Gazprombank (Open Joint Stock Company). Diploma Analysis of Credit Risk Management at Gazprombank (OJSC) Analysis of Operational Risk Management at Gazprombank

Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

"Bryansk State Engineering and Technology Academy" (FGBOU VPO "BGITA")

Faculty of Economics

Course work

by discipline: Risk management

on the topic: Risk management in enterprises banking sector on the example of JSC "Gazprombank"

Bryansk, 2013

Introduction

Banks are a very ancient economic invention. They originated in ancient times as firms specializing in providing a special kind of service: savings and providing loans.

Over time, banks have also mastered activities related to the organization of payments for goods bought and sold within the country and on the world market.

Now they are an integral feature of the modern money economy, their activity is closely connected with the needs of reproduction. Being at the center of economic life, serving the interests of producers, banks are the link between industry and trade, agriculture and the population. At the same time, banks cash settlements By lending to the economy, acting as intermediaries in the redistribution of capital, they significantly increase the overall efficiency of production and contribute to the growth of the productivity of social labor.

The role of the banking system in the modern market economy is enormous. All the changes that take place in it affect the entire economy in one way or another. The correct organization of the banking system is necessary for the normal functioning of the country's economy. Creating a sustainable, flexible and efficient banking infrastructure is one of the most important (and extremely difficult) tasks for economic development Russia. At the same time, like the work of other commercial enterprises, banking is subject to numerous risks, which is why in most countries this activity is the most adjustable view entrepreneurship.

The consequences of economic crises make topical issues devoted to the study of factors that are a prerequisite for the growth of negative trends in the banking sector, the identification and study of the immediate causes of modern economic crises, forms of their manifestation and consequences, as well as for the development of adequate programs of anti-crisis regulation banking.

The relevance of the topic I have chosen is that the risk is inherent in any area human activity, which is associated with many conditions and factors that affect the positive outcome of people's decisions, so the study of risks in banking requires special attention.

Target term paper- study of risk management at the enterprise in the banking sector.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. consider the current state of the banking sector;

2. study the classification of risks in the banking sector;

Investigate the impact of risks on the activities of the enterprise;

Propose risk mitigation measures;

Conduct an assessment of the costs and effects of the proposed activities.

The object of study in this course work is Gazprombank. risk banking commercial management

The subject of the study is the risks in Gazprombank OJSC.

The methods of scientific research used in writing term papers are: systematization method (arrangement of data in a logical sequence), methods of analysis (decomposition of information into its constituent parts for the purpose of studying) and synthesis (data generalization), tabular method, analytical, forecasting method (development forecast, development prospects), etc.

The volume of the course work is 48 sheets, 1 table, 1 figure and 2 applications.

1. Fundamentals of risk management in the banking sector

.1 Current state Russian banking sector

Recently, the banking system of Russia began to develop most actively. Some positive trends have been noted in this development. Many credit institutions began to strive for greater transparency, that is, constant openness to their customers. For this reason, advanced business models, various types of lending, and new banking technologies began to be introduced.

The state of the banking system in Russia in 2012 was influenced by many factors, the main of which are:

General growth Russian economy by 3.4% compared to the previous year;

Strengthening of the ruble by 3.6% against the euro and 6% against the US dollar;

The growth of the average monthly wages the population of the Russian Federation;

Strengthening financial stability in the world.

It should be noted that, despite the consistently high number of banks participating in the deposit insurance system, the number of credit institutions that have the right to attract in the form of deposits has slightly decreased. Money individuals.

The maximum insurance amount is 700 thousand rubles, it fully covers 99.5% of all deposits. It must be emphasized that, despite the increased confidence in financial system Russian Federation, citizens prefer not to take risks - deposits up to 700 thousand rubles account for more than 50% of the total amount of insured deposits.

As a rule, citizens choose trusted, well-known, reliable banks to store their own funds. The undisputed leader is Sberbank of Russia, which accounts for 45.8% of the entire deposit market. The focus on the middle class of the working population, young people and pensioners affects the number of medium-sized deposits - deposits up to 700 thousand rubles account for 72.3% of the total.

For comparison, in other banks with total deposits of more than 100 billion rubles (there are 17 such organizations in total), the share of deposits up to 700 thousand is 33.7%. 69.9% of household deposits are concentrated in credit institutions that have deposits totaling more than 100 billion. The share of banks, where the amount of deposits is from 10 to 100 billion, accounts for 21.6% of deposits, from a billion to 10 - 7.6%, up to a billion rubles - 0.9%.

Accordingly, banks with large volumes of deposits are currently actively developing, the share of small credit institutions is steadily declining - 356 against 392 at the end of 2011.

The largest banks, in addition to the VTB Group, Sberbank of Russia, Gazprombank, Alfa-Bank, Promsvyazbank, Rosselkhozbank, included HKF, Russian Standard and Eastern Express- organizations whose policies in last years was aimed at attracting funds from individuals.

The general strengthening of the stability of the financial system and the positive dynamics of the development of credit institutions contributed to an increase in the savings activity of the population. Thus, the growth of deposits in January-November 2012 amounted to about 4.7 billion rubles a day, which is significantly higher than in 2011 - 3.7 billion rubles a day.

