the development of the modern economy - the knowledge economy.

Currently, on the basis of the theory and practice of human capital, a successful paradigm for the development of the United States and leading European countries is being formed and improved. Based on the theory of the Cheka, which was lagging behind, Sweden modernized its economy and returned its leadership position in the world economy in the 2000s. Finland, in a historically short period of time, has managed to move from a predominantly resource-based economy to an innovative economy. And to create their own competitive high technologies, without giving up the deepest processing of their main natural wealth - the forest. Managed to reach the first place in the world in terms of the competitiveness of the economy as a whole. Moreover, the Finns created their innovative technologies and products on the income from timber processing into goods with high added value.

The development of science, the formation of the information society to the fore as components of a complex intensive development factor - human capital - have brought forward knowledge, education, health, the quality of life of the population and the leading specialists themselves, who determine the creativity and innovation of national economies.

In the context of the globalization of the world economy, in the conditions of free flow of any capital, including the Cheka, from country to country, from region to region, from city to city in the conditions of intense international competition, the accelerated development of high technologies.

The core of the Cheka, of course, was and remains a man, but now he is an educated, creative and enterprising person, with a high level of professionalism. Human capital itself determines in the modern economy the main share of the national wealth of countries, regions, municipalities and organizations. At the same time, the share of unskilled labor in the GDP of developed and developing countries, including Russia, is getting smaller, and in technologically advanced countries it is already vanishingly small.

Human capital in a broad definition is an intensive productive factor in the development of the economy, society and family, including the educated part of the labor force, knowledge, tools for intellectual and managerial work, the environment and labor activity that ensure the effective and rational functioning of human capital as a productive development factor.

Briefly: Human capital is intelligence, health, knowledge, quality and productive labor and quality of life.

The composition of the human capital includes investments and returns from them in the tools of intellectual and managerial labor, as well as investments in the environment for the functioning of the human capital, ensuring its effectiveness.

Human capital is a complex and distributed intensive development factor. It, like blood vessels in a living organism, permeates the entire economy and society. And ensures their functioning and development. Or, on the contrary, it depresses with its low quality. Therefore, there are objective methodological difficulties with assessing its individual economic efficiency, its individual productivity, its individual contribution to GDP growth and to improving the quality of life. HC, through specialists and IT, contributes to the development and growth of the economy everywhere, in all types of economic and industrial activities.

Cheka contributes to improving the quality and productivity of labor in all types of life and life support. In all types of economic activity, management, educated professionals determine the productivity and efficiency of labor. And knowledge, high-quality work, qualifications of specialists play a decisive role in the effectiveness of the functioning and work of institutions and organizations of all forms and types.

The main drivers of HC development are competition, investment, and innovation.

The innovative sector of the economy, the creative part of the elite, society, and the state are sources of accumulation of high-quality human capital, which determines the direction and pace of development of the country, region, medical organizations, and organizations. On the other hand, the accumulated high-quality human capital underlies the innovation system and economy (IE).

The development processes of HC and IE constitute a single process of formation and development of the innovation-information society and its economy.

What is the difference between human capital and human potential? The human potential index of a country or region is calculated according to three indicators: GDP (or GRP), life expectancy and literacy of the population. That is, it is a narrower concept than the Cheka. The latter absorbs the concept of human potential as its enlarged component.

How is human capital different from labor resources? The labor force is directly people, educated and uneducated, who determine skilled and unskilled labor. Human capital is a much broader concept and includes, in addition to labor resources, accumulated investments (taking into account their depreciation) in education, science, health, security, quality of life, tools intellectual labor and in an environment that ensures the effective functioning of the Cheka.

Investments in the formation of an effective elite, including in the organization of competition, are among the most important investments in Cheka. It has been known since the time of the classics of science D. Toynbee and M. Weber that it is the elite of the people that determines the vector of the direction of its development. Forward, side or back.

An entrepreneurial resource is a creative resource, an intellectual resource for the development of the economy. Therefore, investment in an entrepreneurial resource is an investment in the development of human capital in terms of increasing its constructiveness, creativity and innovation. In particular, business angels are a necessary component of the HC.

Investments in institutional services are aimed at creating comfortable conditions for servicing the state. institutions of citizens, including doctors, teachers, scientists, engineers, that is, the core of the Cheka, which helps to improve the quality of their life and work.

