"New industrial countries» (NIS) arose as a result of P differentiation processes, led to the allocation of a special group of countries with higher economic growth compared to industrialized countries and significantly higher level of economic development compared to the main group developing countries.

These processes take place in all subsystems of the world economy and in developing countries.

NIS status the country acquires according to the following criteria established according to the methodology of the United Nations (United Nations Organization):

1. size of GDP per capita;
2. average annual growth rates;
3. the share of the manufacturing industry in GDP (it should not exceed 20%);
4. the volume of exports of industrial products and their share in total exports;
5. volume of direct investments abroad.

According to some indicators, NIS surpass similar indicators of a number of industrial developed countries. For 30 years (from 1960 to 1990), the pace of economic development in the Asian region as a whole was more than 5% per year, while in European countries - 2% Developing countries that have entered the industrial path of development are beginning to attract foreign investment and stimulate growth foreign trade.

Export earnings are used to develop the most promising industries. In the 1960s countries of East Asia have taken this path and Latin America. In East Asia, capital was directed mainly to the manufacturing industry and raw materials, in Latin America - to trade, the service sector, and the manufacturing industry. East Asia deserves a special mention. Usually NIS subdivided into four generations:

1. Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico;
2. Malaysia, Thailand, India, Chile;
3. Cyprus, Tunisia, Turkey, Indonesia;
4. Philippines, China.

In the 21st century, as many experts note, the Asia-Pacific region will show its strength. AT 1989 18 states formed Asia-Pacific Cooperation Forum (APEC): USA, Canada, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, etc. The main goals This integral grouping was the abolition of trade barriers:

1. in mutual trade;
2. capital advance.

Due to the fact that the countries that are members of APEC are different, the deadlines for achieving these goals were set: until 2010 - for developed countries, until 2020 - for developing countries.

APEC is not a closed block. In November 1998, at a regular conference in the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, three more countries were admitted to the organization: Vietnam, Peru, and Russia.

pace economic development most NIS significantly exceed those of many developed countries. In the production of certain types of industrial products, including science-intensive ones, NIS has taken a leading position in the capitalist economy. Exports from these countries are growing even faster.

nis was first introduced into scientific circulation by Western economists-experts of the OECD, who united under this concept Spain, Portugal, Greece, Brazil, Mexico, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Turkey, Yugoslavia. These states are characterized by higher economic growth than industrialized countries, and a significantly higher level of economic development compared to the main group of developing countries. Exports from these countries are growing even faster. The fact is that, being highly competitive, NIS manufacturing products are increasingly gaining positions in the world market. NIS have become largest exporters shoes, clothing, textiles, are rapidly increasing the export of household electronic equipment, etc. At the same time, NIS managed not only to find its niche in the world market, but also to push out competitors from among the developed capitalist countries,

Due to many factors, the NIS ended up in the sphere of special economic and political interests of the capitalist countries, which sent to these countries almost half of all financial resources intended for developing states.

The rapid growth of the economy led to an increase in the absolute size of GDP, including per capita. According to these indicators, NIS as a whole is also ahead of the bulk of developed countries. In the structure of GDP, the proportion of domestic savings is quite large, and in Asian NIS it is higher than in most industrialized countries.

The use of the positive experience of NIS, which made a breakthrough on the world market of science-intensive products, has practical value to accelerate the formation of a new model foreign economic relations Eastern European countries focused on deep and comprehensive cooperation in production, science and technology.

9 Question (nothing good on this question)

Developing countries, or third world countries, are characterized by a low level of socio-economic development. Despite their number, vast territory and population (80% of the world's population), they account for less than a third of the Gross World Product.

The main features of a developing country are:

Colonial or semi-colonial past

Agrarian-raw material orientation of the economy

Diversified economy: pre-industrial type of production is adjacent to industrial and post-industrial

The heterogeneity of the social structure of society

Low quality workforce

social tension

Dependence on countries with developed market economies, especially on foreign loans

List of developing countries

developing countries mainly include countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

The most advanced in the economic sense are the newly industrialized countries (NICs), which have achieved high GDP growth rates (more than 7% per year) through the effective use of national competitive advantages (surplus of cheap labor, geographical location) and purposeful restructuring of the economy in favor of high technologies and services.

It is customary to single out new industrial countries:

First wave: Hong Kong (Hong Kong), South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan;

Second generation: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Chile;

Third generation: Cyprus, Tunisia, Turkey, Indonesia;

Fourth generation: Philippines, south of China;

Oil producing countries

Oil-producing countries are primarily member countries of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Due to the export of oil, they have a level of GDP per capita comparable to developed countries. The one-sidedness of economic development does not allow them to be classified as developed countries.

Least developed countries

50 countries in Africa, Oceania, Latin America. They have an extremely backward patriarchal economy, which is characterized by low GDP per capita (less than $350). The share of the manufacturing industry in GDP is less than 10%. Adult literacy does not exceed 20%.

The main economic strategies of developing countries are: the nationalization of resources seized by foreign capital, industrialization and sectoral diversification of the economy, protectionism, overvalued exchange rate, import substitution and development of export-oriented industries. The idea of ​​collective self-reliance presupposes the regional integration of developing countries.

Page 2

Introduction

World economya multi-level, global economic system that unites the national economies of the countries of the world on the basis of the international division of labor through the system of international economic relations. The developed countries are the backbone of the world economy.

At present, developed countries are moving from industrial development to the post-industrial. In other words, the main goal of the economic development of these states is the reorientation of material-, resource-, labor-intensive industries into science-intensive ones. In the world, apart from industrialized and developing states, there is a group of states that occupy an intermediate position between them.

These countries are united in the NIS, they have shown impressive rates economic growth and growth in the service sector.

So, what is the NIS, which has recently attracted the attention of people, and sometimes individual countries, more and more? The Newly Industrialized Countries are a group of developing countries that have undergone a qualitative leap in socio-economic indicators over the past decades. The economies of these countries in a short time made the transition from backward, typical of developing countries, to highly developed. It happened so fast that many probably envied them, since they are now competing with the US, Japan and the European Union. In these countries, the proportion of literate people has increased, education has become free and publicly available. Gross domestic income, based on per capita calculation, is about $ 15,000, and its annual growth has stabilized and settled at 7%. Based on all this, we can conclude that the rapid economic development of the NIS countries worries many countries, and the issue of this is relevant today.

All "newly industrialized countries" are characterized by a huge variety of conditions, and it would be naive to imagine that their socio-economic development occurs without difficulties and failures, and that is why I consider it my duty to reveal the causes of them, to show how urgent problems are being solved, which is instructive. can be drawn from this richest arsenal for the reforms of our country.

The experience of the economic development of NIS is relevant for Russia, since at the moment the Russian Federation is not competitive in many sectors of the economy, and the development of the service sector gives a chance for non-price competition between Russian producers and foreign ones, and an increase in economic potential.

1. Theoretical aspects of NIS

1.1 Concept, essence, main features of NIS

Newly industrialized countries (NICs) include a number of countries in Asia and America, which are characterized by high rates of economic growth. NIS emerged from developing countries in the 60s of the XX century. In pho R There are 4 stages in the development of the NIS. On the first four countries of Southeast Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea) and three countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico) quickly enough to With crucibles of great socio-economic shifts and practically became equal with states that had a stable high rates economic growth. At the second stage, Malaysia, Thailand and India were added to these countries. At the third stage, the NIS group began to include Cyprus, Tunisia, Tu R tion and Indonesia, on the fourth Philippines and China. Whole r appeared e regions that can be declared industrial, steadily growing.

Criteria for which certain states are classified as NIS (according to the UN methodology):

the size of gross domestic product per capita;

the share of the finishing industry in GDP (it should be more than 20%);

the volume of exports of industrial products and their share in general s cart;

Attention is also drawn to such characteristics of the newly industrialized countries as high growth rates, dynamic macroeconomic and internal t sectoral structural shifts, the growth of the professional level of the labor force, intensive participation in the international division of labor, wide and With use foreign capital.

The main focus of the restructuring of the NIS economy is made:

• on industrialization based on the latest scientific and technological achievements with a focus on the foreign market;
• on general accessibility and a high level of education within the country;
• to maximize the use of foreign capital.

The factors that led to the emergence of NIS can be conditionally divided into e pour on external and internal.

External factors are:

The country found itself in the sphere of special political or economic and the interests of industrialized countries, primarily the United States and Yap about research institutes. Consequently, everything possible will be done for her to ensure high stability and high loyalty of her population to economic system capitalism. This is how the United States acted after the Second World War provided various assistance and support to West Germany and Yap about research institutes in order to turn them into the main centers of counteraction to the spread a denial of socialism in Western Europe and Southeast Asia. USA, about b being a zone of special national interests South Korea and Taiwan, they wanted to turn them into the main countries that would resist the comm at nist influence from the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Socialist Vietnam. South Korea and Taiwan were given huge economic aid and military support. d hold. During the period 1950-1990, Taiwan received over 24 billion US dollars of foreign investment. During the financial crisis and 1998 zis USA and other developed countries through international finance n Soviet organizations have provided almost $70 billion in loans to South Korea. In the sphere of economic and political inter e US owls also hit individual countries Latin America, and especially Mexico. In 1995, the United States allocated $50 billion to Mexico to support financial stability, with $20 billion at drank from the President's Special Stabilization Fund. The countries of Southeast Asia have been and are a sphere of special economic and gender and tic interests of the USA, Japan.