To a large extent, the growth of activity was facilitated by the growth of interest rates, an increase in the number advantageous offers on saving and increasing funds, low inflation, a general increase in the income of the population.

It should be noted that in 2012 the share of long-term deposits(from 10.1 to 8.6%). The share of medium-term ones has not changed much - about 50%. But short-term deposits (from 30 days to a year) rose to 22%.

According to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in 2012, there was a positive trend in the majority key indicators characterizing the role of the banking sector in the economy.

The ratio of banking sector assets to GDP increased from 74.6% to 79.1% over the year.

The ratio of the capital of the banking sector to GDP amounted to 9.8%, having increased by 0.4 percentage points over the year.

According to the results of 2012, the main source of formation of the resource base of credit institutions was the funds on customer accounts, the ratio of their volume to GDP increased by 1.4 percentage points and amounted to 48.1%, including the ratio of the volume of deposits of individuals to GDP - 22.8 % (increase by 1.5 percentage points), the ratio of deposits of legal entities (except for credit institutions) to GDP - 15.4% (increase by 0.4 percentage points).

In the structure of banking sector assets in 2012, as in the previous year, loans dominated. The ratio of the total volume of loans issued to GDP increased by 2.8 percentage points to 54.3%, while their share in the total assets of the banking sector decreased by 0.4 percentage points and amounted to 68.6%. The ratio of loans to non-financial organizations and individuals to GDP increased by 2.6 percentage points to 44.3%.

In 2012, the number of operating credit institutions decreased by 22 to 956. During the year, the licenses of 23 credit institutions were revoked (cancelled); due to reorganization in the form of affiliation are excluded from the Book state registration 7 credit organizations; 8 new credit organizations received a license to carry out banking operations. Thus, in 2012 the trend of recent years towards a decrease in the number of operating credit institutions continued. As of 1.10. 2013, the number of credit institutions operating in the Russian Federation decreased to 942. Their highest concentration is in the Central Federal District(559), the smallest - in the Far Eastern Federal District (22).

Large multi-branch banks in 2012 continued to optimize their regional divisions. During the year, the number of branches of operating credit institutions in the Russian Federation decreased by 16.3% - as of January 1, 2013, their number amounted to 2349 (as of January 1, 2012 - 2807).

At the same time, the total number of internal structural divisions of credit institutions and their branches increased by 2,148 and amounted to 42,758 as of January 1, 2013 (40,610 as of January 1, 2012). At the same time, the number of additional offices increased from 22,565 to 23,347, credit and cash offices - from 1725 to 2161, operating offices- from 5360 to 7447, mobile units cash transactions- from 100 to 118, and the total number of operating cash desks outside the cash desk decreased from 10,860 to 9,685.

As a result, the number of internal structural units per 100,000 population increased from 28.4 at the end of 2011 to 29.8 at the end of 2012.

In 2012, the reduction in the number of operating credit institutions was typical for most Russian regions: the number of regional banks1 decreased from 466 to 450. The growth rate of the assets of regional banks in 2012 (15.3%) was lower than the growth rate of the assets of the banking sector as a whole (18. 9%). As a result, the share of regional banks in the total assets of the banking sector decreased from 12.0% to 11.6% at the end of the year. The growth rates of capital (15.0%) and profits (17.1%) in 2012 were also somewhat lower than those in the banking sector as a whole. At the same time, it should be noted that the profitability indicators of regional banks are lower than the corresponding indicators of the banking sector as a whole.

The index of total provision of regions with banking services has changed insignificantly compared to the beginning of 2012. This indicator was highest in the Central Federal District (primarily in Moscow), the Northwestern Federal District (primarily in St. Petersburg), and the Southern Federal District. In the Far Eastern, Siberian and Ural Federal Districts, according to the results of 2012, there was an increase in this index.

The minimum value of the index of the total provision of regions with banking services in 2012 was noted in the North Caucasus Federal District, including the Republics of Ingushetia and Dagestan.

In 2012, the upward trend in indicators characterizing the concentration of banking activity continued. The share of the 200 largest credit institutions in terms of assets in the total assets of the banking sector in 2012 changed insignificantly and amounted to 94.3% at the end of the year (according to the results of 2011 - 94.1%).

As of January 1, 2013, the share of the 200 largest credit institutions in terms of capital accounted for 92.8% of the total capital of the banking sector (92.5% as of January 1, 2012), including the five largest banks - 48.4% (as of 1.01.2012 - 50.1%).

The number of credit institutions with a capital of more than 1 billion rubles in 2012 increased from 315 to 346; they accounted for almost 96.4% of the total positive capital of the banking sector. The number of credit institutions with capital over RUB 300 million1 increased from 623 to 654 in 2012, and their share in total positive capital increased from 98.7% to 99.0%.

For most of 2012, only the largest companies had access to external sources of funding. Russian banks. Under these conditions, the banking sector continued to make more intensive use of domestic Russian sources, in particular by offering attractive, often very high, interest rates on deposits.

