Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

ATconducting

However, the main historical function of banks is lending.

For domestic banking system characterized by a stable increase in the amount of loans provided to the borrower with a simultaneous increase in the share of overdue loans.

At the same time, with an increase in the total value of the loan portfolio of banks, the share of overdue loans increases. An interesting factor is that the concentration credit operations takes place in a limited number of banks. According to Interfax, as banks become more specialized in lending, the quality of their loan portfolios gradually begins to improve. So, for banks with loans up to 40% of assets, the delay is about 10%, and for banks with a share of loans in assets over 40%, the delay does not exceed 5%.

These figures indicate that the formation of a high-quality loan portfolio is an achievable goal for the bank, and the management of the bank's loan operations serves to achieve it.

Russia's transition to market economy fundamentally changed the conditions for the activities of all economic entities, and doubly affected the nature of the functioning of banks. Thus, it turns out that banks themselves have changed as business entities, so they also have to adapt to changes in the activities of their clients.

The rapid development of the Russian banking system has determined the ability of bank managers and their employees to master the methods and techniques of work, in contrast to Western countries, where the process of formation of the banking system takes place over several centuries.

In general, the problems of the Russian banking system are due to two reasons: firstly, unfavorable macroeconomic conditions are evident, and secondly, there are internal reasons related to the peculiarities of the activities of the commercial banks themselves.

The purpose of the course work is to clarify the essence of the loan portfolio commercial bank.

Among traditional species banking the provision of loans is the main operation that ensures their profitability and stability of existence. By issuing loans to individuals and legal entities, the bank forms its loan portfolio. Thus, the bank's loan portfolio is the totality of debt balances on active lending operations as of a certain date. The client loan portfolio is its constituent part and represents the balance of debt on credit operations of the bank with individuals and legal entities as of a certain date. There are various classifications of the loan portfolio, among which one can find the division of the portfolio into gross (the total volume of loans issued by the bank at a certain point in time) and net (gross portfolio minus the amount of reserves to cover possible losses on credit operations).

1. The essence and concept of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank

Lending activity is one of the most important features constituting the very concept of a bank. The level of organization of the credit process is perhaps the best indicator of the overall work of the bank and the quality of its management.

In scientific and educational literature, as well as in regulatory documents, the nature of the loan is sometimes interpreted ambiguously. In this regard, it is necessary to first clarify the key points associated with this concept.

The concepts of "loan" and "credit". In the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, these close concepts differ in content in a number of ways. From their comparison, it follows that a loan (a special case of loan relations) has the following inalienable properties:

It should be about the transfer by one party (creditor) to the other party (borrower) of not any things, but only money, and only for temporary use (not the property of the borrower). In this case, the said money may not be the property of the creditor himself;

It cannot, unless otherwise provided in the contract, be interest-free. At the same time, the contractual execution (in writing) of the issuance or receipt of a loan is considered as a mandatory, although not specific, parameter for a credit transaction. For a loan agreement, a written form is not always required;

In it, only a credit institution (usually a bank) acts as a creditor. In this sense, a loan is a bank loan in monetary form. This refers to the active option of lending, when the bank does not receive, but itself gives a loan;

The obligation of the bank to issue a loan in accordance with the concluded agreement is unconditional;

The loan is also returned in cash.

In addition, the need to take care of the future repayment of a loan issued by a bank makes it usually demand from a potential borrower:

1) justification of reasonableness and economic efficiency operation (transaction) for which a loan is requested, which generally means openness and certainty regarding the purpose of the loan;

2) providing the lender with the opportunity to control, within certain limits, the intended use of the loan, the effectiveness of such use and, in general, the efficiency of the business of the borrower - a legal entity;

3) providing the lender with known material or other security of the loan issued by him as evidence of the reliability of the relationship between the parties, even in the event of an unsuccessful operation (transaction) by the borrower for which the loan was taken, or in general, unfavorable business development and financial condition borrower.

Finally, the bank initially credits the loan issued to the borrower to a specially opened loan account.

Summarizing the above points, we can conclude that the loan involves the transfer to the borrower (legal entity or individual) by the bank on the basis of a special written agreement exclusively Money (own funds bank and / or borrowed) for a period specified in such an agreement on the terms of repayment and payment in cash, controllability, and also, as a rule, intended use and security.

It should also be borne in mind that the loan does not take place from the moment the parties sign loan agreement, but from the moment of real provision of the corresponding amount to the borrower.

The concepts of "credit" and "loan". In banking legislation, the term "loan" is not used (in Chapter 38 of the Civil Code, this is understood as the gratuitous use of a thing received from another person, i.e. something that does not apply to lending). At the same time, it is widely used in Bank of Russia documents and literature. But neither the purpose of its use, nor the special content that possibly distinguishes a loan from a credit, is substantiated in either case. In fact, these terms are used as synonyms, more precisely, the loan is understood as an active loan.

Bank loans are divided into active and passive. In the first case, the bank gives a loan, i.e. acts as a creditor, takes a loan in the second, i.e. is a borrower. The bank may enter into credit relations (take or give loans) with other banks (credit institutions), including the central bank, performing, depending on the situation, active or passive function. In this case, interbank lending takes place. As for all other enterprises, organizations, institutions and individuals (non-financial sector of the economy), the bank's credit relations with them are of a different nature - here the bank is almost always the party that gives the loan.

According to Russian civil law, there are two fundamentally different types of loans.

1) Agreement on provision of property for temporary gratuitous use. The parties to the agreement can be both individuals and legal entities, and its subject - only individually defined things, in contrast to the loan agreement, the subject of which is money or things defined by generic characteristics. The loan agreement, being in many respects similar to the property lease agreement, has the following differences: a) gratuitousness; b) it can be not only consensual, but also real; c) the property constituting the subject of the contract may be claimed from the owner only by legal entities.

Loans from inventory items are secured by a pledge of these values, and sometimes by guarantees from higher organizations.

2) bank loan- funds provided by banks in the process of lending against urgent obligations of organizations and citizens or against obligations for a period upon presentation.

2. Credit policybank and mechanisms for its implementation

Before starting to issue loans, the bank must formulate its credit policy (along with and in accordance with its policies in relation to all other areas of activity - deposit, interest, tariff, technical, personnel, in relation to the clientele, to competitors, etc. ), as well as to provide ways and means of its implementation in real practice.

The formulation of the policy (policies) of the bank is one of the stages of planning its activities. To determine and approve your credit policy means to formulate and consolidate in the necessary internal documents the position of the bank's management on at least the following issues:

a) the priorities of the bank in the credit market, meaning by this the preferred for this bank:

Objects of lending (industries, types of production or other business);

The nature of the relationship with borrowers;

Types and sizes (minimum, maximum) of loans;

Loan servicing schemes;

Forms of ensuring the repayment of loans, etc.;

b) lending purposes:

Expected level of profitability of loans;

Other (not directly related to making a profit) purposes.

For the bank to make informed decisions on the specified range of issues, it is important to clearly and balancedly set the general goals of the bank's activities for the coming period (i.e., good planning in general), adequate analysis credit market(those. good job marketing service), clarity of the prospects for the development of the bank's resource base, a correct assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio, taking into account the dynamics of the skill level of personnel and other factors.

In accordance with Regulation No. 254 "On the procedure for the formation by credit institutions of reserves for possible losses on loans ..." the authorized body (bodies) of the bank accepts internal documents of the bank on the classification of loans (loans) and the formation of relevant reserves, which must comply with the requirements of this Regulation and other regulatory legal acts on issues credit policy and/or methods of its implementation. In these internal documents, the bank reflects, in particular:

1) a system for assessing credit risks, which allows classifying loans by quality categories, including those containing more detailed procedures for assessing the quality of loans and creating a reserve than provided for in the Regulations;

2) the procedure for assessing loans, including the criteria for their assessment, the procedure for documenting and confirming such an assessment;

3) procedures for making and executing decisions on the formation of a reserve;

4) procedures for making and executing decisions to write off uncollectible loans from the balance sheet;

5) description of the methods, rules and procedures used in the assessment financial position borrower, a list of sources of information used on this issue, the range of information necessary to assess the financial position of the borrower, as well as the powers of the bank employees involved in the conduct of this assessment;

6) the procedure for compiling and further maintaining the borrower's dossier;

7) the procedure and frequency for determining the value of collateral;

8) the procedure and frequency for assessing the liquidity of collateral, as well as the procedure for determining the amount of the reserve, taking into account the collateral for the loan;

9) the procedure for assessing credit risk for a portfolio of homogeneous loans;

10) the procedure and frequency of formation (regulation) of the reserve.

At the same time, the bank must publicly disclose information about its credit policy as part of the reporting submitted in accordance with the requirements of the regulations of the Bank of Russia.

The role of credit policy should be understood as a set of its functions, i.e. expectations associated with its development and use. Therefore, we can assume that the function of the bank's credit policy in general plan is the optimization of the credit process, bearing in mind that the goals and priorities for the development (improvement) of lending, determined by the bank, constitute its credit policy.

Credit policy provisions should be supported by practical measures, which together constitute mechanisms for the implementation of credit policy. Measures designed to implement the intended credit policy in the expected circumstances (necessary and / or possible actions to be taken) should also be reviewed and approved by the bank's management, and the relevant decisions are formalized in the form of internal documents.

A special block of mechanisms for the implementation of credit policy is a mandatory set of instructive and methodological materials for each bank, regulating all aspects of organizing its work in the credit market.

All provisions of the credit policy are aimed at achieving the highest possible quality lending activities jar.

The quality of a bank's lending activities (the quality of the bank's organization of its lending activities) can be judged by a number of criteria (features), including:

Profitability of credit operations (in dynamics);

The presence of a clearly formulated credit policy for each specific period, adequate to the capabilities of the bank itself and the interests of its customers, as well as clearly defined mechanisms (including organizational and information and analytical support) and procedures for implementing such a policy (regulations for all stages of a credit operation);

Compliance with the laws and regulations of the Bank of Russia related to the lending process;

Condition of the loan portfolio;

Availability of a working credit risk management mechanism.

Loan portfolio- a set of bank claims for loans that are classified according to criteria related to various credit risk factors or methods of protection against it.

The concept of a bank's loan portfolio is ambiguously interpreted in economic literature. Some authors interpret the loan portfolio very broadly, referring to it everything financial assets and even the liabilities of the bank, others associate the concept under consideration only with the loan operations of the bank, others emphasize that the loan portfolio is not a simple set of elements, but a classified set.

The regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia, which regulate certain aspects of managing a loan portfolio, define its structure, from which it follows that it includes not only the loan segment, but also various other requirements of a bank of a credit nature: placed deposits, interbank loans, claims for receipt (return ) debt valuable papers, shares and promissory notes, discounted promissory notes, factoring, claims under the rights acquired under the transaction, under the acquired secondary market mortgages, under transactions of sale (purchase) of assets with deferred payment (delivery), under paid letters of credit, under financial lease (leasing) operations, for return of funds, if the acquired securities and other financial assets are unquoted or are not traded on the organized market.

Such an expanded content of the set of elements that form the loan portfolio is explained by the fact that such categories as deposits, interbank loans, factoring, guarantees, leasing, and securities have similar essential characteristics associated with the return movement of value and the absence of a change of ownership. The differences lie in the content of the relationship object and the form of value movement.

Analysis of the bank's loan portfolio is carried out regularly and underlies its management, which aims to reduce the overall credit risk by diversifying credit investments and identifying the most risky segments of the credit market. The main stages of the analysis: selection of criteria for assessing the quality of loans, determining the method of this assessment (numbered or scoring system, classifying loans by risk groups, determining the percentage of risk for each group, calculating the absolute value of the risk in the context of each group and in general for the loan portfolio, determining the magnitude of the sources of the reserve to cover possible losses on loans, assessing the quality of the loan portfolio based on the system financial ratios, as well as by its segmentation (structural analysis).