With such an expansion of the economic category “human capital”, it comes out, as already noted, from the “flesh” of a person. People's brains do not work effectively with a poor quality of life, with low security, with an aggressive or oppressive environment for living and working.

The foundation on which innovative economies and information societies are created is the rule of law, the high quality of human capital, the high quality of life and an efficient industrial economy, which has smoothly transformed into a post-industrial or innovative economy.

National human capital includes social, political capital, national intellectual priorities, national competitive advantages and the natural potential of the nation.

National human capital is measured by its value, calculated by various methods - by investment, by the discount method and others.

The national human capital makes up more than half of the national wealth of each of the developing countries and over 70-80% of the developed countries of the world.

Features of national human capital determined the historical development of world civilizations and countries of the world. National human capital in the 20th and 21st centuries has been and remains the main intensive factor in the development of the economy and society.

Estimates of the cost of national human capital of the countries of the world

The cost of national human capital of the countries of the world based on cost method evaluated by the World Bank.

Estimates of the components of the human capital for the costs of the state, families, entrepreneurs and various funds were used. They make it possible to determine the current annual costs of society for the reproduction of human capital.

In the United States, the value of human capital at the end of the 20th century was $95 trillion, or 77% of the national wealth (NW), 26% of the global total value of human capital.

The value of the world human capital amounted to 365 trillion dollars or 66% of world wealth, 384% of the US level.

For China, these figures are: $ 25 trillion, 77% of the total NB, 7% of the world's total HC and 26% of the US level. For Brazil, respectively: $9 trillion; 74%, 2% and 9%. For India: 7 trillion; 58%, 2%; 7%.

For Russia, the figures are: $30 trillion; fifty %; eight %; 32%.

To the share of the G7 countries and the EEC for billing period accounted for 59% of the world Cheka, which is 78% of their national wealth.

Human capital in most countries exceeded half of the accumulated national wealth (with the exception of the OPEC countries). The HC percentage is significantly affected by the cost of natural resources. In particular, for Russia, the share of the cost of natural resources is relatively large.

The bulk of the world's human capital is concentrated in the developed countries of the world. This is due to the fact that investments in HC in these countries over the past half century have significantly outpaced investments in physical capital. In the United States, the ratio of "investment in people" and productive investment (social spending on education, health care and social security as a % of productive investment) in 1970 was 194%, and in 1990 318%.

There are certain difficulties in comparative evaluation the cost of the human capital of countries with different levels of development. The human capital of an underdeveloped country and a developed country has significantly different productivity per unit of capital, as well as very different quality (for example, significantly different quality of education and medical care). To assess the effectiveness of national human capital, factor analysis methods are used using country-specific international indices and indicators. At the same time, the values of the HC efficiency coefficient for different countries differ many times, which is close to the differences in their labor productivity. The methodology for measuring national human capital is set out in the work.

The cost of Russian national human capital has been declining over the past 20 years due to low investment in it and the degradation of education, medicine, and science.

National human capital and historical development of countries and civilizations

The economic category "human capital" was formed gradually. And at the first stage, the composition of the Cheka included a small number of components - upbringing, education, knowledge, health. Moreover, for a long time, human capital was considered only a social factor of development, that is, a costly factor, from the point of view of the theory of economic growth. It was believed that investments in upbringing, in education, are unproductive and costly. In the second half of the 20th century, the attitude towards human capital and education gradually changed dramatically.

In reality, it was investments in education and science that in the past ensured the outstripping development of Western civilization - Europe and North America in comparison with China, India and other countries. Studies of the development of civilizations and countries in past centuries show that even then human capital was one of the main development factors that predetermined the success of some countries and the failure of others.

Western civilization at a certain historical stage won the global historical competition with more ancient civilizations precisely due to the faster growth of human capital, including education, in the Middle Ages. At the end of the 18th century, Western Europe surpassed China (and India) by one and a half times in per capita GDP and twice in terms of literacy. The latter circumstance, multiplied by economic freedom, and then democracy, became the main factor economic success Europeans, as well as the United States and other Anglo-Saxon countries.