On the whole, funds on customer accounts1 grew over the reporting year by 15.5%, to 30,120.0 billion rubles (in 2011, by 23.7%). The share of this source in the liabilities of the banking sector as of January 1, 2013 amounted to 60.8% (at the beginning of 2012 - 62.7%). The growth rate of attracted funds indicates a fairly high level of public and business confidence in banks, which remains an important factor stability of the banking sector.

The volume of deposits of individuals in 2012 increased by 20.0% to 14,251.0 billion rubles (in 2011 - by 20.9%), and the share of this source of funding in the total liabilities of the banking sector increased from 28.5 to 28 ,eight%. The structure of deposits is dominated by deposits in rubles (82.5% of the total), and in terms of maturity - deposits for a period of more than 1 year (58.9% of the total), of which deposits over 3 years account for 8.7% of the total.

In 2012, the profit of operating credit institutions reached a record high in the entire history of the development of the banking business in Russia, amounting to 1,011.9 billion rubles, and taking into account the financial results of previous years - 2,861.3 billion rubles (in 2011 - 848.2 and 2243.1 billion rubles, respectively). The share of profitable credit institutions in 2012 decreased from 94.9% to 94.2%, respectively, the share of unprofitable credit institutions increased from 5.1% to 5.8%.

The Russian Federation has a Strategy for the Development of the Banking Sector of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015. The main goal of the development of the banking sector of the Russian Federation in the medium term is to actively participate in the modernization of the economy on the basis of a significant increase in the level and quality banking services provided to organizations and the public, and ensuring its systemic sustainability.

Macroeconomic performance indicators of the banking sector of the Russian Federation for 2009 - 2013 are presented in Appendix A.

Indicators of individual groups of credit institutions for 2012 - 2013 presented in Appendix B.

1.2 Classification of risks in the banking sector

Banking risk is the probability of losses in the form of loss of assets, shortfall in planned income or additional expenses as a result of the bank's financial transactions.

Interpretation banking risks is still ambiguous. In the domestic economic literature You can find a variety of definitions of risk, but they all come down to one thing - the above.

A commercial bank, like any business entity operating in a market economy, in the course of its activities is aimed at obtaining maximum profit. In addition to the fact that the activity of the bank is influenced by the general risks inherent in economic entities, it is characterized by risks arising from the specifics of the activity. The specifics of the risk of banking operations lies in the fact that the degree of risk that the bank takes on is largely determined by the degree of risk that it objectively or subjectively receives from its customers. The higher the degree of risk inherent in the type of business of the bank's clients, the higher the risk that the bank can expect when working with these clients. Transactions related to attraction in the money market temporarily free funds and placing them in different kinds assets (including loans) make commercial banks particularly dependent on financial stability their clients, as well as the state of the money market and the economy of the state as a whole. Banking risk is included in the system of economic risks, in which it is also an independent type of risk. The issue of risk analysis in economics is very important, since the decision-making process under conditions of information uncertainty is closely related to it.

It should be noted that the collection and analysis of information is one of the most important components in assessing banking risk. Only after this stage, it is possible to start identifying the factors that can lead to potential losses for the bank, and measuring the risk.

Tightening regulatory requirements.

Only in the last two years, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation has made significant changes to the instructions governing the management of credit and liquidity risks. For the first time, the regulator characterized non-financial types of risks and provided recommendations for their management. The Bank is obliged to develop a risk management policy.

Formation of a positive investment image.

Due to the fact that Russian banks are actively entering international markets, they need to attract investments and, consequently, the interest of counterparties in concluding large transactions.

Potential investors and counterparties for sustainability assessment financial institution study, including the risk management system adopted by the bank.

Banks interested in investments and international cooperation are forced to solve the issues of building a high-quality risk management system.

Risk profile control, profitability stabilization.

Credit institutions feel the need to analyze and manage risks as part of their core business. To keep the risk-return ratio at the required level, the bank, first of all, needs to develop its own risk profile, that is, to determine what risks the bank is exposed to and what level of risks the management considers acceptable. After accepting a risk profile, the task is to control risks and keep them at a given level, which is complicated by the fact that in the search for new products, ways to increase profitability, expand the client base, the probability of underestimating risks is quite high, which leads to an increase in possible losses.

The main thing is not to exceed a certain amount of risk, after which there is a danger of receiving only losses.

In all cases, the bank must determine the risk, calculate and insure against losses, that is, manage risks. The level of risk associated with an event is constantly changing, both due to the dynamic nature of the external environment of the bank, and due to changes occurring within the bank. This requires the bank to constantly adjust its risk management policy.

To do this, a certain classification of banking risks should be carried out. It can be based on different criteria, which leads to the presence of many classifications.

The classification of risks in the banking sector is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Risks in the banking sector

Credit risk arises from the bank due to the insolvency of customers who cannot repay the borrowed funds on time.

Against the backdrop of growth in lending in 2012, quality indicators loan portfolio the Russian banking sector showed a positive trend. The share of overdue debt in the total volume of loans issued decreased from 3.9% to 3.7% in the reporting year.