Structural restructuring of the economy, which began in about industrialized countries due to the scientific and technological revolution in the 50-60s. Transnational corporations in industrialized countries quickly mastered the production of cars, semiconductors, computers b technology, consumer electronics, not only within the home country, but also in countries that are developing. 80s direct investment in eq about The economy of NIS accounted for over 40% of all direct capital investments that were made by industrialized countries in the economies of countries that are developing.

The main internal factors that led to economic e The growth of the so-called NIS is:

Relative political stability and loyal to the development and tym capitalist countries political regimes. The leaders of the countries were ready to carry out political and economic reforms, for example in in the interests of the capitalist countries, in particular the full guarantee about ensuring the security of their investments, distancing themselves from the socialist e theory and practice, support for the actions of developed countries in the international d organizations. Countries that develop have rationed their rights about new acts in such a way that they allowed TNCs from the USA, Japan and their about users almost unhindered to use cheap labor with and lu, cheap raw materials and sufficiently capacious domestic markets and also freely export manufactured products.

Productive in terms of achieving the final result b Tata economic strategy, which consisted of several stages. At the first stage, countries were gradually replaced by domestic products and m port of similar products from abroad and thereby save foreign exchange and at the same time saturate domestic market basic needs and body goods. At the second stage, the export potential was created and the capacity of the basic sectors of the economy was increased. At the same time, the NIS of Southeast Asia created enterprises from the output of mainly labor about high-capacity consumer goods, while Latin America n sky gave priority to the development of high-tech capital m industries such as finishing and mining. Tr e The third stage of the implementation of the economic strategy is characterized by the creation of t military research base and the development of knowledge-intensive t grow, the inclusion of the country in the process of exporting capital. And most of the a East Asian countries are trying to invest in e locksmith industry and service sector in North America and Western Europe about py, striving in this way to gain access to the latest technology oh hyam.

The development of productive forces, that is, the means of production and man as the main productive force of society. The NIS of Southeast Asia made huge investments in the renewal of production facilities in traditional sectors of the economy and created new, previously absent industries based on the latest technology and technology. Etc and than investments in physical capital, they carried out due to the high rate of domestic savings, which amounted to over 30% of gross domestic product. At the same time, NIS Southwest Asia investors a whether funds for primary and secondary education, the development of scientific and technical potential and retraining of personnel, because the local workforce was ready for highly effective work with a complex scientific my technique.

In the economy, optimally united market mechanism and government regulation. Although economic role states in each of the NIS is different, in general, it was sufficient to complement the r s night mechanisms where they were objectively untenable were provided e chit high rates of economic development. It is thanks to the state t regulation of foreign economic relations Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore for a long time had a positive balance of payments. Asian governments are in control a whether measures to maintain macroeconomic stability, e due to high inflation and unemployment. In South Korea, all leading industries m a industrial production have a pronounced export orientation about bathroom character. Incomes from foreign trade make up the bulk of budget revenues.

Efficient, opposite to traditional, policy of doh about dov. The governments of South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan about relied on traditional Western theories that income inequality was supposed to be necessary to stimulate economic growth, about because the rich tend to save more than the poor. The more rich, traditional theories argue, the greater the savings and the greater the opportunities for investment in economic development. In With Central Asian countries have taken the path of ensuring a fairer With limiting, overcoming income inequality, which increased the motivation for e mediocre producers the main productive force of society t va.

Consequently, the emergence of NIS was not determined by the economy itself. and classical system of capitalism, and its optimal adaptation to modern n nym global processes. This adaptation occurs along the line about productive forces, production relations and economic fur a nism. Moreover, it occurs to a large extent through the use of methods, methods and principles of socialism.

1.2 NIS classification

So far, there has not been a unified classification of "new industrial countries", but some authors distinguish:

• R/V "first wave": the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong (Hong Kong) (they are also called "Asian tigers" or "Asian other a horses"), Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile
• R/V "second wave": Malaysia, Thailand, India, Turkey
• R/V "third wave": Philippines, China, Kazakhstan

The NIS of the "first wave" are characterized by the fact that they develop their own R & D, the production of relatively complex products is established. e ley, requiring skilled, more expensive labor.

The economy of the “second wave” NIS is characterized by high rates of industrialization, export orientation industrial production(especially products of science-intensive industries), their active participation in international at popular division of labor.

There are also two maineconomic development models of NIS:

Asian model:characterized by a small part state property in the economy, however, a high degree of state influence on economic processes (interventionism), the existence of a cult of loyalty to "one's own" corporations, the unconditional priority of national interests over international ones, the national economy develops with a focus mainly on the external market. The NIS of Asia, which adopted an export-oriented industrialization strategy, made an impressive economic breakthrough. Among the main factors of their success priority attention to education, high level of national savings, public policy promote economic growth, bet on international industrial specialization and cooperation. Asian NIS largely repeated the Japanese economic model, adapting many of Japan's economic methods. It is no coincidence that economists compare East Asia to a “flying geese”, where Japan plays the role of leader, followed by NIS.

At the same time, foreign TNCs played an incomparably greater role here than in Japan. The creation of the export potential of Asian NIS is due to the expansion of TNCs beyond national borders and the active movement from developed countries to NIS of labour-, energy- and material-intensive industries, as well as the production of mass consumer products that have exhausted their life resource in developed countries. These countries turned out to be attractive for TNCs primarily due to the cheapness of labor and the possibility of its more intensive use. The production of a wide variety of products has been launched, from consumer goods to computers, ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, cars, ships and aircraft. The main "visiting card" of Asian NIS is now the production of consumer electronics and the computer industry.

Latin American model:development national economy focused on import substitution. Latin American NIS, unlike Asian ones, carried out industrialization through import substitution t early production. As is the case with the export-oriented mod e lew Industrialization, important role in the implementation of this strategy played g about the state.

1.3 The history of the emergence of NIS

Until the mid-1960s, even after decolonization, Western economists did not pay much attention to the specific socio-economic problems of developing countries. Adjusted in the 7080s. the concept of aid is based on the assumption that the developed countries of the West serve as a certain model for developing countries, since the aid they receive consists exclusively of samples of Western culture: material goods, technology, education and culture, norms of political and social behavior, etc.

The processes of differentiation taking place in all subsystems of the world economy, and therefore in developing countries, have led to the allocation of a special group of countries, called "new industrial countries" (NIS). These states are characterized by higher economic growth than industrialized countries, and a significantly higher level of economic development compared to the main group of developing countries.

The status of "NIS" the country acquires according to the following criteria established according to the UN methodology:

The size of GDP per capita;

Average annual growth rates;

The share of the manufacturing industry in GDP (it should not exceed 20%);

The volume of exports of industrial products and their share in total exports;

Volume of direct investments abroad.

In some respects, NIS often outperform those of a number of industrialized countries. For 30 years from 1960 to 1990. The pace of economic development in the Asian region as a whole was more than 5% per year, while in European countries it was 2%. Developing countries that have entered the industrial path of development are beginning to attract foreign investment and stimulate the growth of foreign trade. Export earnings are used to develop the most promising industries. In the 60s. the countries of East Asia and Latin America have taken this path. In East Asia, capital was channeled mainly into manufacturing and raw material industries. In Latin America in trade, services, manufacturing. East Asia deserves a special mention.

In the 21st century, as many experts note, the Asia-Pacific region will show its strength. In 1989, 18 states formed the Asia-Pacific Cooperation Forum (APEC): the USA, Canada, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, etc. The goals of this integral grouping were the abolition of trade barriers in mutual trade and the movement of capital. However, due to the fact that the countries that are members of APEC are different, the deadlines for achieving these goals were set: up to 2010 for developed countries, up to 2020 for developing countries. APEC is not a closed bloc. In November 1998, at the next conference in the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 3 more countries were admitted to the organization: Vietnam, Peru, Russia.

Economic strategy Latin America is marked by three financial waves. Since the mid 70s. Chile, Uruguay and Argentina have declared a transition to new strategy development liberal. This meant a sharp reduction in state intervention in investment, credit, foreign exchange and foreign trade operations and a narrowing of its participation in entrepreneurial activity. A key reform was privatization, designed to expand the space for private initiative. But, as a result, reforms in Chile were semi-successful, while those in Argentina and Uruguay failed. The fact is that the reforms were carried out mainly within the framework of military-dictatorial regimes, their creators were "economists in uniforms" and the essence of the transformations was to return nationalized property to the former owners and liberalize foreign economic activity. In addition, the changes took place in an atmosphere of mutual alienation between the people and the authorities.

Heavy economic crisis Latin America also overcame in the early 80s, which served as an impetus for the restructuring of national economic and technological structures.