The influence of human capital on economic growth is also indicative on the example of Japan. In the land of the Rising Sun, which has pursued isolationist policies for centuries, the level of human capital has always been high, including education and life expectancy. In 1913, the average number of years of adult education in Japan was 5.4 years, in Italy 4.8, in the USA 8.3 years, and the average life expectancy was 51 years (roughly the same as in Europe and the USA). In Russia, these figures were equal: 1-1.2 years and 33-35 years. Therefore, Japan, in terms of the level of starting human capital, turned out to be ready in the 20th century to make a technological breakthrough and become one of the most advanced countries in the world.

Human capital is an independent complex intensive development factor, in fact, the foundation of GDP growth in combination with innovations and high technologies in modern conditions. The difference between this complex intensive factor and natural resources, classical labor and ordinary capital is the need for constant increased investment in it and the existence of a significant time lag in the return on these investment investments. In the developed countries of the world in the late 1990s, about 70% of all funds were invested in human capital, and only about 30% in physical capital. Moreover, the main share of investments in human capital in the advanced countries of the world is carried out by the state. And this is precisely one of its most important functions in terms of state regulation economy.

An analysis of the processes of changing the technological structures of the economy and types of societies shows that human capital, the cycles of its growth and development are the main factors in the generation of innovative waves of development and the cyclical development of the world economy and society.

With a low level and quality of human capital, investments in high-tech industries do not give returns. The relatively rapid success of the Finns, Irish, Japanese, Chinese (Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, China, etc.), Koreans, new European developed countries (Greece, Spain, Portugal) confirm the conclusion that the foundation for the formation of human capital is a high culture the bulk of the population of these countries.

Structure, type and methods for assessing the value of human capital

Structure

Once upon a time, upbringing, education and fundamental science were considered a costly burden for the economy. Then the understanding of their importance as factors in the development of the economy and society changed. Both education, and science, and mentality as components of human capital, and the Cheka itself as a whole, have become the main factor in the growth and development of the modern economy, the development of society and the improvement of the quality of life. The core of the Cheka, of course, was and remains a man. Human capital itself now determines the main share of the national wealth of countries, regions, municipalities and organizations.

With the development and complication of the concept and economic category "human capital", its structure became more complicated.

Human capital is formed primarily through investments in improving the level and quality of life of the population. Including - in upbringing, education, health, knowledge (science), entrepreneurial ability and climate, in the information support of labor, in the formation of an effective elite, in the security of citizens and business and economic freedom, as well as in culture, art and other components. The Cheka is also formed due to the influx from other countries. Or it decreases due to its outflow, which is observed so far in Russia. Cheka is not a simple number of people, workers of simple labor. Cheka is professionalism, knowledge, information service, health and optimism, law-abiding citizens, creativity and efficiency of the elite, etc.

Investments in the components of the human capital make up its structure: upbringing, education, health, science, personal security, entrepreneurial ability, investment in the training of the elite, tools for intellectual work, information services, etc.

Types of human capital

According to the degree of efficiency as a productive factor, human capital can be divided into negative human capital (destructive) and positive human capital (creative). Between these extreme states and the components of the total human capital, there are intermediate states and components of the human capital in terms of efficiency.

This is a part of the accumulated human capital, which does not give any useful return on investment in it for society, the economy and hinders the growth of the quality of life of the population, the development of society and the individual. Not every investment in upbringing and education is useful and increases HC. An incorrigible criminal, a hired killer is an investment in them lost for society and family. A significant contribution to the accumulated negative HC is made by corrupt officials, criminals, drug addicts, and excessive drinkers. And just loafers, loafers and thieving people. And, on the contrary, a significant share of the positive part of the Cheka is made by workaholics, professionals, world-class specialists. The negative accumulated human capital is formed on the basis of the negative aspects of the nation's mentality, on the low culture of the population, including its market components (in particular, the ethics of work and entrepreneurship). Contribute to it are the negative traditions of the state structure and the functioning of state institutions on the basis of lack of freedom and underdevelopment of civil society, on the basis of investments in pseudo-education, pseudo-education and pseudo-knowledge, in pseudo-science and pseudo-culture. A particularly significant contribution to the negative accumulated human capital can be made by the active part of the nation - its elite, since it is she who determines the policy and strategy of the country's development, leads the nation along the path of either progress, or stagnation (stagnation) or even regression.