With the growth of loans, deposits and other placed funds by 18.3%, overdue debt increased by 11.0% and as of January 1, 2013 amounted to 1,257.4 billion rubles.

For the absolute majority of credit institutions with overdue debt, its share did not exceed 4% of the loan portfolio.

Overdue debt on loans to individuals increased by 7.6% in 2012, while the volume of these loans increased by 39.4%.

Accordingly, the share of overdue debt under this species loans decreased over the year from 5.2 to 4.0%.

In 2012, the value of major credit risks in the banking sector increased by 6.7% to RUB 12,773.9 billion. The share of large loans in the assets of the banking sector decreased over the year from 28.8% to 25.8%.

During 2012, 68 credit institutions violated the maximum risk limit per borrower or group of related borrowers (N6) (versus 91 in 2011); maximum size major credit risks (N7) - 2 credit institutions (in 2011 - 6).

Market risk threatens losses in the market value of securities, exchange rates and precious metals.

As of January 1, 2013, the market risk assessment of the banking sector for the purposes of calculating capital adequacy amounted to 2,646.9 billion rubles, having increased by 11.3% in 2012 and yielding in terms of growth rate to the indicator of 2011 (14.2%).

In 2012, the number of credit institutions that calculate the amount of market risk decreased from 621 to 613. Their share in the assets of the banking sector remained almost unchanged compared to the beginning of 2012 (92.3%) and amounted to 92.5% as of 01.01.2013 G.

Currency risk may be caused by sharp fluctuations in exchange rates monetary units. If the value of money falls sharply, then the bank and customers suffer losses.

AT reporting year the number of banks that take into account currency risk when calculating capital adequacy decreased (from 390 as of January 1, 2012 to 376 as of January 1, 2013), but their share in banking sector assets increased significantly (from 45.0% to 70.9% of banking assets respectively). 231 banks with a 72.2% share in the assets of the banking sector (as of January 1, 2012 - 248 banks with 69.4% of assets) took into account the value of the equity risk, 406 banks with a share in January 1, 2012 - 402 banks with a share in assets of 87.0%.

In 2012, the share of market risk in the total banking sector risks continued to decline: from 6.6% as of January 1, 2012 to 5.9% as of January 1, 2013.

Interest risk results in losses due to changes in interest rates financial instruments credit organization.

The largest share (76.0%) in the structure of market risk fell on interest rate risk (68.0% as of January 1, 2012), the value of which is influenced by the dynamics of debt obligations (their share amounted to 84.9% of trade investments4 of credit institutions ).

In 2012, the share of equity risk in the structure of market risk decreased from 26.0% to 12.6%. This was also due to a decrease in trading investments in equity securities by 13.4%.

Liquidity risk is the risk that a bank may not be sufficiently liquid or too liquid.

During 2012, the ratio of the average value of the most liquid assets to the average value of the total assets of the banking sector was slightly lower (7.4%) than in 2011 (7.5%).

The largest ratio of liquid assets to assets is observed in regional banks (17.9% in 2012 and 19.6% in 2011), as well as in medium and small banks in the Moscow region (17.0 and 18.8% respectively). For large banks (public and private), this figure is lower (5.3% and 9.3% in 2012, respectively), also due to sufficient opportunities to attract the necessary liquidity as part of refinancing operations.

In addition to the listed risks, there are also: legal, reputational, strategic and systemic risks.

Legal risk - the likelihood that the state may change the rules of banks to more negative ones, and therefore they will suffer financial losses.

The reputational risk lies in the fact that due to the mistakes of the institution's employees, customers may lose confidence in the bank - and this will lead to a decrease in profits or bankruptcy.

Strategic risk is based on the short-sighted or illiterate policy of the bank, which made the wrong decision.

Systemic risk is the probability of losing money due to an error in computing processes, due to viruses or mechanical failures.

According to the degree (level), banking risks are divided into low, moderate and full.

By time, risks are divided into retrospective, current and prospective. An analysis of retrospective risks will make it possible to more accurately predict and evaluate current and prospective risks.

According to the sphere of occurrence, banking risks can be external and internal. External risks include risks that are not directly related to the activities of banks and their customers. These include country risks and risks natural Disasters(force majeure).

This classification of banking risks is not finite - with the development of technology, their number is increasing.

In 2012, liquidity risks, risks of lending to non-financial organizations and individuals, capital adequacy, market risks and a number of other risks in order to identify negative trends in the banking sector at an early stage, including for individual banks, whose operations to a decisive extent form these trends.

In general, during 2012, the level of risks remained at a moderate level (as of January 1, 2013, the financial stability indicator calculated using the risk map exceeded 70%, in the first quarter of 2009 it was at a minimum level - 56%). At the same time, the analysis shows a change in the risk structure of the banking sector in 2012.

Thus, external risks decreased due to some easing by the end of 2012 of tension in the debt markets of the euro area, including credit risks.

There was also a decrease in market risks against the backdrop of positive dynamics Russian market debt securities and shares.