Another crisis was observed in 1998. Latin America was going through a difficult period of complex structural transformation, which are characterized by non-traditional solutions to economic, social, cultural problems. As the Financier magazine notes, after August 17, 1998, Brazil found itself on the brink of an abyss it maintained a positive GDP growth rate, but a real collapse was observed in the stock markets. Between September and November, it needed to repay about $200 billion in domestic debt, while the fall in confidence in emerging markets greatly reduced the ability to refinance debt; short-term debts were increased. interest rates up to 50% and abolished 15% taxes on foreign investment. All these actions did not stop the outflow of capital by the end of October, gold and foreign exchange reserves fell to $41.6 billion against $70.9 billion in July. If Brazil fails to fully suppress the crisis, the main victim will be the United States main creditor Brazil. In Latin America, there was a change of civilizational values, spiritual guidelines, which did not pass painlessly.

As Latin American experience shows, the strongest brake on social and economic transformations is the presence of a large external debt in a particular country. Reaching a critical amount, it limits the freedom of action of the state, the choice of its own development strategy. Now more than 10 countries of the region are not able to pay interest on external debt on time.

The rates of economic development, as noted above, for most NISs significantly exceed those of many developed countries. In the production of certain types of industrial products, including science-intensive ones, NIS has taken a leading position in the capitalist economy. It was this circumstance that caused their unusually accelerated growth.

Exports from these countries are growing even faster. The fact is that, being highly competitive, NIS manufacturing products are increasingly gaining positions in the world market. NIS has become the largest exporter of footwear, clothing, textiles, and is rapidly increasing the export of consumer electronic equipment, etc. At the same time, NIS managed not only to find its niche in the world market, but also to squeeze out competitors from among the developed capitalist countries.

Due to many factors, the NIS ended up in the sphere of special economic and political interests of the capitalist countries, which sent to these countries almost half of all financial resources intended for developing states.

The rapid growth of the economy led to an increase in the absolute size of GDP, including per capita. According to these indicators, NIS as a whole is also ahead of the bulk of developed countries. In the structure of GDP, the proportion of domestic savings is quite large, and in Asian NIS it is higher than in most industrialized countries.

The use of the positive experience of NIS, which made a breakthrough on the world market of science-intensive products, is of practical importance for the accelerated formation of a new model of foreign economic relations of Eastern European countries, focused on deep and comprehensive cooperation in production, science and technology.

2. Features of the economic development of NIS

2.1 Analysis of the economies of countries "dragons" and "tigers", Latin America n countries

As it has always been for centuries and millennia, the development of world history, including economics, and in our computer time is fraught with many unexpected repetitions. Three or four decades ago, not a single “think tank” could predict the unprecedented rapid development of a group of countries in East and Southeast Asia, which received the poetic names “dragons” and “ti g ditch.

The division of countries into "dragons" and "tigers" is purely arbitrary. Among the "dragons" include the countries of East Asia South Korea, Taiwan, Guo n kong, Singapore and the People's Republic of China, commonly referred to as s called the "big dragon". "Tigers" are the countries of Southeast Asia: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Brunei, Philippines, Vietnam, now India is increasingly mentioned in the same row. The names are more figurative t The essential difference they point to is geographical. Swift b nee, after Japan, the development of these countries will undoubtedly go down in history h e human civilization as evidence of the enormous potential of people about dov who embarked on the path of independent development. Today, the region serves as the clearest example, a call to action for former colonies and colonies. about lonius. The achievements of the "dragons" and "tigers" stand out in bold relief against the background of the deteriorating position of most developing countries.

The newly industrialized countries have adopted a “pursuit strategy” of developing cheaper and more competitive products than their partners, based on the use of a niya of the latest technologies.

The development of these countries is a clear confirmation of the theory long waves outstanding Russian scientist N.D. Kondratieff, according to the cat about A swarm of scientific and technological development occurs in waves with cycles of approximately 50 years. "Tigers" and "dragons" used up to With of the fourth wave and are actively "embedded" in a new, fifth e that wave of scientific and technological progress that a person is experiencing e honor.

Among the factors that ensure successful promotion in the Indian t implementation of the NIS of Southeast Asia, played a significant role outside w ne conditions associated with the expansion of foreign capital. Statistics show that for many years these countries were in the zone of the most active penetration of foreign capital. At the same time, on about graphical distribution of investments and their size noticeable influence approx. a called political motives. Thus, for example, South Korea and Taiwan were especially favored by the United States, which found themselves in the sphere of US military-strategic interests and received for their compliance in the ra h deployment of military installations on the territory of these countries several hundred milli about new dollars in subsidies and loans.

Most countries of East and Southeast Asia have switched to a balanced growth economic model, which implies: firstly, a consistent transition in development priorities from agriculture to about economy to light industry, and then to heavy industry and, finally, to precision technologies; secondly, the transition from labor-intensive to cap and heat-intensive, and then to science-intensive production; thirdly, the transition from n about import substitution policy to export expansion policy; fourthly, stimulation of market relations at all stages of economic reform about nomics.

All NIS are characterized by: a fairly diverse industry structure to economy tour; widespread industrial forms of labor; a large share in the industrial production of means of production; export of manufactured goods.

NIS owns a special industrial niche in the international division of labor, it is determined by the production of individual products of light industry, metal-intensive machine-building products, as well as to ro-electronic equipment of a limited range based on technologies that have already become widespread in post-industrial countries.

Foreign economic relations of the "new industrial countries" are the most important link in their economic development. The main form of such NIS links is foreign trade. The level of development of NIS foreign trade, its nature, structure and geographical direction largely determine the role and place of these countries in the global system of economic relations.

The development of exports in the economy of NIS (especially Asian ones) is given a special place. It was export earnings that largely contributed to the growth of domestic savings and the accelerated industrialization of the economy.

As mentioned above, the leading export item of NIS is about ducting manufacturing industry. From 2000 to 2009, the share of finished goods in NIS exports increased from 42% to 71%. In the export of individual NIS, a significant share of commodities (for example, nat at rubber, tropical timber, palm oil, tin, petroleum, rice, corn, coffee).

The growth of NIS foreign exchange earnings from the export boom gave them a real opportunity to expand the import of goods and services and use them for and simulating the economy. From 2000 to 2009, NIS imports increased 9 times and reached $169 billion.

Unlike other developing countries, NIEs were able to make the most rational use of imports of goods to accelerate economic development, as evidenced by the structure of their purchases. in nomenclature and m port NIS for many years dominated by machines, equipment a and vehicles. At the same time, imports no longer replace production. t in this product in the NIS, but, on the contrary, complements it.

The second most important NIS import item is processed products, primarily semi-finished products for TNC affiliates and local firms using foreign technology; electronic components, department b components and parts for rapidly developing electronic and electrical about technical industry. This also includes the import of prefabricated m kits for the automotive industry and other machine industries about building complex. Just like exports, NIS imports are mainly oriented towards developed countries, where by the mid-2000s up to 65% of the necessary goods were purchased.

Latin American NIS for most of their import needs about stey, especially in machinery, equipment and industrial semi-finished products, are satisfied at the expense of the United States, Asian at the expense of Japan, and the import of goods from Western Europe is expanding.

Developing countries supply NIS mainly with agricultural about economic and mineral raw materials, fuel and energy and food b natural goods. The share of the newly-free states in the import of Asian NIS was already 27% by the 2000s.

AT last years there is a tendency to diversify external e economic relations of NIS. Along with the rapid growth of foreign trade and to industrial cooperation is actively developing, the creation of joint a and especially scientific and technical cooperation. A new phenomenon in this process was the export of entrepreneurial capital from NIS, which reflects a new stage in their economic development, indicating structural shifts in the economy.

In addition, the active process of expanding foreign economic I zey NIS, their specialization in the export of industrial goods about had a positive effect on the structure of their GDP: the share of b manufacturing industry, which undoubtedly indicates an increase in the benefits about the state of these countries.

Successful accelerated development of new industrial economies about mik of East Asia, in addition to a pronounced export orientation, b there was a policy of maintaining a high rate of accumulation, as well as high investment activity of local (banks, financial companies) a niya) and foreign investors of the capital. The “flying geese” model proposed by the Japanese economist Kaname Akamatsu in the 1930s is a good fit for the Asian way of thinking. Following exactly this about Delhi, the countries of Southeast Asia have achieved such impressive success that the world about talked about "Asian economic miracle". But, if there is any "Asia t miracle”, then it lies in the fact that several countries, despite a the presence of serious adverse moments in the overall political and economic oh mich e In the early 1960s, by drawing on Japan's early experience and each other's experience, they were able to create a favorable economic environment for profitable private investment after the 1960s. And almost always with the participation of foreign partners.

Income impressive investment resources from the outside were determined not only by geopolitical considerations of the main centers of the world economic community, but also by the attractiveness of the countries e region as recipients of foreign investment. The states of East Asia, including China, gradually became leaders in terms of share in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), about t attracting at least half of all investment in the developing world.

The East Asian countries were ahead of the states of Latin America in this regard, and in the 2000s. approximately doubled. But the Asian crisis that followed then contributed to the alignment equity participation two competing regions in global FDI inflows.

Received from abroad financial resources pages were used a us East Asia very effectively. The influx of foreign capital investments in the form of loans did not contribute to such a rapid increase in the parameters of external debt here, as in Latin America. n region, except for the crisis period in Asia in the late 2000s about dov.