When forming a "loan portfolio" it is necessary to take into account the following risks: credit, liquidity and interest.

Credit risk factors are the main criteria for its classification. Depending on the scope of the factors, internal and external credit risks are distinguished; from the degree of connection of factors with the activity of the bank - credit risk, dependent or independent of the activity of the bank. Credit risks dependent on the bank's activities, taking into account its scale, are divided into fundamental (associated with decision-making by managers involved in managing active and passive operations); commercial (related to the direction of the CFD); individual and aggregate (risk of a loan portfolio, risk of a combination of credit operations).

Fundamental credit risks include risks associated with collateral margin standards, decisions to issue loans to borrowers that do not meet the bank's standards, as well as those resulting from the bank's interest rate and currency risk, etc.

Commercial risks are associated with the credit policy in relation to small businesses, large and medium-sized clients - legal entities and individuals, with certain areas of the bank's credit activities.

Individual credit exposures include the risk loan product, services, operations (transactions), as well as the risk of the borrower or other counterparty.

The risk factors of a loan product (service) are, firstly, its compliance with the needs of the borrower (especially in terms of term and amount); secondly, business risk factors arising from the content of the credited event; thirdly, the reliability of sources of repayment; fourthly, the sufficiency and quality of the provision. In addition, credit risk factors may stem from operational risk, since in the process of creating a product and its variety - services - technological and accounting errors in documents, as well as abuse.

The borrower's credit risk factors are its reputation, including the level of management, performance efficiency, industry affiliation, professionalism of bank employees in assessing the borrower's creditworthiness, capital adequacy, balance sheet liquidity, etc. The borrower's risks can be provoked by the credit institution itself due to the wrong choice of the type of loan and credit conditions.

The study of scientific papers and publications of foreign and Russian authors on the definition of the risk associated with the liquidity of the bank, allows you to identify discrepancies already at the conceptual level. Some economists allocate liquidity risk, others - the risk of unbalanced liquidity.

Thus, summarizing the effective and factor components of liquidity risk, we can in the following way to formulate its essence: liquidity risk is the risk of incurring losses (losing part of the capital) due to the inability or inability of the bank to attract additional financial resources in a timely manner and without loss for itself or to realize existing assets to fulfill its obligations to creditors and depositors.

Thus, in the monograph "Banking: Strategic Management" edited by V. Platonov and M. Higgins, it is noted that the risk of insufficient liquidity is expressed in the inability to fulfill one's obligations in a timely manner and this will require a sale individual assets bank on unfavorable terms; the risk of excess liquidity - in the loss of income due to an excess of highly liquid assets and, as a result, unjustified financing of low-income assets at the expense of paid resources for the bank.

The factor side of the excess liquidity risk is also determined by internal and external factors. Their nature is the same for both varieties of this risk.

Thus, the unified nature of internal factors is expressed in the fact that excessive liquidity, as well as insufficient, is a reflection of the bank's inability to promptly eliminate the discrepancy that has arisen between assets and liabilities of the corresponding periods. The reasons for this situation may be: in case of excessive liquidity, caution or inability to manage the situation, to find areas for the development of bank operations; in the event of a lack of liquidity, the aggressiveness of the policy, the inability to assess the real situation.

One nature external factors determines the bank's inability to assess and take into account the external environment in which it operates.

The reasons causing the risk of unbalanced liquidity, in general, lie in the unsatisfactory management of the bank, which is unable to competently structure cash flows and ensure their quality.

Thus, the risk of unbalanced liquidity should be understood as the risk of loss of income due to the inability or impossibility of the bank to timely adjust its liquidity position, i.e. to harmonize and without loss for themselves the volume of obligations and sources of their coverage.

Interest rate risk refers to those types of risk that the bank cannot avoid in its activities. Moreover, the responsibility for measuring, analyzing and managing it lies entirely with the management of the credit institution. Supervisory authorities limit themselves mainly to evaluating the effectiveness of the risk management system established in a commercial bank.

The economic literature presents various points of view regarding the concept of interest rate risk. Some authors interpret it as the risk of loss as a result of changes in interest rates. Other authors give a close definition, considering interest rate risk as the probability of losses in the event of a change in interest rates on financial resources. Still others offer a broader definition, believing, in particular, that interest rate risk is the risk of losses due to adverse changes in interest rates on money market, which finds external expression in the fall of the interest margin, its reduction to zero or a negative value, indicating at the same time a possible negative impact on the market value of capital.

The Fundamental Principles of Banking Supervision (as formulated in the Basel Committee) define interest rate risk as the risk of a bank's financial position being potentially exposed to adverse changes in interest rates.

3 . Interest risk factors. The essence of interest rate risk allows you to highlight the factors that affect its levelny

Interest rate risk factors can be divided into internal and external. AT Russian economy Unlike developed countries the level of risk is increased mainly by external factors.

These include:

Market instability in terms of interest rate risk;

Legal regulation of interest rate risk;

Political conditions;

The economic situation in the country;

Competition in the banking services market;

Relationships with partners and clients;

International events.

Internal risk factors include:

Lack of a clear bank strategy in the field of interest rate risk management;

Miscalculations in the management of banking operations, leading to the creation of risky positions (the emergence of an imbalance in the structure and maturities of assets and liabilities, incorrect forecasts for changes in the yield curve, etc.);

Lack of a developed interest rate risk hedging program;

Shortcomings in planning and forecasting the development of the bank;

Personnel errors in operations.

The main problem in practice is the timely monitoring of interest rate risk factors, while this process must be continuous. In accordance with the identified reasons for the occurrence of increased interest rate risk, it is necessary to adjust the risk management system and the bank.

The essence of the bank's loan portfolio can be considered at the categorical and applied levels. In the first aspect, the loan portfolio is the relationship between the bank and its counterparties regarding the return movement of value, which takes the form of credit claims. In the second aspect, the loan portfolio is a set of bank assets in the form of loans, discounted bills, interbank loans, deposits and other credit related claims, classified into quality groups based on certain criteria.

The qualitative difference between the loan portfolio and other portfolios of a commercial bank lies in such essential properties of the loan and credit categories as the return movement of value between the participants in the relationship, as well as the monetary nature of the object of the relationship.

Conclusion

bank loan portfolio

Credit operations - the basis banking business, since they are the main source of income for the bank. But these operations are associated with the risk of non-repayment of the loan ( credit risk), to which banks are to some extent exposed in the process of lending to customers. That is why credit risk as one of the types banking risks is the focus of attention for banks.

Efficient loan portfolio management begins with the careful development of a lending policy by a credit institution, which is implemented in a document approved and periodically reviewed by the board of directors or the management of the credit institution. It should formulate goals and objectives when providing funds in terms of ensuring the high quality of assets, the profitability of this area of activity. A loan portfolio is a characteristic of the structure and quality of loans issued by the court, classified according to certain criteria. One of such criteria used in foreign and domestic practice is the degree of credit risk. Therefore, the criterion determines the quality of the loan portfolio. Analysis and assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio allow bank managers to manage its lending operations.

Loan portfolio management has several stages: selection of criteria for assessing the quality of a single loan; identification of the main groups of loans with an indication of the risk percentages associated with them; assessment of each loan issued by the bank based on selected criteria, i.e. assigning it to the appropriate group; determination of the structure of the loan portfolio in the context of classified loans; assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio as a whole; analysis of factors influencing changes in the structure of the loan portfolio in dynamics; determination of the amount reserve fund, adequate to the total risk of the bank's loan portfolio; development of measures to improve the quality of the loan portfolio. The fundamental moment in the management of the bank's loan portfolio is the choice of criteria for assessing the quality of a single loan.

Increasing the profitability of credit operations and reducing the risk on them are two opposite goals. As in all areas financial activities, where the highest income investors are rewarded with higher risk transactions, higher interest rates are the price of risk in banking. Thus, when forming a loan portfolio, a bank must adhere to the principle common to all investors - to combine highly profitable and rather risky investments with less profitable, but less risky lending areas.

It was found that the quality of the bank's loan portfolio can be managed by taking a set of measures aimed at tightening requirements for the borrower and increasing the diversification of the bank's loan portfolio.

The study showed that the quality of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank must be assessed not only by analyzing the structure of loan debt, but also by using the standards and ratios developed by the bank as part of the development of credit policy.

Insufficient elaboration of the problem of credit risk management by the Bank of Russia significantly complicates the management of the quality of loan portfolios of Russian commercial banks.

The main goal of Sberbank of Russia is to strengthen the leading positions in the main segments of the Russian financial market especially in the markets banking services population and corporate clients. Sberbank believes that the main tools for achieving this goal are the development and implementation of a clear client policy that takes into account the needs of various groups of clients, the introduction of a business model focused primarily on clients in order to improve conditions and improve the quality of customer service, expanding the range of products and services. In particular, it is planned to increase the information transparency of the Bank.

As it becomes clear from this work, the problem of managing the quality of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank is large and multifaceted, and the existing methods of quality management are diverse, and for a more successful functioning of the banking system, it is necessary to introduce a single regulatory framework for all banks.

Bibliography

1. Azdan code Russian Federation.

2. Tavasiev A.M. Banking: management of a credit institution: a study guide. -M.: "Dashkov and K", 2007. -668s.

3. The concept of the development of Sberbank of Russia until 2012. The project was approved by the Strategic Planning Committee of the Supervisory Board of the Savings Bank of Russia (minutes of the meeting No. 1 dated July 24, 2007).

4. Lavrushin O. I. Banking: Textbook - M.: KNORUS, 2006. -768s.

5. Lavrushin O.I., Banking risks, M., KNORUS, 2007, 231s.

6. CBR Regulation No. 254-P dated March 26, 2004 "On the procedure for the formation by credit institutions of reserves for possible losses on loans, on loans and equivalent debts".

7.Official site Central Bank Russia, www.cbr.ru.

8. Official website of Sberbank of Russia, www.sbrf.ru.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Introduction

All existing types of business make money with a certain amount of risk. In this regard, banks are no different from them, however, success is achieved only when the risks that banks take on are thoughtful and within certain limits. In the context of the transition to a market economy in the banking sector, the importance of a correct assessment of the risk that the bank assumes when carrying out various operations is increasing.
The credit activity of the bank is one of the fundamental criteria that distinguishes it from banking institutions. Lending operations are the most profitable item in the banking business. This source forms the main part of the net profit allocated to reserve funds and used to pay dividends to the bank's shareholders. At the same time, non-repayment of loans, especially large ones, can lead the bank to bankruptcy, and due to its position in the economy, to a number of bankruptcies of enterprises, banks and individuals associated with it. Therefore, credit risks are the main problem of the bank, and their management is a necessary part of the strategy and tactics for the survival and development of any commercial bank.
In connection with the development of market relations, entrepreneurial activity in our country has to be carried out in the face of growing uncertainty and the volatility of the economic environment. This means that there is ambiguity and uncertainty in obtaining the expected end result, and consequently, the risk increases, that is, the danger of failure, unforeseen losses. That is why the theme of the thesis "Credit risks and ways to reduce them" is currently extremely relevant.