At the same time, the main factor increasing the systemic risks of the banking sector is the decrease in capital adequacy. In addition, in the context of a structural liquidity shortage important role Refinancing operations of the Bank of Russia played a role in containing the corresponding risks.

2. Study of the impact of risks on the activities of OAO Gazprombank

.1 Characteristics of OAO Gazprombank

OJSC Gazprombank is one of the largest universal financial institutions in Russia, providing a wide range of banking, financial, investment products and services to corporate and private clients, financial institutions, institutional and private investors. The Bank is one of the three largest banks in Russia in all key indicators and ranks third in the list of banks in Central and Eastern Europe in terms of equity capital.

The bank was founded by the gas monopoly and its subsidiaries in 1990.

The Bank serves key sectors of the Russian economy - gas, oil, nuclear, chemical and petrochemical, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, electric power industry, machine building and metalworking, transport, construction, communications, agro-industrial complex, trade and other industries.

The retail business is also a strategically important area of the Bank's activities, and its scale is consistently increasing. Private clients are offered a full range of services: credit programs, deposits, settlement operations, electronic bank cards and etc.

OJSC Gazprombank holds a strong position in the domestic and international financial markets, being one of the Russian leaders in organization and underwriting of issues corporate bonds, asset management, private banking service, corporate finance and other areas of investment banking.

Among the bank's clients are about 3 million individuals and about 45 thousand legal entities.

The extensive regional network includes 43 branches and three subsidiaries and dependent Russian banks.

Gazprombank participates in the capital of three foreign banks - Belgazprombank (Belarus), Areximbank (Armenia) and Gazprombank (Switzerland) Ltd, Zurich (Switzerland). OJSC Gazprombank is a member of the Russian National Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce.

The shareholders of OAO Gazprombank are:

OAO Gazprom - 35.54%;

non-state Pension Fund GAZFOND - 47.38% of which: NPF GAZFOND directly owns 6.08%; 16.22% is owned by GAZ-service OJSC, 16.23% is owned by GAZKON OJSC and 8.85% is owned by GAZ-Tek OJSC. More than 80% of the shares of these organizations are held in trust by CJSC Leader;

Novfintech LLC - 5.71%, of which Novfintech LLC owns 3.09% directly; 0.35% transferred to trust management of CJSC "Leader"; 2.27% transferred to trust management of CJSC Management Company Progressive Investment Ideas;

Vnesheconombank - 10.19%;

RFK LLC - 0.78%.

Authorized capital Bank is 24,532,277,000 rubles.

The Bank is entitled to carry out the following banking operations:

Attraction of funds of individuals and legal entities in deposits (on demand and on certain period);

Risk management in OJSC Gazprombank

The statistics of requests for loans to OAO Gazprombank is as follows: 10% - government bodies; 30% - other banks and the rest - individuals.

The probabilities of non-repayment of the loan taken are, respectively, as follows: 0.01; 0.05 and 0.2.

The head of the credit department of OJSC Gazprombank was informed that a message had been received about the non-repayment of the loan, but the name of the client was poorly printed in the message.

1) Describe the main characteristics of the considered type of risk.

2) Suggest and justify management decisions to reduce risk.

1. Describe the main characteristics of the considered type of risk.

The type of risk considered in the assignment is credit risk.

Let's describe its main characteristics.

Credit risk is the potential for loss of principal and interest on it, arising as a result of a violation of the integrity of the movement of the loaned value, due to the influence of various risk-forming factors.

Credit risk applies equally to both banks and customers and may be associated with the likelihood of a decline in production or demand for the products of a particular industry, non-performance for some reason contractual relations, transformation of types of resources (most often in terms of time) and force majeure.

One of the important evaluation methods credit risk is a method for assessing the creditworthiness of a client, which is carried out on the basis of an analysis aimed at identifying its financial condition and his tendencies.

The main sources of information for assessing the borrower's credit risk are: financial statements, information provided by the borrower, experience of working with this client of other persons, scheme of the credited transaction with a feasibility study for obtaining a loan, data from the on-site inspection.

Control credit risk requires banks to constantly monitor the structure of the loan portfolio and their qualitative composition.

One of the essential characteristics of credit risk is non-compliance with the principle of repayment of the loan, resulting from a break in the circulation of the lent value.

Main characteristics of credit risk:

A significant amount of disbursed amounts;

Large share of loans and other banking contracts attributable to clients experiencing certain financial difficulties;

The concentration of the bank's activities in little-studied, new, non-traditional areas;

Sufficiently high proportion of new and recently attracted clients, about which the bank has insufficient information;

Failure to obtain appropriate collateral for a loan, or acceptance as such of values that are difficult to sell on the market or subject to rapid depreciation;

Significant amounts given to related borrowers.

2. Propose and justify management decisions to reduce risk.

In the conditions of the world financial crisis in all banking systems, the problem of improving risk management in the field of monetary relations and measures to reduce them.

Since it is impossible to completely avoid risks, they can and should be consciously managed, taking into account the fact that all types of risks are interconnected and their level is constantly changing.

In general, banking activity is characterized by high riskiness. Banks have many clients, partners, borrowers whose financial condition directly affects their position.