Negative human capital requires additional investment in HC to change the essence of knowledge and experience. To change the educational process, to change the innovation and investment potential, to change for the better the mentality of the population and improve its culture. In this case, additional investments are required to compensate for the negative capital accumulated in the past.

Inefficient investments in human capital - investments in inefficient projects or family expenses to improve the quality of human capital components associated with corruption, lack of professionalism, false or suboptimal development ideology, trouble in the family, etc. In fact, these are investments in the negative component of human capital. Inefficient investments, in particular, are: - investments in individuals incapable of learning and acquiring modern knowledge, which give zero or insignificant results; - in an inefficient and corrupt educational process; - into the system of knowledge, which is formed around a false core; - in false or ineffective R&D, projects, innovations.

The accumulated negative human capital begins to fully manifest itself during periods of bifurcations - in conditions of highly non-equilibrium states. In this case, there is a transition to another coordinate system (in particular, to another economic and political space), and the HC can change its sign and magnitude. In particular, during the transition of the country to another economic and political system, with a sharp transition to another, much higher technological level (for enterprises and industries). This means that the accumulated human capital, primarily in the form of accumulated mentality, experience and knowledge, as well as existing education, is not suitable for solving new tasks of a more complex level, tasks within a different development paradigm. And when moving to another coordinate system, to radically different requirements for the level and quality of human capital, the accumulated old human capital becomes negative, becomes a brake on development. And we need new additional investments in the Cheka for its modification and development.

An example of inefficient investments can be investments in the USSR in chemical warfare agents (CW). They were created almost twice as many as in the rest of the world. Billions of dollars have been spent. And almost as much money had to be spent on the destruction and disposal of OV as on their production in the past. Another close example is investment in the production of tanks in the USSR. They were also produced more than in the rest of the world. Military doctrine has changed, tanks now play a smaller role in it, and investment in them has given zero return. They are difficult to use for peaceful purposes and impossible to sell - outdated.

Let us explain once again the essence of the negativity of the unproductive component of human capital. It is determined by the fact that if a person is a carrier of knowledge that does not meet the modern requirements of science, engineering, technology, production, management, social sphere etc., then retraining him often requires much more money than training the corresponding employee from scratch. Or an invitation from an outside worker. In other words, if the quality of labor is determined by pseudo-knowledge, then a fundamental change in this quality is more expensive than the formation of a qualitatively new labor on a modern educational basis and on the basis of other workers. In this regard, huge difficulties lie, in particular, in the way of creating a Russian innovation system and venture business. The main obstacle here is the negative components of human capital in terms of innovative entrepreneurial ability, mentality, experience and knowledge of Russians in this area. The same problems stand in the way of introducing innovations at Russian enterprises. So far, investments in this area do not give the proper return. The share of the negative component in the accumulated human capital and, accordingly, the effectiveness of investments in human capital in various countries world is very different. The effectiveness of investments in human capital is characterized by the conversion coefficients of investments in human capital at the country level and for the regions of the Russian Federation.

Passive human capital- human capital, which does not contribute to the country's development processes, to the innovative economy, aimed mainly at its own consumption of material goods.

The fact that human capital cannot be changed in a short time, especially with a significant amount of negative accumulated human capital, in essence, is main problem development of the Russian economy from the point of view of the theory of development of the human capital.

The most important component of human capital is labor, its quality and productivity. The quality of labor, in turn, is determined by the mentality of the population and the quality of life. Labor in Russia, unfortunately, has been and remains traditionally of low quality (that is, products Russian enterprises, with the exception of raw materials and primary products from it, is uncompetitive in world markets, productivity and labor intensity are low). The energy consumption of Russian products is two to three times higher, depending on the industry, than in countries with efficient production. And labor productivity is several times lower than in developed countries. Low-productivity and low-quality labor significantly reduces the accumulated Russian HC and reduces its quality.