The concept of a loan portfolio

The concept of a bank's loan portfolio is ambiguously interpreted in the economic literature. Some authors interpret the loan portfolio very broadly, referring to it all the financial assets and even liabilities of the bank, others associate the concept under consideration only with the loan operations of the bank, others emphasize that the loan portfolio is not a simple set of elements, but a classified set.
The regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia, which regulate certain aspects of managing a loan portfolio, define its structure, from which it follows that it includes not only the loan segment, but also various other requirements of a bank of a credit nature:
placed deposits, interbank loans, claims for receipt (return) of debt securities, shares and promissory notes, discounted promissory notes, factoring, claims for rights acquired under a transaction, for mortgages acquired in the secondary market, for transactions of sale (purchase) of assets with deferred payment ( deliveries), on paid letters of credit, on financial lease (leasing) transactions, on return of funds, if the acquired securities and other financial assets are unquoted or are not traded on the organized market.
Such an expanded content of the set of elements that form the loan portfolio is explained by the fact that such categories as deposits, interbank loans, factoring, guarantees, leasing, and securities have similar essential characteristics associated with the return movement of value and the absence of a change of ownership. The differences lie in the content of the relationship object and the form of value movement.
The essence of the bank's loan portfolio can be considered at the categorical and applied levels. In the first aspect, the loan portfolio is the relationship between the bank and its counterparties regarding the return movement of value, which takes the form of credit claims. In the second aspect, the loan portfolio is a set of bank assets in the form of loans, discounted bills, interbank loans, deposits and other credit related claims, classified into quality groups based on certain criteria.
The concept of the quality of the loan portfolio and the criteria for its evaluation. Quality- is: a property or belonging, everything that makes up the essence of a person or thing; a set of essential features, properties, features that distinguish an object or phenomenon from others and give it certainty; one or another property, a sign that determines the dignity of something.
Therefore, the quality of a phenomenon should show its difference from other phenomena and determine its dignity.
The qualitative difference between the loan portfolio and other portfolios of a commercial bank lies in such essential properties of the loan and credit categories as the return movement of value between the participants in the relationship, as well as the monetary nature of the object of the relationship.
The set of types of operations and money market instruments used, forming a loan portfolio, has features determined by the nature and purpose of the bank's activities in the financial market. It is known that lending operations and other credit-related operations are characterized by high risk. At the same time, they must meet the purpose of the bank's activity - to obtain maximum profit while acceptable level liquidity. This results in such properties of the loan portfolio as credit risk, profitability and liquidity. They also correspond to the criteria for assessing the merits and demerits of a particular loan portfolio of a bank, i.e. criteria for assessing its quality. The quality of the loan portfolio can be understood as such a property of its structure, which has the ability to provide the maximum level of profitability with an acceptable level of credit risk and liquidity of the balance sheet.
Consider the content of individual criteria for assessing the quality of the loan portfolio.
Degree of credit risk. Credit risk, associated with the loan portfolio, is the risk of losses that arise due to the default of a lender or counterparty, which is cumulative in nature. The risk assessment of the loan portfolio has the following features. First, the total risk depends:
- on the degree of credit risk of individual segments of the portfolio, the assessment methods of which have both common features and features associated with the specifics of the segment;
- diversification of the structure of the loan portfolio and its individual segments.
Secondly, to assess the degree of credit risk a system of indicators should be applied, taking into account many aspects that should be taken into account.
The level of profitability of the loan portfolio. The elements of the loan portfolio can be divided into two groups: bringers and non-bringers income assets. The latter group includes interest-free loans, loans with frozen interest and with a long delay in interest payments. In foreign practice, with a long-term overdue interest on interest, the refusal to accrue them is practiced, since the main thing is the return of the principal debt. In Russian practice, the mandatory accrual of interest is regulated. The level of profitability of the loan portfolio is determined not only by the level of interest rates on granted loans, but also by the timeliness of payment of interest and the amount of the principal debt.
Yield loan portfolio has a lower and upper bound. Lower the frontier is determined by the cost of lending operations (personnel costs, maintaining loan accounts, etc.) plus the interest payable on the resources invested in this portfolio. The upper limit is the level of sufficient margin. The calculation of this indicator follows from the main purpose of the margin - covering the costs of maintaining the bank.
Liquidity level loan portfolio. Since the bank's liquidity level is determined by the quality of its assets and, above all, by the quality of the loan portfolio, it is very important that the loans provided by the bank be repaid within the terms established by the agreements, or the bank would be able to sell loans or part of them due to their quality and profitability. The higher the share of loans classified in the best groups, the higher the bank's liquidity.
In favor of applying the proposed criteria for assessing the quality of the loan portfolio (the degree of credit risk, the level of profitability and liquidity), the following arguments can be made. The low risk of elements of the loan portfolio does not mean its high quality: loans of the first category of quality, which are provided to first-class borrowers at low interest rates, cannot bring high income. The high liquidity inherent in short-term credit-related assets also generates low interest income.

2. Loan portfolio management

The formation and management of the loan portfolio is one of the fundamental moments in the bank's activities. An optimal, high-quality loan portfolio affects the bank's liquidity and its reliability. The reliability of the bank is important for many - for shareholders, enterprises, the public, who are depositors and use the services of the bank. The loss of a deposit affects the numerous savings of depositors and the capital of many economic agencies. The financial disequilibrium of banks reduces the overall confidence in the state credit system, and this is felt in other sectors of the economy.
To form an optimal loan portfolio, it is important for a bank to develop an appropriate credit policy - to choose the right market segments, to determine the structure of activities.
Much attention should be paid to the quality of the loan portfolio. A poor-quality loan portfolio, unjustified loan violations, and the issuance of loans to unreliable borrowers can be the cause of financial disequilibrium in banks. A bank that makes non-performing loans wastes credit resources that could be used to stimulate the accumulation of real capital and would contribute to the economic development of the bank.
In the management of the loan portfolio, it is of great importance to change the system for managing the terms of assets and liabilities and, consequently, the difference in interest rates and, ultimately, profitability. Each source of resources has its own unique characteristics, volatility and reserve requirements. Approach to their management - conversion method financial resources, which considers each source of funds individually.
Bank loan portfolio management is an important element of its credit policy.
The strategy and tactics of the bank in the field of obtaining and granting loans is the essence of its credit policy. Each bank forms its own credit policy, taking into account political, economic, organizational and other factors. When formulating a credit policy, the bank proceeds from the fact that lending operations bring the bulk of its profits. After analyzing the document, which presents the main elements of the credit policy of banks developed by the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, we note that the most important elements of the bank's credit policy are related to the formation and management of the loan portfolio, in particular:
- goals based on which the bank's loan portfolio is determined;
- a description of the policy and practice of setting interest rates, commissions on loans and the conditions for their repayment;
- a description of the standards by which the quality of all loans is determined;
- an indication of the maximum credit limit;
- a description of the region served by the bank, industry, sphere or sector of the economy, in which the bulk of credit investments should be made;
- characteristics of the diagnosis of problem loans, their analysis and ways out of emerging difficulties.
Among the factors influencing the formation of the loan portfolio of banks, the specifics of the banking services market are singled out. Each bank must consider the need for borrowed money ah the main customers of the selected sector of the economy. In the process of developing a credit policy, banks determine priorities in the formation of a loan portfolio, considering its diversification from the standpoint of determining the optimal credit policy. It can be divided into types: policy on lending to legal entities and policy on lending to individuals, etc.
Banks that are not included in the group of large ones specialize in providing loans to small trade and commercial and industrial companies.
Also, in documents disclosing the content of the credit policy of banks, those types of loans are characterized, the provision of which is prohibited or highly undesirable (to borrowers whose solvency and reliability are in doubt, who did not provide a complete list of documents, etc.).
A clear and detailed description of the credit policy is essential for any bank. It discloses the content of all lending procedures and the responsibilities of bank employees associated with these procedures. Compliance with the provisions of the credit policy allows the bank to form a loan portfolio that contributes to the achievement of the goals set in banking. These goals are to ensure the profitability of the bank, control over risk management, compliance with the requirements of banking laws.
In any bank, overall responsibility for loans lies with the board of directors. He develops the bank's credit policy, which is formulated in a special document that has a variety of names. For example, in the US, this document is called a credit policy memorandum. The most important element of the bank's credit policy is the management of the credit portfolio. The credit policy should cover the composition and control of the loan portfolio as a whole, and set standards for the adoption of specific credit decisions. In addition to the overall lending policy, the board of the bank should develop a document on an independent internal program for auditing loans and assessing asset quality, as well as methods for monitoring the adequacy of provisioning in case of loan losses.

Loan portfolio management methods.

The total risk of the loan portfolio depends on the level of riskiness of the loans for which it was formed, and therefore, to determine the portfolio risk, the risk of all its components should be analyzed.

Credit risk management methods are divided into two groups:
credit risk management methods at the individual loan level;

credit risk management methods at the level of the bank's loan portfolio.

Individual loan risk management techniques include:

analysis of the borrower's creditworthiness;

analysis and evaluation of credit;

loan structuring; documenting credit transactions;

control over the granted loan and the condition of the collateral.

The peculiarity of these methods lies in the need for their consistent application, since at the same time they are stages in the lending process. If at each stage the loan officer is tasked with minimizing credit risk, then it is legitimate to consider the stages of the lending process as methods for managing the risk of an individual loan. Bank loan portfolio risk management methods:

creation of reserves to compensate for losses on credit operations of commercial banks;

Diversification Method consists in the distribution of the loan portfolio among a wide range of borrowers, which differ from each other both in terms of characteristics (value of capital, form of ownership) and conditions of activity (industry, geographical region). There are three types of diversification - sectoral, geographic and portfolio.
limiting, as a method of managing credit risk, is to establish the maximum allowable size of loans, which allows you to limit the risk. By setting lending limits, banks manage to avoid critical losses due to thoughtless concentration of any type of risk, as well as to diversify their loan portfolio and ensure stable income.
Creation of a reserve to compensate for possible losses on credit operations of commercial banks, as a method of managing credit risk, it consists in the accumulation of part of the funds, which are subsequently used to compensate for bad loans. On the one hand, the reserve for credit risks serves to protect depositors, creditors and shareholders of the bank, and on the other hand, the reserves increase the reliability and stability of the banking system as a whole.
This approach is based on the prudence principle, according to which banks' loan portfolios are valued at the reporting date at net worth, i.e. taking into account possible losses on credit operations. To cover these losses, it is planned to create a special reserve for transferring part of the bank's funds to separate accounting accounts, from which, in the event of a loan default, the corresponding amount is debited.
Securitization- this is the sale of bank assets by turning them into securities, which are subsequently placed on the market. Securitization is mainly applied to bank loans, enabling banks to transfer credit risk to other market participants - investors who buy securities. In addition, with the help of securitization, the bank can transfer the risk of changes in the interest rate and the risk of early repayment of the loan.
The securitization process allows you to move the balance sheet assets of the bank off the balance sheet, i.e. is one of the off-balance sheet activities of the bank.

4. Methods for assessing a loan portfolio in world banking practice

The loan portfolio analysis system includes the following elements:
1. Assessment of the quality of loans that make up the loan portfolio.
2. Determination of the portfolio structure based on the quality of loans and evaluation of this structure based on the study of its dynamics.
3. Determining sufficient reserves to cover loan losses based on the structure of the loan portfolio.
In world banking practice, various systems for assessing the quality of loans are used.
Consider a number system.