Considering that approximately 20% of banks' total assets are in lending, it becomes clear that one of the main problems of banks is the existence of credit risks and their upward trend.

The probability of credit risk occurrence can be reduced with the help of an effective conservative policy of credit management; setting the maximum amount of risk per borrower; scrupulous approval procedure for each loan; systematic monitoring and control of risks by management; effective collateral or insurance for loans.

There are five main methods for reducing credit risk:

Creditworthiness assessment;

Credit insurance;

Reducing the size of loans that are issued to one borrower;

Attracting sufficient collateral;

Issuance of discount loans.

Let's list the main measures for credit risk management.

1. Formation of risk management policy. Such a policy should include measures to prevent a number of adverse situations and mitigate the consequences of those that cannot be completely eliminated. A bank's credit committee should only consider loan applications that meet established risk management policies.

2. Development of recommendations regulating the procedure for concluding a loan agreement. They should determine the composition of the documentation accompanying loan application; verification of creditworthiness, solvency of customers, their classification by reliability, based on credit history, the state of bank accounts and liabilities; the procedure for conducting an expert analysis of the project being financed, verifying information by the security service, and drawing up a loan agreement.

Detailed procedures for conducting and monitoring are needed. credit operation, approval of the list of persons making decisions on lending, delineation of their duties and responsibilities; development of document forms.

3. Development of an internal system of limits that ensures the diversification of the loan portfolio by terms, industries, lending entities, types of loans, territories and other significant factors.

Credit institutions also need to determine limits on loans to comply with banking regulations, established by the Bank Russia.

4. Collection of information on credit risk and application of its assessment system, including: development of a system of quantitative and qualitative indicators for all significant factors of credit risk; determination of optimal and critical values for each credit risk factor separately and credit risk in general; conducting overall assessment creditworthiness of each potential borrower; development of bank standards for loan quality and compliance with requirements set by regulatory authorities; classification of issued loans according to the degree of risk.

5. Creation of a system for monitoring credit risk in real time using special computer programs accounting and data analysis.

Such a system involves regular monitoring of all transactions subject to credit risk, calculation and assessment of the amount of possible losses. It is a required control. Its main objectives are: to assess the quality of individual loans and the loan portfolio as a whole; development of proposals for credit risk limits; improving the procedure for planning and conducting credit operations.

The monitoring system also involves a retrospective analysis lending activities and credit risk management, which allows you to identify miscalculations, make recommendations and optimize risk management in the future, evaluate the effectiveness of management.

6. Measures to reduce the risk, that is, to reduce the amount of possible losses and their impact on the solvency of the bank, including: the creation of special reserves in case of non-repayment of the debt and their reflection in the bank's balance sheet; shifting the risk to the property of the borrower or third parties (guarantors, guarantors) by registering a pledge; transfer of risk to an insurance company. As a rule, it is not the risk of non-repayment of loans that is insured, but the object of lending and (or) its collateral(from fire, gas explosion, lightning strike, natural disasters, water damage, theft, malicious acts of third parties, etc.). Insurance is carried out at the expense of the borrower, but the bank may act as the beneficiary; risk sharing in consortium (syndicated) lending; portfolio and geographic risk diversification among unrelated clients; change or transfer (sale) of rights of claim under loan agreement(compensation, innovation, cession).

7. Working with problem loans. Each such loan requires an individual approach, but in general, the following activities can be proposed to organize this work:

Creation of a special unit (or group of specialists) to work with problem loans;

Negotiating with borrowers to find solutions that can increase the likelihood of debt recovery;

Development of policies and conditions for writing off outstanding loans;

Organization and conduct of claims and lawsuits in relation to unscrupulous borrowers.

Risk management at banking enterprises on the example of OJSC Gazprombank

Introduction

banking risk economic

Banks are a very ancient economic invention. They originated in ancient times as firms specializing in providing a special kind of service: savings and providing loans.

Over time, banks have also mastered activities related to the organization of payments for goods bought and sold within the country and on the world market.

Now they are an integral feature of the modern money economy, their activity is closely connected with the needs of reproduction. Being at the center of economic life, serving the interests of producers, banks are the link between industry and trade, agriculture and the population. At the same time, banks, by conducting cash settlements, lending to the economy, acting as intermediaries in the redistribution of capital, significantly increase the overall efficiency of production, contribute to the growth of the productivity of social labor.

The role of the banking system in modern market economy huge. All the changes that take place in it affect the entire economy in one way or another. The correct organization of the banking system is necessary for the normal functioning of the country's economy. Creating a stable, flexible and efficient banking infrastructure is one of the most important (and extremely difficult) tasks for Russia's economic development. At the same time, like the work of other commercial enterprises, banking is subject to numerous risks, which is why in most countries this activity is the most regulated type of business.

The consequences that economic crises entail make relevant the problems devoted to studying the factors that are a prerequisite for the growth of negative trends in the banking sector, identifying and studying the immediate causes of modern economic crises, their forms of manifestation and consequences, as well as developing adequate anti-crisis regulation programs banking activities.