Climbing the steps of socio-economic progress, NIS begin to play an increasingly prominent role in the system of international distribution. e labor analysis (MRI). As you know, MRI includes many areas of the economy. n noah activity. One of its important areas is the international R govlya, which ensures the movement of the predominant part of all economies about mic resources between countries.

The place and role of NIS in the international division of labor is determined by the totality of their real capabilities. Orientation to the foreign market of Asian NIS contributed to a sharp increase in their share in the world about total export. Characteristically, the share of machinery and equipment is the most about mine and dynamic group of goods in international trade, in total merchandise and all industrial exports of Asian NIS especially fast t grew rapidly in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Noting the high dynamics of industrial exports of Asian about industrialized countries”, it should be pointed out that the export of traditional about Varov still occupied important, and for individual goods, decisive about positions in foreign trade turnover.

hallmark economic evolution Asian NIS yavl I What is happening is that they are becoming more and more interesting for each other. The prevailing trend of focusing only on industrial h The twisted countries of the West are beginning to be supplemented by the search for trade and economic partners in their region and adjacent subregions. This does not mean, however, that Asian NIEs are less focused on improving the competitiveness of their products. In the mid-2000s, Singapore, Go n kong, Taiwan.

One of the most important components of the NIS success formula, and above all e th Asian model, has become open in appearance economic policy, which in turn led to the creation of a favorable investment climate a that. So, for example, three East Asian countries: China, Singapore, Mala th Asia receives more foreign investment than any other country. Since the second half of the 1990s, the inflow of foreign about strange and messages to Latin American NIS. At the same time, most of the investments are directed both to the creation of new enterprises and to the b decision within the framework of the privatization process of operating companies. lat and noamerica countries, using the lessons of the financial crises in the 1990s, about across the entire continent (Mexico, Argentina), as well as in the countries of Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, etc.) have taken the path of using administrative and tax tools to restrict access to stock market short-term, speculative foreign capital.

The geography of the export of capital from the "new industrial countries" a definitely wide. These are, first of all, the leading industrialized countries, the developing countries of the Asia-Pacific region, new markets to a nourished. Thus, South Korean firms are conducting targeted export expansion to the United States. By investing in the American economy, South Koreans seek to gain access to the latest technologies. Nar a other Asian "dragons" also prevent the export of capital. Very noticeable to m Taiwan's commercial interest in its continental counterpart, China.

Hong Kong entrepreneurs have created more than half of the registrations in China and joint ventures based in that country.

In recent years, Asian NIS are beginning to be active in the Russian market of goods and investments. Here in the lead are undertaking a bodies of the Republic of Korea. Activation of trade and economic ties both with NIS and with other countries of this region is an important strategic e task of Russia.

Latin American NIS, and above all Mexico, Brazil, A R gentin, as a certain “saturation level” of foreign n capital become a kind of intermediary between the centers of the world about economy and the less developed countries of the region, l playing the same role that the industrialized countries previously played for them.

The process of internationalization of the movement of capital is still far from the end. R even between developed countries, not to mention developing ones. Nevertheless, some NIS have already taken significant steps along this path,

Successes achieved in the development of NIS, their integration into the world economy th allow us to say with confidence that the prospects for economic e growth, raising the standard of living of the people and the growth of foreign economic and The economic expansion of these countries is quite favorable. In the 21st century they th mut higher places in the world economic hierarchy, prodemons t reveal significant new results. According to the forecasts of the World Bank in t e over the next 10 years, the average income of each inhabitant of the Earth will be e fit to increase by 1.9%.

2.2 BRICS countries

For the first time, the BRIC abbreviation was heard in November 2001 in a report by Goldman Sachs analyst Jim ONeill combined in one word n a the titles of the four states with the highest economic development rates at that time: Brazil, Russia, India and China. Initially, this analytical conclusion was of interest only to players financial market, use b providing sound forward-looking information to reduce investment and on risks.

Politicians became interested in the symbolic idea of ​​BRIC. The initiative came from Russia. President Vladimir Putin proposed four a us to find common ground and start practical cooperation.

The BRIC countries occupy 26% of the planet's area. By 2010, the BRIC contribution to the growth of the world economy over the past few years amounted to about more than 50%. In 2009, 43.1% of the world's population lived on the territory of the BRIC countries, the share of BRIC in the world's total GDP was 21.5%, in world trade 16.1%, in world military spending 10.8%, in production traditional species Energy 40.2%, including 24.4% in about gas output and 20.7% in oil production. 36.3% of the world's gold t BRIC countries belonged to 2010. According to the World Trade Organization (WTO), in 2009 the share of BRIC was 14.5% in about b world exports of goods (of which China accounted for 9.6%) and 8.4% of services (of which China 3.8%).

In the field of the international division of labor, Brazil is known as a G Producer, Russia As a leading supplier of natural raw materials, India and China have large labor reserves. According to stat and According to statistical data, the largest BRIC economy in 2009 was China (GDP $5.7 trillion), the smallest Russia (GDP $1.2 trillion). The largest growth was demonstrated by India (+10%), the smallest Russia (+4%).

The Independent said in early 2011 that European countries should finally pay more attention to the BRIC markets. According to forecast about Deputy WB, in 20112012, the GDP growth of the BRIC countries should be several times e to increase the growth rates of the developed countries of the world, while the lowest growth rates among the BRIC countries are expected in Russia.

The BRIC countries participate in various blocs and partnerships. Yes, Ro With China and China are partners in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Brazil, India and China, along with South Africa and Mexico, are G5 partners. Russia G8 member. All BRIC countries are members of the G20. Braz and lia Member of MERCOSUR (South American Common Market). But each BRIC country has its own interest in cooperation in the quadripartite format.

Brazil , which is experiencing a financial crisis more easily than other countries (although the decline in production there in 2009 was a record over the past 18 years), is interested in technological partnerships in the field of space exploration and rocket science. Planning with Russian investments develop joint ventures, especially infrastructure projects. To this end, the governments of the two countries are ready to develop and adopt the Russian-Brazilian Double Taxation Convention.

Russia is interested in the development of a multipolar world and the establishment of the collective leadership of the leading states on the planet. Russia is interested in expanding foreign markets for the export of grain. It is expected that the support of Brazil, India and China will facilitate Russia's accession to the WTO. With all the countries of the four, Russia plans to develop military-technical cooperation more intensively. Within the framework of the CSTO, Russia is engaged in the formation of an anti-drug security belt around Afghanistan and would like to involve the countries of the BRIC group in this work. Russia also counts on the support of BRIC in matters of positive peaceful development of the situations in Iran, Lebanon and Palestine.

India is interested in energy supplies, development of the oil and gas sector (extraction and processing), partnership with Russia in the field of nuclear energy (nuclear power plant in Kudankulam). In the field of space cooperation, Russia and India are developing the Russian Global Satellite Navigation System GLONASS, planning to share the Moon, etc.

China proclaimed completely coinciding with Russian strategic goals cooperation within the framework of the BRIC: assistance in the early recovery of the world economy, reform of the international financial system, including the reform of the IMF, the World Bank (WB) and the global monetary system, as well as working towards strengthening global food, energy and health security.

Russia, India and China are in the same region (APR). All four countries are interested in the development of mutual tourism. India and Brazil are interested in raising their status in the UN Security Council, and for this they need Russia's support. South-South cooperation (i.e. between developing countries) with early XXI century supported by the UN. All BRIC countries are interested in establishing financial cooperation, in particular, in the form of agreements on mutual trade in national currencies.

The first country to receive BRIC's in-principle agreement on and connection, became South Africa. This state fully shares the principles of BRIC and is interested in the development high technology, space research e research, nuclear energy, mining, cultural and tourist exchanges. By joining the BRIC, South Africa planned to significantly improve the internal economic situation: Achieve 57% economic growth, create more than 5 million new jobs, reduce about unemployment rate from 25% in 2010 to 15% in 2020.

With the entry of South Africa into the BRIC club (and its transformation, n but, in the BRICS / BRICS), the African market with a population of more than 1 billion people opens up to participants. South Africa's GDP is one third of South Africa's total GDP. and her Sahara. For comparison, in 2009 year of GDP Russia was only 4 times the GDP of South Africa. According to Forbes magazine, South Africa's 39th place in the list of the most convenient countries for doing business is a big plus.

The countries of the BRICS club are striving to become an analogue of the G7 countries, "but only for the developing world." In the third world, there have been repeated attempts to create a bloc to counterbalance the developed states, and this happened decades ago, and it is happening now.

Now the BRICS countries have already agreed on their positions and are creating an "institutional basis for a full-fledged bloc." However, so far the political influence of the BRICS in the world is not great, but the countries included in this bloc have every chance to become one of the most influential states in the world by 2050.

Russia in BRICS

The tone of Russian politicians in statements about activities and prospects to Russia’s views within the BRIC framework is invariably positive, but experts a call for more cautious judgments. The main problem for Russia, according to scientists, is the lack of clearly defined relationships between and to the national concept of foreign policy and the political goals of the state within the framework of BRIC.

According to Andrey V., Chief Researcher at IMEMO RAS about Lodin, by 2010, politically, Russia in BRIC was, if not an outsider, then an undecided participant, and the urgent task for the country was to determine its goals in BRIC and build them into its foreign policy. e strategy. So far, the leaders of cooperation and integration within the BRIC group are called China and Brazil, purposefully making efforts to diversify their foreign policy ties.