Rating	Classification	signs
0	Unclassified loans	The loan assessment has not been completed or a reassessment of the loan quality is required.
1	High quality loans (Proim)	First-class borrower in terms of creditworthiness. Full and on time debt repayment in the past. Powerful cash flow. First class bail. Attractive characteristics of the loan for the bank, i.e. purpose, term and procedure for repayment of the loan.
2	High quality loans	Good level creditworthiness, for example, not lower than class 2. Sufficient cash flow to repay the loan. Good credit history. Solid pledge. Attractive characteristics of the loan for the bank.
3	Satisfactory	Acceptable financial position of the client (not lower than class 3). Good debt repayment in the past (a rare short delay to the bank). Sufficient deposit. Loan characteristics: revolving loan (which does not have a repayment schedule in installments and the entire debt is repaid at once) or revolving loan (a working capital loan that is provided within the line of credit as a loan is needed; as debt is reduced and freed up credit line loans are reopened).
4	Ultimate	Unstable creditworthiness of the client in past periods, insufficient collateral. The loan was issued under a guarantee. Constant monitoring is required.
5	Credit quality worse than marginal	The return of the loan is doubtful. An additional agreement on the procedure for repaying the debt is required.
6	Losses	Principal and interest are not repaid

In addition to the number system for assessing the loan portfolio, there is also a point system:
Appointment and amount of debt.
1. The appointment is reasonable and the amount is fully justified-20
2. The appointment is doubtful, the amount is acceptable-15
3. The appointment is unconvincing, the amount is problematic-8
financial position of the borrower.
1. Very strong current and previous financial situation. Strong and stable inflow of funds. (Grade 1) - 40
2. Good financial position. Strong inflow of funds. (Grade 2).- 30
3. The borrower has recently lost a lot, the inflow of funds is weak (uncreditworthy).- 4
Pledge
1. No collateral required or extensive cash collateral provided - 30
2. Significant liquid collateral - 25
3. Sufficient collateral of acceptable liquidity - 15
4. Sufficient collateral but limited liquidity - 12
5. Insufficient pledge of low quality - 8
6. No acceptable deposit - 2
The term and scheme of repayment of the loan.
1. Short-term self-liquidating loan, good secondary source of repayment - 30
2. Medium-term loan with debt repayment in parts during the loan term, a strong inflow of funds - 25
3. Medium-term loan, one-time repayment at the end of the term, average inflow of funds - 20
4. Long-term loan repaid in parts, uncertainty in the inflow of funds sufficient to repay the debt - 12
5. Long-term loan, no secondary sources of repayment - 5 Credit information for the borrower.
1. Great relationship in the past with the borrower-25
2. Good credit reviews from reliable sources - 20
3. Limited reviews, but no negative information - 15
4. No reviews - 95.
5. Unfavorable reviews - 0
relationship with the borrower.
1. There are permanent profitable relationships - 10
2. There are mediocre relationships or none - 4
3. The bank incurs losses in relations with the borrower - 2
Credit price.
1. Above usual for a loan of this quality - 8
2. According to the quality of credit - 5
3. Below normal for a given credit quality - 0
Loan quality rating based on scores:
1. Best 163-140
2. High quality 139-118
3. Satisfactory 117-85
4. Ultimate 84-65
5. Worse than the limit of 64 and below.
The scoring system allows you to determine the structure of the loan portfolio for the reporting period and compare it with previous periods and, based on this, identify a positive or negative trend.
positive trend- growth in the proportion of the best loans and loans of high quality.
Negative trend- an increase in the share of loans of the maximum level and worse than the maximum.

5. Analysis of the loan portfolio of Russian banks

Carrying out lending operations, the bank seeks not only to increase their volume, but also to improve the quality of the loan portfolio. Thus, for the effective management of the loan portfolio, it is necessary to analyze it according to various quantitative and qualitative characteristics, both for the bank as a whole and for its structural divisions.
Quantitative analysis involves studying the composition and structure of the bank's loan portfolio in dynamics (for a number of years, for quarterly dates of the reporting year) according to a number of quantitative economic criteria, which include:
volume and structure of credit investments by types;
the structure of credit investments by groups of borrowers;
terms of loans;
timeliness of repayment of loans provided;
industry affiliation;
types of currencies;
the price of lending (the level of interest rates).
Such an analysis makes it possible to identify the preferred areas of credit investments, development trends, including those regarding the repayment of loans and their profitability. Of great importance is the comparison of the actual debt balances with the predicted ones, with the established credit limits, "credit ceilings", etc. "Credit ceilings" are upper limits on the total amount of loans or their growth, set for banks (sometimes on an individual basis), or a limit on the amount or number of loans issued to one client.
The quantitative analysis is followed by the analysis of the quality of the loan portfolio. The scope of activity of the borrower and its type have different risks for certain economic conditions, therefore, the types of loans, depending on the volume and purpose of lending, are evaluated differently, which should be taken into account when studying the bank's loan portfolio. To do this, various relative indicators are used, calculated on the basis of turnover for certain period or balance on a specific date. These include, for example, the share of problem loans in the entire gross customer loan portfolio; the ratio of overdue debt to equity capital, etc. Based on the qualitative characteristics of the loan portfolio, it is possible to assess compliance with the principles of lending and the degree of risk of credit operations, the liquidity prospects of a given bank. Thus, in any bank, the state of the loan portfolio should be under constant supervision.
etc.................

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

OREL BANKING SCHOOL (COLLEGE)

OF THE CENTRAL BANK OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Department of professional modules

Specialty Banking 38.02.07

COURSE WORK

on an interdisciplinary course

"Organization of credit work"

on the topic:

Technology of formation and analysis of the quality of the bank's loan portfolio

Student: Potapov Nikita Sergeevich

Group No. ___ 301 _______

Head of work: Petrova Anna Nikolaevna

Orel 2015

Introduction

In world practice, the development of the economy is inextricably linked with credit, which in various forms penetrates into all spheres of economic life. This is evidenced by the expansion of the range of bank operations, including in the field of lending. Banking operations with a wide clientele is an important feature of modern banking in all countries of the world with a developed credit system.

Overseas experience suggests that banks that provide customers with a wider variety of high-quality services usually have an advantage over banks with a limited range of services. The active work of commercial banks in the field of lending is an indispensable condition for the successful competition of these institutions, leading to an increase in production, an increase in employment, and an increase in the solvency of participants in economic relations.

Wherein we are talking not only about improving lending techniques, but also about developing and implementing new ways to reduce credit risks, as well as improve the formation of a loan portfolio.

Currently, the low quality of the loan portfolio is the main reason for the bankruptcy of many banks. In modern conditions of development of banking, the quality of the loan portfolio becomes decisive for the survival and success of the bank as a commercial enterprise.

For banking organization the formation of a loan portfolio and the management of its qualitative and quantitative characteristics is one of the predetermining factors of activity, since this process includes numerous elements that determine the successful functioning of the bank.

The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that at present,in the modern banking system, the tasks of improving the formation and management of the bank's loan portfolio put forward the need to use economic methods of managing loans, focused on observing the economic boundaries of the loan. The loan portfolio is the main source of income for the bank and at the same time the main source of risk for the placement of assets.

The purpose of the course work studying the formation of a loan portfolio in terms of theory and practice of application, studying the problems of improving lending, as well as analyzing the loan portfolio.

Research objectives:

Consider the essence and structure of the bank's loan portfolio;
Determine the methodology for assessing the quality of the loan portfolio;
To study the mechanism of granting a loan;
To identify ways to improve the technology of forming a loan portfolio and its quality;
Determine how to manage the loan portfolio of a commercial bank;
Explore the problems of optimizing the loan portfolio.

The object of study of this course work is the activities of banks of the Russian Federation for lending to individuals and legal entities.

The subject of this course work is the analysis of the quality of the bank's loan portfolio.

This course work is written on the basis of printed and information sources of the global Internet. These are all sources of both theoretical and analytical, as well as statistical nature.

In the course of work on the topic, the following research methods were used: the method of analysis, synthesis, systematization of the information received on this topic in the form of tables and graphs.

The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the information presented in it can be used to familiarize yourself with this topic or further study it.

The work consists of an introduction, three sections, conclusion, bibliography and appendices.

1 Theoretical aspects formation and analysis of the quality of the bank's loan portfolio

1.1. The essence and structure of the bank's loan portfolio

There are many different approaches to the question of defining the concept and essence of the bank's loan portfolio. A portfolio should be understood as a set, a set, a stock of certain material, financial, ideological or other parameters that give an idea of the nature, direction, volume of activity, prospects for the market niche of a company, bank, organization.[4, p.30]

In foreign economic literature, a loan portfolio is understood as a characteristic of the structure and quality of loans issued, classified according to certain criteria, depending on the goals of management. Recently, an increasing number of domestic specialists are adopting precisely the foreign methodology for determining the concept of a loan portfolio. (Attachment 1)

The regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia, which regulate certain aspects of managing a loan portfolio, define its structure, from which it follows that it includes not only loan portfolio, but also various other claims of the bank of a credit nature: granted and received loans, placed and attracted deposits, interbank loans and deposits, factoring, claims for receipt (return) of debt securities, shares and bills, discounted bills, claims for rights acquired under the transaction , under mortgage bonds acquired in the secondary market, under transactions of sale (purchase) of assets with deferred payment (delivery), under paid letters of credit, under financial lease (leasing) operations, for return of funds, if the acquired securities and other financial assets are unquoted or not circulating on the organized market, the amounts paid by the credit institution to the beneficiary under bank guarantees, but recovered from the principal. This structure of the loan portfolio is explained by the similarity of such categories as deposits, interbank loans, factoring, guarantees, leasing, securities, which in their economic essence are associated with a return movement of value and the absence of a change of ownership.[8, p.1]

The essence of the bank's loan portfolio can be considered at the categorical and applied levels.

In the first aspect, the loan portfolio is economic relations arising from the issuance and repayment of loans, the implementation of equivalent to credit operations. In this case, the loan portfolio is defined as the totality credit claims bank and other requirements of a credit nature, as well as a set of economic relations arising from this.

In the second aspect, the loan portfolio is a set of bank assets in the form of loans, discounted bills, interbank loans, deposits and other credit related claims, classified into quality groups based on certain criteria.

The loan portfolio is characterized by:

1) profitability,

2) risk,

3) liquidity.

The main characteristic of the loan portfolio return is the effective annual interest rate, which serves as a tool for comparison with the return on other types of assets and analysis of the reasonableness of interest rates on loans issued. For analysis, as a rule, real profitability is used - income received per unit of assets invested in loans for a certain period of time.

The risk of a loan portfolio is the degree of possibility that circumstances will occur in which the bank will incur losses caused by the loans that make up the portfolio.

Liquidity refers to the ability financial instrument be transformed into cash, and the degree of liquidity is determined by the duration of the time period during which this transformation can be carried out, therefore, for the loan portfolio, liquidity finds its expression in the timely repayment of loans.

A loan portfolio, like any other, is characterized by size and structure. The concept of "size of the loan portfolio" must be considered in relation to the entire portfolio of active-passive operations of the bank and in relation to the loan portfolios of other banks.

The structure of the loan portfolio is the ratio of specific types of credit operations in the portfolio. Also, the structure of the loan portfolio can be viewed as a set of parameters that the bank can manage by changing the composition of the types of loans included in the portfolio and their volumes. The bank can change the structure of the portfolio in order to obtain the most favorable values of its characteristics - profitability, liquidity, risk.

Based on these indicators, the very concept of a loan portfolio can be characterized as a set of loans that has a certain structure, which, in turn, must meet the bank's requirements for profitability, liquidity and risk.

The goals of the bank may change depending on the given degree of acceptable risk, but the ultimate goal is unchanged - this is to obtain the greatest possible profit.

Depending on the purpose, the bank forms a loan portfolio of a certain type. Portfolio type, in general terms, is presented as a characteristic of the portfolio in terms of return and risk.

Based on this, all loan portfolios can be divided into 3 types:

1) Income portfolio the portfolio is focused on stable income, while risks are minimized;

2) Risk Portfolio Portfolio is designed for higher return, while it consists mainly of loans with a high degree of risk;

3) A balanced portfolio a portfolio that rationally combines loans of various types, both with a high degree of risk and with a minimum one.