The relevance of the topic I have chosen is that risk is inherent in any sphere of human activity, which is associated with many conditions and factors that affect the positive outcome of people's decisions, so the study of risks in banking requires special attention.

The purpose of the course work - the study of risk management in the enterprise in the banking sector.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. consider the current state of the banking sector;

2. study the classification of risks in the banking sector;

3. investigate the impact of risks on the activities of the enterprise;

4. propose risk mitigation measures;

5. evaluate the costs and effects of the proposed activities.

The object of study in this course work is Gazprombank. risk banking commercial management

The subject of the study is the risks in Gazprombank OJSC.

The scope of the course work is sheets, tables, drawings and applications.

1. Russian banking

banking risk economic

1.1 The current state of the banking sector in Russia

In the next three years, the Bank of Russia will maintain the continuity of the implemented principles of monetary policy and plans to complete the transition to inflation targeting by 2015.

Under this regime, the priority goal of monetary policy is to ensure price stability, that is, to maintain stable low rates of price growth. Monetary policy aimed at controlling inflation will contribute to the achievement of broader economic goals, such as creating conditions for a sustainable and balanced economic growth and maintaining financial stability. The implementation of the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia involves setting a target value for changes in the consumer price index. The main goal of the Bank of Russia's monetary policy is to reduce the growth rate of consumer prices in 2013 to 5-6%, in 2014 and 2015 to 4-5%.

Decisions in the area of monetary policy will continue to be made by the Bank of Russia, as a rule, on a monthly basis. It will be taken into account that the impact of policies on the economy is distributed over time. Decisions will be based on inflation forecasts and assessments of economic growth prospects, as well as the dynamics of inflation expectations and specifics of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. The assessment of risks to achieve the inflation target includes an analysis of factors both from the side of aggregate supply and demand, which have a short- and medium-term impact on inflationary processes, and from the side of money supply, the dynamics of which determines the medium- and long-term trajectory of inflation. The implementation of monetary policy will be based on the management of money market interest rates with the help of tools for providing and withdrawing liquidity. Changes in short-term market rates as a result of the revision by the Bank of Russia of rates on its instruments and the application of other measures of monetary regulation affect, through various channels of the transmission mechanism, medium- and long-term interest rates and, ultimately, the level business activity and inflationary pressures in the economy. Thus, interest rate policy will play a key role in the implementation of monetary policy. Thanks to the implementation by the Bank of Russia in recent years of a set of measures aimed at improving the system of instruments, as well as increasing the flexibility of the ruble exchange rate, money market interest rates have been more manageable. AT medium term An important strategic task will be building a more efficient monetary policy transmission mechanism, as well as increasing confidence in the Bank of Russia as the body responsible for price stability, which will create a basis for better managing inflation expectations of economic entities.

In order to further enhance the effectiveness interest rate policy In the next three years, the Bank of Russia will continue to gradually increase the flexibility of the exchange rate mechanism and by 2015 intends to make a transition to a floating exchange rate, by deprecating the use of course-level operational benchmarks exchange rate policy. Accordingly, within the framework of this regime, regular foreign exchange interventions in order to influence the dynamics of the ruble exchange rate will be terminated. Ensuring financial stability will remain one of the main tasks of the Bank of Russia in the medium term. Banking system is the main link in the transmission of interest rate policy signals in real sector economy. Thus, financial stability is a necessary condition for the normal functioning of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. At the same time, the degree of stability and efficiency of the system financial intermediation depends not only on the fulfillment of the main goal of monetary policy to maintain price stability, but also on the state of the general macroeconomic equilibrium. The Bank of Russia will continue to improve the tools for monitoring the financial intermediation system (including ongoing analysis of price movements in asset markets, trends in monetary aggregates and credit activity) in order to be able to promptly take appropriate measures in the field of monetary policy in the event of a threat to financial stability and banking regulation and supervision.

In order to maintain financial stability, it is planned to pay increased attention to the timely identification and assessment of systemic risks in the banking sector and other segments of the financial markets, and to ensure the transparency of the activities of credit institutions. One of the main tools for the implementation of these tasks will be the development of risk-based approaches in the implementation of supervision, based on the best foreign practice. The use of a differentiated regime for supervision of individual credit institutions depending on their systemic importance, level of transparency, business complexity and degree of regulatory compliance. With regard to systemically important banks, taking into account international experience and features national economy additional mechanisms of regulation and control will be applied.

Conditions reached for Russia's accession to the World trade organization(WTO) will allow maintaining the existing conditions of competition in the banking sector and creating additional mechanisms of confidence in the equality of regulatory conditions for the activities of Russian banks, regardless of the source of capital.