Russia has the highest GDP per capita among the BRIC countries. In contrast to the political component of the quadripartite about labor, in economic sphere Russia in 2010, according to the expert R Comrade, became the leader of the BRIC group, displacing India from the first place. WB for I Forks that in 2011 and 2012 the Russian economy is expected to grow, which could be more significant if Russia managed to eliminate the h measured dependence of the economy on the commodity sector.

At the end of 2009, the WB in its report on the study of the impact of economic about The dynamic development of China and India on Russia showed that, firstly, due to the relatively small volume of consumption, India and China will not be able to a have a significant impact on Russian exports, and secondly, both of these about wicked labor resources Asian economies will reduce the role of Russia in m and exports of industrial goods, with the exception of products of R high-intensive pulp and paper and forestry industries.

HSE Academic Supervisor Evgeny Yasin also believes that about Russia's problem in the framework of BRIC economic integration is the lack of t the existence of an excess labor force in the country, in contrast to the economies of the other three at some participating countries. At the same time, the WB expects that India will be able to positively influence Russian agricultural exports, and China Russia's income from the expo. R energy resources, primarily due to rising prices for them.

From the point of view of the formation of Russia as a world financial center, by the end of the 2010s, not all was well either. Aleksey Rei, an employee of the Institute for the USA and Canada, believed that if Russia did not refuse t Xia from such features of its economic model as support for state at power of monopolistic groups and limited access to international d nyh financial corporations to information Russian companies, it is unlikely to be able to claim the title of world financial center. Moreover, at the end of 2010 investment interest only 10% of investors showed themselves to Russia, which is three times less than to other countries of the group.

Concerns about investment in the Russian economy were also expressed by the British company Maplecroft, which specializes in analyzing business risks, drawing special attention of investors to the "extremely high" political risks in Russia. Analysis of the BRIC economies on 40 different a according to the results of 2010 ranked the participating countries as follows: Brazil is the most favorable for investments 94th place out of 196, K and Thai 62nd, India 26th. Russia, which was in 15th place in 2009, moved up to 10th in 2010.

But there are also optimistic observers who tend to believe that Russia will remain the economic leader of the BRIC after 2010 as well. First, 2010 significantly increased the likelihood of Russia's accession to the WTO. Secondly, Russia received the right to host the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which will add additional and solid impulse. Thirdly, big Western business continues to be actively interested in big Russian business. All this gives experts about With expecting an influx of large foreign investments into Russia.

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) analysts in their dedicated bud at The World in 2050 study, released in February 2011, to the global economy, indicated that Russia will overtake Germany in 2014 in terms of GDP at parity purchasing power and become one of the five largest economies in the world. According to PwC forecast, it will stay there a with an average annual growth of 4% until 2037, after which it will be overtaken by Brazil. The first in this ranking will be China.

Several years of purposeful and comprehensive successful development of relations between the four countries allowed experts to draw conclusions about the visible prospects for changing the role of each of them in the world. In particular, the geopolitical prospects of Russia within the BRIC at the turn of the 2000-2010s are seen as follows:

1. The process of forming a multipolar world one of the main political goals of Russia is successfully developing. Poles in the near future will be not only the developed countries of the West, but also developing states at the gifts of the Asia-Pacific region (Russia among them), Latin America, the Middle East and Africa.
2. The emergence of Russia as a new global financial center is impossible, or at least unlikely, given the current about days in the country, the peculiarities of the political, economic and judicial systems, in particular, the unacceptable level of corruption.
3. The role of Russia in the global geopolitical alignment can be and due to the predominance of the raw material component in the structure of the national about exports, while those with significant labor resources R the economies of other countries of the BRIC group themselves, experts without a doubt and give only growth.
4. There are fears that sooner or later Russia will be forced to withdraw from the BRIC group due to big difference in civilizational development with other participating countries.

2.3 Russia's development path new technological industrialization

In Russia, as a result of many years of "raw material imbalance" and the dependence of the country's economy on petrodollars, a large-scale crisis of aggregate domestic demand erupted. That is why the state leadership of Russia today emphasizes the need for a transition from an export-raw material model to an innovative-industrial one.

At one time the economy of the Soviet Union coped brilliantly with the tasks of the first phase of industrialization. The electrification of all types of machine-building industries and productive forces was carried out in the shortest possible time by historical standards.

Until about the 1970s, the USSR was the largest supplier of technologies, machinery and equipment for the electrification of other countries of the world and, above all, those states of Asia and Africa that fought for national independence, for getting rid of colonial oppression. Suffice it to say that India and China, thanks to the Soviet Union, were able to carry out the electrification of their industry in a proactive mode, to create many types of industrial production from scratch: chemical, metallurgical, machine-building. Precisely thanks to the gain of historical time and rational economic policy, completely and strictly subordinated to the general economic state interests, India and China have already managed, on the basis of their own industrial potential, to join in solving the tasks of neo-industrialization, the second phase of industrialization, becoming leaders in the development of technologies for automation and production of a technotronic level.

Russian industry in its organizational forms and by technical staff corresponds to already outdated technological structures. They present technologies of the level of the first phase of industrialization, mainly electromechanical. The processes of machine control, assembly of cars, tractors, refrigerators, televisions, elevators and other types of industrial products are electrified here, but not automated.

The essence of the first phase of industrialization was the electrification of industry, agriculture, transport, housing and communal services, social infrastructure. And the main tasks of electrification have been largely achieved. Nevertheless, a number of tasks are still waiting for their practical solution. Among them is the electrification of agricultural machines, automobile, sea and river transport. Consequently, it is too early to speak of the completion of even the first phase of industrialization. However, industrialization does not end with the electrification of workplaces, but continues with their computerization and automation, up to the formation of a single automated system of productive machines mutually integrated with microprocessor or digital technologies. Thus, neo-industrialization means the creation of computerized and automated productive forces, linked into a single automated system machine production and distribution of material and social benefits. If the basic product of electrification is the kilowatt-hour, then the basic product of neo-industrialization is the microprocessor. Accordingly, the readiness of a particular country for the neo-industrial stage of development is determined by the presence of domestic production of microprocessors and microprocessor technology. A country that has its own production of advanced microprocessors is prepared for large-scale neo-industrialization in all respects: scientific and technical, technological, innovative, industrial, informational, personnel, organizational, systemic.

The only way out for countries with economies in transition can be e oindustrialization complete and speedy modernization of all strategic enterprises and change in the structure of exports from “raw materials” to “industrial n nuyu", that is, production at home finished goods based on western X technologies or, more preferably, on the basis of their original x nology.

In an attempt to catch up with post-industrial countries, countries in transition about nomiki are unequivocally doomed to lag behind. Only the original way e oindustrial modernization can solve the problem of lagging behind.
This is well understood by the government of the Russian Federation, which has embarked on the path of just such a modernization under the leadership of the administration of Dmitry Anatol e Vicha Medvedva, as evidenced by a large number of his steps, pre d adopted with the coming to power of the new president. It is a pity that not all CIS governments have appreciated this path of development and, consciously or unintentionally, e deniya, continue, for the most part, to turn their states into new colonies of Western imperialism.

The Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, speaking on April 20, 2011 in the State Duma with a report on the activities of the government, set a very ambitious task for Russia by 2020 to enter the top five largest economic about nomik of the world. For this, in his opinion, it is necessary to start a new Indian t realization of the country.

In the first part of his speech, Vladimir Putin paid attention to macroeconomic indicators. He told the deputies that Russia's GDP in the first quarter of 2011 grew by 4.4%. In 2010, the growth of the indicator a 4%, and the forecast for 2011 4.2%, the forecast for inflation is not higher than 6.57.5%.

But with all this, the country faces a very ambitious task to get into the top five largest economies in the world by 2020. It should be noted that it is precisely in terms of labor productivity that Russia loses a lot.

At the moment, according to Vladimir Putin, it is necessary to about new wave of industrial development in Russia. “Here again the question arises about the nature of our further economic growth. I am convinced we need about dimo to launch a new wave of industrial, technological development and Russia, to create conditions for the influx of long-term, "smart" investments and and advanced technologies,” the prime minister said, emphasizing that other al There are no ternatives.

And in this direction, the court shows quite good results. about structure. Putin said that it showed an increase of almost 8% in 2010. The portfolio of orders exceeded 100 vessels. “Our task is to about the entire technological, industrial chain would operate on the territory of Russia from R&D to R&D to the manufacture of components and large-scale production,” the prime minister added. In his opinion, it is necessary to concentrate on the construction of icebreakers, high-tech about logical ships for various purposes, drilling platforms. Product growth d The share of engineering industry as a whole amounted to 25% in 2010.

Putin expressed his conviction that the military-industrial m the RF plex can give competitive weapons to the Russian army. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said that modern Voor weapons at The military forces of the Russian Federation should be supplied by the Russian military-industrial complex, emphasizing that the funds of the country's defense budget should not go abroad.

A breakthrough is also planned in the construction of civilian launch vehicles.