The loan portfolio consists of various types of loans provided by the bank. Credit performs certain functions. Thus, the functions of the loan portfolio must be defined through the functions of the loan.

The main functions of credit are the redistribution of capital and the replacement of real money by credit operations.

The loan portfolio must perform a redistributive function, the essence of which is the redistribution of loan capital within the portfolio among the subjects of the loan. It also consists in the redistribution of temporarily released financial resources according to the industry. Credit in this case is the macro-regulator of the economy, ensuring the satisfaction of the demand of certain industries in attracting additional funds.

The next main function of credit is the replacement of real money by credit operations. This function will be a function of the loan portfolio, since through the issuance of loans, additional effective demand will be created within the framework of economic system, which helps to avoid the crisis of overproduction of goods and does not provoke inflation.

The loan portfolio also performs the function of accelerating the concentration of capital, which consists in providing financial resources to priority areas of activity. This function will not be performed if the bank directs funds only to the most profitable industries, without taking into account national interests.

1.2. Legal regulation of the lending process

The modern banking system of Russia was created as a result of reforming the state credit system that developed during the period of centralized planned economy. Banks in the Russian Federation are established and operate on the basis of the Federal Law of December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 “On Banks and Banking Activity” (as amended on March 21, 2002), which defines credit organizations and banks, lists the types of banking operations and transactions, establishes the procedure for the creation, liquidation and regulation of the activities of credit institutions.[10, p.1]

The current legislation enshrined the basic principles of the organization of the banking system of Russia, which include the following: a two-level structure, implementation banking regulation and supervision central bank, the universality of business banks and the commercial orientation of their activities.

The modern legal basis for the existence of the banking system is the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The constitutional norms determine the bodies authorized to perform the functions of managing the credit and banking system, the procedure for their formation and the principles for the implementation of the tasks assigned to them. The Constitution of the Russian Federation reflects the status, tasks, main functions and principles of organization and activities of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as a public legal organization, its organizational structure and fundamental rights and obligations.

Certain aspects of banking activities are also regulated by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which provides protection from the most serious and socially dangerous infringements on the rights and interests of the state, other entities operating in the credit and banking sector, as well as individuals and individuals using the services of banks and other credit institutions. For example, in Art. 185186 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, criminal prosecution is envisaged for the manufacture or sale of counterfeit money and securities, as well as the issuance of any banknotes other than the official one. monetary unit. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for punishment for disclosure of banking secrecy, as well as for illegal banking activities and banking activities without registration.

In general, all the main banking legislative and by-laws are designed to ensure the management of the banking system as a whole. And yet operating in Russia legal support banking activity, despite its progressive nature and general market orientation, still does not fully correspond to the current economic situation and the international level of legal regulation of public relations.

Let's consider in more detail legal regulation lending process in the Russian Federation. The most pressing issues here are the problems of securing and repaying loans.

Types of loan collateral form two groups.

One group is the types of security traditionally accepted in banking practice. Conventionally, they can be called property types of security, since they always have specific property in material or monetary form. For practical implementation of these species there is a good legal basis. Their legal regulation is contained in the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Another group of types of collateral, as a rule, cannot be estimated by a specific amount of money that the lender can receive in the event of a default on the loan or non-receipt of payment for the loan. Moreover, some types of security generally cannot be separated from the enterprise implementing the investment project and sold or transferred in kind. But obtaining objective information about the state of these types of collateral gives bank specialists the opportunity to fairly reliably judge the likelihood of successful implementation of an investment project. Therefore, such a group of types of support can be called informational.

To ensure the repayment of loans, commercial banks can use all methods of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations provided for by the current legislation.

So, according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the fulfillment of obligations can be ensured in the following ways: forfeit; pledge; retention of the debtor's property; surety; bank guarantee; deposit and in other ways, statutory and not contrary to the principles of civil law. The most common way to secure the repayment of a loan is a pledge - a method of securing an obligation, in which the creditor has the right, in the event of the debtor's failure to fulfill the obligation, to receive satisfaction at the expense of the pledged property preferentially over other creditors.

1.3. Formation of a loan portfolio and assessment of its quality

The formation of the loan portfolio is started after the general goal of the bank's lending activities has been determined, the strategy of the bank's credit policy has been developed, and the defining priorities have been formulated. According to the bank's credit policy, lending limits are determined by terms, industries, and groups of borrowers. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly monitor the compliance of the structure of the loan portfolio with the specified parameters.[2, p.20]

The issuance of each loan should be preceded by an analysis of the compliance of the loaned object with the bank's credit policy, an assessment of the client's creditworthiness. The assessment of the borrower's creditworthiness should not be limited to the analysis financial results activities, management and marketing at the enterprise to a large extent are the guarantor of the timely repayment of the loan and interest. Obviously, the quality of the loan portfolio is determined not only by its structure, but, above all, by its compliance with the strategic goals of the credit policy.

The entire process of forming a loan portfolio can be divided into three blocks. (Annex 4)

The first block involves the formation of a system of credit limits in accordance with the goals and strategy of the bank's credit policy. Establishing credit limits performs the function of credit risk management. The loan portfolio, as you know, is not only a source of income, but also a source of risks. The degree of credit risk of banks depends on factors such as:

The degree of concentration of the bank's lending activities in any area (industry) that is sensitive to changes in the economy;

The share of loans and other banking contracts attributable to clients experiencing certain specific difficulties;

The concentration of the bank's activities in little-studied, new, non-traditional areas;

Making frequent or significant changes in the bank's policy on granting loans, forming a portfolio of securities;

Share of new and recently attracted clients;

Introduction to practice too a large number new services within a short period;

Acceptance as collateral of values that are difficult to sell on the market or subject to rapid depreciation.

In turn, setting credit limits is the main way to control the formation of a loan portfolio, used to reduce risks and improve long-term viability. By setting credit limits, the proportions are optimized various kinds loans within the entire loan portfolio, taking into account the volume and structure of credit resources. This allows banks to:

Avoid critical losses to maintain solvency

from reckless concentration of any kind of risk;

Diversify loan portfolio to reduce

concentration and ensure stable profits.

Diversification of the loan portfolio is the distribution, dispersion of credit risk in several directions. Banks should restrict lending to one large borrower or to several large borrowers, or lending large amounts to a group of related borrowers.

The second block is the selection of specific lending objects for inclusion in the loan portfolio. The selection is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of an assessment of the creditworthiness of borrowers. The general approach to considering real lending objects involves assessing the area of activity of the borrower, analyzing the purpose of the funds, choosing the type of loan, and identifying the risks of a credit transaction. An important task is to determine the factors that make it possible to make a preliminary selection of credited objects.

First of all, it must be determined whether the loan application

bank credit policy. In the case of a positive response, a credit officer conducts an analysis of the creditworthiness of a potential borrower.

In banking practice, the analysis of the financial condition of the borrower is carried out by the following methods according to its balance sheet and financial statements:

Vertical Analysis;

Horizontal analysis;

Determination of the satisfaction of the balance sheet structure;

Value Calculation net assets balance lender;

Calculation of financial ratios and their comparison with standard values.

The third block is the block for analyzing the state of the loan portfolio and managing deviations, to a large extent, has something in common with the operational management of the loan portfolio, namely with the current monitoring of the state of the loan portfolio. The prerogative of the medium term remains the development and implementation of measures aimed at improving the quality of the loan portfolio.

An important characteristic of the bank's credit policy is the quality of the loan portfolio.

Loan portfolio assessmentis a procedure for studying the qualitative characteristics of the bank and the repayment of loans, reducing credit risks - that is, the absence of payments on the amounts of the main loan agreement and interest on it.

Loans are the main source of profit for the bank, but at the same time the main source of risk, which determines the stability and development prospects of the institution. AT crisis conditions, or in the absence of proper checks and recalculations, it is quite difficult to determine the projected increase in arrears thus, there are reserves that do not correspond to reality. There are extra costs, there are costs that could have been avoided.Loan portfolio assessmentcompletely solves this problem.

The objectives of assessing the quality of the bank's loan portfolio:

Reducing the share of overdue debt in the loan portfolio;
Formation of an adequate reserve to cover the expected costs of the loan portfolio;
Understanding the factors leading to an increase in the risks of the loan portfolio;
Understanding the factors causing a decrease in the profitability of lending and maintaining reserves at the required level.

basis loan portfolio assessmentsis the correct classification and distribution of loans:

1st risk group "Standard loans". These are loans or credits, the debt on which is repaid on time and in full. This also includes loans, the repayment period of which has been increased in in due course, but not more than twice, as well as overdue up to 30 days secured courts. For loans of the 1st risk group, banking institutions must create a reserve for possible losses in the amount of at least 2% of the amount of loans issued;

2nd risk group "Non-standard loans". These are insufficiently secured loans and loans with a delay of up to 30 days, as well as secured loans overdue by up to 60 days. For loans of the 2nd risk group, banking institutions must create a reserve for possible losses in the amount of at least 5% of the amount of loans issued;

3rd risk group "Doubtful loans". These are unsecured loans with a delay of up to 30 days, as well as overdue loans of up to 60 days, insufficiently secured loans, and loans up to 180 days secured. For loans of the 3rd risk group, banking institutions must create a reserve for possible losses in the amount of at least 30% of the amount of loans issued;

4th risk group "Dangerous loans". These are unsecured loans that are overdue by up to 60 days, as well as under-secured loans that are overdue by up to 180 days. In such cases, banking institutions must create a reserve for possible losses in the amount of 75% of the amount of loans issued;

5th risk group "Bad loans". These are unsecured loans overdue by up to 180 days, as well as all loans overdue by more than 180 days. For loans of the 5th group, banking institutions must create a reserve for possible losses in the amount of 100% of the amount of loans issued.

Conclusion

After analyzing the above, we can conclude that the formation of a loan portfolio by a bank is a very complex and important process, because the formation of a bank's loan portfolio is directly dependent on the quality and risk of loans issued.

In addition, the state of the loan portfolio predetermines the results of the bank's lending operations, so constant monitoring makes it possible to identify deviations from the specified optimum and develop measures in the medium term to prevent them in the future.

2 Technology for the formation of the bank's loan portfolio, registration and accounting of credit operations

2.1. The procedure for the formation of the bank's loan portfolio

There are five stages in the formation of an optimal loan portfolio:

1. analysis of factors affecting the demand and supply of credit;

2. formation of the credit potential of a commercial bank;

3. ensuring that the structure of the credit potential and the loans issued are consistent;

4. analysis of issued loans on various grounds;

5. assessment of the efficiency and quality of the loan portfolio, development of measures to improve the bank's loan portfolio.

At the first stage the analysis is carried out by the analytical services of the bank, taking into account regional markets on which the bank operates. It is desirable that this work has become a constant component in the process of improving the loan portfolio, as this will allow the bank to catch changes in the banking environment in a timely manner and take measures to reduce credit risk and increase lending profitability.

The second stage of formation The optimal loan portfolio is characterized by determining the structure of the bank's credit potential by sources of funds and their urgency. Credit potential in this case is considered as the sum of short-term and long-term credit potentials.[3, p.18]

Short-term potential consists of funds of legal entities (funds on settlement, current accounts, deposits up to one year); funds of individuals (demand deposits, deposits and deposits up to one year); funds of non-commercial structures (account balances, deposits up to one year); interbank loans and funds on correspondent accounts (funds on correspondent accounts, loans with a term of up to one year); funds accumulated through securities (short-term securities with a maturity of up to one year).

Long-term credit potential, as well as short-term, is the sum of funds of legal entities, individuals, non-profit structures, interbank loans, funds on correspondent accounts and securities, however, with the necessary condition that all of the above liabilities are long-term, i.e. valid over one year.