Methods for assessing the value of human capital

There are various methodological approaches to calculating the cost of human capital. J. Kendrick proposed a costly method for calculating the cost of human capital - based on statistical data, calculate the accumulation of investments in a person. This technique has proved to be convenient for the United States, where there are extensive and reliable statistical data. J. Kendrick included in investments in the Cheka the costs of the family and society for raising children until they reach working age and acquire a certain specialty, for retraining, advanced training, health care, labor migration, etc. He also included investments in savings in housing, household durables, stocks of goods in families, research and development costs. As a result of the calculations, he obtained that human capital in the 1970s was more than half of the accumulated national wealth of the United States (excluding public investment). Kedrick's method made it possible to estimate the accumulation of human capital in its full " replacement cost". But did not allow the calculation " net worth» human capital (minus its "wear and tear"). This method did not contain a methodology for separating from the total amount of costs a part of the costs used for the reproduction of human capital, for its real accumulation. In the work of J. Mincer, the contribution of education and duration of labor activity to human capital is assessed. On the basis of US statistics of the 1980s, Mincer obtained dependences of the effectiveness of the human capital on the number of years general education, training and age of the worker.

The FRASCAT methodology is based on detailed information in the United States on the costs of science since 1920. The methodology takes into account the time lag between the period of R&D and the period of their implementation in accumulated human capital as an increase in the stock of knowledge and experience. The average life of this type of capital was assumed to be 18 years. The calculation results turned out to be close to the results of other researchers. The calculation algorithm was as follows. 1. Total current spending on science (for fundamental research, applied research, OKR). 2. Accumulation for the period. 3. Changes in stocks. 4. Consumption per current period. 5. Gross capital formation. 6. Net accumulation. International economic and financial institutions show a constant interest in the problem of human capital. Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) back in the 1970s. prepared a document on the strategy for the further development of mankind, where the problem of the role and importance of the human factor in global economic development was raised. In this study, methods were created for calculating some components of the human capital: the average life expectancy of one generation, the duration of the active labor period, net balance labor force, family life cycle, etc. The cost of human capital included the cost of education, training and training of new employees, the cost of advanced training, the cost of lengthening the period of employment, losses due to illness, mortality, etc.

A significant contribution to the development of the expansion concept of national wealth (taking into account the contribution of the CHK) was made by the World Bank analysts, who published a series of papers substantiating this concept. The World Bank methodology summarizes the results and methods for assessing the human capital of other schools and authors. The WB methodology, in particular, takes into account the accumulated knowledge and other components of the human capital.

Sources of human capital are selected by grouping the costs for the relevant areas. These are science, education, culture and art, healthcare and information support.

These sources must be supplemented with the following: investments in the security of the population and entrepreneurs - ensure the accumulation of all other components of human capital, ensure the realization of the creative and professional potential of a person, ensure the maintenance and growth of the quality of life; investments in the training of the society's elite; investment in entrepreneurial capacity and entrepreneurial climate - public and private investment in small business and venture capital. Investments in creating conditions for maintaining and developing entrepreneurial ability ensure its implementation as an economic productive resource of the country; investment in raising children; investment in changing the mentality of the population in a positive direction is an investment in the culture of the population, which determines the effectiveness of human capital; investments in institutional services to the population - the country's institutions should contribute to the disclosure and implementation of the creative and professional abilities of the population, improve the quality of life of the population, especially in terms of reducing bureaucratic pressure on it; investments in knowledge associated with the invitation of specialists, creative people and other talented and highly professional people from other countries, which significantly increase human capital; investments in the development of economic freedom, including freedom of labor migration.

The results of calculations of the human capital of Russia and the CIS countries based on the cost method using the algorithm of the World Bank specialists are given in the works. Estimates of the components of the human capital for the costs of the state, families, entrepreneurs and various funds were used. They make it possible to determine the current annual costs of society for the reproduction of Russian human capital. To assess the value of real savings, the authors of the work used the calculation of the “true savings” indicator according to the methodology of the World Bank specialists.

The human capital of most countries exceeds half of the accumulated national wealth (with the exception of the OPEC countries). This reflects the high level of development of these countries. The HC percentage is significantly affected by the cost of natural resources. In particular, for Russia, the share of the cost of natural resources is large.

It should be noted that the above methodology for assessing human capital by costs, which is quite correct for developed countries with efficient government systems and efficient economies gives a significant error for developing countries and countries with economies in transition. There are certain difficulties in the comparative assessment of the cost of HC in different countries. The human capital of an underdeveloped country and a developed country has a very different productivity per unit of capital, a very different level and quality.