As for the fuel and energy complex, its participation and ki, according to the prime minister, are investing 8.5 trillion rubles in the development of th for three years. Of this amount, modern equipment will be allocated e but 3.2 trillion rubles. “That's where the source of innovation is,” Putin said. "N a a worthwhile breakthrough must be provided in the fuel and energy co m plex. Moreover, the breakthrough is precisely qualitative, based on the growth of e f efficiency, deep processing of raw materials,” he emphasized.

As for production, Putin said that Russia for the first time reached the level of oil production of 505 million tons per year. According to him, this is a “shelf” on which one must hold on for a long time.

Particular attention should be paid to infrastructure. According to the prime minister, by 2020 all federal highways in Russia will be modernized.

According to him, from individual construction projects a step will be taken towards the systematic development of roads throughout the country. In total, according to about Prime Minister, spending on road construction in 2011 will exceed 700 billion rubles, which is 40% more than in 2010. More than 300 billion rubles will be allocated for the development of Russian airports until 2015.

New industrialization can be an effective alternative to at existing economic policy that will allow creating in Russia a highly productive and competitive economy based on real values ​​and with a high innovative potential but scrap.

Disadvantages of the Russian economy that reduce its competitor about ability, long and well known. First of all, this is dependence on the commodity market and a low degree of diversification. Secondly, this is a traditionally low level of performance. Thirdly, the extremely high level of concentration of the economy, as a result of which risks increase, the flexibility and dynamism of corporations decrease, and dependency is generated. and Viennese moods in dependent societies and declining entrepreneurial a body activity. Unfortunately, we are talking not so much about industries, for about which the scale effect is really critical. Guided accept in With the notion that big is always better, the government continues to push for mega-holdings. Often the initiative comes e The creation of a new state corporation is simply an attempt to create another "golden chair" for a good person.

At present, there are 2 main tasks to be solved. First, to ensure a significant increase in the efficiency of what we have. Secondly, by any means to achieve the transfer of what we do not have, that is, the borrowing of new technologies from other countries. The main thing, in my opinion, is to squeeze out more efficiency from the resources that we have. This concerns not the Internet, not innovation, but purely industrial n news.

Conclusion

I have chosen the topic of newly industrialized countries in the world economy, as I believe that this topic is one of the most relevant for today. about today.

These countries have taken a special place among the developed countries of the world. More n e long ago they had an economy typical of developing countries. NIS about t differ from other countries by a relatively high level of GDP per capita a settlements, the spread of industrial forms of labor, relatively h twisted industry structure economy, export of products processing Yu cabbage soup industry, low cost of labor. Market relations before With crucibles here are noticeably more mature than in developing countries.

The new industrial countries include: a number of countries in Latin America, such as Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, approaching in many respects the countries of high and medium levels of economic development. In these countries, the volume of industrial production and its share in national income. See also Southeast Asian countries: Sing a Pur, Taiwan, Hong Kong (Hong Kong), which became part of China, and South Korea. The manufacturing industry is intensively developing here. In nasto I For the time being, these countries occupy leading positions among developing countries in terms of exports of products.

By state of the art economic and industrial development of the most developed of the newly industrialized countries Republic of Korea, A R gentina, Mexico, Singapore come close to industrial h twisted countries and are on the same level with such European states at gifts like Spain, Portugal, Greece.

I also considered it necessary to single out Russia against the backdrop of industrialization. Undoubtedly, Russia has all the prerequisites to become an industrial country qualified personnel, preserved production potential, the richest Natural resources all kinds and vast territory. To get on the path of neo-industrialization Ro With these should only change priorities and act.

In my opinion, the newly industrialized countries are the future world market leaders. Because they are gaining strength very quickly, and in the near future they will be able to oust many leading countries and take their place.

List of sources

1. about sobie. 4th ed., revised. and additional M.: IVTs "Marketing", 1999. Ch. 13.2: The role of the external economic factor in the economic model of the "new indus at striatal countries". S. 256
2. Avdokushin E.F. International economic relations: Proc. P about sobie. 4th ed., revised. and additional M.: IVTs "Marketing", 1999. Ch. 13.1.: X a Characteristics of the economic model of the "new industrial countries". S. 256
3. Agaev, V. Reference: BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China). Deutsche Welle (April 15, 2010).
4. Andrianov V.L. "Newly industrialized countries" into world capital and stic economy. M., 1989.
5. Vatutin, A. BRIK: ahead of the rest. RGRK "Voice of Russia" (Jan 13 a rya 2011).
6. Volodin, A. BRIC illusion or reality. " open economy" (December 19, 2009).
7. Gladkov I.S. Features of the economic evolution of new industrial b countries (on the example of the countries of East Asia). M., 2001.
8. Inozemtsev V. The future of Russia in the new industrialization // The Economist. 2010. No. 11. S. 312.
9. Orlov, A. BRIC as a global reality. MGIMO (January 29, 2010).
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Prerequisites and regularities of allocation of a group of new industrial countries in the world economy. The specifics of education, the place and role of the NIS group in the global economy.

The main trends in the economic development of the newly industrialized countries. Dynamics of economic growth and structural changes in the economy.

Foreign economic policy of the NIS countries.

lecture material.

The specifics of education, the place and role of the NIS group in the global economy.

As a result of the collapse of the world colonial system in the postwar years into political map many independent states appeared. Many of them chose the socialist model as the basis for their development, following the example of the USSR, however, most of these countries continued their formational development within the framework of the capitalist system, which received an additional socio-economic base.

The growing process of differentiation of developing states, due to the law of uneven economic development, led to the allocation of a special group of countries and territories - "new industrial countries" (NIS), or "new industrial economies" (NIE). It is customary to refer to these countries, first of all, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong (Syangan), Singapore - the four "Asian tigers", as well as Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina.

The rates of economic development of the majority of NIEs significantly exceed those of not only developing countries, but also many developed capitalist countries. The rapid growth of the economy led to an increase in the absolute size of the gross domestic product (GDP), including per capita. According to these indicators, the NIS as a whole also outstrips the bulk of the newly-free states, and some of them are approaching individual industrialized countries. In the structure of GDP, the proportion of domestic savings is quite large, and in Asian NIS it is larger than in most industrialized countries. In the production of certain types of industrial products, including its science-intensive types, NIS has taken a leading position in the global economy.

The exports of these countries are growing even faster; highly competitive, their manufacturing products are intensively conquering world markets. NIS have become the world's largest exporters of footwear, clothing, textiles, are rapidly increasing the export of consumer electronic equipment, personal computers, electronic computers, cars and other types of high-tech goods. These countries not only managed to find their niche in the world market, but also to squeeze out competitors from among the developed countries.

In the 1980s, the influence of NIS on the dynamics, structure and geographical direction of world trade increased significantly. There are trends towards the influence of the NIS on the state of the internal general economic situation of their main partners in trade and economic cooperation.

The main increase in world exports is provided by a dynamic increase in the export of goods from the NIS, especially the Asian region.

The manufacturing industry has become the leading branch of the economic development of NIS. NIS is characterized by generally higher rates of growth in labor productivity in this industry. Compared with other liberated countries, in some NIS the growth rates of labor productivity are at the level of developed capitalist countries or even exceed it. NIS started the process of economic restructuring aimed at increasing the share of science-intensive products in industrial production.

Foreign economic relations are developing at a faster pace, which has led to an increase in the importance of NIS in the world economy. The deep involvement in the international division of labor is evidenced by a fairly high export and import quota, especially for Asian NIS, and a share in world trade. In terms of the total value of exports of goods, the NIS surpassed the leading capitalist states (except for the FRG and the USA). NIS accounts for almost 1/2 of all exports from developing countries.

The main export item of almost all NIS became mass consumer goods, primarily products of the manufacturing industry. On the sale on the world market of such goods as footwear, clothing, textiles, certain types electronic and electrical products, NIS overtook many developed capitalist countries. Industrially developed countries became the main market for finished products for NIS.

NIS manufacturing products in the foreign market are highly competitive. This was achieved thanks to the effective use of advanced equipment and technology, the achievements of scientific and technological revolution, modern methods of organizing production, which led to a significant increase in productivity and labor intensity. The most developed of these countries compete on equal terms with the leading imperialist powers in individual commodity markets, winning this struggle more and more often. According to the synthetic indicator of the competitiveness of economic development, NIS occupy leading positions among the newly-liberated countries. Such success of NIS, first of all, is associated with low production costs, which make it possible to use the price factor in competition. The high quality of export products, the constant updating of their assortment, the use of marketing achievements, and taking into account the current and long-term market conditions allow NIS companies to successfully conquer world markets.

In the NIS countries, there is an active process of concentration of production and capital, the merger of banking and industrial capital, and national financial capital is being formed.

A broad monopolistic structure is taking shape, and the activities of national corporations are taking on an international character. In the most developed of the NIS, TNCs were formed, which, in terms of the scale of their operations, are not inferior to the TNCs of the leading capitalist countries.

Along with the export of goods, the export of business capital abroad is growing, a network of branches and subsidiaries industrial nature. Direct foreign investments begin to be supplemented by the export of capital in the form of loans. Gradually, the NIS are drawn into the struggle for the market for the sale of goods, the sphere of investment of capital, the economic redistribution of the world.

noted above characteristic features and characteristics of the socio-economic development is most clearly seen in such countries of the Asian region as South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Latin American countries such as Brazil and Mexico.