Analysis of the credit potential of a commercial bank in the short term and long term is used to assess the bank's potential for the development of certain types of credit without disturbing liquidity.

Next, third, stage formation of an optimal loan portfolio analyzes the balance of the loan potential and the loan portfolio. Usually, Russian banks face a lack of medium- and long-term lending capacity. If the credit potential and the loan portfolio are unbalanced (for example, if there is a shortage of credit resources of this maturity), the bank must find the sources of the funds it needs (for example, attract long term funds, apply to the market of interbank loans to additionally issue long-term securities, analyze the possibilities of expanding equity capital).

With a lack of long-term credit potential and the impossibility of finding sources to replenish it, banks are forced to transform short-term potential into long-term one, which in turn causes problems with bank liquidity.

If the credit potential exceeds the volume of the loan portfolio, the bank can redistribute credit resources and use them in other active transactions (with securities, in foreign exchange transactions).

On the fourth stagethe analysis of loans issued on various grounds. As such signs, the terms of loan repayment, the nature of repayment, by category of the borrower, by the method of collecting interest, by the nature of loan collateral, by form of loans, by profitability, by risk level, etc. can be used.

An analysis of the issued loans on the basis of the indicated characteristics characterizes the structure of the loan portfolio existing in a commercial bank.

Finally, the fifth stage of the formation of the optimal loan portfolio evaluates the efficiency and quality of the loan portfolio. It is built on the basis of determining the role of credit operations in the bank's activities, the efficiency of using the bank's credit potential, the level of interest rates and volumes of income from credit activities, the size of the interest margin, as well as determining the real risk from credit operations based on the analysis of overdue debts.

2.2. The procedure for granting and maintaining loans

The procedure for granting a loan by a bank takes place in several stages.

1) The borrower submits the following documents to the bank:

Statement; (Annex 2)
Passport or equivalent document;
Certificates from the place of work of the Borrower and guarantors on income and the amount of deductions made (for pensioners - a certificate from the authorities social protection population);
Declaration of income received, certified tax office, for citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activity;
Questionnaires;
Passports (documents replacing them) of guarantors and mortgagors;
Other documents as needed.

2) The loan officer considers the issue of granting a loan, which includes:

Finding out the purpose of obtaining a loan;
Determining the term of the loan;
Verification of documents provided by the borrower;
Assessment of the borrower's solvency;
Valuation of property pledged;
The maximum amount of credit provided is calculated;
The loan inspector makes a decision on the refusal to grant a loan or on the consent of the provision.

3) When the credit inspector decides to issue a loan, it is possible to draw up a loan agreement.

4) After the execution of the loan agreement, the loan is granted.

A loan in rubles is issued, in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement, both in cash and in a non-cash manner by:

Crediting to the Borrower's account on a demand deposit;

Crediting to the account of the Borrower's plastic card;

Payment of invoices of trade and other organizations;

Transfers to accounts of citizens - entrepreneurs.

5) The final stage of the loan is its support. The employee of the credit department constantly monitors compliance with the fulfillment of the main and accessory obligations of the borrower, including:

Control of targeted use of credit resources,

Control of timely and full repayment of principal and interest, commissions.

Financial statements are analyzed on a quarterly basis as of the date following the reporting one, throughout the entire term of the credit transaction using the calculation module. Based on the results of the analysis, a report is drawn up, which also reflects the results of assessing the level of credit risk (taking into account the quality of loan servicing) and the calculation of the reserve. The report must be signed by the employee who compiled it, the head of the credit department and included in the credit file.

The formation and regulation of the reserve for possible losses on loans and the reserve for possible losses on contingent liabilities of a credit nature is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by the current regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia and the internal documents of the Bank.

An employee of the credit department monthly monitors the amount of funds passing through the borrower's accounts with the Bank. If there is a significant decrease in the amount of cash in comparison with the amount that was taken into account when determining the creditworthiness of the borrower, the employee of the credit department is obliged to establish the reasons for the decrease in volumes.

Upon receipt of information about the borrower, which, in accordance with the loan agreement, may be the basis for the Bank's refusal to fulfill obligations under the loan agreement or the demand for early repayment of the loan, or any other information that may adversely affect the return of the loan product and the payment of interest, the loan officer is obliged notify the Head Office immediately.

Collateral control: control over the availability, safety and liquidity of property accepted as collateral is carried out by an employee of the collateral service in accordance with the procedure established by separate regulatory documents of the Bank. Valuation of the value of collateral in cases where the value of collateral is taken into account when forming a provision for possible losses on loans is carried out by an employee of the collateral service on a quarterly basis, a report with the results of the assessment is included in the credit file.

The control of the guarantor in a credit transaction is carried out by an employee of the credit department in accordance with the terms of the guarantee agreement.

If negative factors arise related to the condition of the collateral, the financial condition of the mortgagor (guarantor, guarantor), the employee of the collateral service (an employee of the credit department) immediately notifies his manager, the head of the troubled assets service, the credit department of the branch, the security service and the control department credit risks of the Head Office to determine a plan for further actions.

Control over the provision and maintenance of credit products credit departments: the credit risk control unit monitors compliance with the conditions of the provided credit products decisions, as well as the compliance of the loan transaction and support of the loan product with the internal regulatory documents of the Bank and the regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia.

In addition, the appearance of debt with signs of increased credit risk is controlled.

2.3. Documentation and accounting of credit transactions

Consider the documentation of credit transactions on the example of Alfa-Bank. The first document that must be drawn up by the bank is a loan agreement, on the basis of which funds are issued to the client. During the period of using the loan, the borrower will have to pay interest on the loan, for this a memorial order is issued. (Appendix 7) Also, the bank can create reserves for possible losses, and for this, the borrower must apply for opening an account to record reserves.

Accounting for bank payments short-term loans carried out on account 66 "Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings", sub-account 66-1 "Settlements on short-term bank loans".

Sub-account 1 “Settlements on long-term loans” of account 67 “Settlements on long-term loans and borrowings” is intended to account for settlements on long-term loans.

The receipt by the organization of bank loans aimed at repaying obligations to suppliers for inventory items received from them is reflected in the debit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” and the credit of subaccounts 66-1 and 67-1.

Interest payable on received short-term loans for the implementation of the statutory activities of the organization (with the exception of interest on overdue loans) is reflected in the credit of subaccount 66-1 “Settlements on short-term bank loans” and the debit of accounts 20 “Main production”, 26 “ General running costs”, 44 “Sales costs”.

Repayment of bank loans and interest for their use is reflected in the debit of sub-accounts 66-1 and 67-1 and the credit of accounts for accounting for funds: 51 “Settlement account”, 52 “Currency accounts”, 55 “Special accounts in banks”. When an organization transfers its debt to another person or concludes an agreement with a bank on the assignment of its claims to a person in relation to which it is a creditor, an entry is made on the debit of sub-accounts 66-1 and 67-1 and the credit of accounts 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers ”, 76 “Settlements with different debtors and creditors”.

Analytical accounting of loans is carried out by types of loans and banks providing them, indicating the date of receipt of the loan, its intended purpose, repayment juice, interest rate, amount and balance of the debt.

Accounts 66 and 67 also reflect settlements on short-term and long-term loans. A loan is a transfer of funds or other valuables to one party (the lender) in the ownership of the other party (the borrower), and the borrower undertakes to return the loan amount to the lender in the form, stipulated by the agreement. The loan agreement must provide for the terms and procedure for repayment of the loan. Loans can be taken from other organizations or individuals.

Loans are made in the form of repayment accounts receivable lenders, and in the form of bond issues.

Generalization of information on the status of settlements with lenders is carried out on sub-accounts 66-2 "Settlements on short-term loans" and 67-2 "Settlements on long-term loans". Funds raised for a period of not more than one year are classified as short-term loans, and funds received for a period of more than a year are classified as long-term loans.

Upon receipt of a deferral for the payment of taxes (tax credit), their amount is reflected in the debit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" (for the relevant sub-accounts) and the credit of accounts 66 and 67 (for the relevant sub-accounts). Interest accrued payable for the use of a tax credit is reflected in the debit of account 91 “Operating income and expenses” and the credit of accounts 66 and 67 (According to the corresponding sub-accounts).

Repayment of tax credits (amounts of arrears on deferred taxes) and interest for their use is reflected in the debit entry of accounts 66 and 67 (for the corresponding sub-accounts) and credit of cash accounts - 51, 52, 55.

Under the interest in relation to the loan agreement should be understood cash reward bank for the opportunity to use the loan. The amount of interest for using the loan is determined by the bank independently and individually for each borrower when concluding a loan agreement. If the loan is provided by budget funds or at the expense of other centralized resources, the amount of interest for using the loan is determined by the manager of these funds.

The amount of interest can be determined both in absolute terms (for example, 16% per annum), and by “linking” it to a well-known value established by a normative act - the refinancing rate of the National Bank (for example, 0.5 refinancing rate). In this case, when the refinancing rate changes, the loan rate will change automatically, without additional agreement between the parties, i.e. the agreement of the parties to change it in such a case was reached initially.

In order to limit the risks of the parties, conditions can be determined on the "interest ceiling" - the maximum fixed interest rate, the "interest field" - the minimum fixed interest rate, the "interest corridor" - both the maximum and the minimum fixed interest rate.

2.4. Analysis of the bank's loan portfolio for 2012-2014

Consider the analysis of the loan portfolio on the example of Sberbank of Russia.

The Bank can issue loans, carry out other active operations that generate income, only within the limits of its available free resources. Consequently, the operations that result in the formation of such bank resources (passive operations) play a primary and decisive role in relation to active operations, logically and actually precede them and determine the volume and scale of profitable operations.

Like any business entity, a bank must have a certain amount of money and tangible assets, which constitute its resources. From the point of view of origin, these resources consist of the bank's own capital and borrowed funds attracted by it for a while from the outside (borrowed from other persons). Thus, the resources of the bank (banking resources) are the totality of own and borrowed funds available to the bank and used by it to maintain active operations. (Annex 3)

Banks operate mainly on borrowed funds. At the same time, in the first or second places in terms of the importance of sources of raising funds are the money of the population and the balances of funds on the accounts of legal entities, and then - the funds raised with the help of bank securities, interbank loans and deposits of legal entities.

So, the vast majority of the money at the expense of which the bank works and lives, is the funds attracted by it, and attracted for a fee. Therefore, the problem of resource formation is more important for him than for any other economic entity. This circumstance gives rise to competition for resources between banks, banks and other credit and other organizations and enterprises, as well as other specific features of banking.

The structure of resources of different banks is very diverse, which is explained by the specific features of the activities of each particular bank (the difference in the amount of capital, the number and nature of customers served, regional and other special conditions). (Annex 5)

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that at the end of the period under review, the Bank has free credit resources in the amount of 1,470,710,399 thousand rubles. During the period under review, this indicator decreased by 116,958,908 thousand rubles. (growth rate -7%). This was due to a higher growth rate of placed funds (5%) compared to the growth rate of the bank's resources (0.01%).

Analysis of the structure of the loan portfolio is one of the ways to assess its quality. In world and Russian banking practice, there are many criteria for segmenting a loan portfolio. Among them:

Subjects of lending;

Objects and purpose of the loan;

Loan terms;

Loan amount;

Availability and nature of collateral, sources and methods of repayment of loans, creditworthiness of the borrower;

Credit price;

Industry affiliation of the borrower.

Structural analysis is carried out to identify excessive concentration of lending operations in one segment, the share of large loans and loans granted to borrowers with a low degree of creditworthiness, which increases the degree of aggregate credit risk.