The success of the implementation of the monetary policy strategy will largely be determined by the effectiveness of solving the problems of developing the infrastructure of financial markets and expanding their capacity. One of the important activities of the Bank of Russia will remain the promotion of the development of the market for derivative financial instruments, which provides economic entities with the opportunity to hedge exchange rate and interest rate risks, simultaneously with the formation modern mechanisms regulation and supervision of the risks of credit institutions in the specified segments of the financial market. The Bank of Russia will also continue to pay attention to improving the Russian national payment system, effective work which, including in cooperation with foreign payment systems, is a necessary condition for increasing the effectiveness of monetary regulation measures and developing the domestic financial market. Of great importance, from the point of view of the success of the implementation of the unified state monetary policy, is the coordination of the efforts of the Bank of Russia and the Government of the Russian Federation. High degree of influence regulated prices and tariffs on the growth rates of consumer prices determines the expediency of making decisions on their indexation, taking into account inflation targets. The effectiveness of monetary policy also largely depends on the state of public finance. Consistent holding budget policy aimed at gradually reducing the non-oil and gas budget deficit and ensuring long-term balance and sustainability budget system, will make a positive contribution to maintaining financial and overall macroeconomic stability, thus creating favorable conditions for economic growth and the achievement of monetary policy goals. The Bank of Russia will continue to expand the practice of regularly explaining to the general public the objectives and content of monetary policy, presenting assessments of the macroeconomic situation that served as the basis for its decisions. Development information exchange The Bank of Russia and the public will help improve the management of inflationary expectations and create the foundation for ensuring the confidence of economic agents in the Bank of Russia and the ongoing monetary policy.

1.2 Classification of risks in the banking sector

Banking risk is the probability of losses in the form of loss of assets, shortfall in planned income or additional expenses as a result of the bank's financial transactions.

The interpretation of banking risks is still ambiguous. In domestic economic literature, you can find a variety of definitions of risk, but they all boil down to one thing - the above.

A commercial bank, like any business entity operating in a market economy, in the course of its activities is aimed at obtaining maximum profit. In addition to the fact that the activity of the bank is influenced by the general risks inherent in economic entities, it is characterized by risks arising from the specifics of the activity. The specifics of the risk of banking operations lies in the fact that the degree of risk that the bank takes on is largely determined by the degree of risk that it objectively or subjectively receives from its customers. The higher the degree of risk inherent in the type of business of the bank's clients, the higher the risk that the bank can expect when working with these clients. Operations related to attracting temporarily free funds on the money market and placing them in various types of assets (including loans) make commercial banks particularly dependent on the financial stability of their clients, as well as on the state of the money market and the state economy as a whole. Banking risk is included in the system of economic risks, in which it is also an independent type of risk. The issue of risk analysis in economics is very important, since the decision-making process under conditions of information uncertainty is closely related to it.

There are three main reasons for the growth of interest commercial organizations to risk management:

1. Tightening regulatory requirements.

2. Formation of a positive investment image.

Due to the fact that Russian banks are actively entering international markets, they need to attract investments and, consequently, the interest of counterparties in concluding large transactions.

To assess the stability of a financial institution, potential investors and counterparties study, among other things, the risk management system adopted by the bank.

Banks interested in investments and international cooperation are forced to solve the issues of building a high-quality risk management system.

3. Risk profile control, profitability stabilization.

The main thing is not to exceed a certain amount of risk, after which there is a danger of receiving only losses.

To do this, a certain classification of banking risks should be carried out. It can be based on different criteria, which leads to the presence of many classifications.

The classification of risks in the banking sector is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Risks in the banking sector

Credit risk arises from the bank due to the insolvency of customers who cannot repay the borrowed funds on time.

Against the backdrop of growth in lending in 2012, the quality indicators of the loan portfolio of the Russian banking sector showed a positive trend. The share of overdue debt in the total volume of loans issued decreased from 3.9% to 3.7% in the reporting year.

With the growth of loans, deposits and other placed funds by 18.3%, overdue debt increased by 11.0% and as of January 1, 2013 amounted to 1,257.4 billion rubles.

For the absolute majority of credit institutions with overdue debt, its share did not exceed 4% of the loan portfolio.

Overdue debt on loans to individuals increased by 7.6% in 2012, while the volume of these loans increased by 39.4%.

Accordingly, the share of overdue debt on this type of loans decreased over the year from 5.2% to 4.0%.

During 2012, 68 credit institutions violated the maximum risk limit per borrower or a group of related borrowers (N6) (91 in 2011), 2 credit institutions violated the maximum risk limit (N7) (6 in 2011) .

Market risk threatens losses in market value securities, exchange rates and precious metals.

Currency risk can be caused sharp fluctuation exchange rates of monetary units. If the value of money falls sharply, then the bank and customers suffer losses.

In the reporting year, the number of banks that take into account currency risk when calculating capital adequacy decreased (from 390 as of January 1, 2012 to 376 as of January 1, 2013), but their share in banking sector assets increased significantly (from 45.0 to 70.9 % of banking assets, respectively). 231 banks with a 72.2% share in the assets of the banking sector (as of January 1, 2012 - 248 banks with 69.4% of assets) took into account the value of the equity risk, 406 banks with a share in January 1, 2012 - 402 banks with a share in assets of 87.0%.

In 2012, the share of market risk in the total banking sector risks continued to decline: from 6.6% as of January 1, 2012 to 5.9% as of January 1, 2013.

Interest risk results in losses due to changes in the interest rates of financial instruments of a credit institution.