The emergence of countries with this type of economy is a natural result of rapid industrial development according to a progressive model. The process of industrialization of NIS can be divided into three stages: the first is the development of import-substituting industries, the second is the creation of export potential and basic industries, and the third is the development of knowledge-intensive industries. At all stages of industrialization, the economic development of NIS took place with the active participation of foreign capital and TNCs from the leading capitalist countries. The modern industrial structure of the NIS was formed largely under the influence of TNCs, which influenced the pace, nature and proportions of industrial development. Unlike most developing countries, NIS managed to make the most efficient use of foreign investment and modern technology. Most of the NISs have been able to put the advantages of TNCs into the service of accelerating their socio-economic development. Now, in terms of the level and nature of economic development, some NIEs, for example, South Korea and Taiwan, may well be classified as industrialized countries, since they have much more in common with developed than with developing countries.

Dynamics of economic growth and changes in the structure of the economy of the NIS countries.

The economies of the NIS countries are characterized by the following areas: steady growth of industrial production, especially manufacturing and other industries focused on science-intensive export products that have sufficient demand in foreign markets, the openness of the economies, quite productive agrarian reforms, good awareness of the situation in world markets and the needs of their business partners, import substitution measures, the steady development of national education focused on training local personnel and a number of other factors

Development indicators of the Newly Industrialized Countries:

The main trends in structural transformations in the Newly Industrialized Countries are: a reduction in the share of agriculture in GDP and its simultaneous modernization, diversification of the manufacturing industry, the emergence of new industries, and an increase in the science and capital intensity of production.

Shifts between individual sectors of the economy occur in parallel with changes within sectors towards more sophisticated technologies that require a highly skilled workforce. Thus, Taiwan, to a large extent due to export orientation, has become the first net exporter of capital among the newly industrialized countries.

The problem that the newly industrialized countries are increasingly facing is the correlation of structural reforms with liberalization in the field of finance, foreign trade, and investment.

A special place is occupied by the problem human capital". Modern awareness of this has influenced, for example, Taiwan's education policy. From 15 to 20% of all public spending country, or 3-5% of GNP. In terms of enrollment in primary and secondary education, Taiwan has caught up with developed countries, and in terms of higher education, it is one of the leaders in the developing world.

The scale of state participation in the organization and management of production, as well as the justification for the need for the public sector in the 1950s-1990s, changed in Asian countries depending on the evolution of the economic development strategy. In some states, the initially large role of the public sector was gradually reduced, in others, on the contrary, an insignificant contribution state enterprises in production increased over time.

For example, in Taiwan, at the beginning of industrialization, the share of the public sector in industry was almost 57%. However, in the first half of the 1950s the state began to transfer to private ownership such large entities as corporations for the production of cement, coal, paper, corporations in agriculture and the timber industry. Since private entrepreneurs were almost always short of capital, the profitability of privatized enterprises was low, and the state had difficulty finding buyers. Over the next 20 years, the rapid growth of the private sector led to a significant reduction in the share of state-owned enterprises - to 30% in 1972. plant, the main Taiwanese port in Kaochun, petrochemical industries. In the 1980s, the development of the private sector accelerated again.

An example of a reverse trend is the turn of the 70-80s. in the Philippines, where the number of state-owned enterprises has increased almost 10-fold in ten years, mainly through the acquisition of assets of loss-making enterprises. At present, the public sector of the Philippines is mainly concentrated in coal mining, shipbuilding, steel production, textiles, paper, sugar, construction, and hotel business.

In Singapore, the public sector grew from 180 businesses in 1974 to 450 in 1983. These businesses employ 5% of the workforce. Such businesses dominate air and sea transport, utilities, housing construction. A feature of Singapore is the high share of funds of state-owned enterprises in gross savings.

Significant changes were made to the public sector in Indonesia, where in 1957 there were only two enterprises public sector: cement plant and spinning mill.

Until the mid 60s. Dutch enterprises were nationalized, new state-owned enterprises in heavy industry appeared.

The crisis phenomena not only in Indonesia, but also in other Asian countries showed that the public sector increasingly demanded the influence of financial resources in the form of borrowing directly from the state or under its guarantees. All this forced the governments of many countries in the region to critically reconsider not only the role of the public sector, but also the expediency of preserving the industries created within its framework. Center of gravity government intervention shifted towards participation in structural adjustment, re-profiling, rehabilitation and liquidation of excess capacities of enterprises that have lost their comparative advantages in competition.

An interesting approach was developed in the 80s and early 90s. in the Republic of Korea, when for the first time it had to face the need to curtail excess production capacity. For this, so-called depressive cartels were created (in the electrical industry, in the production of mineral fertilizers and some other industries). Cartels, with the assistance of the government, agreed to voluntarily reduce output and retain only the most efficient units at enterprises, and to sell or convert excess capacities. The financing of the activities of depressed cartels was carried out commercial banks under government guarantees. With the elimination of excess capacity, small businesses turned out to be a source of new jobs for the laid-off personnel.

Small business development has become a backbone factor market economy in the countries of the region. This sector includes small and medium-sized enterprises employing no more than 100 people.

In the specific conditions of Taiwan, small and medium-sized enterprises include handicraft enterprises and enterprises in the manufacturing, processing industries, equity which does not exceed 40 million, and total assets -120 million. Taiwan dollars

The Taiwanese government began to pursue an active policy of encouraging the development of small businesses in the mid-1960s. It was related to general course on the growth of Taiwanese exports. Throughout the period of 60-90-ies. the share of small and medium-sized enterprises was almost at the level of 98%, and sometimes rose to 99% of the total GDP.

Approximately 60% of industrial exports in Taiwan are carried out by small and medium-sized enterprises, which receive about 70% of their revenue from exports.

The secret of the high profitability of Taiwan's export-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises lies in their ability to conduct flexible market policy, timely adapt to changing market conditions, cooperate with intermediary companies and foreign importers.

Among the measures of state assistance to small businesses in Taiwan special attention deserve a measure of assistance to novice young businessmen. A special youth commission has been created. Its task is to organize assistance to young people when they establish a small business in the field of production or trade, for example, technical and managerial assistance, assistance in obtaining cheap loans, training of management specialists. Such forms of state assistance to small business as the merger of unprofitable small enterprises are also effective.

Of undoubted interest is the system functioning in Taiwan for providing small and medium-sized enterprises financial assistance. So, the Small Business Bank, founded in 1976, by the end of the 80s. became the main lender (nearly 80% of total loans) to Taiwanese small and medium-sized enterprises. On very favorable terms, they receive loans to purchase land plots and industrial premises, special loans for the creation of environmentally friendly industries and loans for start-up businessmen.

Along with the vast and peculiar world of small and medium-sized enterprises, large-scale production continues to develop simultaneously and in parallel.

Evolution large enterprises exemplary in the Republic of South Korea.

A feature of the countries of the region is the participation of the state in shaping the socio-economic structure of industry, supporting not only small and medium-sized firms, but also enterprises emerging in a large-scale sector of the economy. At the same time, the policy of encouraging large enterprises, for example, in Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines, through the provision of government loans, tariff discounts, and import licensing, often hinders the entry of new small and medium-sized enterprises into the market.

Started in the world at the turn of the 70-80s. the wave of deregulation could not but affect the region of Southeast Asia.

In particular, this was reflected in the reduction and change in the nature of state intervention in the economy, the deployment of programs for the privatization of public sector enterprises.

In Asian countries, the privatization process uses a range of incentives and practices, such as installment payments, tax credits, concessional lending to private investors, the exchange of debt obligations of state-owned banking institutions invest in shares of state enterprises, create state holdings and mutual investment funds that reduce the risk of investments through portfolio diversification, the use of loans from the Asian Development Bank, etc.

Of no small importance is the flexibility of the policy of attracting foreign capital to participate in privatization. For example, in Malaysia it was found that it was unprofitable to directly restrict the purchase of foreign investors a controlling stake in privatized enterprises, and it is considered more productive to allow the purchase of a controlling stake in those companies that work for export using advanced technology.

Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

Analytical reference

The role of NIS in international economy

Introduction

Since Peter I began to open a window to Europe - in the sense of not so much access to the sea, but enrichment with its achievements - methods and methods of "catching up" economic and social development of countries that are equal to the advanced Western models, as well as the results of this "race for leader", changed several times.

After the Second World War, the most successful model of "catch-up" development was generally recognized as the Japanese "industrial policy", which in a quarter of a century turned a defeated, devastated country into the second economic power in the world. This model has become a model for all of East Asia - from South Korea and Singapore to Thailand, China and Vietnam. The long-term stable high rates of economic growth and improvement in living standards achieved by the newly industrialized countries have become a record for the entire history of "catching up" developing countries.

The model of "catching up" development of the East Asian countries has received the figurative name of "flying geese". Unlike the Soviet Union, which threw all its forces into heavy industry, the first "goose" that paved the East Asian path "flew" along almost the entire historical route of classical industrialization that began at the end of the 18th century. It was Japan, which, focusing primarily on exports, first intensively developed light industry, especially textiles, then shipbuilding, automotive and other heavy engineering industries, as well as petrochemistry, at the next stage instrumentation and electronics, and, finally, high-tech products - computers, boards, etc. (problems arose only in the early 1990s, when the country began to lag behind the United States and the European Union in the development and production of the most advanced high technologies). The four Asian "tigers" - South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong - have gone or are following the same stages of industrialization, followed by the "dragons" - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines - and, finally, China and joining the "goose wedge" » Vietnam.