From the standpoint of classical banking, the subject of lending is legal or natural persons capable and having material or other guarantees to make economic, including credit transactions. The subject of obtaining a loan can be of various levels, ranging from an individual private person, enterprise, firm up to the state.

According to the subjects of the bank loan can be divided into three large groups:

1) loans issued to legal entities for lending to current production activities (corporate loans);

2) loans granted individuals to meet personal needs (consumer loans);

3) loans issued to banks to maintain the liquidity of their balance sheet (interbank loans).

To begin with, it is necessary to investigate the composition of loan debt and the dynamics of changes in its components. (Annex 6)

Based on the calculated data, attention should be paid to the fact that the main share of loan and equivalent debt is precisely loan debt, the share of which as of 01.01.2012. amounted to 99.98% (or 99987217 thousand rubles), which remained at the end of the reporting period. As of February 1, 2012 the amount of loan debt was equal to 4127300434 thousand rubles. (growth rate 102.48%).

Loan debt represented mainly by loans granted to customers, the share of which as of 01.01.2012. amounted to 98.36% (or 3961421739 thousand rubles), as of February 1, 2012. it decreased by 0.20pp. and amounted to 98.17% (or 4051703602 thousand rubles) (growth rate 102.28%).

For the share of other placed funds, which as of 01.01.2012. amounted to 0.0002% (or 8,000 thousand rubles), and as of February 1, 2012. - it increased by 1.5989 p.p. to a value of 1.60% (or 65999552 thousand rubles).

Thus, in general, we can note the low degree of diversification of the bank's loan portfolio.

To manage liquidity, the bank needs to constantly monitor the diversification of the loan portfolio in terms of the timing of the provision of credit resources.

For an in-depth study of the quality of the loan portfolio, the coefficient method is used.

The credit risk assessment coefficients for the period under review showed different results. This is due to the fact that with an increase in total credit risk, the bank increased its loan portfolio to a greater extent than equity(growth rates respectively amounted to 2.258% and 0.029%).

The risk protection ratios for the period from 01.01.2010 to 02.01.2010 as a whole showed rather negative results. The peculiarity of these coefficients is that the decrease in the value of the coefficients K4, K5, K6, K7, K9, K10, K11 is a positive trend, and the decrease in the coefficients K3, K8 is negative. Therefore, we can say that the K8 coefficient has significantly improved, the growth rate of which was -63.77%. The positive dynamics of this ratio is associated both with a decrease in loss-making loans in the Bank's loan portfolio and with an increase in the loan portfolio.

The coefficient K10, on the contrary, increased by 15.49%, which was caused by a significant increase in non-performing credit assets.

The K3 ratio decreased by 6.12% over the period under review. This was due to a higher growth rate of actual loan loss provisions compared to the growth rate of non-income-producing loan portfolio components.

K5 coefficient for reporting period rose by 5.57%. This is a very negative trend. This increase is due to more rapidly increase in overdue loans compared to the growth rate of the loan portfolio.

Changes in other coefficients of this group are also negative. All these coefficients increased during the month under review, albeit slightly.

The yield ratios of the loan portfolio indicate a decrease in profitability rather than vice versa. The coefficients K12-K15 did not show positive dynamics, which, in principle, could be considered a negative sign. But on the other hand, such changes were largely due to an increase in the volume of the bank's loan portfolio, which can undoubtedly be considered a good trend.

Coefficient K16 for the period from 1.01.2010 to 1.02.2010 decreased by 12.82%. This was due to the high growth rates of the bank's assets.

The K17 coefficient for the period under review increased from 1.4160348 to 1.4404712 (growth rate 1.73%).

Coefficient K18 - Standard for the maximum amount of risk per borrower or group of related borrowers. A value ≤ 25% is considered acceptable for this coefficient. During the period under review, this ratio decreased from 18.6% to 17.75%.

Coefficient K19 - 5.1. The norm of the maximum size of large credit risks (N7) regulates (limits) the total amount of large credit risks of the bank and determines the maximum ratio of the total amount of large credit risks and the amount of the bank's own funds (capital). A value of ≤ 800% is considered acceptable for this ratio. During the reporting period, this ratio increased from 111.100% to 123.9800% (growth rate 11.59%).

In general, summarizing the data of the structural and qualitative analysis, we can say that the Bank's loan portfolio is of fairly good quality. Thanks to a conservative lending policy towards individuals, the Bank manages to keep the share of overdue loans at a very low level.

And thanks to a large resource base, the Bank manages to offer low interest rates on loans, while being able to offer to corporative clients virtually unlimited amounts of loans.

Although, of course, one cannot but admit that, according to the results of the period under review, the indicators of the quality of the loan portfolio as a whole deteriorated. And if the negative dynamics continues in the future, this may lead to unpleasant consequences for the Bank.

Conclusion

Summing up, we can say that the credit policy reflects the strategy and tactics of the bank in the field of lending. It determines the order of work at all stages of the credit process: from accepting an application for a loan to repaying a loan and closing a credit case. Its development should be based on a theoretically substantiated structure of an optimal credit policy. It is also important to emphasize that the credit policy is the basis of risk management in the bank's activities, so it is necessary to pay special attention to monitoring risks at the stage of credit control.

3 Problems of formation and management of the bank's loan portfolio and ways to solve them

3.1. Problems of formation and quality management of bank loan portfolios

The development of credit operations requires an improvement in the quality of credit management in order to limit credit risk. An important element is the improvement of credit institutions' approaches to building an effective system for managing loans and banking risks.

A study of the activities of credit institutions shows that, in general, banks have created a basis for managing the quality of the loan portfolio: strategies in the field of lending have been defined, within which structures for managing the credit process have been formed; lending mechanisms, methods for assessing the quality of loans have been developed; management levels are delineated, tasks and powers for each level are defined; there is information support, personnel, security systems; internal control and risk assessment systems have been established.

However, as practice shows, the presence in the bank of a credit policy, regulations and procedures for assessing the quality of assets, organization of the lending process is not a guarantee high level credit quality management. The criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of loan portfolio management are the results of their application by banks in practice.

In general, the existing loan portfolio quality management systems in banks are characterized by the following shortcomings:

Unsystematic formation of the loan portfolio;

Poor awareness by bank employees involved in the lending process of the strategy developed by the bank and the objectives of lending;

Lack of practical experience of bank managers in organizing a systematic approach to managing the quality of the loan portfolio;

Weak elaboration by banks of the principles and mechanisms for managing the quality of the loan portfolio; conservatism of the loan portfolio analysis;

Weak development of information management systems; poor elaboration of loan portfolio management methods;

Mistakes made by management and employees in working with the loan portfolio and assessing the quality of loans;

Fuzzy delimitation of powers between bank loan officers;

Shortcomings in the organization of the internal control system.

In Russian practice, the process of managing the quality of a loan portfolio is not clearly regulated by the regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia, which may be due to the impossibility of developing one standard model for building loan management systems and assessing the quality of loans for all banks and types of loans.

In addition, as part of the assessment of loan quality by banks, there is no clear framework for analyzing the financial situation of the borrower, leaving credit institutions with the right to independently choose and use criteria and indicators for assessing the financial condition of borrowers.

On the one hand, this is explained by the fact that when analyzing the financial position of a borrower, it is impossible to determine the entire set of possible factors that may affect the amount of risk on a loan, and their materiality, using a regulatory document. Moving away from formal assessments, the Bank of Russia determined only the general approaches necessary for use by banks, thus providing them with the opportunity to take into account in practice the specific features of borrowers' activities.

At the same time, banks need to understand that indicators for assessing the quality of loans based on an assessment of the financial situation of borrowers cannot be common to all types of loans and categories of borrowers. The assessment of the financial position of the borrower is influenced by various factors of its activity.

On the other hand, due to the lack of a standardized approach to assessing the borrower's creditworthiness, banks use a set of indicators of different quantity and quality, which in some credit institutions has a negative impact on the completeness and reliability of the assessment of the borrower's financial position (as a rule, in order to improve financial indicators). position and overstatement of the quality of the loan portfolio).

Also, a serious problem that hinders the development of lending processes has become the "going into the shadows" of a considerable number of small enterprises, which does not allow an objective assessment of the result of their activities. Small enterprises that "go into the shadows" such indicators as revenue, payroll, payment for rent of premises, the amount of payments to suppliers, the amount of transactions that are not reflected in the financial statements. Moreover, the share of shadow turnover is the higher, the smaller the size of the business portfolio at the stage of its formation.

3.2 Ways to improve the technology of forming a loan portfolio and its quality

In order to build an effective system for managing the quality of the loan portfolio, credit institutions need to ensure a set of measures, in particular:

Formation of a loan portfolio in accordance with the chosen lending strategy, periodically adjusted to the market situation, and also satisfies optimal performance credit risk, liquidity and profitability;

Carrying out the selection of qualified personnel who will perform their functions under the guidance of experienced managers in the presence of a clear labor motivation;

Imposing on the management of the bank responsibility for the formation of a credit culture in the bank that allows it to achieve its goals;

Development of a clear mechanism for market research, sales management, staff training, identification potential clients and analysis of their lending prospects;

Carrying out continuous monitoring of credit assets, taking into account the relative instability of the loan portfolio, first of all, in order to identify deteriorating loans and refuse them (an alarming loan must be identified before it becomes problematic - in order to make a timely decision to maintain or terminate credit relations);

Achieving sustainable profitability by regulating the concentration of loans and setting lending targets, such as, for example, the maximum level of problem loans from the total volume of current loans; the maximum amount of loans in arrears on payments (by delinquency period); the maximum amount of loans, interest on which is not paid; the maximum amount of losses from writing off problem loans.

Conclusion

Based on the analysis of the above information, it can be concluded that to The quality of loan portfolio management depends on the quality of the information management system created in the bank, which helps the bank's management to make timely and effective decisions.

Conclusion

Currently, Russian banks have abandoned the current practice of lending against the aggregate object, as well as the previously used methods of lending by balance and by turnover. Although in the future these methods of lending, of course, can be used, but only as a special case, used in individual situations only when the bank sees a need for it.

In most cases, banks in the current situation are guided by the use of a method of providing credit resources based on economic factors and allowing to combine, first of all, the interests of banks as commercial entities, and, secondly, the interests of their customers and the national economy as a whole.

In perspective characteristic features system organization commercial lending banks will be:

1. Focus on economic (qualitative) rather than technical (quantitative) criteria when deciding on the provision of loans, and ultimately on the needs of the socio-economic development of society, which will increasingly be a single criterion for all banking institutions in the country .

In practice, this will mean that the costs of enterprises for the production and sale of only those products for which there is a real need for society, and whose quality characteristics meet the prospective requirements and current world standards, are credited. At the same time, it is important that possible difficulties in its implementation are due not to insufficiently high quality, but to a temporary lack of funds from the consumer.

Similarly, if we are talking about long-term lending, then only that investment activities, which best meets the needs of social progress and in the foreseeable future can bring a tangible effect in terms of meeting the needs of society and its individual members.

A typical example of the effectiveness of such an orientation (primarily to meet the needs of society) is the post-war experience of Japan and Germany, where the largest industrial companies and banks, determining the main directions of their activities, put not purely commercial characteristics at the forefront, but the social significance of a particular type of activities, nevertheless linking the satisfaction of these public needs for your own benefit. As an indicator of social needs in a particular type of product is the demand for it both from the population and from enterprises and organizations. The quantitative expression of these characteristics is found in the number of applications for the production of certain types of goods and services from legal entities, concluded business contracts, etc.