The growing income gap between people with and without world-class higher education is pushing for this. According to data for 1990, Americans with elementary education had a total lifetime income of $756,000; those with higher education had $1,720,000. average income$1 million more. High pay for skilled and intellectual labor is one of the main incentives for obtaining knowledge in developed countries and the main factor in their development.

In turn, the high image of intellectual work, its great importance for the knowledge economy, generates powerful synergistic effects of strengthening the total intelligence of the country, industries, corporations, and ultimately, the total human capital of the country. Hence the huge advantages of the developed countries of the world and the problems for countries with catching up economies trying to join their ranks.

Modern methods for measuring the cost and quality of human capital are given in the works.

Analysis modern methods measurement of human capital shows that the most accurate methods of measuring it are by its share in national wealth or in GDP, as an intensive productive factor.

Human capital is the main factor in the formation of the "knowledge economy"

All these provisions are included in one form or another (often truncated and scholastic) both in the federal innovation strategy and in regional innovation strategies, programs and laws.

In essence, the understanding of what needs to be done to create a national IP from the point of view of the theory and experience of developed countries has matured at all levels of government (among those who write programs and strategies). However, the real progress in solving the problem is insignificant.

The creative core, the engine of IP and the economy is venture business. Venture business is by definition risky and highly profitable (if successful). And in this case, the participation of the state as a regulator and investor is generally accepted. Some of the risks are assumed by the state. Venture business is aimed at the implementation of major, sometimes breakthrough innovations, innovations coming from fundamental science. Therefore, the participation of the state in it on the basis of public-private partnership is necessary and useful.

Venture capitalists - specialists, managers and business angels - are highly professional, gifted people who require, accordingly, comfortable conditions for life and work, and high incomes. Venture capitalists - specialists and entrepreneurs - are in short supply all over the world. In the context of the globalization of the world economy and open borders business angels and other venture capitalists "fly" to where it is more convenient and profitable for them.

World experience has shown that at an early stage of creating a venture business, highly professional venture capitalists can only be nurtured and formed on the basis of an effective venture school, for example, in Silicon Valley, as Israel and Singapore did. This way of establishing a venture business, in one form or another, was used by all countries in which IE and venture business have already been created. The foundation on which innovative economies and information societies are created is the rule of law, the high quality of human capital, the high quality of life and an efficient industrial economy, which has smoothly transformed into a post-industrial or innovative economy.

Venture business is of particular importance in the process of creating an efficient and competitive economy. High technologies allow a country with a “catching up” economy to approach the developed countries of the world in terms of per capita income in the foreseeable future. The mission of generators of high technologies and innovative products is carried out by the venture technology and scientific and technical business.

The accumulated experience of the functioning of the Russian Venture Company, the implementation of the "FTP Electronic Russia(2002-2010)" and other private programs for the development of high technologies and the introduction of innovations, according to the estimates of the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev, independent experts and analysts, showed that their activities have not yet led to any significant positive results. Venture business and innovation activities in Russia and in Voronezh, in particular, are not yet economically beneficial for entrepreneurs and the state. Favorable environment and conditions have not been created for this activity.

The tasks of creating a national innovation system and an innovative sector of the economy, technological modernization of the economy, development of science and high technologies were set in all federal and regional development strategies and programs. There are no shifts yet. Dmitry Medvedev at a meeting on May 15, 2009 on the issues of modernization and technological development of the economy said on this occasion:

“The main problem is that, despite the correct program settings, there are no significant changes in the technological level of our economy. And this is especially evident during the global financial and economic crisis. So far, neither the small firms that we have tried and are trying to create, nor technoparks, nor various kinds of technology transfer centers, all kinds of new forms that we are trying to use, nor the Russian Venture Company, nor technology-innovative special economic zones. All this basically, I must admit frankly, exists only on paper.

Why is this happening? The answer, in principle, is not complicated. Corruption and criminalization of the economy and society reduce the effectiveness of the constructive components of human capital. Reduce the efficiency of labor, economy, business and the state.