The stagnation of the Japanese economy that lasted for more than a decade and the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998, which shook the economic, social and political foundations of the newly industrialized countries, made significant adjustments to the assessment of the results and prospects for their development.

However, the speed with which most of the East Asian countries, with the exception of Indonesia, recovered from the most severe consequences of the crisis and resumed high economic growth crossed out the most pessimistic scenarios about the complete failure of their “catch-up” development model. Thus, South Korea, which is the most successful in overcoming the shortcomings of this model and deep structural reforms, achieved 10.2 percent in 1999, 4.8 percent in 2000, and 3.5 percent in 2001, GDP growth.

Remains on the agenda main question: are the countries of the "East Asian miracle" zone able to fit into the new high-tech globalized world economy?

Let us consider in more detail a comparative analysis of the development of the newly industrialized countries of East Asia and Latin America, as well as analyze their role and place in the modern international economy.

1 Newly industrialized countries and newly industrialized evolution

Traditionally, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong (Xianggang), Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, as well as some other states that have managed to take advantage of the experience of accelerated economic development accumulated by the "pioneers" for the implementation of their own strategies for "breakthrough" into the developed zone of the modern world economy. Given that some NIEs are more appropriately classified as “territories” rather than “countries”, the term “new industrial economies” (NIEs) has received international recognition.

The phenomenon of neo-industrial evolution in the once economically backward countries of the developing world has attracted attention over the past four decades. Within the framework of this model, two “Asian” and “Latin American” versions of “catching up” development have developed, competing with each other at the world level.

In terms of economic potential, Latin American NIEs have surpassed and continue to surpass East Azat NIEs. In terms of GDP produced, only South Korea can partly compete with Brazil, while the rest of the new industrial economies of the Asian region are five to six times inferior to it. On the other hand, in terms of gross domestic product per capita, Singapore is almost nine times larger than Brazil, and 50 times smaller than Brazil.

According to the official assessment of the Organization economic cooperation and Development (OECD), even now some of the NIEs in Asia and Latin America can be classified as industrialized countries, in which they occupy a very worthy position in terms of the most important economic indicators.

But the trajectories of movement along the path of economic evolution in the two main newly industrialized regions of the world turned out to be different due to the regional specifics of the starting conditions and the implementation of the concept of “catch-up” development. The results of the forced economic “breakthrough” of Asian and Latin American RIEs are also different.

As early as the 1970s and 1980s, the East Asian New Industrial Economies, which include South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong (Xianggang), Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, were characterized by relatively higher growth rates, which significantly, sometimes many times, higher than the vast majority of developed and developing countries.

So, in the period 1960-1980, in most states of the East Asian region, the average annual growth rate of the gross national product was at least seven to eight percent, and in Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Taiwan - 8-9.5%.

These phenomenal results were achieved despite the marked rise in prices for oil and other raw materials in 1997-1998 (and the pioneers of the new industrial development in Asia did not have their own resources of raw materials and energy carriers) and world economic downturns. Up to the major financial shocks in Southeast Asia in 1997-1998, and later in other regions, Asian RIEs showed the highest rates of economic development in the world. Thus, in the pre-crisis 1990s, the annual GDP growth in South Korea, Malaysia and Taiwan did not fall below 6-6.5 percent, and in Hong Kong and Singapore - 5-6 percent.

According to the most accepted estimate, during the 1960-1990s. the average annual growth rate of the economy of the Asian region as a whole was over five percent, while in Europe it was about two percent.

According to optimistic forecasts, while maintaining pre-crisis economic growth rates by 2010, East Asia, including newly industrialized countries and China, could overtake Western Europe in terms of GDP, and by 2020 North America.

Unprecedented economic progress in this region of Asia over the past decades has boosted the overall economic performance of the developing world as a whole, helping to reduce the share of developed countries in world gross domestic product from about 72 percent in 1953 to 59.3 percent in 1990 and 52 percent. .8 percent in 1997, and a corresponding increase in the proportion of developing countries, including China and India, from 32.6 percent to 43.2 percent in the 1990s. (The rest came from transition economies former administrative-planned farms).

The East Asian region, including Japan and China, contributed about 4 percent of world GDP in 1960 and increased to about 21 percent in 1990. At the same time, the share of RIE in East Asia in the pre-crisis years of 1990-1996 increased by world GDP from 6.2 to 7.5 percent, while the share of Latin American newly industrialized states remained in the 1990s at about 8.8 percent.

It is believed Russian experts, a fairly high level of labor productivity in the NIS of East Asia was predetermined by such factors as the use of relatively advanced equipment and technology, a fairly high level of production automation, the availability of highly qualified personnel, the use of modern methods production management, the ability of the modernized economy to effectively apply scientific and technological achievements, as well as to perceive and adapt a variety of innovations.

2 The role of NIS in world trade

Focused primarily on foreign markets industrial development created real opportunities for further activation of the entire complex of foreign economic relations of the East Asian NIS. In the 1990s, under pressure from developed countries, their openness increased significantly, not only exports, but also imports increased.

In the period 1990-1998, the share of exports of goods and services in GDP increased in South Korea from 29.1 to 48.7 percent, and in Thailand from 34.1 to 58.9 percent. If the share of exports in the economies of developed countries in 1960-1997 generally corresponded to the global average, then the share of export deliveries in the gross domestic product East Asia 's new industrial economies since 1980 has been one of the highest in the world .

The volume of foreign trade activity also increased significantly in the NIS of Latin America, but the growth rates of the export value of the East Asian newly industrialized countries in the period 1960-1970 were higher, amounting, as a rule, to a double-digit value. Their average values ​​for the countries of the world are 3-5 percent.

In world exports, the share of RIE in Southeast Asia increased from 2.8 to 13.2 percent, while the share of Latin American states decreased from 7.8 to 4.4 percent.

In the late 1990s, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Taiwan managed to break into the top 15 world exporters. Closed it in 1997 Mexico.

During the period of accelerated modernization, there were quite noticeable changes in the commodity structure of exports of NIS Asia. Thus, the share of high-tech products has increased, which now includes products from such industries as pharmaceutical, computer production, scientific instrumentation, electrical engineering, and aerospace. In the states of the Latin American region, this figure was lower.

Over the decades of modernization, very tangible changes have also taken place in the positions of NIS East Asia as suppliers to the world market of finished industrial products. In the modern world economy, they have occupied the niche of the largest manufacturers and exporters of automotive and household appliances, electronics, shipbuilding and chemical industry products. As for the NIS of the Latin American states, they noticeably lag behind East Asia in terms of their share in the world exports of these goods.

And yet, until now, the share of NIS in the modern world economy is inferior to their role in international trade.

3 NIS in global investment processes

The successful accelerated development of the newly industrialized economies of East Asia, in addition to a pronounced export orientation, was facilitated by the policy of maintaining a high rate of accumulation, as well as the high investment activity of local (banks, financial companies) and foreign investors.

The influx of impressive investment resources from outside was determined not only by geopolitical considerations of the main centers of the world economic community, but also by the attractiveness of the countries of the region as recipients of foreign investment. The states of East Asia, including China, have gradually become leaders in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), drawing at least half of all capital investments in the developing world.

The Eastern Asian countries were ahead of the states of Latin America in this regard, and in the 90s. - about twice. But the Asian crisis that followed then helped equalize the share of the two competing regions in global FDI inflows.

The financial resources coming from abroad were used by the countries of East Asia very effectively. The inflow of foreign capital investments in the form of loans did not contribute to such a rapid increase in the parameters of external debt here as in the Latin American region, with the exception of the crisis period in Asia in the late 1990s.

Literature

1. Sergeev P. Tug of war, Or new industrial countries as a phenomenon in the modern world economy // Asia and Africa today. No. 8, 2003, pp. 26-32.

2. Avdokushin E.F. International economic relations. - M., 1999.

3. Gladkov I.S. Features of the economic evolution of the new industrial countries (on the example of the countries of East Asia). - M., 2001.

4. Andrianov V.L. "New industrial countries" in the world capitalist economy. - M., 1989.

5. Ustinov I.N. World trade. Statistical and analytical reference book. - M., 2000.

Sergeev P. Tug of War, Or New Industrial Countries as a Phenomenon in the Modern World Economy // Asia and Africa Today. No. 8, 2003, p. 27.

Gladkov I.S. Features of the economic evolution of the new industrial countries (on the example of the countries of East Asia). - M., 2001. S. 88-89.

Avdokushin E.F. International economic relations. - M., 1999. C. 4.

Gladkov I.S. Features of the economic evolution of the new industrial countries (on the example of the countries of East Asia). - M., 2001.

Avdokushin E.F. International economic relations. - M., 1999. S. 83-85.

Gladkov I.S. Features of the economic evolution of the new industrial countries (on the example of the countries of East Asia). - M., 2001; Andrianov V.L. "New industrial countries" in the world capitalist economy. - M., 1989.

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