An important characteristic of the size of demand in market conditions is the dynamics of prices: their rapid growth, other things being equal, indicates an increase in demand, a fall indicates its reduction. Similarly, the role of an indicator of changing needs (ceteris paribus) can be the share price of a particular company, which is sensitive to changes in the needs of society in the goods and services it produces and reflects, to a certain extent, the level of profitability of companies.

Only when focusing on demand, on the needs of the end consumer when lending those types of economic activity that are associated with the production of products that are in demand, lending is in the interests of society, and not individual enterprises. And only in this case the interests of the economy as a whole and banks as independent self-supporting enterprises in the conditions of commercial banking will be combined, which will serve as a guarantee of the return of the funds provided, ensure the future solvency of the client and obtain sustainable banking profits.

2. As a result of inter-regional competition and deregulation, financial services and products become the same throughout the country. And as a result of this, competition has increased significantly both between banks and other credit institutions and banks with each other. Increased competition leads to a reduction in bank profits.

In order to gain a foothold in traditional markets and conquer new ones, banks are forced to constantly liberalize their lending policies, which is reflected in the increased risks they must take on. The increase in aggregate credit risks, for its part, also have a negative impact on the size of bank profits.

To overcome uncertainty and reduce risks, banks will increasingly resort to the development of both long-term and medium-term and short-term marketing strategies, focusing on controlling bank costs, reducing overhead costs, wages, and accelerating the introduction of new technologies to automate banking transactions.

3. With the appearance in the country of banking institutions of a non-state type commercial banks organized in the form of mutual partnerships and joint-stock companies functioning on commercial principles, the beginning of a different model of the organization of the credit business has been laid, distinguishing feature which organization of credit business within and on the basis of resources attracted by banks in the form of deposits.

Thus, in principle, the possibility of unlimited provision of loans, as was practiced by state specialized banks, including on a gratuitous basis, to cover financial breakthroughs and mismanagement is excluded. The organization of credit business on a commercial basis led to the development of other approaches to the methodology and criteria for lending, the revision of traditional attitudes.

The purpose of the Bank's activities in the field of lending is to increase the high-quality and highly profitable loan portfolio. To do this, we can offer the following areas in the field of lending:

Ensuring the transition to long-term cooperation for each major client;

Maintaining and increasing lending volumes;

Attracting new major customers in the region credit service, taking into account the features cash flow clients and settlements of expenses for servicing loans;

Significant increase in the number of customers and sales volumes banking products and services in the field of lending to medium-sized businesses;

Activation of support for small businesses, expansion of clientele and volumes of operations;

Improving the quality of banking services and the speed of lending to individuals;

Improving the methods of credit work with the existing circle of clients;

Further development of overdraft lending.

Bibliographic list:

1 Civil Code of the Russian Federation part one of November 30, 1994 No. 52-FZ adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of October 21, 1994.

2 the federal law dated February 3, 1996 No. 17-FZ “On banks and banking activities”.

3 Batrakova P. G. Economic analysis activities of a commercial bank, [Text] -M.: Logos. 2010.

4 Menyailo G. V. The essence and classification of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank, edition 2, [Text] - Bulletin of the VSU. Series: economics and management. -- 2010.

5 Pashkov A. I. Assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio edition 2, [Text] -2010.

6 Pashkov A. I. Assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio Accounting and banks edition 4, [Text] - 2012.

7 Sabirov M. A. The content of the management of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank Auditor, [Text] - 2012.

8 [Electronic resource//Loan portfolio management. Assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio//http://studopedia.ru].

9 [Electronic resource//Problems of formation and management of the loan portfolio//http://xppx.org/business-machine].

10 [Electronic resource//Legal regulation of the lending process in the Russian Federation//http://www.nextbanking.ru].

Annex 1. General lending scheme

1. Conclusion of an agreement for the sale of gold to the Bank.

2. Conclusion of a pledge agreement for the right to claim proceeds from the sale of gold.

3. Conclusion of an agreement on the pledge of a controlling stake in OAO Priisk Zolotoi.

4. Conclusion of a guarantee agreement with the Administration of the region.

5. Conclusion of a tripartite agreement on direct debiting of funds from the bank account of the Regional Administration.

6. Conclusion of an agreement on the processing of golden sand.

7. Conclusion of an agreement on the delivery of refining gold in bars by Spetssvyaz to the Bank.

8. Conclusion of a loan agreement between the Bank and the Borrower.

http://www.allbest.ru/

Appendix 2. Application form for a loan

LOAN APPLICATION

1. Name of the legal entity: Potapov Nikita Sergeevich______
__________________________________________________________________
2. Postal address: g. Eagle, st. Fire, 15_______________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Work phones: __ 23-56-88 _____________________________________
___________________________________ Fax: __ 48- 76- 84 ________________
4. Amount of loan required: _1,000,000=(One million) rubles______
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Period for which the loan is required _ 5 years ________________________
6. Special purpose credit: p repayment of the apartment ___________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Provided security (pledge, bank guarantee,
guarantee): __Pledge apartment in the amount of 2,000,000 = (Two million) rubles______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Position, full name representative of a legal entity
which the information was received:chief accountant Prokhorov Andrey Vladimirovich__________________________________
________________________________________________________________
9. Other information: ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Head /_ Kuzmina __ / _ Kuzmina N. A. _______

Chief Accountant /_ Grishaeva _/ _ Grishaeva V.A.______

Source: [ electronic resource]. Access mode. - http://www.allbest.ru/

Annex 3. The structure of the loan portfolio of Sberbank for 2014

Million rub.		Oud. The weight, %		Oud. The weight, %
Loans to individuals, total	2 528 561	100,00%	1777285	100,00%
Housing loans, total	1 000 186	39,6%	762 161	42.9%
Including mortgage loans	740 510	29.3%	540 654	30.4%
Auto loans	102 001	4.0%	82 152	4.6%
Other consumer loans	1 426 374	56,4%	932 971	52,5%

Source: [electronic resource]. Access mode.- http://www.allbest.ru/

Appendix 4. Stages of formation of an optimal loan portfolio

Stage	Characteristic
analysis of factors affecting the demand and supply of credit	At the first stage the analysis is carried out by the analytical services of the bank, taking into account the regional markets in which the bank operates. It is desirable that this work become a permanent component in the process of improving the loan portfolio, as this will allow the bank to catch changes in the banking environment in a timely manner and take measures to reduce credit risk and increase lending profitability
formation of the credit potential of a commercial bank	The second stage of formation The optimal loan portfolio is characterized by determining the structure of the bank's credit potential by sources of funds and their urgency.
ensuring compliance of the structure of credit potential and loans issued	Next, third, stage formation of an optimal loan portfolio analyzes the balance of the loan potential and the loan portfolio. As a rule, Russian banks face a lack of medium-term and long-term credit potential.
analysis of issued loans on various grounds	On the fourth stagethe analysis of loans issued on various grounds. As such signs, the terms of loan repayment, the nature of repayment, by category of the borrower, by the method of collecting interest, by the nature of loan collateral, by form of loans, by profitability, by risk level can be used.
assessment of the efficiency and quality of the loan portfolio, development of measures to improve the bank's loan portfolio	Finally, the fifth stage of the formation of the optimal loan portfolio evaluates the efficiency and quality of the loan portfolio.

Today, the loan portfolio is a certain criterion that makes it possible to judge the quality of the bank's credit policy and predict the result of the credit activity of the reporting period. Analysis and assessment of the quality of the loan portfolio allow bank managers to manage its lending operations.

The formation of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank is the main stage in the implementation of its credit policy. The formation of a loan portfolio is started when the general goal of the bank's lending activity is formulated, a strategy for credit policy is developed, within the framework of this strategy, priority goals for the formation of a loan portfolio are determined, taking into account the prevailing environmental conditions, market conditions, and the bank's own capabilities.

In this way, relevance of the topic research is manifested in the fact that the formation of an optimal loan portfolio as one of the main directions for the allocation of financial resources is the most important issue for any bank.

The purpose of this course work is the study of the theoretical and practical foundations of the formation of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank. savings bank loan portfolio

In accordance with the purpose tasks the following:

- to uncover theoretical basis formation of a loan portfolio of a commercial bank;
- define the concept and essence of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank;
- to study the methods of management and analysis of the bank's loan portfolio.

Object of study are the loan portfolio of a commercial bank.

Subject of study are the forms and methods of managing the loan portfolio of a commercial bank.

The theoretical basis of the work was the work of domestic and foreign researchers devoted to banking management, banking operations, issues of the functioning of commercial banks in various segments of the financial market. In the process of work used conceptual foundations, scientific and practical approaches, developments and methods of domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners on the financial assessment of the loan portfolio, its quantitative description, management quality: in the works of foreign experts P. Rose, E. Reid, R. Kotter, E. Gill, J. F. Sinki Jr., D. McNaughton, E. Morseman and others, as well as in the works of domestic specialists in banking: O.I. Lavrushina, V.I. Kolesnikova Banking: Tutorial/ Ed. V. I. Kolesnikova, JI. P. Krolivetskaya. M.: Finance and statistics, 1996. - 480s., D. A. Voronina, Yu.S. Maslenchenkova, S.N. Kabushkina, N.V. Gorelay, A.A. Lobanova, L.G. Batrakova, P.P. Kovaleva, M.N. Belyaeva Belyaev M.K., Ermakov S.L. Banking. Careful about the complex. Ed. Top, - M., 2008. - 288 p., D.A. Laptyreva, V.T. Sevruk, A.M. Tavasiev. In addition, the work used regulations for banking activities in the Russian Federation. There are two main legislative acts on banking activities.

First of all, it is necessary to single out Federal Law No. 86-FZ of July 10, 2002 "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)" (as amended and supplemented on January 10, 2003) Federal Law of July 10, 2002 N 86-FZ "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)" // Bulletin of the Bank of Russia. - July 31, 2002 - No. 43. The Law "On the Central Bank of Russia" establishes the basis for the functioning of the Central Bank of Russia. It is of a complex nature, including various norms regulating both the structure and position of the CBR in the state, monetary policy, and the norms regulating the specifics of labor relations with employees of the CBR. We emphasize that on July 10, 2002, it was stated in new edition. It should be noted that over the past ten or thirteen years, the legislation on banks and banking activities has been changed several times.

The second most important is the "Federal Law On Banks and Banking Activities (as amended on July 31, 1998, July 5, 8, 1999, June 19, August 7, 2001, March 21, 2002) Federal Law of February 3, 1996 N 17-FZ "On the introduction of amendments and additions to the Law of the RSFSR "On banks and banking activities in the RSFSR" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. - February 5, 1996 - No. 6. - Art. 492; as amended on August 7, 2001 // Bulletin of the Bank of Russia. - October 3, 2001 - №61.

Along with legislative acts, the legal regulation of banking activity is also based on by-laws. In particular, we can highlight:

- Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 10, 1994 N 1184 "On improving the work of the banking system of the Russian Federation" (as amended on April 27, 1995) Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 10, 1994 N 1184 "On improving the work of the banking system of the Russian Federation " // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. - June 13, 1994 - No. 7. - Art. 696.;
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 7, 2000 N 194 "On the conditions of antimonopoly control in the market financial services and on the approval of the methodology for determining the turnover and boundaries of the financial services market financial institutions"Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 7, 2000 N 194 "On the conditions of antimonopoly control in the financial services market and on the approval of the methodology for determining the turnover and boundaries of the financial services market of financial organizations" // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. - March 13, 2000 - No. 11. - Article 1183.;
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 2, 2002 N 454-r On the termination of the participation of federal state unitary enterprises and federal public institutions in authorized capitals credit institutions Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 2, 2002 N 454-r // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. - April 15, 2002 - No. 15. - Art. 1446..