Innovation in a market economy is a consequence of free competition in the markets. In the absence of a source of innovation generation - competition - there are no innovations themselves or they are of a random nature. The desire and need to make a big profit pushes the private owner to do something special, useful, which competitors do not have, so that his product is more attractive and sells better. Economic freedom, competitive markets, the rule of law and private property - these are the factors that automatically generate innovation, demand for it, investment in an innovative product and pave the way between an idea and an innovative product. Outside of a market economy with free competitive markets, it is impossible a priori to create an innovative economy and self-sustaining generation of innovations and innovative products. This was proved by the experience of the USSR and other socialist countries in this area.

A feature of the innovative economy, venture business and the information society is the fact that favorable conditions for venture business, high quality of life should be fulfilled in relation to the developed countries of the world in the context of globalization and open borders and economies. Ventureists, as especially highly professional specialists, work where they are more comfortable, and favorable and competitive conditions have been created for business. It was not possible to create such conditions in the USSR. And so he lost the scientific and technological competition. The current conditions are less favorable for this than they were in the USSR. The remnants of the former science and education, as well as other components of the innovation system, do not correspond to the level of the knowledge economy. Therefore, Russian business angels prefer to invest in foreign technology parks, for example, in India. In Russia, the profit on venture projects is noticeably lower, and the risks are very high. Including criminal risk.

The main reasons for the slowdown in scientific, technical and innovation activities in Russia - the low quality of human capital and an unfavorable, oppressive environment for innovative activity. The quality of all components of Russian human capital has declined: education, science, the security of citizens and business, the elite, and specialists. And for venture business and innovation economy, one should first build solid foundation.

Notes

Ilya Konstantinov. Human capital and strategy of national projects
Nesterov L., Ashirova G. National wealth and human capital. // VE, 2003, No. 2.
Korchagin Yu. A. The broad concept of human capital. - Voronezh: TsIRE, 2009.
SHULGINA EV DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN POTENTIAL. Moscow Business School, Moscow, Russia
Shultz T. Human Capital in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. - N.Y., 1968, vol. 6.
Becker, Gary S. human capital. - N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1964.
Kendrick J. The total capital of the United States and its functioning. - M.: Progress, 1976
Korchagin Yu. A. Investment strategy. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2006 ISBN 5-222-08440-X
Korchagin Yu. A. Russian human capital: a factor of development or degradation? - Voronezh: TSIRE, 2005.
Fischer S., Dornbusch R., Schmalenzi R. Economic theory. - M., Unity, 2002.
The Economics of Resources and the Resources of Economics (1974).

Human capital is the guarantor of development

Man is the basic element of society. From ancient human knowledge and skills were considered a catalyst for the development of society. AT modern world where scientific technical means and technology, human power, is losing its former need. But, skills and knowledge are always in demand. In totalintelligence, health, , high quality and efficient stands for human capital.

The concept of "human capital" is now becoming of great importance not only for economists - theorists, but also for individual organizations. In this case, human capital will be in demand only with the daily self-education of a person. If a person receives professional education and does not work anywhere, does not use his knowledge to generate income, then they arehuman potential . “Human capital, according to one of the creators of the theory of human capital G. Becker, is the stock of knowledge, skills and motivations that every able-bodied person has.”

One of the means influencing the qualitative growth of human capital in society is education. It is well known that education is the most important factor in the formation of a person as a person. In educational institutions, a person from an early age comprehends literacy, assimilates national and universal values, studies the heritage of the people, reaches the highest degree of culture and reveals other abilities. The statements of the great scientist Abu-Nasr Al-Farabi about the content of the meaning of education, about its place in the essence of man, are still important tools for educational activities.

The sculptor of each person in the formation as a person can only be a teacher.In the profession of a teacher, knowledge and teaching methods play a significant role. The development of knowledge in various ways of education makes the teacher a level higher. The age of speed increasingly makes you improve your knowledge every day.Of course, the aspects of acquiring knowledge in a generally accepted way in the modern world goes beyond the traditional educational system, turning into"lifelong learning".Only knowledge hardened in battle can conquer the top of Olympus. A stimulating factor is important for the productivity of each person. But in any profession there are motivating reasons, in the teaching profession it is hisconstructionstudent's personality.

In conclusion, I would like to note that the state of the modern education system ultimately determines the development of the country in the coming years. And also the main locomotive for the development of the economic and social conjecture of the population. Therefore, it is logical to assert that education is the leading branch of human capital production, the foundation of the future well-being of a person and the whole society.